201
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Shain WJ, Vickers NA, Li J, Han X, Bifano T, Mertz J. Axial localization with modulated-illumination extended-depth-of-field microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1771-1782. [PMID: 29675318 PMCID: PMC5905922 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-speed volumetric imaging represents a challenge in microscopy applications. We demonstrate a technique for acquiring volumetric images based on the extended depth of field microscopy with a fast focal scan and modulated illumination. By combining two frames with different illumination ramps, we can perform local depth ranging of the sample at speeds of up to half the camera frame rate. Our technique is light efficient, provides diffraction-limited resolution, enables axial localization that is largely independent of sample size, and can be operated with any standard widefield microscope based on fluorescence or darkfield contrast as a simple add-on. We demonstrate the accuracy of axial localization and applications of the technique to various dynamic extended samples, including in-vivo mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Shain
- Dept. of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s St. Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Nicholas A. Vickers
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s St. Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Dept. of Physics, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s St. Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Xue Han
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s St. Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Thomas Bifano
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s St. Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
| | - Jerome Mertz
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s St. Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
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202
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Chatterjee S, Sullivan HA, MacLennan BJ, Xu R, Hou Y, Lavin TK, Lea NE, Michalski JE, Babcock KR, Dietrich S, Matthews GA, Beyeler A, Calhoon GG, Glober G, Whitesell JD, Yao S, Cetin A, Harris JA, Zeng H, Tye KM, Reid RC, Wickersham IR. Nontoxic, double-deletion-mutant rabies viral vectors for retrograde targeting of projection neurons. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:638-646. [PMID: 29507411 PMCID: PMC6503322 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant rabies viral vectors have proven useful for applications including retrograde targeting of projection neurons and monosynaptic tracing, but their cytotoxicity has limited their use to short-term experiments. Here we introduce a new class of double-deletion-mutant rabies viral vectors that left transduced cells alive and healthy indefinitely. Deletion of the viral polymerase gene abolished cytotoxicity and reduced transgene expression to trace levels but left vectors still able to retrogradely infect projection neurons and express recombinases, allowing downstream expression of other transgene products such as fluorophores and calcium indicators. The morphology of retrogradely targeted cells appeared unperturbed at 1 year postinjection. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed no physiological abnormalities at 8 weeks. Longitudinal two-photon structural and functional imaging in vivo, tracking thousands of individual neurons for up to 4 months, showed that transduced neurons did not die but retained stable visual response properties even at the longest time points imaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather A Sullivan
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ran Xu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - YuanYuan Hou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas K Lavin
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Lea
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob E Michalski
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey R Babcock
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephan Dietrich
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gillian A Matthews
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Beyeler
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn G Calhoon
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gordon Glober
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Shenqin Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Cetin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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203
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Bermudez-Contreras E, Chekhov S, Sun J, Tarnowsky J, McNaughton BL, Mohajerani MH. High-performance, inexpensive setup for simultaneous multisite recording of electrophysiological signals and mesoscale voltage imaging in the mouse cortex. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:025005. [PMID: 29651448 PMCID: PMC5874445 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.2.025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous recording of optical and electrophysiological signals from multiple cortical areas may provide crucial information to expand our understanding of cortical function. However, the insertion of multiple electrodes into the brain may compromise optical imaging by both restricting the field of view and interfering with the approaches used to stabilize the specimen. Existing methods that combine electrophysiological recording and optical imaging in vivo implement either multiple surface electrodes, silicon probes, or a single electrode for deeper recordings. To address such limitation, we built a microelectrode array (hyperdrive, patent US5928143 A) compatible with wide-field imaging that allows insertion of up to 12 probes into a large brain area (8 mm diameter). The hyperdrive is comprised of a circle of individual microdrives where probes are positioned at an angle leaving a large brain area unobstructed for wide-field imaging. Multiple tetrodes and voltage-sensitive dye imaging were used for acute simultaneous registration of spontaneous and evoked cortical activity in anesthetized mice. The electrophysiological signals were used to extract local field potential (LFP) traces, multiunit, and single-unit spiking activity. To demonstrate our approach, we compared LFP and VSD signals over multiple regions of the cortex and analyzed the relationship between single-unit and global cortical population activities. The study of the interactions between cortical activity at local and global scales, such as the one presented in this work, can help to expand our knowledge of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Bermudez-Contreras
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sergey Chekhov
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jianjun Sun
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Tarnowsky
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce L. McNaughton
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- University of California at Irvine, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce L. McNaughton, E-mail: ; Majid H. Mohajerani, E-mail:
| | - Majid H. Mohajerani
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce L. McNaughton, E-mail: ; Majid H. Mohajerani, E-mail:
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204
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Piatkevich KD, Jung EE, Straub C, Linghu C, Park D, Suk HJ, Hochbaum DR, Goodwin D, Pnevmatikakis E, Pak N, Kawashima T, Yang CT, Rhoades JL, Shemesh O, Asano S, Yoon YG, Freifeld L, Saulnier JL, Riegler C, Engert F, Hughes T, Drobizhev M, Szabo B, Ahrens MB, Flavell SW, Sabatini BL, Boyden ES. A robotic multidimensional directed evolution approach applied to fluorescent voltage reporters. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:352-360. [PMID: 29483642 PMCID: PMC5866759 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new way to engineer complex proteins toward multidimensional specifications using a simple, yet scalable, directed evolution strategy. By robotically picking mammalian cells that were identified, under a microscope, as expressing proteins that simultaneously exhibit several specific properties, we can screen hundreds of thousands of proteins in a library in just a few hours, evaluating each along multiple performance axes. To demonstrate the power of this approach, we created a genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator, simultaneously optimizing its brightness and membrane localization using our microscopy-guided cell-picking strategy. We produced the high-performance opsin-based fluorescent voltage reporter Archon1 and demonstrated its utility by imaging spiking and millivolt-scale subthreshold and synaptic activity in acute mouse brain slices and in larval zebrafish in vivo. We also measured postsynaptic responses downstream of optogenetically controlled neurons in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryl D Piatkevich
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erica E Jung
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Straub
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changyang Linghu
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Demian Park
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ho-Jun Suk
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel R Hochbaum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Goodwin
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nikita Pak
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takashi Kawashima
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Chao-Tsung Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Rhoades
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory and Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Or Shemesh
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shoh Asano
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Young-Gyu Yoon
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Limor Freifeld
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Saulnier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens Riegler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thom Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Balint Szabo
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Misha B Ahrens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory and Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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205
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Integrative whole-brain neuroscience in larval zebrafish. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:136-145. [PMID: 29486425 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their small size and transparency, zebrafish larvae are amenable to a range of fluorescence microscopy techniques. With the development of sensitive genetically encoded calcium indicators, this has extended to the whole-brain imaging of neural activity with cellular resolution. This technique has been used to study brain-wide population dynamics accompanying sensory processing and sensorimotor transformations, and has spurred the development of innovative closed-loop behavioral paradigms in which stimulus-response relationships can be studied. More recently, microscopes have been developed that allow whole-brain calcium imaging in freely swimming and behaving larvae. In this review, we highlight the technologies underlying whole-brain functional imaging in zebrafish, provide examples of the sensory and motor processes that have been studied with this technique, and discuss the need to merge data from whole-brain functional imaging studies with neurochemical and anatomical information to develop holistic models of functional neural circuits.
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206
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Xu Y, Peng L, Wang S, Wang A, Ma R, Zhou Y, Yang J, Sun DE, Lin W, Chen X, Zou P. Hybrid Indicators for Fast and Sensitive Voltage Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3949-3953. [PMID: 29437274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Membrane voltage is an important biophysical signal that underlies intercellular electrical communications. A fluorescent voltage indicator is presented that enables the investigation of electrical signaling at high spatial resolution. The method is built upon the site-specific modification of microbial rhodopsin proteins with organic fluorophores, resulting in a hybrid indicator scaffold that is one of the most sensitive and fastest orange-colored voltage indicators developed to date. We applied this technique to optically map electrical connectivity in cultured cells, which revealed gap junction-mediated long-range coupling that spanned over hundreds of micrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Luxin Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiahe Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - De-En Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 100871, China
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207
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Xu Y, Peng L, Wang S, Wang A, Ma R, Zhou Y, Yang J, Sun DE, Lin W, Chen X, Zou P. Hybrid Indicators for Fast and Sensitive Voltage Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
- School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Luxin Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Sicong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Anqi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jiahe Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- MRC Human Immunology Unit; Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Oxford; Oxford Oxfordshire OX3 9DS UK
| | - De-en Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences; Beijing 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Beijing 100871 China
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208
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Huang C, Maxey JR, Sinha S, Savall J, Gong Y, Schnitzer MJ. Long-term optical brain imaging in live adult fruit flies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:872. [PMID: 29491443 PMCID: PMC5830414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse in vivo microscopy studies of cellular morphology and physiology are crucial toward understanding brain function but have been infeasible in the fruit fly, a key model species. Here we use laser microsurgery to create a chronic fly preparation for repeated imaging of neural architecture and dynamics for up to 50 days. In fly mushroom body neurons, we track axonal boutons for 10 days and record odor-evoked calcium transients over 7 weeks. Further, by using voltage imaging to resolve individual action potentials, we monitor spiking plasticity in dopamine neurons of flies undergoing mechanical stress. After 24 h of stress, PPL1-α’3 but not PPL1-α’2α2 dopamine neurons have elevated spike rates. Overall, our chronic preparation is compatible with a broad range of optical techniques and enables longitudinal studies of many biological questions that could not be addressed before in live flies. Time-lapse imaging studies of more than a day in the fly brain have been infeasible until now. Here the authors present a laser microsurgery approach to create a permanent window in the fly cuticle to enable time-lapse imaging of neural architecture and dynamics for up to 10–50 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jessica R Maxey
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Supriyo Sinha
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joan Savall
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yiyang Gong
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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209
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Cartailler J, Kwon T, Yuste R, Holcman D. Deconvolution of Voltage Sensor Time Series and Electro-diffusion Modeling Reveal the Role of Spine Geometry in Controlling Synaptic Strength. Neuron 2018; 97:1126-1136.e10. [PMID: 29429935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most synaptic excitatory connections are made on dendritic spines. But how the voltage in spines is modulated by its geometry remains unclear. To investigate the electrical properties of spines, we combine voltage imaging data with electro-diffusion modeling. We first present a temporal deconvolution procedure for the genetically encoded voltage sensor expressed in hippocampal cultured neurons and then use electro-diffusion theory to compute the electric field and the current-voltage conversion. We extract a range for the neck resistances of 〈R〉=100±35MΩ. When a significant current is injected in a spine, the neck resistance can be inversely proportional to its radius, but not to the radius square, as predicted by Ohm's law. We conclude that the postsynaptic voltage cannot only be modulated by changing the number of receptors, but also by the spine geometry. Thus, spine morphology could be a key component in determining synaptic transduction and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Cartailler
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Taekyung Kwon
- Neurotechnology Center, Depts. Biological Sciences and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Depts. Biological Sciences and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Holcman
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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210
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Cartarozzi LP, Rieder P, Bai X, Scheller A, Oliveira ALRD, Kirchhoff F. In vivo two-photon imaging of motoneurons and adjacent glia in the ventral spinal cord. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 299:8-15. [PMID: 29408351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between motoneurons and glial cells are pivotal to regulate and maintain functional states and synaptic connectivity in the spinal cord. In vivo two-photon imaging of the nervous system provided novel and unexpected knowledge about structural and physiological changes in the grey matter of the forebrain and in the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord. NEW METHOD Here, we describe a novel experimental strategy to investigate the spinal grey matter, i.e. the ventral horn motoneurons and their adjacent glial cells by employing in vivo two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) in anesthetized transgenic mice. RESULTS After retrograde tracer labelling in transgenic mice with cell-specific expression of fluorescent proteins and surgical exposure of the lumbar intumescence groups of motoneurons could be visualized deeply localized in the ventral horn. In this region, morphological responses of microglial cells to ATP could be recorded for an hour. In addition, using in mice with expression of GCaMP3 in astrocytes, physiological Ca2+ signals could be recorded after local noradrenalin application. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous in vivo imaging protocols were restricted to the superficial dorsal white matter or upper layers of the dorsal horn. Here, we modified a multi-step procedure originally established for a root-crush injury. We adapted it to simultaneously visualize motoneurons and adjacent glial cells in living animals. CONCLUSION A modified surgery approach is presented to visualize fluorescently labelled motoneurons and glial cells at a depth of more than 200 μm in the grey matter ventral horn of the mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Phillip Rieder
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083970 - Campinas-SP, Brazil.
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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211
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Moeys DP, Corradi F, Li C, Bamford SA, Longinotti L, Voigt FF, Berry S, Taverni G, Helmchen F, Delbruck T. A Sensitive Dynamic and Active Pixel Vision Sensor for Color or Neural Imaging Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:123-136. [PMID: 29377801 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2759783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Applications requiring detection of small visual contrast require high sensitivity. Event cameras can provide higher dynamic range (DR) and reduce data rate and latency, but most existing event cameras have limited sensitivity. This paper presents the results of a 180-nm Towerjazz CIS process vision sensor called SDAVIS192. It outputs temporal contrast dynamic vision sensor (DVS) events and conventional active pixel sensor frames. The SDAVIS192 improves on previous DAVIS sensors with higher sensitivity for temporal contrast. The temporal contrast thresholds can be set down to 1% for negative changes in logarithmic intensity (OFF events) and down to 3.5% for positive changes (ON events). The achievement is possible through the adoption of an in-pixel preamplification stage. This preamplifier reduces the effective intrascene DR of the sensor (70 dB for OFF and 50 dB for ON), but an automated operating region control allows up to at least 110-dB DR for OFF events. A second contribution of this paper is the development of characterization methodology for measuring DVS event detection thresholds by incorporating a measure of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). At average SNR of 30 dB, the DVS temporal contrast threshold fixed pattern noise is measured to be 0.3%-0.8% temporal contrast. Results comparing monochrome and RGBW color filter array DVS events are presented. The higher sensitivity of SDAVIS192 make this sensor potentially useful for calcium imaging, as shown in a recording from cultured neurons expressing calcium sensitive green fluorescent protein GCaMP6f.
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212
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Robinson JE, Gradinaru V. Dopaminergic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders: recent advances and synergistic technologies to aid basic research. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:17-29. [PMID: 28850815 PMCID: PMC5825239 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) represent a diverse group of syndromes characterized by abnormal development of the central nervous system and whose symptomatology includes cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor impairments. The identification of causative genetic defects has allowed for creation of transgenic NDD mouse models that have revealed pathophysiological mechanisms of disease phenotypes in a neural circuit- and cell type-specific manner. Mouse models of several syndromes, including Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, etc., exhibit abnormalities in the structure and function of dopaminergic circuitry, which regulates motivation, motor behavior, sociability, attention, and executive function. Recent advances in technologies for functional circuit mapping, including tissue clearing, viral vector-based tracing methods, and optical readouts of neural activity, have refined our knowledge of dopaminergic circuits in unperturbed states, yet these tools have not been widely applied to NDD research. Here, we will review recent findings exploring dopaminergic function in NDD models and discuss the promise of new tools to probe NDD pathophysiology in these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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213
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Dylda E, Pakan JM, Rochefort NL. Chronic Two-Photon Calcium Imaging in the Visual Cortex of Awake Behaving Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812028-6.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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214
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ÖZBEK ALI, DEÁN-BEN XOSÉLUÍS, RAZANSKY DANIEL. Optoacoustic imaging at kilohertz volumetric frame rates. OPTICA 2018; 5:857-863. [PMID: 31608306 PMCID: PMC6788779 DOI: 10.1364/optica.5.000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art optoacoustic tomographic imaging systems have been shown to attain three-dimensional (3D) frame rates of the order of 100 Hz. While such a high volumetric imaging speed is beyond reach for other bio-imaging modalities, it may still be insufficient to accurately monitor some faster events occurring on a millisecond scale. Increasing the 3D imaging rate is usually hampered by the limited throughput capacity of the data acquisition electronics and memory used to capture vast amounts of the generated optoacoustic (OA) data in real time. Herein, we developed a sparse signal acquisition scheme and a total-variation-based reconstruction approach in a combined space-time domain in order to achieve 3D OA imaging at kilohertz rates. By continuous monitoring of freely swimming zebrafish larvae in a 3D region, we demonstrate that the new approach enables significantly increasing the volumetric imaging rate by using a fraction of the tomographic projections without compromising the reconstructed image quality. The suggested method may benefit studies looking at ultrafast biological phenomena in 3D, such as large-scale neuronal activity, cardiac motion, or freely behaving organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALI ÖZBEK
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine and School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - XOSÉ LUÍS DEÁN-BEN
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - DANIEL RAZANSKY
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Center Munich, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine and School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author:
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215
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Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins (MRs) are a large family of photoactive membrane proteins, found in microorganisms belonging to all kingdoms of life, with new members being constantly discovered. Among the MRs are light-driven proton, cation and anion pumps, light-gated cation and anion channels, and various photoreceptors. Due to their abundance and amenability to studies, MRs served as model systems for a great variety of biophysical techniques, and recently found a great application as optogenetic tools. While the basic aspects of microbial rhodopsins functioning have been known for some time, there is still a plenty of unanswered questions. This chapter presents and summarizes the available knowledge, focusing on the functional and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gushchin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia.
| | - Valentin Gordeliy
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia.
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France.
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS), ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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216
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Simpson DA, Morrisroe E, McCoey JM, Lombard AH, Mendis DC, Treussart F, Hall LT, Petrou S, Hollenberg LCL. Non-Neurotoxic Nanodiamond Probes for Intraneuronal Temperature Mapping. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12077-12086. [PMID: 29111670 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical biomarkers have been used extensively for intracellular imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. Extending the modality of these probes is a key driver in cell biology. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in nanodiamond has emerged as a promising candidate for bioimaging and biosensing with low cytotoxicity and stable photoluminescence. Here we study the electrophysiological effects of this quantum probe in primary cortical neurons. Multielectrode array recordings across five replicate studies showed no statistically significant difference in 25 network parameters when nanodiamonds are added at varying concentrations over various time periods, 12-36 h. The physiological validation motivates the second part of the study, which demonstrates how the quantum properties of these biomarkers can be used to report intracellular information beyond their location and movement. Using the optically detected magnetic resonance from the nitrogen-vacancy defects within the nanodiamonds we demonstrate enhanced signal-to-noise imaging and temperature mapping from thousands of nanodiamond probes simultaneously. This work establishes nanodiamonds as viable multifunctional intraneuronal sensors with nanoscale resolution, which may ultimately be used to detect magnetic and electrical activity at the membrane level in excitable cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma Morrisroe
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Julia M McCoey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Alain H Lombard
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Dulini C Mendis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - François Treussart
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay , 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Integrated Brain Function, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, 3052, Australia
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217
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Rasmussen R, Yonehara K. Circuit Mechanisms Governing Local vs. Global Motion Processing in Mouse Visual Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:109. [PMID: 29311845 PMCID: PMC5743699 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A withstanding question in neuroscience is how neural circuits encode representations and perceptions of the external world. A particularly well-defined visual computation is the representation of global object motion by pattern direction-selective (PDS) cells from convergence of motion of local components represented by component direction-selective (CDS) cells. However, how PDS and CDS cells develop their distinct response properties is still unresolved. The visual cortex of the mouse is an attractive model for experimentally solving this issue due to the large molecular and genetic toolbox available. Although mouse visual cortex lacks the highly ordered orientation columns of primates, it is organized in functional sub-networks and contains striate- and extrastriate areas like its primate counterparts. In this Perspective article, we provide an overview of the experimental and theoretical literature on global motion processing based on works in primates and mice. Lastly, we propose what types of experiments could illuminate what circuit mechanisms are governing cortical global visual motion processing. We propose that PDS cells in mouse visual cortex appear as the perfect arena for delineating and solving how individual sensory features extracted by neural circuits in peripheral brain areas are integrated to build our rich cohesive sensory experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Rasmussen
- The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Yonehara
- The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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218
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Kibat C, Krishnan S, Ramaswamy M, Baker BJ, Jesuthasan S. Imaging voltage in zebrafish as a route to characterizing a vertebrate functional connectome: promises and pitfalls of genetically encoded indicators. J Neurogenet 2017; 30:80-8. [PMID: 27328843 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1180384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits are non-linear dynamical systems that transform information based on the pattern of input, current state and functional connectivity. To understand how a given stimulus is processed, one would ideally record neural activity across the entire brain of a behaving animal, at cellular or even subcellular resolution, in addition to characterizing anatomical connectivity. Given their transparency and relatively small size, larval zebrafish provide a powerful system for brain-wide monitoring of neural activity. Genetically encoded calcium indicators have been used for this purpose, but cannot directly report hyperpolarization or sub-threshold activity. Voltage indicators, in contrast, have this capability. Here, we test whether two different genetically encoded voltage reporters, ASAP1 and Bongwoori, can be expressed and report activity in the zebrafish brain, using widefield, two-photon and light sheet microscopy. We were unable to express ASAP1 in neurons. Bongwoori, in contrast expressed well, and because of its membrane localization, allowed visualization of axon trajectories in 3D. Bongwoori displayed stimulus-evoked changes in fluorescence, which could be detected in single trials. However, under high laser illumination, puncta on neural membranes underwent spontaneous fluctuations in intensity, suggesting that the probe is susceptible to blinking artefacts. These data indicate that larval zebrafish can be used to image electrical activity in the brain of an intact vertebrate at high resolution, although care is needed in imaging and analysis. Recording activity across the whole brain will benefit from further developments in imaging hardware and indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kibat
- a Neural Circuitry and Behaviour Lab , Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Seetha Krishnan
- b NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Mahathi Ramaswamy
- b NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Bradley J Baker
- c Center for Functional Connectomics , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Suresh Jesuthasan
- a Neural Circuitry and Behaviour Lab , Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , Singapore , Singapore ;,d Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders , Duke-NUS Graduate School of Medicine , Singapore , Singapore ;,e Department of Physiology , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
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219
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Ma Y, Shaik MA, Kim SH, Kozberg MG, Thibodeaux DN, Zhao HT, Yu H, Hillman EMC. Wide-field optical mapping of neural activity and brain haemodynamics: considerations and novel approaches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0360. [PMID: 27574312 PMCID: PMC5003860 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although modern techniques such as two-photon microscopy can now provide cellular-level three-dimensional imaging of the intact living brain, the speed and fields of view of these techniques remain limited. Conversely, two-dimensional wide-field optical mapping (WFOM), a simpler technique that uses a camera to observe large areas of the exposed cortex under visible light, can detect changes in both neural activity and haemodynamics at very high speeds. Although WFOM may not provide single-neuron or capillary-level resolution, it is an attractive and accessible approach to imaging large areas of the brain in awake, behaving mammals at speeds fast enough to observe widespread neural firing events, as well as their dynamic coupling to haemodynamics. Although such wide-field optical imaging techniques have a long history, the advent of genetically encoded fluorophores that can report neural activity with high sensitivity, as well as modern technologies such as light emitting diodes and sensitive and high-speed digital cameras have driven renewed interest in WFOM. To facilitate the wider adoption and standardization of WFOM approaches for neuroscience and neurovascular coupling research, we provide here an overview of the basic principles of WFOM, considerations for implementation of wide-field fluorescence imaging of neural activity, spectroscopic analysis and interpretation of results. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mohammed A Shaik
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sharon H Kim
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mariel G Kozberg
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David N Thibodeaux
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hanzhi T Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Elizabeth M C Hillman
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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220
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Lisman J. Glutamatergic synapses are structurally and biochemically complex because of multiple plasticity processes: long-term potentiation, long-term depression, short-term potentiation and scaling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0260. [PMID: 28093558 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are complex because they perform multiple functions, including at least six mechanistically different forms of plasticity. Here, I comment on recent developments regarding these processes. (i) Short-term potentiation (STP), a Hebbian process that requires small amounts of synaptic input, appears to make strong contributions to some forms of working memory. (ii) The rules for long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in CA3 have been clarified: induction does not depend obligatorily on backpropagating sodium spikes but, rather, on dendritic branch-specific N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) spikes. (iii) Late LTP, a process that requires a dopamine signal (and is therefore neoHebbian), is mediated by trans-synaptic growth of the synapse, a growth that occurs about an hour after LTP induction. (iv) LTD processes are complex and include both homosynaptic and heterosynaptic forms. (v) Synaptic scaling produced by changes in activity levels are not primarily cell-autonomous, but rather depend on network activity. (vi) The evidence for distance-dependent scaling along the primary dendrite is firm, and a plausible structural-based mechanism is suggested.Ideas about the mechanisms of synaptic function need to take into consideration newly emerging data about synaptic structure. Recent super-resolution studies indicate that glutamatergic synapses are modular (module size 70-80 nm), as predicted by theoretical work. Modules are trans-synaptic structures and have high concentrations of postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. These modules function as quasi-independent loci of AMPA-mediated transmission and may be independently modifiable, suggesting a new understanding of quantal transmission.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity.'
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lisman
- Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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221
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Abstract
Fluorescent protein-based biosensors are indispensable molecular tools for life science research. The invention and development of high-fidelity biosensors for a particular molecule or molecular event often catalyze important scientific breakthroughs. Understanding the structural and functional organization of brain activities remain a subject for which optical sensors are in desperate need and of growing interest. Here, we review genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for imaging neuronal activities with a focus on the design principles and optimizations of various sensors. New bioluminescent sensors useful for deep-tissue imaging are also discussed. By highlighting the protein engineering efforts and experimental applications of these sensors, we can consequently analyze factors influencing their performance. Finally, we remark on how future developments can fill technological gaps and lead to new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tan M. Truong
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, and Biomedical Sciences (BIMS) Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hui-wang Ai
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, and Biomedical Sciences (BIMS) Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence:
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222
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Liu P, Grenier V, Hong W, Muller VR, Miller EW. Fluorogenic Targeting of Voltage-Sensitive Dyes to Neurons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17334-17340. [PMID: 29154543 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to target voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes to specified cells using an enzyme-catalyzed fluorogenic reaction on cell surfaces. The dye/enzyme hybrids are composed of a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT)-based fluorescent voltage indicator and a complementary enzyme expressed on the cell surface. Action of the exogenous enzyme on the dye results in fluorogenic activation of the dye, enabling fast voltage imaging in defined neurons with sensitivity surpassing those of purely genetically encoded approaches. We employ a bulky methylcyclopropylacetoxymethyl ether to diminish the fluorescence of a PeT-based voltage-sensitive dye, or VoltageFluor. The hydrolytically stable ether can be removed by the action of porcine liver esterase (PLE) to reveal the bright unmodified VoltageFluor. We established that the chemically modified VoltageFluor is a substrate for PLE in vitro and in live cells. When PLE is targeted to the external face of cell membranes, it controls the apparent staining of cells. The use of neuron-specific promoters can direct staining to mammalian neurons to provide clear detection of neuronal action potentials in single trials. All of the new VoltageFluors targeted by esterase expression (VF-EXs) report single spikes in cultured mammalian neurons. The best, VF-EX2, does so with a signal-to-noise ratio nearly double that of comparable genetically encoded voltage reporters. By targeting PLE to neurons, VF-EX2 can interrogate the neuromodulatory effects of serotonin in cultured hippocampal neurons. Taken together, our results show that a combination of synthetic chemistry and biochemistry enables bright and fast voltage imaging from genetically defined neurons in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vincent Grenier
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wootack Hong
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vikram R Muller
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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223
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Chen Z, Deán-Ben XL, Gottschalk S, Razansky D. Hybrid system for in vivo epifluorescence and 4D optoacoustic imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4577-4580. [PMID: 29140316 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epifluorescence imaging is widely used in cell and molecular biology due to its excellent sensitivity, contrast, and ease of implementation. Optoacoustic imaging has been shown to deliver a highly complementary and unique set of capabilities for biological discovery, such as high spatial resolution in noninvasive deep tissue observations, fast volumetric imaging capacity, and spectrally enriched contrast. In this Letter, we report on a hybrid system combining planar fluorescence and real-time volumetric four-dimensional optoacoustic imaging by means of a fiberscope integrated within a handheld hemispherical ultrasound detection array. The in vivo imaging performance is demonstrated by non-invasive visualization of fast contrast agent perfusion through the mouse brain. The proposed synergistic combination of fluorescence and optoacoustic imaging can benefit numerous studies looking at multi-scale in vivo dynamics, such as functional neuroimaging, visualization of organ perfusion and contrast agent uptake, cell tracking, and pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution analysis.
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224
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Optogenetic Tools for Subcellular Applications in Neuroscience. Neuron 2017; 96:572-603. [PMID: 29096074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous cellular activities. Most optogenetic tools are not targeted to specific subcellular compartments but are localized with limited discrimination throughout the cell. Therefore, optogenetic activation often does not reflect context-dependent effects of highly localized intracellular signaling events. Subcellular targeting is required to achieve more specific optogenetic readouts and photomanipulation. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the available optogenetic tools with a focus on optogenetic actuators. Second, we review established strategies for targeting these tools to specific subcellular compartments. Finally, we discuss useful tools and targeting strategies that are currently missing from the optogenetics repertoire and provide suggestions for novel subcellular optogenetic applications.
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225
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Voltage and Calcium Imaging of Brain Activity. Biophys J 2017; 113:2160-2167. [PMID: 29102396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensors for imaging brain activity have been under development for almost 50 years. The development of some of these tools is relatively mature, whereas qualitative improvements of others are needed and are actively pursued. In particular, genetically encoded voltage indicators are just now starting to be used to answer neurobiological questions and, at the same time, more than 10 laboratories are working to improve them. In this Biophysical Perspective, we attempt to discuss the present state of the art and indicate areas of active development.
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226
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Schmidt-Hieber C, Nolan MF. Synaptic integrative mechanisms for spatial cognition. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1483-1492. [PMID: 29073648 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic integrative mechanisms have profound effects on electrical signaling in the brain that, although largely hidden from recording methods that observe the spiking activity of neurons, may be critical for the encoding, storage and retrieval of information. Here we review roles for synaptic integrative mechanisms in the selection, generation and plasticity of place and grid fields, and in related temporal codes for the representation of space. We outline outstanding questions and challenges in the testing of hypothesized models for spatial computation and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew F Nolan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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227
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Shain WJ, Vickers NA, Negash A, Bifano T, Sentenac A, Mertz J. Dual fluorescence-absorption deconvolution applied to extended-depth-of-field microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4183-4186. [PMID: 29028043 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast imaging over large volumes can be obtained in a simple manner with extended-depth-of-field (EDOF) microscopy. A standard technique of Wiener deconvolution can correct for the blurring inherent in EDOF images. We compare Wiener deconvolution with an alternative, parameter-free technique based on the dual reconstruction of fluorescence and absorption layers in a sample. This alternative technique provides significantly enhanced reconstruction contrast owing to a quadratic positivity constraint that intrinsically favors sparse solutions. We demonstrate the advantages of this technique with mouse neuronal images acquired in vivo.
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228
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A stepwise neuron model fitting procedure designed for recordings with high spatial resolution: Application to layer 5 pyramidal cells. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 293:264-283. [PMID: 28993204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent progress in electrophysiological and optical methods for neuronal recordings provides vast amounts of high-resolution data. In parallel, the development of computer technology has allowed simulation of ever-larger neuronal circuits. A challenge in taking advantage of these developments is the construction of single-cell and network models in a way that faithfully reproduces neuronal biophysics with subcellular level of details while keeping the simulation costs at an acceptable level. NEW METHOD In this work, we develop and apply an automated, stepwise method for fitting a neuron model to data with fine spatial resolution, such as that achievable with voltage sensitive dyes (VSDs) and Ca2+ imaging. RESULT We apply our method to simulated data from layer 5 pyramidal cells (L5PCs) and construct a model with reduced neuronal morphology. We connect the reduced-morphology neurons into a network and validate against simulated data from a high-resolution L5PC network model. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our approach combines features from several previously applied model-fitting strategies. The reduced-morphology neuron model obtained using our approach reliably reproduces the membrane-potential dynamics across the dendrites as predicted by the full-morphology model. CONCLUSIONS The network models produced using our method are cost-efficient and predict that interconnected L5PCs are able to amplify delta-range oscillatory inputs across a large range of network sizes and topologies, largely due to the medium after hyperpolarization mediated by the Ca2+-activated SK current.
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229
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Petersen CCH. Whole-Cell Recording of Neuronal Membrane Potential during Behavior. Neuron 2017; 95:1266-1281. [PMID: 28910617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal membrane potential is of fundamental importance for the mechanistic understanding of brain function. This review discusses progress in whole-cell patch-clamp recordings for low-noise measurement of neuronal membrane potential in awake behaving animals. Whole-cell recordings can be combined with two-photon microscopy to target fluorescently labeled neurons, revealing cell-type-specific membrane potential dynamics of retrogradely or genetically labeled neurons. Dual whole-cell recordings reveal behavioral modulation of membrane potential synchrony and properties of synaptic transmission in vivo. Optogenetic manipulations are also readily integrated with whole-cell recordings, providing detailed information about the effect of specific perturbations on the membrane potential of diverse types of neurons. Exciting developments for future behavioral experiments include dendritic whole-cell recordings and imaging, and use of the whole-cell recording pipette for single-cell delivery of drugs and DNA, as well as RNA expression profiling. Whole-cell recordings therefore offer unique opportunities for investigating the neuronal circuits and synaptic mechanisms driving membrane potential dynamics during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl C H Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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230
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Abstract
Optical methods for interrogating membrane potential changes in neurons promise to revolutionize our ability to dissect the activity of individual cells embedded in neural circuits underlying behavior and sensation. A number of voltage imaging strategies have emerged in the past few years. This Perspective discusses developments in both small-molecule and genetically encoded fluorescent indicators of membrane potential. We survey recent advances in small-molecule fluorescent indicators that rely on photoinduced electron transfer to sense voltage as well as refinements of voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins and new opsin-based strategies for monitoring voltage changes. We compare the requirements of fluorescent voltage indicators to those for more canonical Ca2+ sensing as a way to illuminate the particular challenges associated with voltage imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh U. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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231
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232
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Urban A, Golgher L, Brunner C, Gdalyahu A, Har-Gil H, Kain D, Montaldo G, Sironi L, Blinder P. Understanding the neurovascular unit at multiple scales: Advantages and limitations of multi-photon and functional ultrasound imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 119:73-100. [PMID: 28778714 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient brain imaging technologies by combining a high spatiotemporal resolution and a large penetration depth is a key step for better understanding the neurovascular interface that emerges as a main pathway to neurodegeneration in many pathologies such as dementia. This review focuses on the advances in two complementary techniques: multi-photon laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) and functional ultrasound imaging (fUSi). MPLSM has become the gold standard for in vivo imaging of cellular dynamics and morphology, together with cerebral blood flow. fUSi is an innovative imaging modality based on Doppler ultrasound, capable of recording vascular brain activity over large scales (i.e., tens of cubic millimeters) at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution for such volumes (up to 10μm pixel size at 10kHz). By merging these two technologies, researchers may have access to a more detailed view of the various processes taking place at the neurovascular interface. MPLSM and fUSi are also good candidates for addressing the major challenge of real-time delivery, monitoring, and in vivo evaluation of drugs in neuronal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Urban
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium and/or IMEC, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Neurobiology Dept., Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Golgher
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Clément Brunner
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium and/or IMEC, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amos Gdalyahu
- Neurobiology Dept., Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagai Har-Gil
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Kain
- Neurobiology Dept., Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium and/or IMEC, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Sironi
- Physics Dept., Universita degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Italy
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology Dept., Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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233
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Dhawale AK, Poddar R, Wolff SB, Normand VA, Kopelowitz E, Ölveczky BP. Automated long-term recording and analysis of neural activity in behaving animals. eLife 2017; 6:27702. [PMID: 28885141 PMCID: PMC5619984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing how neural circuits underlie behavior is routinely done by measuring electrical activity from single neurons in experimental sessions. While such recordings yield snapshots of neural dynamics during specified tasks, they are ill-suited for tracking single-unit activity over longer timescales relevant for most developmental and learning processes, or for capturing neural dynamics across different behavioral states. Here we describe an automated platform for continuous long-term recordings of neural activity and behavior in freely moving rodents. An unsupervised algorithm identifies and tracks the activity of single units over weeks of recording, dramatically simplifying the analysis of large datasets. Months-long recordings from motor cortex and striatum made and analyzed with our system revealed remarkable stability in basic neuronal properties, such as firing rates and inter-spike interval distributions. Interneuronal correlations and the representation of different movements and behaviors were similarly stable. This establishes the feasibility of high-throughput long-term extracellular recordings in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashesh K Dhawale
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rajesh Poddar
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Steffen Be Wolff
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Valentin A Normand
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Evi Kopelowitz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Bence P Ölveczky
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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234
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Kost LA, Nikitin ES, Ivanova VO, Sung U, Putintseva EV, Chudakov DM, Balaban PM, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Insertion of the voltage-sensitive domain into circularly permuted red fluorescent protein as a design for genetically encoded voltage sensor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184225. [PMID: 28863184 PMCID: PMC5580962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualization of electrical activity in living cells represents an important challenge in context of basic neurophysiological studies. Here we report a new voltage sensitive fluorescent indicator which response could be detected by fluorescence monitoring in a single red channel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fluorescent protein-based voltage sensor which uses insertion-into-circular permutant topology to provide an efficient interaction between sensitive and reporter domains. Its fluorescent core originates from red fluorescent protein (FP) FusionRed, which has optimal spectral characteristics to be used in whole body imaging techniques. Indicators using the same domain topology could become a new perspective for the FP-based voltage sensors that are traditionally based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov A. Kost
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny S. Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Violetta O. Ivanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Uhna Sung
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dmitry M. Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel M. Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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235
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Koopman CD, Zimmermann WH, Knöpfel T, de Boer TP. Cardiac optogenetics: using light to monitor cardiac physiology. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:56. [PMID: 28861604 PMCID: PMC5579185 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of cardiac excitation and its coupling to contraction is largely based on ex vivo studies utilising fluorescent organic dyes to assess cardiac action potentials and signal transduction. Recent advances in optogenetic sensors open exciting new possibilities for cardiac research and allow us to answer research questions that cannot be addressed using the classic organic dyes. Especially thrilling is the possibility to use optogenetic sensors to record parameters of cardiac excitation and contraction in vivo. In addition, optogenetics provide a high spatial resolution, as sensors can be coupled to motifs and targeted to specific cell types and subcellular domains of the heart. In this review, we will give a comprehensive overview of relevant optogenetic sensors, how they can be utilised in cardiac research and how they have been applied in cardiac research up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte D Koopman
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfram H Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DHZK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Dynamics, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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236
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Imaging Voltage in Genetically Defined Neuronal Subpopulations with a Cre Recombinase-Targeted Hybrid Voltage Sensor. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9305-9319. [PMID: 28842412 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1363-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators create an opportunity to monitor electrical activity in defined sets of neurons as they participate in the complex patterns of coordinated electrical activity that underlie nervous system function. Taking full advantage of genetically encoded voltage indicators requires a generalized strategy for targeting the probe to genetically defined populations of cells. To this end, we have generated a mouse line with an optimized hybrid voltage sensor (hVOS) probe within a locus designed for efficient Cre recombinase-dependent expression. Crossing this mouse with Cre drivers generated double transgenics expressing hVOS probe in GABAergic, parvalbumin, and calretinin interneurons, as well as hilar mossy cells, new adult-born neurons, and recently active neurons. In each case, imaging in brain slices from male or female animals revealed electrically evoked optical signals from multiple individual neurons in single trials. These imaging experiments revealed action potentials, dynamic aspects of dendritic integration, and trial-to-trial fluctuations in response latency. The rapid time response of hVOS imaging revealed action potentials with high temporal fidelity, and enabled accurate measurements of spike half-widths characteristic of each cell type. Simultaneous recording of rapid voltage changes in multiple neurons with a common genetic signature offers a powerful approach to the study of neural circuit function and the investigation of how neural networks encode, process, and store information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetically encoded voltage indicators hold great promise in the study of neural circuitry, but realizing their full potential depends on targeting the sensor to distinct cell types. Here we present a new mouse line that expresses a hybrid optical voltage sensor under the control of Cre recombinase. Crossing this line with Cre drivers generated double-transgenic mice, which express this sensor in targeted cell types. In brain slices from these animals, single-trial hybrid optical voltage sensor recordings revealed voltage changes with submillisecond resolution in multiple neurons simultaneously. This imaging tool will allow for the study of the emergent properties of neural circuits and permit experimental tests of the roles of specific types of neurons in complex circuit activity.
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237
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Pomeroy JE, Nguyen HX, Hoffman BD, Bursac N. Genetically Encoded Photoactuators and Photosensors for Characterization and Manipulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Theranostics 2017; 7:3539-3558. [PMID: 28912894 PMCID: PMC5596442 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of pluripotent stem cell biology has advanced considerably in the past four decades, but it has yet to deliver on the great promise of regenerative medicine. The slow progress can be mainly attributed to our incomplete understanding of the complex biologic processes regulating the dynamic developmental pathways from pluripotency to fully-differentiated states of functional somatic cells. Much of the difficulty arises from our lack of specific tools to query, or manipulate, the molecular scale circuitry on both single-cell and organismal levels. Fortunately, the last two decades of progress in the field of optogenetics have produced a variety of genetically encoded, light-mediated tools that enable visualization and control of the spatiotemporal regulation of cellular function. The merging of optogenetics and pluripotent stem cell biology could thus be an important step toward realization of the clinical potential of pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we have surveyed available genetically encoded photoactuators and photosensors, a rapidly expanding toolbox, with particular attention to those with utility for studying pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E. Pomeroy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Room 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hung X. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Room 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Brenton D. Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Room 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Room 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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238
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Large-scale mapping of cortical synaptic projections with extracellular electrode arrays. Nat Methods 2017; 14:882-890. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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239
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Chemogenetic Interrogation of a Brain-wide Fear Memory Network in Mice. Neuron 2017; 94:363-374.e4. [PMID: 28426969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Behavior depends on coordinated activity across multiple brain regions. Within such networks, highly connected hub regions are assumed to disproportionately influence behavioral output, although this hypothesis has not been systematically evaluated. Previously, by mapping brain-wide expression of the activity-regulated gene c-fos, we identified a network of brain regions co-activated by fear memory. To test the hypothesis that hub regions are more important for network function, here, we simulated node deletion in silico in this behaviorally defined functional network. Removal of high degree nodes produced the greatest network disruption (e.g., reduction in global efficiency). To test these predictions in vivo, we examined the impact of post-training chemogenetic silencing of different network nodes on fear memory consolidation. In a series of independent experiments encompassing 25% of network nodes (i.e., 21/84 brain regions), we found that node degree accurately predicted observed deficits in memory consolidation, with silencing of highly connected hubs producing the largest impairments.
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240
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Toward Better Genetically Encoded Sensors of Membrane Potential. Trends Neurosci 2017; 39:277-289. [PMID: 27130905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded optical sensors of cell activity are powerful tools that can be targeted to specific cell types. This is especially important in neuroscience because individual brain regions can include a multitude of different cell types. Optical imaging allows for simultaneous recording from numerous neurons or brain regions. Optical signals of membrane potential are useful because membrane potential changes are a direct sign of both synaptic and action potentials. Here we describe recent improvements in the in vitro and in vivo signal size and kinetics of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) and discuss their relationship to alternative sensors of neural activity.
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241
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Friedrich J, Yang W, Soudry D, Mu Y, Ahrens MB, Yuste R, Peterka DS, Paninski L. Multi-scale approaches for high-speed imaging and analysis of large neural populations. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005685. [PMID: 28771570 PMCID: PMC5557609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in modern neuroscience critically depends on our ability to observe the activity of large neuronal populations with cellular spatial and high temporal resolution. However, two bottlenecks constrain efforts towards fast imaging of large populations. First, the resulting large video data is challenging to analyze. Second, there is an explicit tradeoff between imaging speed, signal-to-noise, and field of view: with current recording technology we cannot image very large neuronal populations with simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we describe multi-scale approaches for alleviating both of these bottlenecks. First, we show that spatial and temporal decimation techniques based on simple local averaging provide order-of-magnitude speedups in spatiotemporally demixing calcium video data into estimates of single-cell neural activity. Second, once the shapes of individual neurons have been identified at fine scale (e.g., after an initial phase of conventional imaging with standard temporal and spatial resolution), we find that the spatial/temporal resolution tradeoff shifts dramatically: after demixing we can accurately recover denoised fluorescence traces and deconvolved neural activity of each individual neuron from coarse scale data that has been spatially decimated by an order of magnitude. This offers a cheap method for compressing this large video data, and also implies that it is possible to either speed up imaging significantly, or to "zoom out" by a corresponding factor to image order-of-magnitude larger neuronal populations with minimal loss in accuracy or temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Friedrich
- Department of Statistics, Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (LP)
| | - Weijian Yang
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Soudry
- Department of Statistics, Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu Mu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Misha B. Ahrens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rafael Yuste
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Darcy S. Peterka
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Liam Paninski
- Department of Statistics, Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, and Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Kavli Institute of Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (LP)
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242
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Xu Y, Zou P, Cohen AE. Voltage imaging with genetically encoded indicators. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 39:1-10. [PMID: 28460291 PMCID: PMC5581692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane voltages are ubiquitous throughout cell biology. Voltage is most commonly associated with excitable cells such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, although many other cell types and organelles also support electrical signaling. Voltage imaging in vivo would offer unique capabilities in reporting the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of electrical signaling at the cellular and circuit levels. Voltage is not directly visible, and so a longstanding challenge has been to develop genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator proteins. Recent advances have led to a profusion of new voltage indicators, based on different scaffolds and with different tradeoffs between voltage sensitivity, speed, brightness, and spectrum. In this review, we describe recent advances in design and applications of genetically-encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). We also highlight the protein engineering strategies employed to improve the dynamic range and kinetics of GEVIs and opportunities for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Xu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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243
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Chamberland S, Yang HH, Pan MM, Evans SW, Guan S, Chavarha M, Yang Y, Salesse C, Wu H, Wu JC, Clandinin TR, Toth K, Lin MZ, St-Pierre F. Fast two-photon imaging of subcellular voltage dynamics in neuronal tissue with genetically encoded indicators. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28749338 PMCID: PMC5584994 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring voltage dynamics in defined neurons deep in the brain is critical for unraveling the function of neuronal circuits but is challenging due to the limited performance of existing tools. In particular, while genetically encoded voltage indicators have shown promise for optical detection of voltage transients, many indicators exhibit low sensitivity when imaged under two-photon illumination. Previous studies thus fell short of visualizing voltage dynamics in individual neurons in single trials. Here, we report ASAP2s, a novel voltage indicator with improved sensitivity. By imaging ASAP2s using random-access multi-photon microscopy, we demonstrate robust single-trial detection of action potentials in organotypic slice cultures. We also show that ASAP2s enables two-photon imaging of graded potentials in organotypic slice cultures and in Drosophila. These results demonstrate that the combination of ASAP2s and fast two-photon imaging methods enables detection of neural electrical activity with subcellular spatial resolution and millisecond-timescale precision. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25690.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chamberland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Quebec Mental Health Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Helen H Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Michael M Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Stephen W Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Sihui Guan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Charleen Salesse
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Quebec Mental Health Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Haodi Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Quebec Mental Health Institute, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - François St-Pierre
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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244
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Förster D, Dal Maschio M, Laurell E, Baier H. An optogenetic toolbox for unbiased discovery of functionally connected cells in neural circuits. Nat Commun 2017; 8:116. [PMID: 28740141 PMCID: PMC5524645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging approaches have revolutionized our ability to monitor neural network dynamics, but by themselves are unable to link a neuron’s activity to its functional connectivity. We present a versatile genetic toolbox, termed ‘Optobow’, for all-optical discovery of excitatory connections in vivo. By combining the Gal4-UAS system with Cre/lox recombination, we target the optogenetic actuator ChrimsonR and the sensor GCaMP6 to stochastically labeled, nonoverlapping and sparse subsets of neurons. Photostimulation of single cells using two-photon computer-generated holography evokes calcium responses in downstream neurons. Morphological reconstruction of neurite arbors, response latencies and localization of presynaptic markers suggest that some neuron pairs recorded here are directly connected, while others are two or more synapses apart from each other. With this toolbox, we discover wiring principles between specific cell types in the larval zebrafish tectum. Optobow should be useful for identification and manipulation of networks of interconnected neurons, even in dense neural tissues. Mechanisms of neural processing can only be understood by revealing patterns of connectivity among the cellular components of the circuit. Here the authors report a new genetic toolbox, ‘Optobow’, which enables simultaneous optogenetic activation of single neurons in zebrafish and measuring the activity of downstream neurons in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Förster
- Department Genes-Circuits-Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marco Dal Maschio
- Department Genes-Circuits-Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eva Laurell
- Department Genes-Circuits-Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department Genes-Circuits-Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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245
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Genetically Targeted All-Optical Electrophysiology with a Transgenic Cre-Dependent Optopatch Mouse. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11059-11073. [PMID: 27798186 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1582-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled simultaneous optical perturbation and optical readout of membrane potential in diverse cell types. Here, we develop and characterize a Cre-dependent transgenic Optopatch2 mouse line that we call Floxopatch. The animals expressed a blue-shifted channelrhodopsin, CheRiff, and a near infrared Archaerhodopsin-derived voltage indicator, QuasAr2, via targeted knock-in at the rosa26 locus. In Optopatch-expressing animals, we tested for overall health, genetically targeted expression, and function of the optogenetic components. In offspring of Floxopatch mice crossed with a variety of Cre driver lines, we observed spontaneous and optically evoked activity in vitro in acute brain slices and in vivo in somatosensory ganglia. Cell-type-specific expression allowed classification and characterization of neuronal subtypes based on their firing patterns. The Floxopatch mouse line is a useful tool for fast and sensitive characterization of neural activity in genetically specified cell types in intact tissue. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Optical recordings of neural activity offer the promise of rapid and spatially resolved mapping of neural function. Calcium imaging has been widely applied in this mode, but is insensitive to the details of action potential waveforms and subthreshold events. Simultaneous optical perturbation and optical readout of single-cell electrical activity ("Optopatch") has been demonstrated in cultured neurons and in organotypic brain slices, but not in acute brain slices or in vivo Here, we describe a transgenic mouse in which expression of Optopatch constructs is controlled by the Cre-recombinase enzyme. This animal enables fast and robust optical measurements of single-cell electrical excitability in acute brain slices and in somatosensory ganglia in vivo, opening the door to rapid optical mapping of neuronal excitability.
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246
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Song C, Do QB, Antic SD, Knöpfel T. Transgenic Strategies for Sparse but Strong Expression of Genetically Encoded Voltage and Calcium Indicators. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071461. [PMID: 28686207 PMCID: PMC5535952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly progressing development of optogenetic tools, particularly genetically encoded optical indicators, enables monitoring activities of neuronal circuits of identified cell populations in longitudinal in vivo studies. Recently developed advanced transgenic approaches achieve high levels of indicator expression. However, targeting non-sparse cell populations leads to dense expression patterns such that optical signals from neuronal processes cannot be allocated to individual neurons. This issue is particularly pertinent for the use of genetically encoded voltage indicators whose membrane-delimited signals arise largely from the neuropil where dendritic and axonal membranes of many cells intermingle. Here we address this need for sparse but strong expression of genetically encoded optical indicators using a titratable recombination-activated transgene transcription to achieve a Golgi staining-type indicator expression pattern in vivo. Using different transgenic strategies, we also illustrate that co-expression of genetically encoded voltage and calcium indicators can be achieved in vivo for studying neuronal circuit input–output relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Song
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Dynamics, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Quyen B Do
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Dynamics, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Srdjan D Antic
- Institute for Systems Genomics, Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA.
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Laboratory for Neuronal Circuit Dynamics, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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247
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Ni Q, Mehta S, Zhang J. Live-cell imaging of cell signaling using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters. FEBS J 2017; 285:203-219. [PMID: 28613457 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic advances in fluorescent protein engineering and live-cell imaging techniques in recent years have fueled the concurrent development and application of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters that are tailored for tracking signaling dynamics in living systems over multiple length and time scales. These biosensors are uniquely suited for this challenging task, owing to their specificity, sensitivity, and versatility, as well as to the noninvasive and nondestructive nature of fluorescence and the power of genetic encoding. Over the past 10 years, a growing number of fluorescent reporters have been developed for tracking a wide range of biological signals in living cells and animals, including second messenger and metabolite dynamics, enzyme activation and activity, and cell cycle progression and neuronal activity. Many of these biosensors are gaining wide use and are proving to be indispensable for unraveling the complex biological functions of individual signaling molecules in their native environment, the living cell, shedding new light on the structural and molecular underpinnings of cell signaling. In this review, we highlight recent advances in protein engineering that are likely to help expand and improve the design and application of these valuable tools. We then turn our focus to specific examples of live-cell imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters as an important platform for advancing our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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248
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Ji N, Freeman J, Smith SL. Technologies for imaging neural activity in large volumes. Nat Neurosci 2017; 19:1154-64. [PMID: 27571194 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuitry has evolved to form distributed networks that act dynamically across large volumes. Conventional microscopy collects data from individual planes and cannot sample circuitry across large volumes at the temporal resolution relevant to neural circuit function and behaviors. Here we review emerging technologies for rapid volume imaging of neural circuitry. We focus on two critical challenges: the inertia of optical systems, which limits image speed, and aberrations, which restrict the image volume. Optical sampling time must be long enough to ensure high-fidelity measurements, but optimized sampling strategies and point-spread function engineering can facilitate rapid volume imaging of neural activity within this constraint. We also discuss new computational strategies for processing and analyzing volume imaging data of increasing size and complexity. Together, optical and computational advances are providing a broader view of neural circuit dynamics and helping elucidate how brain regions work in concert to support behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeremy Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Spencer L Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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249
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Genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity. Nat Neurosci 2017; 19:1142-53. [PMID: 27571193 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental efforts to understand how the brain represents, stores and processes information require high-fidelity recordings of multiple different forms of neural activity within functional circuits. Thus, creating improved technologies for large-scale recordings of neural activity in the live brain is a crucial goal in neuroscience. Over the past two decades, the combination of optical microscopy and genetically encoded fluorescent indicators has become a widespread means of recording neural activity in nonmammalian and mammalian nervous systems, transforming brain research in the process. In this review, we describe and assess different classes of fluorescent protein indicators of neural activity. We first discuss general considerations in optical imaging and then present salient characteristics of representative indicators. Our focus is on how indicator characteristics relate to their use in living animals and on likely areas of future progress.
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250
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Kyriakatos A, Sadashivaiah V, Zhang Y, Motta A, Auffret M, Petersen CCH. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of mouse neocortex during a whisker detection task. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:031204. [PMID: 27921068 PMCID: PMC5120151 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.031204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor processing occurs in a highly distributed manner in the mammalian neocortex. The spatiotemporal dynamics of electrical activity in the dorsal mouse neocortex can be imaged using voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) with near-millisecond temporal resolution and [Formula: see text] spatial resolution. Here, we trained mice to lick a water reward spout after a 1-ms deflection of the C2 whisker, and we imaged cortical dynamics during task execution with VSD RH1691. Responses to whisker deflection were highly dynamic and spatially highly distributed, exhibiting high variability from trial to trial in amplitude and spatiotemporal dynamics. We differentiated trials based on licking and whisking behavior. Hit trials, in which the mouse licked after the whisker stimulus, were accompanied by overall greater depolarization compared to miss trials, with the strongest hit versus miss differences being found in frontal cortex. Prestimulus whisking decreased behavioral performance by increasing the fraction of miss trials, and these miss trials had attenuated cortical sensorimotor responses. Our data suggest that the spatiotemporal dynamics of depolarization in mouse sensorimotor cortex evoked by a single brief whisker deflection are subject to important behavioral modulation during the execution of a simple, learned, goal-directed sensorimotor transformation.
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