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INDRASETIAWAN PUGUH, AOKI-UTSUBO CHIE, HANAFI MUHAMMAD, HARTATI SRI, WAHYUNI TUTIKSRI, KAMEOKA MASANORI, YANO YOSHIHIKO, HOTTA HAK, HAYASHI YOSHITAKE. Antiviral Activity of Cananga odorata Against Hepatitis B Virus. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 65:E71-E79. [PMID: 31956259 PMCID: PMC7012192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapeutic drugs for chronic hepatitis B using pegylated interferons and nucleos(t)ide analogs have limited efficacy. Therefore, the development of novel and safe antivirals is required. Natural products including medicinal plants produce complex and structurally diverse compounds, some of which offer suitable targets for antiviral screening studies. In the present study, we screened various crude extracts from Indonesian plants for anti-HBV activity by determining their effects on the production of extracellular HBV DNA in Hep38.7-Tet cells and HBV entry onto a HBV-susceptible cell line, HepG2-NTCP, with the following results: (1) In Hep38.7-Tet cells, Cananga odorata exhibited the highest anti-HBV activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 56.5 µg/ml and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 540.2 µg/ml (Selectivity Index: 9.6). (2) The treatment of HepG2-NTCP cells with Cassia fistula, C. odorata, and Melastoma malabathricum at concentrations of 100 µg/ml lowered the levels of HBsAg production to 51.2%, 58.0%, and 40.1%, respectively, compared to untreated controls, and IC50 and CC50 values of C. odorata were 142.9 µg/ml and >400 µg/ml. In conclusion, the C. odorata extract could be a good candidate for the development of anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- PUGUH INDRASETIAWAN
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - CHIE AOKI-UTSUBO
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - MUHAMMAD HANAFI
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Indonesia
| | - SRI HARTATI
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Indonesia
| | - TUTIK SRI WAHYUNI
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Jalan Dharmawangsa Dalam, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - MASANORI KAMEOKA
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - YOSHIHIKO YANO
- Division of Infectious Disease Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - HAK HOTTA
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women’s University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0001, Japan
| | - YOSHITAKE HAYASHI
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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202
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Ren F, Yang X, Hu ZW, Wong VKW, Xu HY, Ren JH, Zhong S, Jia XJ, Jiang H, Hu JL, Cai XF, Zhang WL, Yao FL, Yu HB, Cheng ST, Zhou HZ, Huang AL, Law BYK, Chen J. Niacin analogue, 6-Aminonicotinamide, a novel inhibitor of hepatitis B virus replication and HBsAg production. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:232-246. [PMID: 31680002 PMCID: PMC6945246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is one of the important clinical indexes for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection diagnosis and sustained seroconversion of HBsAg is an indicator for functional cure. However, the level of HBsAg could not be reduced by interferons and nucleoside analogs effectively. Therefore, identification of a new drug targeting HBsAg is urgently needed. Methods: In this study, 6-AN was screened out from 1500 compounds due to its low cytotoxicity and high antiviral activity. The effect of 6-AN on HBV was examined in HepAD38, HepG2-NTCP and PHHs cells. In addition, the antivirus effect of 6-AN was also identified in mouse model. Findings: 6-AN treatment resulted in a significant decrease of HBsAg and other viral markers both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that 6-AN inhibited the activities of HBV SpI, SpII and core promoter by decreasing transcription factor PPARα, subsequently reduced HBV RNAs transcription and HBsAg production. Interpretation: We have identified a novel small molecule to inhibit HBV core DNA, HBV RNAs, HBsAg production, as well as cccDNA to a minor degree both in vitro and in vivo. This study may shed light on the development of a novel class of anti-HBV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Room 704a-02, Block H, Macau, China
| | - Hong-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ji-Hua Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Jiong Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xue-Fei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Lu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang-Long Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Room 704a-02, Block H, Macau, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Room 617, College of Life Sciences Building, 1 YiXueYuan Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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203
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Sa-Ngiamsuntorn K, Thongsri P, Pewkliang Y, Wongkajornsilp A, Kongsomboonchoke P, Suthivanich P, Borwornpinyo S, Hongeng S. An Immortalized Hepatocyte-like Cell Line (imHC) Accommodated Complete Viral Lifecycle, Viral Persistence Form, cccDNA and Eventual Spreading of a Clinically-Isolated HBV. Viruses 2019; 11:E952. [PMID: 31623162 PMCID: PMC6832882 DOI: 10.3390/v11100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 350 million people worldwide have been persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chronic HBV infection could advance toward liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The intervention with prophylactic vaccine and conventional treatment could suppress HBV, but could not completely eradicate it. The major obstacle for investigating curative antiviral drugs are the incompetence of hepatocyte models that should have closely imitated natural human infection. Here, we demonstrated that an immortalized hepatocyte-like cell line (imHC) could accommodate for over 30 days the entire life cycle of HBV prepared from either established cultured cells or clinically-derived fresh isolates. Normally, imHCs had intact interferon signaling with anti-viral action. Infected imHCs responded to treatments with direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) and interferons (IFNs) by diminishing HBV DNA, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg, aka the Australia antigen) and the hepatitis B viral protein (HBeAg). Notably, we could observe and quantify HBV spreading from infected cells to naïve cells using an imHC co-culture model. In summary, this study constructed a convenient HBV culture model that allows the screening for novel anti-HBV agents with versatile targets, either HBV entry, replication or cccDNA formation. Combinations of agents aiming at different targets should achieve a complete HBV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanit Sa-Ngiamsuntorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Piyanoot Thongsri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Yongyut Pewkliang
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Adisak Wongkajornsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | | | - Phichaya Suthivanich
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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204
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Yuan Y, Zhao K, Yao Y, Liu C, Chen Y, Li J, Wang Y, Pei R, Chen J, Hu X, Zhou Y, Wu C, Chen X. HDAC11 restricts HBV replication through epigenetic repression of cccDNA transcription. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104619. [PMID: 31600533 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains an important public health problem worldwide. Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) exhibits as an individual minichromosome and is the molecular basis of HBV infection persistence and antiviral treatment failure. In the current study, we demonstrated that histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) inhibits HBV transcription and replication in HBV-transfected Huh7 cells. By using an HBV in vitro infection system, HDAC11 was found to affect the transcriptional activity of cccDNA but did not affect cccDNA production. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were utilized to analyze the epigenetic modifications of cccDNA. The results show that HDAC11 specifically reduced the acetylation level of cccDNA-bound histone H3 but did not affect that of histone H4. Furthermore, HDAC11 overexpression decreased the levels of cccDNA-bound acetylated H3K9 (H3K9ac) and H3K27 (H3K27ac). In conclusion, HDAC11 restricts HBV replication through epigenetic repression of cccDNA transcription. These findings reveal the novel role of HDAC11 in HBV infection, further broadening our knowledge regarding the functions of HDAC11 and the roles of HDACs in the epigenetic regulation of HBV cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaitao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Canyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; School of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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205
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McDaniel YZ, Patterson SE, Mansky LM. Distinct dual antiviral mechanism that enhances hepatitis B virus mutagenesis and reduces viral DNA synthesis. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104540. [PMID: 31247245 PMCID: PMC8191393 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an essential enzyme for the replication of retroviruses and hepadnaviruses. Current therapies do not eliminate the intracellular viral replication intermediate termed covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, which has enhanced interest in hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcription and cccDNA formation. The HBV cccDNA is generated as a plasmid-like episome in the host cell nucleus from the protein-linked relaxed circular (rc) DNA genome in incoming virions during HBV replication. The creation of the cccDNA via conversion from rcDNA remains not fully understood. Here, we sought to investigate whether viral mutagens can effect HBV replication. In particular, we investigated whether nucleoside analogs that act as viral mutagens with retroviruses could impact hepadnaviral DNA synthesis. We observed that a viral mutagen (e.g., 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-aza-dC or 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-C) severely diminished the ability of a HBV vector to express a reporter gene following virus transfer and infection of target cells. As predicted, the treatment of 5-aza-dC or 5-aza-C elevated the HBV rcDNA mutation frequency, primarily by increasing the frequency of G-to-C transversion mutations. A reduction in rcDNA synthesis was also observed. Intriguingly, the cccDNA nick/gap region transcription was diminished by 5-aza-dC, but did not enhance viral mutagenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that viral mutagens can impact HBV reverse transcription, and propose a model in which viral mutagens can induce mutagenesis during rcDNA formation and diminish viral DNA synthesis during both rcDNA formation and the conversion of rcDNA to cccDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Z McDaniel
- Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Steven E Patterson
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Louis M Mansky
- Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Division of Basic Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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206
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Xia Y. A small molecule cocktail breaks the bottleneck of human primary hepatocytes culture. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1293-1294. [PMID: 36659654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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207
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Chen R, Huang H, Liu H, Xi J, Ning J, Zeng W, Shen C, Zhang T, Yu G, Xu Q, Chen X, Wang J, Lu F. Friend or Foe? Evidence Indicates Endogenous Exosomes Can Deliver Functional gRNA and Cas9 Protein. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902686. [PMID: 31271518 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated nuclease (Cas) system is an efficient gene editing tool. In this study, it is found that both single guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 protein could be exported from the CRISPR/Cas9-expressing cells by endogenous exosomes independently. Further experiments demonstrate that these naturally produced endogenous exosomes could be used as a vehicle to deliver the functional Cas9 and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific gRNA to cut HBV DNA transfected in HuH7 cells or human papilloma virus (HPV)-specific gRNA to cut the integrated HPV DNA in HeLa cells, respectively. In conclusion, this study indicates the potential of endogenous exosomes as a safe and effective delivery vehicle of the functional gRNA and Cas9 protein. Meanwhile, the endogenous exosomes-mediated delivery of gene editing activity to adjacent and distant cells or tissues may further complicate the off-target and safety concerns about the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingyuan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wanjia Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Congle Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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208
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Zhou M, Qin B, Deng XS, Zeng XL, Lu Y, Huang ZG, Wu CC, Mou LS. hNTCP‑expressing primary pig hepatocytes are a valuable tool for investigating hepatitis B virus infection and antiviral drugs. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3820-3828. [PMID: 31485670 PMCID: PMC6755163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the 'gold standard' for investigating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and antiviral drugs. However, poor availability, variation between batches and ethical issues regarding PHHs limit their applications. The discovery of human sodium taurocholate co‑transporting polypeptide (hNTCP) as a functional HBV receptor has enabled the development of a surrogate model to supplement the use of PHHs. In the present study, the evolutionary distance of seven species was assessed based on single‑copy homologous genes. Based on the evolutionary distance and availability, PHHs and primary rabbit hepatocytes (PRHs) were isolated and infected with hNTCP‑recombinant lentivirus, and susceptibility to HBV infection in the two cell types was tested and compared. In addition, HBV infection efficiency of hNTCP‑expressing PPHs with pooled HBV‑positive serum and purified particles was determined. The potential use of HBV‑infected hNTCP‑expressing PPHs for drug screening was assessed. The results demonstrated that pigs and rabbits are closer to humans in the divergence tree compared with mice and rats, indicating that pigs and rabbits were more likely to facilitate the HBV post‑entry lifecycle. Following hNTCP complementation and HBV infection, PPHs and Huh7D human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but not PRHs, exhibited increased hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e‑antigen secretion, covalently closed circular DNA formation and infectious particle secretion. hNTCP‑expressing PPHs were susceptible to infection with HBV particles purified from pooled HBV‑positive sera, but were poisoned by raw HBV‑positive sera. The use of HBV‑infected hNTCP‑expressing PPHs for viral entry inhibitor screening was revealed to be applicable and reproducible. In conclusion, hNTCP‑expressing PPHs may be valuable tool for investigating HBV infection and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Bo Qin
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Song Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518049, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Gang Huang
- Liver‑Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Sha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
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209
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Zhang YL, Gao Y, Cao JL, Zhao JH, Zhang TY, Yang CL, Xiong HL, Wang YB, Ou SH, Cheng T, Chen CR, Yuan Q, Xia NS. Robust in vitro assay for analyzing the neutralization activity of serum specimens against hepatitis B virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:724-733. [PMID: 31130075 PMCID: PMC6542156 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1619485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-HBs is a well-known marker of protective capability against HBV. However, little is known about the association between the qAnti-HBs determined by immunoassays and the neutralization activity (NAT) derived from functional assays. We developed an in vitro assay for direct measurement of the NAT of human sera. The new assay was highly sensitive, with an analytical sensitivity of 9.6 ± 1.3 mIU/mL for the HBIG standard. For serum detection, the maximum fold dilution required to produce ≥50% inhibition (MDF50) of HBV infection was used as the quantitative index. In vitro NAT evaluations were conducted for a cohort of 164 HBV-free healthy individuals. The results demonstrated that the NAT positively correlated with the qAnti-HBs (R2 = 0.473, p < 0.001). ROC analysis indicated that the optimal cutoff value of the qAnti-HBs to discriminate significant NAT (MDF50 ≥ 8) was 62.9 mIU/mL, with an AUROC of 0.920. Additionally, we found that the qAnti-HBc was another independent parameter positively associated with the NAT (R2 = 0.300, p < 0.001), which suggested that antibodies against other HBV proteins generated by previous HBV exposure possibly also contribute to the NAT. In summary, the new cell-based assay provides a robust tool to analyse the anti-HBV NAT. Abbreviations: HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; Anti-HBs: Hepatitis B surface antibody; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; Anti-HBc: Hepatitis B core antibody; qAnti-HBs: quantitative hepatitis B surface antibody; qAnti-HBc: quantitative hepatitis B core antibody; qHBeAg: quantitative hepatitis B e antigen; NAT: neutralization activity; HBIG: hepatitis B immune globulin; NTCP: Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide; IRES: internal ribosome entry site; ccHBV: cell culture derived hepatitis B virus; GE/cell: genome equivalent per cell; MOI: multiplicity of infection; Dpi: day post infection; HepG2-TetOn: a HepG2-derived cell line that expresses the doxycycline-regulated transactivator; ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve; AUROC: area under receiver operating characteristic curve; LLOQ: the lower limits of quantification; MDF50: the maximum fold dilution required to produce ≥50% inhibition; IC50: half maximal inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,d Hainan Health Disseminate Centre , Haikou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Cao
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,e Natural Medicine Institute of Zhejiang Yangshengtang , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ying Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Lai Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Long Xiong
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Bin Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Hai Ou
- c Xiamen Blood Service , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Cheng
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Rong Chen
- f Xiamen Haicang Hospital , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics , School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China.,b School of Life Science , National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
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210
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Qiao L, Luo GG. Human apolipoprotein E promotes hepatitis B virus infection and production. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007874. [PMID: 31393946 PMCID: PMC6687101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common cause of liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV chronically infects about 240 million people worldwide, posing a major global health problem. The current standard antiviral therapy effectively inhibits HBV replication but does not eliminate the virus unlike direct-acting antivirals (DAA) for curing hepatitis C. Our previous studies have demonstrated that human apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays important roles in hepatitis C virus infection and morphogenesis. In the present study, we have found that apoE is also associated with HBV and is required for efficient HBV infection. An apoE-specific monoclonal antibody was able to capture HBV similar to anti-HBs. More importantly, apoE monoclonal antibody could effectively block HBV infection, resulting in a greater than 90% reduction of HBV infectivity. Likewise, silencing of apoE expression or knockout of apoE gene by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a greater than 90% reduction of HBV infection and more than 80% decrease of HBV production, which could be fully restored by ectopic apoE expression. However, apoE silencing or knockout did not significantly affect HBV DNA replication or the production of nonenveloped (naked) nucleocapsids. These findings demonstrate that human apoE promotes HBV infection and production. We speculate that apoE may also play a role in persistent HBV infection by evading host immune response similar to its role in the HCV life cycle and pathogenesis. Inhibitors interfering with apoE biogenesis, secretion, and/or binding to receptors may serve as antivirals for elimination of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Guangxiang George Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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211
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Feng S, Ji G, Ma J, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Tao C. Long noncoding RNA GAS5 does not regulate HBV replication. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1949-1959. [PMID: 31301149 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a severe health burden worldwide. Emerging long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are hijacked to enhance virus replication or employed by the host to stimulate immune responses to clear the virus. LncRNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) can regulate RNA virus by suppressing the replication of both hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. In this study, we explored the changes of HBV replication by overexpressing or knocking down GAS5 in HepAD38 cell and HepG2 cell transfected with pHBV1.2. We found HBV can induce the expression of GAS5. However, GAS5 had no effect on extracellular HBsAg and HBeAg, nor intracellular HBV RNA and HBV DNA. In addition, GAS5 possessed similar expression levels between stable HBV-producing cell lines and hepatoma cell lines. Furthermore, GAS5 showed no difference between healthy subjects and patients with chronic HBV in multiple GEO microarray data sets by GEO2R analysis. Taken together these results, GAS5 does not modulate the replication of HBV but it inhibits cell proliferation in HepAD38. This provides insights into the possible roles of GAS5 in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaili Ji
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanmin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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212
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Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein in Primary Human Hepatocytes. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00248-19. [PMID: 31167911 PMCID: PMC6675897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00248-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a promising drug target since it promotes the degradation of the host structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) that inhibits HBV transcription. To date, it has not been possible to study HBx in physiologically relevant cell culture systems due to the lack of a highly specific and selective HBx antibody. In this study, we developed a novel monoclonal HBx antibody and performed a spatiotemporal analysis of HBx in a natural infection system. This revealed that HBx localizes to the nucleus of infected cells, is expressed shortly after infection, and has a short half-life. In addition, we demonstrated that inhibiting HBx expression or function promotes the reappearance of Smc6 in the nucleus of infected cells. These data provide new insights into HBx and underscore its potential as a novel target for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. The structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) is a host restriction factor that suppresses hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription. HBV counters this restriction by expressing the X protein (HBx), which redirects the host DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) E3 ubiquitin ligase to target Smc5/6 for degradation. HBx is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but it is challenging to study this important viral protein in the context of natural infection due to the lack of a highly specific and sensitive HBx antibody. In this study, we developed a novel monoclonal antibody that enables detection of HBx protein in HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHH) by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Confocal imaging studies with this antibody demonstrated that HBx is predominantly located in the nucleus of HBV-infected PHH, where it exhibits a diffuse staining pattern. In contrast, a DDB1-binding-deficient HBx mutant was detected in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting that the DDB1 interaction plays an important role in the nuclear localization of HBx. Our study also revealed that HBx is expressed early after infection and has a short half-life (∼3 h) in HBV-infected PHH. In addition, we found that treatment with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target DDB1 or HBx mRNA decreased HBx protein levels and led to the reappearance of Smc6 in the nuclei of HBV-infected PHH. Collectively, these studies provide the first spatiotemporal analysis of HBx in a natural infection system and also suggest that HBV transcriptional silencing by Smc5/6 can be restored by therapeutic targeting of HBx. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a promising drug target since it promotes the degradation of the host structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6 complex (Smc5/6) that inhibits HBV transcription. To date, it has not been possible to study HBx in physiologically relevant cell culture systems due to the lack of a highly specific and selective HBx antibody. In this study, we developed a novel monoclonal HBx antibody and performed a spatiotemporal analysis of HBx in a natural infection system. This revealed that HBx localizes to the nucleus of infected cells, is expressed shortly after infection, and has a short half-life. In addition, we demonstrated that inhibiting HBx expression or function promotes the reappearance of Smc6 in the nucleus of infected cells. These data provide new insights into HBx and underscore its potential as a novel target for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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213
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Puray-Chavez MN, Farghali MH, Yapo V, Huber AD, Liu D, Ndongwe TP, Casey MC, Laughlin TG, Hannink M, Tedbury PR, Sarafianos SG. Effects of Moloney Leukemia Virus 10 Protein on Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Viral Replication. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070651. [PMID: 31319455 PMCID: PMC6669478 DOI: 10.3390/v11070651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Moloney leukemia virus 10 (MOV10) is an RNA helicase that has been shown to affect the replication of several viruses. The effect of MOV10 on Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is not known and its role on the replication of this virus is poorly understood. We investigated the effect of MOV10 down-regulation and MOV10 over-expression on HBV in a variety of cell lines, as well as in an infection system using a replication competent virus. We report that MOV10 down-regulation, using siRNA, shRNA, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, resulted in increased levels of HBV DNA, HBV pre-genomic RNA, and HBV core protein. In contrast, MOV10 over-expression reduced HBV DNA, HBV pre-genomic RNA, and HBV core protein. These effects were consistent in all tested cell lines, providing strong evidence for the involvement of MOV10 in the HBV life cycle. We demonstrated that MOV10 does not interact with HBV-core. However, MOV10 binds HBV pgRNA and this interaction does not affect HBV pgRNA decay rate. We conclude that the restriction of HBV by MOV10 is mediated through effects at the level of viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza N Puray-Chavez
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Mahmoud H Farghali
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta QXXV+C5, Egypt
| | - Vincent Yapo
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Andrew D Huber
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Tanyaradzwa P Ndongwe
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Mary C Casey
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Thomas G Laughlin
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mark Hannink
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Philip R Tedbury
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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214
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Rat V, Seigneuret F, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Lemoine R, Hourioux C, Zoulim F, Testoni B, Meunier JC, Tauber C, Roingeard P, de Rocquigny H. BAY 41-4109-mediated aggregation of assembled and misassembled HBV capsids in cells revealed by electron microscopy. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104557. [PMID: 31302151 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HBc is a small protein essential for the formation of the icosahedral HBV capsid. Its multiple roles in the replication cycle make this protein a promising target for the development of antiviral molecules. Based on the structure of HBc, a series of HBV assembly inhibitors, also known as capsid assembly modulators, were identified. We investigated the effect of BAY 41-4109, a heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivative that promotes the assembly of a non-capsid polymer. We showed, by confocal microscopy, that BAY 41-4109 mediated HBc aggregation, mostly in the cytoplasm of Huh7 cells. Image analysis revealed that aggregate size depended on BAY 41-4109 concentration and treatment duration. Large aggregates in the vicinity of the nucleus were enclosed by invaginations of the nuclear envelope. This deformation of the nuclear envelope was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immuno-TEM. These two techniques also revealed that the HBc aggregates were accumulations of capsid-like shells with an electron-dense material consisting of HBV core fragments. These findings, shedding light on the ultrastructural organization of HBc aggregates, provide insight into the mechanisms of action of BAY 41-4109 against HBV and will serve as a basis for comparison with other HBV capsid assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Rat
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Florian Seigneuret
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Roxane Lemoine
- B-Cell Resources Platform, EA4245 "Transplantation, Immunologie et Inflammation", Université de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Hourioux
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France; Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052-Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69008, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, CRCL, 69008, Lyon, France; Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Meunier
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Clovis Tauber
- UMRS Inserm U1253 - Université de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France; Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Morphogenèse et Antigénicité Du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites, Inserm - U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé - BP 3223, 37032, Tours Cedex 1, France.
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215
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Ni Y, Zhang Z, Engelskircher L, Verch G, Tu T, Lempp FA, Urban S. Generation and characterization of a stable cell line persistently replicating and secreting the human hepatitis delta virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10021. [PMID: 31292511 PMCID: PMC6620269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatitis delta virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis. Approximately 15-25 million people are chronically infected with HDV. As a satellite virus of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), HDV uses the HBV-encoded envelope proteins for egress from and de novo entry into hepatocytes. So far, in vitro production of HDV particles is restricted to co-transfection of cells with HDV/HBV encoding cDNAs. This approach has several limitations. In this study, we established HuH7-END cells, which continuously secrete infectious HDV virions. The cell line was generated through stepwise stable integration of the cDNA of the HDV antigenome, the genes for the HBV envelope proteins and the HBV/HDV receptor NTCP. We found that HuH7-END cells release infectious HDV particles up to 400 million copies/milliliter and support virus spread to co-cultured cells. Due to the expression of NTCP, HuH7-END cells are also susceptible to de novo HDV entry. Virus production is stable for >16 passages and can be scaled up for preparation of large HDV virus stocks. Finally, HuH7-END cells are suitable for screening of antiviral drugs targeting HDV replication. In summary, the HuH7-END cell line provides a novel tool to study HDV replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Engelskircher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Verch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Heidelberg, Germany.
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216
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Yan Z, Wu D, Hu H, Zeng J, Yu X, Xu Z, Zhou Z, Zhou X, Yang G, Young JA, Gao L. Direct Inhibition of Hepatitis B e Antigen by Core Protein Allosteric Modulator. Hepatology 2019; 70:11-24. [PMID: 30664279 PMCID: PMC6618080 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is an important immunomodulator for promoting host immune tolerance during chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. In patients with CHB, HBeAg loss and seroconversion represent partial immune control of CHB infection and are regarded as valuable endpoints. However, the current approved treatments have only a limited efficacy in achieving HBeAg seroconversion in HBeAg-positive patients. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein has been recognized as an attractive antiviral target, and two classes of core protein allosteric modulator (CpAM) have been discovered: the phenylpropenamides (PPAs) and the heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs). However, their differentiation and potential therapeutic benefit beyond HBV DNA inhibition remain to be seen. Here, we show that in contrast to PPA series compound AT-130, a HAP CpAM, HAP_R01, reduced HBeAg levels in multiple in vitro and in vivo HBV experimental models. Mechanistically, we found that HAP_R01 treatment caused the misassembly of capsids formed by purified HBeAg in vitro. In addition, HAP_R01 directly reduces HBeAg levels by inducing intracellular precore protein misassembly and aggregation. Using a HAP_R01-resistant mutant, we found that HAP_R01-mediated HBeAg and core protein reductions were mediated through the same mechanism. Furthermore, HAP_R01 treatment substantially reduced serum HBeAg levels in an HBV mouse model. Conclusion: Unlike PPA series compound AT-130, HAP_R01 not only inhibits HBV DNA levels but also directly reduces HBeAg through induction of its misassembly. HAP_R01, as well as other similar CpAMs, has the potential to achieve higher anti-HBeAg seroconversion rates than currently approved therapies for patients with CHB. Our findings also provide guidance for dose selection when designing clinical trials with molecules from HAP series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yan
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Daitze Wu
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Hu
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Zeng
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Yu
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Xue Zhou
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | - Guang Yang
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
| | | | - Lu Gao
- Roche Innovation Center ShanghaiShanghaiChina
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Moon IY, Choi JH, Chung JW, Jang ES, Jeong SH, Kim JW. MicroRNA‑20 induces methylation of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in human hepatoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2285-2293. [PMID: 31257511 PMCID: PMC6691198 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation was suggested to suppress the transcriptional activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in hepatocytes. This may be associated with its low replicative activity during the inactive stage of chronic HBV infection; however, the exact mechanisms of methylation in HBV infection remain unknown. We have previously shown that short hairpin RNAs induced the methylation of the HBV genome in hepatoma cell lines. We also reported that the microRNA (miR) 17–92 cluster negatively regulates HBV replication in human hepatoma cells. In addition, miR-20a, a member of the miR 17–92 cluster, has sequence homology with the short hairpin RNA that induces HBV methylation. In the present study, we investigated whether miR-20a can function as an endogenous effector of HBV DNA methylation. The results indicated that overexpression of miR-20a could suppress the replicative activity of HBV and increased the degree of methylation of HBV cccDNA in the HepAD38 hepatoma cell line. Argonaute (AGO)1 and AGO2, effectors of the RNA-induced silencing complex, were detected in the nucleus of HepAD38 cells; however, only AGO2 was bound to HBV cccDNA. In addition, intranuclear AGO2 was determined to be bound with miR-20a. In conclusion, miR-20a may be loaded onto AGO2, prior to its translocation into the nucleus, inducing the methylation of HBV DNA in human hepatoma cells, leading to the suppression of HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Moon
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Choi
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wha Chung
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Qu B, Zhang F, Zhang C, Deng W, Dao Thi VL, Xia Y. Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells as Model for Viral Hepatitis Research. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9605252. [PMID: 31281392 PMCID: PMC6594266 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9605252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, the leading cause of liver diseases worldwide, is induced upon infection with hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus. Due to their obligate intracellular lifestyles, culture systems for efficient viral replication are vital. Although basic and translational research on viral hepatitis has been performed for many years, conventional hepatocellular culture systems are not optimal. These studies have greatly benefited from recent efforts on improving cell culture models for virus replication and infection studies. Here we summarize the use of human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells for hepatotropic virus infection studies, including the dissection of virus-host interactions and virus-induced pathogenesis as well as the identification and validation of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Cindy Zhang
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wanyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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219
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Yen CJ, Yang ST, Chen RY, Huang W, Chayama K, Lee MH, Yang SJ, Lai HS, Yen HY, Hsiao YW, Wang JM, Lin YJ, Hung LY. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) enhances centrosomal P4.1-associated protein (CPAP) expression to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:44. [PMID: 31170980 PMCID: PMC6551916 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous report suggested that centrosomal P4.1-associated protein (CPAP) is required for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encoded non-structure protein X (HBx)-mediated nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. CPAP is overexpressed in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the interaction between CPAP and HBx in HBV-HCC remains unclear. Methods The mRNA expression of CPAP and HBx was analyzed by quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR). NF-κB transcriptional activity and CPAP promoter activity were determined using a reporter assay in Huh7 and Hep3B cells. Immunoprecipitation (IP) and in situ proximal ligation assay (PLA) were performed to detect the interaction between CPAP and HBx. Chromatin-IP was used to detect the association of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and HBx with the CPAP promoter. Cell proliferation was measured using cell counting kit CCK-8, Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, BrdU) incorporation, and clonogenic assays. The tumorigenic effects of CPAP were determined using xenograft animal models. Results HBx can transcriptionally up-regulate CPAP via interacting with CREB. Overexpressed CPAP directly interacted with HBx to promote HBx-mediated cell proliferation and migration; SUMO modification of CPAP was involved in interacting with HBx. Knocked-down expression of CPAP decreased the HBx-mediated tumorigenic effects, including cytokines secretion. Interestingly, overexpressed CPAP maintained the HBx protein stability in an NF-κB-dependent manner; and the expression levels of CPAP and HBx were positively correlated with the activation status of NF-κB in HCC. Increased expression of CPAP and CREB mRNAs existed in the high-risk group with a lower survival rate in HBV-HCC. Conclusion The interaction between CPAP and HBx can provide a microenvironment to facilitate HCC development via enhancing NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and cancer malignancies. This study not only sheds light on the role of CPAP in HBV-associated HCC, but also provides CPAP as a potential target for blocking the hyper-activated NF-κB in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-019-0534-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ming-Hao Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jie Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Yen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Hsiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Division of General and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Yi Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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220
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Lempp FA, Schlund F, Rieble L, Nussbaum L, Link C, Zhang Z, Ni Y, Urban S. Recapitulation of HDV infection in a fully permissive hepatoma cell line allows efficient drug evaluation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31118422 PMCID: PMC6531471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) depends on the helper function of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which provides the envelope proteins for progeny virus secretion. Current infection-competent cell culture models do not support assembly and secretion of HDV. By stably transducing HepG2 cells with genes encoding the NTCP-receptor and the HBV envelope proteins we produce a cell line (HepNB2.7) that allows continuous secretion of infectious progeny HDV following primary infection. Evaluation of antiviral drugs shows that the entry inhibitor Myrcludex B (IC50: 1.4 nM) and interferon-α (IC50: 28 IU/ml, but max. 60–80% inhibition) interfere with primary infection. Lonafarnib inhibits virus secretion (IC50: 36 nM) but leads to a substantial intracellular accumulation of large hepatitis delta antigen and replicative intermediates, accompanied by the induction of innate immune responses. This work provides a cell line that supports the complete HDV replication cycle and presents a convenient tool for antiviral drug evaluation. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) depends on the envelope proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for virion production. Here, Lempp et al. produce a cell line expressing HBV envelope proteins and their receptor, which allows continuous secretion of infectious progeny HDV and testing of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Lisa Rieble
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Lea Nussbaum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Corinna Link
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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221
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Cellular DNA Topoisomerases Are Required for the Synthesis of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02230-18. [PMID: 30867306 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02230-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify host cellular DNA metabolic enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, we developed a cell-based assay supporting synchronized and rapid cccDNA synthesis from intracellular progeny nucleocapsid DNA. This was achieved by arresting HBV DNA replication in HepAD38 cells with phosphonoformic acid (PFA), a reversible HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor, at the stage of single-stranded DNA and was followed by removal of PFA to allow the synchronized synthesis of relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) and subsequent conversion into cccDNA within 12 to 24 h. This cccDNA formation assay allows systematic screening of the effects of small molecular inhibitors of DNA metabolic enzymes on cccDNA synthesis but avoids cytotoxic effects upon long-term treatment. Using this assay, we found that all the tested topoisomerase I and II (TOP1 and TOP2, respectively) poisons as well as topoisomerase II DNA binding and ATPase inhibitors significantly reduced the levels of cccDNA. It was further demonstrated that these inhibitors also disrupted cccDNA synthesis during de novo HBV infection of HepG2 cells expressing sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Mechanistic analyses indicate that whereas TOP1 inhibitor treatment prevented the production of covalently closed negative-strand rcDNA, TOP2 inhibitors reduced the production of this cccDNA synthesis intermediate to a lesser extent. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of topoisomerase II significantly reduced cccDNA amplification. Taking these observations together, our study demonstrates that topoisomerase I and II may catalyze distinct steps of HBV cccDNA synthesis and that pharmacologic targeting of these cellular enzymes may facilitate the cure of chronic hepatitis B.IMPORTANCE Persistent HBV infection relies on stable maintenance and proper functioning of a nuclear episomal form of the viral genome called cccDNA, the most stable HBV replication intermediate. One of the major reasons for the failure of currently available antiviral therapeutics to cure chronic HBV infection is their inability to eradicate or inactivate cccDNA. We report here a chemical genetics approach to identify host cellular factors essential for the biosynthesis and maintenance of cccDNA and reveal that cellular DNA topoisomerases are required for both de novo synthesis and intracellular amplification of cccDNA. This approach is suitable for systematic screening of compounds targeting cellular DNA metabolic enzymes and chromatin remodelers for their ability to disrupt cccDNA biosynthesis and function. Identification of key host factors required for cccDNA metabolism and function will reveal molecular targets for developing curative therapeutics of chronic HBV infection.
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Pei Y, Wang C, Ben H, Wang L, Ma Y, Ma Q, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Liu G. Discovery of New Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators by an Optimal High-Throughput Cell-Based Assay. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:778-787. [PMID: 30761887 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a simple and effective high-throughput screening (HTS) assay was developed to identify anti-HBV compounds by using a HepAD38 luciferase reporter (HepAD38-luc) cell line that can effectively exclude the false positive hit compounds targeted on the tetracycline off (tet-off) regulation system. Through screening in-house chemical libraries, N-phenylpiperidine-3-carboxamide derivatives, represented by 1 and 2, were identified, while the other false positive hits (i.e., quinoxaline (3) and benzothiazin (4) derivatives) were simultaneously excluded. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit strong inhibitory activity against HBV replication in both HepAD38 and HepG2.2.15 cells. Further studies revealed that 1 and 2 reduced extracellular HBV DNA, HBeAg, and intracellular HBV intermediates, including total DNA, RNA, and precore RNA of HBV. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and electron microscopy (EM) investigations demonstrated that 1 and 2 remarkably induced the formation of morphologically intact capsids and accelerated the dynamics of capsid assembly, suggesting that both 1 and 2 were type I capsid assembly modulators (CAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haijing Ben
- School of Medicine, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University,Medical Sciences Building, Suite A209, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Sciences Building, Suite A207, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingyan Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Sciences Building, Suite A207, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University,Medical Sciences Building, Suite A209, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Room 311, Beijing 100084, China
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Huber AD, Pineda DL, Liu D, Boschert KN, Gres AT, Wolf JJ, Coonrod EM, Tang J, Laughlin TG, Yang Q, Puray-Chavez MN, Ji J, Singh K, Kirby KA, Wang Z, Sarafianos SG. Novel Hepatitis B Virus Capsid-Targeting Antiviral That Aggregates Core Particles and Inhibits Nuclear Entry of Viral Cores. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:750-758. [PMID: 30582687 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 240 million are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, HBV treatment options include only nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the immunomodulatory agent interferon alpha, and these treatments are generally not curative. New treatments with novel mechanisms of action, therefore, are highly desired for HBV therapy. The viral core protein (Cp) has gained attention as a possible therapeutic target because of its vital roles in the HBV life cycle. Several classes of capsid assembly effectors (CAEs) have been described in detail, and these compounds all increase capsid assembly rate but inhibit HBV replication by different mechanisms. In this study, we have developed a thermal shift-based screening method for CAE discovery and characterization, filling a much-needed gap in high-throughput screening methods for capsid-targeting molecules. Using this approach followed by cell-based screening, we identified the compound HF9C6 as a CAE with low micromolar potency against HBV replication. HF9C6 caused large multicapsid aggregates when capsids were assembled in vitro and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, when HBV-expressing cells were treated with HF9C6, Cp was excluded from cell nuclei, suggesting that this compound may inhibit nuclear entry of Cp and capsids. Furthermore, mutational scanning of Cp suggested that HF9C6 binds the known CAE binding pocket, indicating that key Cp-compound interactions within this pocket have a role in determining the CAE mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Huber
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dallas L. Pineda
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dandan Liu
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kelsey N. Boschert
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Anna T. Gres
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Wolf
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Emily M. Coonrod
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Tucker Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jing Tang
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas G. Laughlin
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Maritza N. Puray-Chavez
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Juan Ji
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Zhang X, Cheng J, Ma J, Hu Z, Wu S, Hwang N, Kulp J, Du Y, Guo JT, Chang J. Discovery of Novel Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid Assembly Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:759-768. [PMID: 30525438 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a small protein with 183 amino acid residues and assembles the pregenomic (pg) RNA and viral DNA polymerase to form nucleocapsids. During the last decades, several groups have reported HBV core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) with distinct chemical structures. CpAMs bind to the hydrophobic HAP pocket located at the dimer-dimer interface and induce allosteric conformational changes in the core protein subunits. While Type I CpAMs, heteroaryldihydropyrimidine (HAP) derivatives, misdirect core protein dimers to assemble noncapsid polymers, Type II CpAMs, represented by sulfamoylbenzamides, phenylpropenamides, and several other chemotypes, induce the assembly of empty capsids with global structural alterations and faster mobility in native agarose gel electrophoresis. Through high throughput screening of an Asinex small molecule library containing 19 920 compounds, we identified 8 structurally distinct CpAMs. While 7 of those compounds are typical Type II CpAMs, a novel benzamide derivative, designated as BA-53038B, induced the formation of morphologically "normal" empty capsids with slow electrophoresis mobility. Drug resistant profile analyses indicated that BA-53038B most likely bound to the HAP pocket but obviously modulated HBV capsid assembly in a distinct manner. BA-53038B and other CpAMs reported herein provide novel structure scaffolds for the development of core protein-targeted antiviral agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Zhang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Junjun Cheng
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Julia Ma
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Zhanying Hu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Shuo Wu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - John Kulp
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Eastern Road, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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225
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Tang L, Sheraz M, McGrane M, Chang J, Guo JT. DNA Polymerase alpha is essential for intracellular amplification of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007742. [PMID: 31026293 PMCID: PMC6505960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection relies on the establishment and maintenance of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, a 3.2 kb episome that serves as a viral transcription template, in the nucleus of an infected hepatocyte. Although evidence suggests that cccDNA is the repair product of nucleocapsid associated relaxed circular (rc) DNA, the cellular DNA polymerases involving in repairing the discontinuity in both strands of rcDNA as well as the underlying mechanism remain to be fully understood. Taking a chemical genetics approach, we found that DNA polymerase alpha (Pol α) is essential for cccDNA intracellular amplification, a genome recycling pathway that maintains a stable cccDNA pool in infected hepatocytes. Specifically, inhibition of Pol α by small molecule inhibitors aphidicolin or CD437 as well as silencing of Pol α expression by siRNA led to suppression of cccDNA amplification in human hepatoma cells. CRISPR-Cas9 knock-in of a CD437-resistant mutation into Pol α genes completely abolished the effect of CD437 on cccDNA formation, indicating that CD437 directly targets Pol α to disrupt cccDNA biosynthesis. Mechanistically, Pol α is recruited to HBV rcDNA and required for the generation of minus strand covalently closed circular rcDNA, suggesting that Pol α is involved in the repair of the minus strand DNA nick in cccDNA synthesis. Our study thus reveals that the distinct host DNA polymerases are hijacked by HBV to support the biosynthesis of cccDNA from intracellular amplification pathway compared to that from de novo viral infection, which requires Pol κ and Pol λ. CCC DNA is the most refractory HBV replication intermediate under long-term antiviral therapies and is responsible for the viral rebound after treatment cessation. Therefore, understanding the biosynthesis and maintenance of cccDNA minichromosome is crucial for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics to cure chronic HBV infection. Although it has been clearly demonstrated that cccDNA biosynthesis relies on host cellular DNA repair machinery, the molecular pathways that convert rcDNA into cccDNA remain to be identified. Here we report that DNA polymerase alpha (Pol α) as well as Pol δ and ɛ are required for converting rcDNA into cccDNA through intracellular cccDNA amplification. This finding adds novel molecular insights on cccDNA biosynthesis. Further understanding the mechanism of cccDNA synthesis should reveal molecular targets for developing therapeutic agents to eradicate cccDNA and cure chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudi Tang
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Sheraz
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael McGrane
- FlowMetric Diagnostics, Doylestown, PA, United States of America
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States of America
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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226
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Zhang Z, Xu H, Mazza G, Zhang M, Frenguelli L, Liu Q, Al-Akkad W, Ren J, Zhao R, Ren F, Chen X, Huang A, Chen J. Decellularized human liver scaffold-based three-dimensional culture system facilitate hepatitis B virus infection. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1744-1753. [PMID: 30963688 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) study is hampered by lacking of idea cell model which support effective HBV infection and meanwhile recapitulate hepatocyte biology function in vivo. In this study, we developed decellularized human liver scaffolds for cell culture and further applied for HBV infection. As a result, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) engrafted into liver scaffolds and maintained differentiation with stable albumin secretion and liver-specific gene expression. Comparing to mono-layer cell culture, scaffold-based three-dimensional (3D) culture system significantly augment HBV DNA (including cccDNA), RNA level as well as HBsAg secretion. Moreover, HepG2-NTCP cells cultured on 3D system exhibited higher infection efficiency and longer infection period in vitro. In addition, HBV DNA level was suppressed when anti-HBV medicine Entecavir (ETV) introduced into HepG2-NTCP 3D system. Herein, we evaluated the potential of decellularized human liver scaffold-based in 3D cell culture and disclosed that scaffold-based 3D culture system can facilitate HBV infection in vitro. This 3D culture system could be further applied in HBV-related study. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1744-1753, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenZhen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - HongMei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - MingMan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Luca Frenguelli
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - QuanBo Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - JiHua Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| | - RuiQiu Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Fang Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- The General Gard, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - AiLong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
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227
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Wing PA, Davenne T, Wettengel J, Lai AG, Zhuang X, Chakraborty A, D'Arienzo V, Kramer C, Ko C, Harris JM, Schreiner S, Higgs M, Roessler S, Parish JL, Protzer U, Balfe P, Rehwinkel J, McKeating JA. A dual role for SAMHD1 in regulating HBV cccDNA and RT-dependent particle genesis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900355. [PMID: 30918010 PMCID: PMC6438393 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is one of the world's unconquered diseases with more than 240 million infected subjects at risk of developing liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus reverse transcribes pre-genomic RNA to relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) that comprises the infectious particle. To establish infection of a naïve target cell, the newly imported rcDNA is repaired by host enzymes to generate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which forms the transcriptional template for viral replication. SAMHD1 is a component of the innate immune system that regulates deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels required for host and viral DNA synthesis. Here, we show a positive role for SAMHD1 in regulating cccDNA formation, where KO of SAMHD1 significantly reduces cccDNA levels that was reversed by expressing wild-type but not a mutated SAMHD1 lacking the nuclear localization signal. The limited pool of cccDNA in infected Samhd1 KO cells is transcriptionally active, and we observed a 10-fold increase in newly synthesized rcDNA-containing particles, demonstrating a dual role for SAMHD1 to both facilitate cccDNA genesis and to restrict reverse transcriptase-dependent particle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ac Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamara Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jochen Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Catharina Kramer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - James M Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Higgs
- Institutes of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Immunity and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institutes of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Immunity and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institutes of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Immunity and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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228
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Hypoxia-induced human deoxyribonuclease I is a cellular restriction factor of hepatitis B virus. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1196-1207. [PMID: 30936483 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases have proven to be, inter alia, host cell restriction factors for retroviruses and hepadnaviruses. Although they can bind to genomic RNA and become encapsidated, they are only catalytically active on single-stranded DNA. As there are many cellular deoxyribonucleases (DNases), we hypothesized that a parallel could be struck between APOBEC3 and DNases. For human hepatitis B virus (HBV), we show that DNase I can considerably reduce the virion genome copy number from a variety of transfected or infected cells. DNASE1 is overexpressed and encapsidated in HBV particles in vitro in hypoxic environments and in vivo in cirrhotic patient livers as well as in the serum of infected patients. The use of CoCl2 and dimethyloxalylglycine, mimetic agents used to induce hypoxia by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase enzymes that stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, showed that the formation of HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimers results in the induction of DNASE1. Indeed, transfection with HIF-1α and HIF-1β expression constructs upregulated DNASE1. These findings suggest that human DNase I can impact HBV replication through the catabolism of the DNA genome within the capsid. The activity of DNases in general may explain in part the high frequency of empty or 'light' hepatitis B virions observed in vivo.
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229
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RNA-Binding Motif Protein 24 (RBM24) Is Involved in Pregenomic RNA Packaging by Mediating Interaction between Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase and the Epsilon Element. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02161-18. [PMID: 30626666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02161-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsidation of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) is a crucial step in hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Binding by viral polymerase (Pol) to the epsilon stem-loop (ε) on the 5'-terminal region (TR) of pgRNA is required for pgRNA packaging. However, the detailed mechanism is not well understood. RNA-binding motif protein 24 (RBM24) inhibits core translation by binding to the 5'-TR of pgRNA. Here, we demonstrate that RBM24 is also involved in pgRNA packaging. RBM24 directly binds to the lower bulge of ε via RNA recognition submotifs (RNPs). RBM24 also interacts with Pol in an RNA-independent manner. The alanine-rich domain (ARD) of RBM24 and the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of Pol are essential for binding between RBM24 and Pol. In addition, overexpression of RBM24 increases Pol-ε interaction, whereas RBM24 knockdown decreases the interaction. RBM24 was able to rescue binding between ε and mutant Pol lacking ε-binding activity, further showing that RBM24 mediates the interaction between Pol and ε by forming a Pol-RBM24-ε complex. Finally, RBM24 significantly promotes the packaging efficiency of pgRNA. In conclusion, RBM24 mediates Pol-ε interaction and formation of a Pol-RBM24-ε complex, which inhibits translation of pgRNA and results in pgRNA packing into capsids/virions for reverse transcription and DNA synthesis.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, and HBV infection is a major global health burden. Chronic HBV infection is associated with the development of liver diseases, including fulminant hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A currently approved vaccine can prevent HBV infection, and medications are able to reduce viral loads and prevent liver disease progression. However, current treatments rarely achieve a cure for chronic infection. Thus, it is important to gain insight into the mechanisms of HBV replication. In this study, we found that the host factor RBM24 is involved in pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) packaging and regulates HBV replication. These findings highlight a potential target for antiviral therapeutics of HBV infection.
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230
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Takeuchi F, Ikeda S, Tsukamoto Y, Iwasawa Y, Qihao C, Otakaki Y, Ryota O, Yao WL, Narita R, Makoto H, Watashi K, Wakita T, Takeuchi K, Chayama K, Kogure A, Kato H, Fujita T. Screening for inhibitor of episomal DNA identified dicumarol as a hepatitis B virus inhibitor. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212233. [PMID: 30779774 PMCID: PMC6380541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no available therapy to eradicate hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chronically infected individuals. This is due to the difficulty in eliminating viral covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA, which is central to the gene expression and replication of HBV. We developed an assay system for nuclear circular DNA using an integration-deficient lentiviral vector. This vector produced non-integrated circular DNA in nuclei of infected cells. We engineered this vector to encode firefly luciferase to monitor the lentiviral episome DNA. We screened 3,840 chemicals by this assay for luciferase-reducing activity and identified dicumarol, which is known to have anticoagulation activity. We confirmed that dicumarol reduced lentiviral episome DNA. Furthermore, dicumarol inhibited HBV replication in cell culture using NTCP-expressing HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes. Dicumarol reduced intracellular HBV RNA, DNA, supernatant HBV antigens and DNA. We also found that dicumarol reduced the cccDNA level in HBV infected cells, but did not affect HBV adsorption/entry. This is a novel assay system for screening inhibitors targeting nuclear cccDNA and is useful for finding new antiviral substances for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ikeda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsukamoto
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Iwasawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chen Qihao
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukie Otakaki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ouda Ryota
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Wan-Ling Yao
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hijikata Makoto
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Amane Kogure
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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231
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Tang J, Huber AD, Pineda DL, Boschert KN, Wolf JJ, Kankanala J, Xie J, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. 5-Aminothiophene-2,4-dicarboxamide analogues as hepatitis B virus capsid assembly effectors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:179-192. [PMID: 30594676 PMCID: PMC6362850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a major health threat. Current FDA-approved drugs do not cure HBV. Targeting HBV core protein (Cp) provides an attractive approach toward HBV inhibition and possibly infection cure. We have previously identified and characterized a 5-amino-3-methylthiophene-2,4-dicarboxamide (ATDC) compound as a structurally novel hit for capsid assembly effectors (CAEs). We report herein hit validation through studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties and pharmacokinetics (PK), and hit optimization via analogue synthesis aiming to probe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-property relationship (SPR). In the end, these medicinal chemistry efforts led to the identification of multiple analogues strongly binding to Cp, potently inhibiting HBV replication in nanomolar range without cytotoxicity, and exhibiting good oral bioavailability (F). Two of our analogues, 19o (EC50 = 0.11 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, F = 25%) and 19k (EC50 = 0.31 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, F = 46%), displayed overall lead profiles superior to reported CAEs 7-10 used in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrew D Huber
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Dallas L Pineda
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kelsey N Boschert
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jennifer J Wolf
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jayakanth Kankanala
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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232
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Spatiotemporal Differences in Presentation of CD8 T Cell Epitopes during Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01457-18. [PMID: 30518652 PMCID: PMC6364024 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01457-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of patients with chronic HBV infection to clear HBV is associated with defective HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Hence, the majority of immunotherapy developments focus on HBV-specific T cell function restoration. However, knowledge of whether distinct HBV-specific T cells can equally target all the HBV-infected hepatocytes of a chronically infected liver is lacking. In this work, analysis of CHB patient liver parenchyma and in vitro HBV infection models shows a nonuniform distribution of HBV CD8+ T cell epitopes that is influenced by the presence of IFN-γ and availability of newly translated viral antigens. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells recognizing different HBV epitopes can be necessary for efficient immune therapeutic control of chronic HBV infection. Distinct populations of hepatocytes infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or only harboring HBV DNA integrations coexist within an HBV chronically infected liver. These hepatocytes express HBV antigens at different levels and with different intracellular localizations, but it is not known whether this heterogeneity of viral antigen expression could result in an uneven hepatic presentation of distinct HBV epitopes/HLA class I complexes triggering different levels of activation of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Using antibodies specific to two distinct HLA-A*02:01/HBV epitope complexes of HBV nucleocapsid and envelope proteins, we mapped their topological distributions in liver biopsy specimens of two anti-hepatitis B e antigen-positive (HBe+) chronic HBV (CHB) patients. We demonstrated that the core and envelope CD8+ T cell epitopes were not uniformly distributed in the liver parenchyma but preferentially located in distinct and sometimes mutually exclusive hepatic zones. The efficiency of HBV epitope presentation was then tested in vitro utilizing HLA-A*02:01/HBV epitope-specific antibodies and the corresponding CD8+ T cells in primary human hepatocyte and hepatoma cell lines either infected with HBV or harboring HBV DNA integration. We confirmed the existence of a marked variability in the efficiency of HLA class I/HBV epitope presentation among the different targets that was influenced by the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and availability of newly translated viral antigens. In conclusion, HBV antigen presentation can be heterogeneous within an HBV-infected liver. As a consequence, CD8+ T cells of different HBV specificities might have different antiviral efficacies. IMPORTANCE The inability of patients with chronic HBV infection to clear HBV is associated with defective HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Hence, the majority of immunotherapy developments focus on HBV-specific T cell function restoration. However, knowledge of whether distinct HBV-specific T cells can equally target all the HBV-infected hepatocytes of a chronically infected liver is lacking. In this work, analysis of CHB patient liver parenchyma and in vitro HBV infection models shows a nonuniform distribution of HBV CD8+ T cell epitopes that is influenced by the presence of IFN-γ and availability of newly translated viral antigens. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells recognizing different HBV epitopes can be necessary for efficient immune therapeutic control of chronic HBV infection.
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Li C, Wang Y, Liu T, Niklasch M, Qiao K, Durand S, Chen L, Liang M, Baumert TF, Tong S, Nassal M, Wen YM, Wang YX. An E. coli-produced single-chain variable fragment (scFv) targeting hepatitis B virus surface protein potently inhibited virion secretion. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:118-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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234
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Xi R, Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy P, Tung KL, Guy CD, Wan J, Li F, Wang Z, Li X, Varanko A, Rakhilin N, Xin Y, Liu B, Qian SB, Su L, Han Y, Shen X. SENP3-mediated host defense response contains HBV replication and restores protein synthesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209179. [PMID: 30640896 PMCID: PMC6331149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain organs are capable of containing the replication of various types of viruses. In the liver, infection of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), the etiological factor of Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often remains asymptomatic and leads to a chronic carrier state. Here we investigated how hepatocytes contain HBV replication and promote their own survival by orchestrating a translational defense mechanism via the stress-sensitive SUMO-2/3-specific peptidase SENP3. We found that SENP3 expression level decreased in HBV-infected hepatocytes in various models including HepG2-NTCP cell lines and a humanized mouse model. Downregulation of SENP3 reduced HBV replication and boosted host protein translation. We also discovered that IQGAP2, a Ras GTPase-activating-like protein, is a key substrate for SENP3-mediated de-SUMOylation. Downregulation of SENP3 in HBV infected cells facilitated IQGAP2 SUMOylation and degradation, which leads to suppression of HBV gene expression and restoration of global translation of host genes via modulation of AKT phosphorylation. Thus, The SENP3-IQGAP2 de-SUMOylation axis is a host defense mechanism of hepatocytes that restores host protein translation and suppresses HBV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Preetish Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kuei-Ling Tung
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cynthia D. Guy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ji Wan
- Division of Nutritional Science, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Varanko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongning Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Botao Liu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shu-Bing Qian
- Division of Nutritional Science, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (YH)
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (YH)
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235
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Dezhbord M, Lee S, Kim W, Seong BL, Ryu WS. Characterization of the molecular events of covalently closed circular DNA synthesis in de novo Hepatitis B virus infection of human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:11-18. [PMID: 30639437 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the utmost importance of cccDNA in HBV biology, the mechanism by which cccDNA synthesis is regulated is not completely understood. Here we explored HepG2-NTCP cell line and performed a time-course HBV infection experiment (up to 30 days) to follow the conversion of the input viral DNA into cccDNA. We found that a protein-free RC DNA (PF-RC DNA) become detectable as early as 12 h post infection (hpi) prior to the detection of cccDNA, which become evident only at 2-3 dpi. Intriguingly, the PF-RC DNA detected at 12 hpi was abundantly located in the cytoplasm, implicating that the protein-removal from the input viral DNA takes place in the cytoplasm, perhaps inside the nucleocapsid. Notably, during the early time points of HBV infection, the PF-RC DNA accumulated at significantly higher levels and appeared in a peak followed by a plateau at late time points with dramatically lower levels, implicating the presence of two distinct populations of the PF-RC DNA. Importantly, the PF-RC DNA at earlier peak is entecavir (ETV)-resistant, whereas the PF-RC DNA at posterior days is ETV-sensitive. An interpretation is that the PF-RC DNA at earlier peak represents "input viral DNA" derived from HBV inoculum, whereas the PF-RC DNA at late time points represents the de novo product of the viral reverse transcription. The existence of two populations of the PF-RC DNA having a distinct kinetic profile and ETV-sensitivity implicated that intracellular amplification via the viral reverse transcription greatly contributes to the maintenance of cccDNA pool during HBV infection. As such, we concluded that the cccDNA level is stably maintained by continuing replenishment of cccDNA primarily through intracellular amplification in the HepG2-NTCP cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrangiz Dezhbord
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Wang-Shick Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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236
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Hu J, Lin YY, Chen PJ, Watashi K, Wakita T. Cell and Animal Models for Studying Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Drug Development. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:338-354. [PMID: 30243619 PMCID: PMC6649672 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many cell culture and animal models have been used to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and its effects in the liver; these have facilitated development of strategies to control and clear chronic HBV infection. We discuss the advantages and limitations of systems for studying HBV and developing antiviral agents, along with recent advances. New and improved model systems are needed. Cell culture systems should be convenient, support efficient HBV infection, and reproduce responses of hepatocytes in the human body. We also need animals that are fully permissive to HBV infection, convenient for study, and recapitulate human immune responses to HBV and effects in the liver. High-throughput screening technologies could facilitate drug development based on findings from cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Hu
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University.
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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237
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The immunological function of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205886. [PMID: 30596665 PMCID: PMC6312312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) generates large amounts of complete and incomplete viral particles. Except for the virion, which acts as infectious particles, the function of those particles remains elusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been revealed to have biological functions. The EVs which size are less than 100 nm in diameter, were collected from HBV infected-patients. These vesicles contain, complete and incomplete virions, and exosomes, which have been recently shown to be critical as intercellular communicators. Here, the effects of the exosome, the complete, and the incomplete particles on the target cells were investigated. These particles are endocytosed by monocyte/macrophages and function primarily to upregulate PD-L1. The functions and composition of the EVs were affected by nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), suggesting that the EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of HBV hepatitis and clinical course of those patients treated by NRTIs.
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238
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Bai L, Zhang X, Kozlowski M, Li W, Wu M, Liu J, Chen L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Yuan Z. Extracellular Hepatitis B Virus RNAs Are Heterogeneous in Length and Circulate as Capsid-Antibody Complexes in Addition to Virions in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. J Virol 2018; 92:e00798-18. [PMID: 30282709 PMCID: PMC6258948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00798-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular HBV RNA has been detected in both HBV-replicating cell culture media and sera from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, but its exact origin and composition remain controversial. Here, we demonstrated that extracellular HBV RNA species were of heterogeneous lengths, ranging from the length of pregenomic RNA to a few hundred nucleotides. In cell models, these RNAs were predominantly associated with naked capsids, although virions also harbored a minority of them. Moreover, HBV RNAs in hepatitis B patients' blood circulation were localized in unenveloped capsids in the form of capsid-antibody complexes (CACs) and in virions. Furthermore, we showed that extracellular HBV RNAs could serve as the template for viral DNA synthesis. In conclusion, extracellular HBV RNAs mainly consist of pgRNA or the pgRNA species degraded by the RNase H domain of the polymerase in the process of viral DNA synthesis and circulate as CACs and virions. Their presence in blood circulation of CHB patients may be exploited to develop novel biomarkers for HBV persistence.IMPORTANCE Although increasing evidence suggests the presence of extracellular HBV RNA species, their origin and molecular forms are still under debate. In addition to the infectious virions, HBV is known to secrete several species of incomplete viral particles, including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles, naked capsids, and empty virions, during its replication cycle. Here, we demonstrated that extracellular HBV RNAs were associated with naked capsids and virions in HepAD38 cells. Interestingly, we found that unenveloped capsids circulate in the blood of hepatitis B patients in the form of CACs and, together with virions, serve as vehicles carrying these RNA molecules. Moreover, extracellular HBV RNAs are heterogeneous in length and represent either pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) or products of incomplete reverse transcription during viral replication. These findings provide a conceptual basis for further application of extracellular RNA species as novel biomarkers for HBV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maya Kozlowski
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxian Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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239
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Zhang P, Zhai S, Chang J, Guo JT. In Vitro Anti-hepatitis B Virus Activity of 2',3'-Dideoxyguanosine. Virol Sin 2018; 33:538-544. [PMID: 30421112 PMCID: PMC6335223 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (DoG) has been demonstrated to inhibit duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication in vivo in a duck model of HBV infection. In the current study, the in vitro antiviral effects of DoG on human and animal hepadnaviruses were investigated. Our results showed that DoG effectively inhibited HBV, DHBV, and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) replication in hepatocyte-derived cells in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 0.3 ± 0.05, 6.82 ± 0.25, and 23.0 ± 1.5 μmol/L, respectively. Similar to other hepadnaviral DNA polymerase inhibitors, DoG did not alter the levels of intracellular viral RNA but induced the accumulation of a less-than-full-length viral RNA species, which was recently demonstrated to be generated by RNase H cleavage of pgRNA. Furthermore, using a transient transfection assay, DoG showed similar antiviral activity against HBV wild-type, 3TC-resistant rtA181V, and adefovir-resistant rtN236T mutants. Our results suggest that DoG has potential as a nucleoside analogue drug with anti-HBV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA 18902 USA
- Qinghai Himalayan Experimental Animal Center, Xining, 810006 China
| | - Shuo Zhai
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA 18902 USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA 18902 USA
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240
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Identification of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists as Potent Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitors via a Drug Repurposing Screen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00465-18. [PMID: 30224536 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00465-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can efficiently reduce viremia but induce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss in very few patients; also, these therapies do not greatly affect the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). To discover new agents with complementary anti-HBV effects, we performed a drug repurposing screen of 1,018 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds using HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHH). Several compounds belonging to the family of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists were identified that reduced HBsAg levels in a dose-dependent manner without significant cytotoxicity. Among them, tazarotene exhibited the most potent anti-HBV effect, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for HBsAg of less than 30 nM in PHH. The inhibitory effect was also observed in HBV-infected differentiated HepaRG (dHepaRG) models, but not in HepG2.215 cells, and HBV genotypes A to D were similarly inhibited. Tazarotene was further demonstrated to repress HBV cccDNA transcription, as determined by the levels of HBV cccDNA and RNAs and the activation of HBV promoters. Moreover, RNA sequence analysis showed that tazarotene did not induce an interferon response but altered the expression of a number of genes associated with RAR and metabolic pathways. Inhibition of RARβ, but not RARα, by a specific antagonist significantly attenuated the anti-HBV activity of tazarotene, suggesting that tazarotene inhibits HBV in part through RARβ. Finally, a synergistic effect of tazarotene and entecavir on HBV DNA levels was observed. Therefore, RAR agonists as represented by tazarotene were identified as potential novel anti-HBV agents.
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241
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Identification of Compounds Targeting Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Dimerization through a Split Luciferase Complementation Assay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01302-18. [PMID: 30224531 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01302-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsid of the hepatitis B virus is an attractive antiviral target for developing therapies against chronic hepatitis B infection. Currently available core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) mainly affect one of the two major types of protein-protein interactions involved in the process of capsid assembly, namely, the interaction between the core dimers. Compounds targeting the interaction between two core monomers have not been rigorously screened due to the lack of screening models. We report here a cell-based assay in which the formation of core dimers is indicated by split luciferase complementation (SLC). Making use of this model, 2 compounds, Arbidol (umifenovir) and 20-deoxyingenol, were identified from a library containing 672 compounds as core dimerization regulators. Arbidol and 20-deoxyingenol inhibit the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication in vitro by decreasing and increasing the formation of core dimer and capsid, respectively. Our results provided a proof of concept for the cell model to be used to screen new agents targeting the step of core dimer and capsid formation.
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242
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T5 Exonuclease Hydrolysis of Hepatitis B Virus Replicative Intermediates Allows Reliable Quantification and Fast Drug Efficacy Testing of Covalently Closed Circular DNA by PCR. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01117-18. [PMID: 30232183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01117-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health problem. Virus persistence requires the establishment and maintenance of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the episomal virus template in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. Compared to replicative DNA intermediates (relaxed circular DNA [rcDNA]), copy numbers of cccDNA in infected hepatocytes are low. Accordingly, accurate analyses of cccDNA require enrichment of nuclear fractions and Southern blotting or selective quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods allowing discrimination of cccDNA and rcDNA. In this report, we analyzed cccDNA-specific primer pairs for their ability to amplify cccDNA selectively. Using mixtures of defined forms of HBV and genomic DNA, we determined the potential of different nucleases for targeted digestion of the open/relaxed circular DNA forms in the absence and presence of genomic DNA without affecting cccDNA. We found that the combination of T5 exonuclease with a primer set amplifying an approximately 1-kb fragment permits reliable quantification of cccDNA without the requirement of prior nucleus enrichment or Hirt extraction. We tested this method in four different in vitro infection systems and quantified cccDNA copy numbers at increasing multiplicities of inoculated genome equivalents. We further analyzed the kinetics of cccDNA formation and the effect of drugs (interferon, entry inhibitors, and capsid inhibitors) on cccDNA. Our method allows reliable cccDNA quantification at early stages of infection in the presence of a high excess of input virus and replicative intermediates and is thereby suitable for drug screening and investigation of cccDNA formation and maintenance.IMPORTANCE cccDNA elimination is a major goal in future curative regimens for chronic HBV patients. However, PCR-based assays for cccDNA quantification show a principally constrained specificity when high levels of input virus or replicative intermediates are present. Here, we characterized T5 exonuclease as a suitable enzyme for medium-throughput in vitro assays that preserves cccDNA but efficiently removes rcDNA prior to PCR-based quantification. We compared T5 exonuclease with the previously described exonuclease III and showed that both nucleases are suitable for reliable quantification of cccDNA by PCR. We substantiated the applicability of our method through examination of early cccDNA formation and stable accumulation in several in vitro infection models and analyzed cccDNA stability after administration of anti-HBV drugs. Our results support the use of T5 exonuclease for fast and convenient rcDNA removal, especially for early cccDNA quantification and rapid drug testing in in vitro studies.
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243
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Effect of Plasma Protein Binding on the Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of NVR 3-778. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01497-18. [PMID: 30181376 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01497-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma protein binding (PPB) levels not only affect drug-target engagement but can also impact exposure of hepatocytes to antivirals and thereby affect antiviral activity. In this study, we assessed the effect of PPB on the antiviral activity of NVR 3-778, a sulfamoylbenzamide capsid assembly modulator (CAM). To this end, primary human hepatocyte (PHH) medium was spiked with plasma proteins. First, the effect of plasma proteins on the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection assay was evaluated. The addition of plasma proteins neither decreased cell viability nor affected HBV DNA secretion or intracellular HBV RNA accumulation. In contrast, the secretion and intracellular amount of HBV proteins were induced with increasing amounts of plasma proteins. Next, the antiviral activity of NVR 3-778 was demonstrated by multiple assays while PPB and the time-dependent disappearance of the parent drug were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Plasma proteins strongly decreased the free fraction of NVR 3-778, resulting in a physiologically relevant in vitro hepatocyte exposure. NVR 3-778 displayed a high PPB level, while the antiviral activity was reduced approximately only 4-fold. The disconnect between the high PPB level and the only moderate shift of the antiviral activity was explained by the rapid hepatic clearance of NVR 3-778 in the absence of plasma proteins. This study highlights the use of PHHs as a model to accurately determine the antiviral activity by capturing PPB, clearance, and liver distribution. It is advantageous to consider both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for selection of HBV antiviral drug candidates and for successful extrapolation of in vitro data to clinical studies.
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244
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Inhibition of HBV Transcription From cccDNA With Nitazoxanide by Targeting the HBx-DDB1 Interaction. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:297-312. [PMID: 30704981 PMCID: PMC6357790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern worldwide. Although currently used nucleos(t)ide analogs efficiently inhibit viral replication, viral proteins transcribed from the episomal viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) minichromosome continue to be expressed long-term. Because high viral RNA or antigen loads may play a biological role during this chronicity, the elimination of viral products is an ultimate goal of HBV treatment. HBV regulatory protein X (HBx) was recently found to promote transcription of cccDNA with degradation of Smc5/6 through the interaction of HBx with the host protein DDB1. Here, this protein-protein interaction was considered as a new molecular target of HBV treatment. METHODS To identify candidate compounds that target the HBx-DDB1 interaction, a newly constructed split luciferase assay system was applied to comprehensive compound screening. The effects of the identified compounds on HBV transcription and cccDNA maintenance were determined using HBV minicircle DNA, which mimics HBV cccDNA, and the natural HBV infection model of human primary hepatocytes. RESULTS We show that nitazoxanide (NTZ), a thiazolide anti-infective agent that has been approved by the FDA for protozoan enteritis, efficiently inhibits the HBx-DDB1 protein interaction. NTZ significantly restores Smc5 protein levels and suppresses viral transcription and viral protein production in the HBV minicircle system and in human primary hepatocytes naturally infected with HBV. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NTZ, which targets an HBV-related viral-host protein interaction, may be a promising new therapeutic agent and a step toward a functional HBV cure.
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245
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Gotlieb N, Tachlytski I, Lapidot Y, Sultan M, Safran M, Ben-Ari Z. Hepatitis B virus downregulates vitamin D receptor levels in hepatoma cell lines, thereby preventing vitamin D-dependent inhibition of viral transcription and production. Mol Med 2018; 24:53. [PMID: 30326825 PMCID: PMC6192355 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is a key immune-modulator that plays a role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Certain pathogens impair the immune defense by downregulating the vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway. Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with increased hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Our study aimed to assess the in-vitro relationship between HBV production and Vitamin D signaling pathway and to explore the associated mechanism(s). Methods HBV transcription and replication was evaluated by qRT-PCR of the HBV-RNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Furthermore, we have transfected the 1.3 X HBV-Luc plasmid to the cells and measured the Luciferase activity using Luminometer. Vitamin D signaling pathway activation was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of VDR, CYP24A1, Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and cathelicidin (CAMP) by qRT-PCR. All assays were performed on HepG2.2.15, HepG2, and HepAD38 cells treated with or without Vitamin D active metabolite: calcitriol. Results Calcitriol did not suppress HBV transcription, cccDNA expression or HBV RNA levels in HepG2.2.15 cells. However, VDR transcript levels in HepG2.215 cells were significantly lower compared to HepG2 cells. Similar results were obtained in HepAD38 cell where VDR expression was down-regulated when HBV transcript level was up-regulated. In addition, calcitriol induced VDR-associated signaling, resulting in upregulation of CYP24A1, TNFα and CAMP expression level in HepG2 cells but not in the HepG2.2.15 cells. Conclusions These findings indicate that VDR expression is downregulated in HBV-transfected cells, thereby preventing vitamin D from inhibiting transcription and translation of HBV in vitro. HBV might use this mechanism to avoid the immunological defense system by affecting both TNFα and CAMP signaling pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0055-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Gotlieb
- Liver Reaserch Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Irena Tachlytski
- Liver Reaserch Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yelena Lapidot
- Liver Reaserch Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Sultan
- Liver Reaserch Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Safran
- Liver Reaserch Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Liver Reaserch Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52620, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Moreau P, Cournac A, Palumbo GA, Marbouty M, Mortaza S, Thierry A, Cairo S, Lavigne M, Koszul R, Neuveut C. Tridimensional infiltration of DNA viruses into the host genome shows preferential contact with active chromatin. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4268. [PMID: 30323189 PMCID: PMC6189100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether non-integrated viral DNAs distribute randomly or target specific positions within the higher-order architecture of mammalian genomes remains largely unknown. Here we use Hi-C and viral DNA capture (CHi-C) in primary human hepatocytes infected by either hepatitis B virus (HBV) or adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) virus to show that they adopt different strategies in their respective positioning at active chromatin. HBV contacts preferentially CpG islands (CGIs) enriched in Cfp1 a factor required for its transcription. These CGIs are often associated with highly expressed genes (HEG) and genes deregulated during infection. Ad5 DNA interacts preferentially with transcription start sites (TSSs) and enhancers of HEG, as well as genes upregulated during infection. These results show that DNA viruses use different strategies to infiltrate genomic 3D networks and target specific regions. This targeting may facilitate the recruitment of transcription factors necessary for their own replication and contribute to the deregulation of cellular gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Hepacivirus et Immunité Innée, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3569, 75015, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Axel Cournac
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Groupe Régulation spatiale des génomes, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Gianna Aurora Palumbo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Hepacivirus et Immunité Innée, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3569, 75015, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Martial Marbouty
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Groupe Régulation spatiale des génomes, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Shogofa Mortaza
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Groupe Régulation spatiale des génomes, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Thierry
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Groupe Régulation spatiale des génomes, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Cairo
- XenTech, Research and Development Department, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Marc Lavigne
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin-INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- Institut Pasteur, Département Génomes et Génétique, Groupe Régulation spatiale des génomes, 75015, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 3525, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Christine Neuveut
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Hepacivirus et Immunité Innée, 75015, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 3569, 75015, Paris, France. .,Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France.
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247
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Sirtuin 2 Isoform 1 Enhances Hepatitis B Virus RNA Transcription and DNA Synthesis through the AKT/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00955-18. [PMID: 30111572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2), a NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, is overexpressed in many hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and can deacetylate many proteins, including tubulins and AKT, prior to AKT activation. Here, we found that endogenous Sirt2 was upregulated in wild-type hepatitis B virus (HBV WT)-replicating cells, leading to tubulin deacetylation; however, this was not the case in HBV replication-deficient-mutant-transfected cells and 1.3-mer HBV WT-transfected and reverse transcriptase inhibitor (entecavir or lamivudine)-treated cells, but all HBV proteins were expressed. In HBV WT-replicating cells, upregulation of Sirt2 induced AKT activation, which consequently downregulated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and increased β-catenin levels; however, downregulation of Sirt2 in HBV-nonreplicating cells impaired AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Overexpression of Sirt2 isoform 1 stimulated HBV transcription and consequently HBV DNA synthesis, which in turn activated AKT and consequently increased β-catenin levels, possibly through physical interactions with Sirt2 and AKT. Knockdown of Sirt2 by short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), inhibition by 2-cyano-3-[5-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-furanyl]-N-5-quinolinyl-2-propenamide (AGK2), or dominant negative mutant expression inhibited HBV replication, reduced AKT activation, and decreased β-catenin levels. Through HBV infection, we demonstrated that Sirt2 knockdown inhibited HBV replication from transcription. Although HBx itself activates AKT and upregulates β-catenin, Sirt2-mediated signaling and upregulated HBV replication were HBx independent. Since constitutively active AKT inhibits HBV replication, the results suggest that upregulated Sirt2 and activated AKT may balance HBV replication to prolong viral replication, eventually leading to the development of HCC. Also, the results indicate that Sirt2 inhibition may be a new therapeutic option for controlling HBV infection and preventing HCC.IMPORTANCE Even though Sirt2, a NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, is overexpressed in many HCCs, and overexpressed Sirt2 promotes hepatic fibrosis and associates positively with vascular invasion by primary HCCs through AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling, the relationship between Sirt2, HBV, HBx, and/or HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis is unclear. Here, we show that HBV DNA replication, not HBV expression, correlates positively with Sirt2 upregulation and AKT activation. We demonstrate that overexpression of Sirt2 further increases HBV replication, increases AKT activation, downregulates GSK-3β, and increases β-catenin levels. Conversely, inhibiting Sirt2 decreases HBV replication, reduces AKT activation, and decreases β-catenin levels. Although HBx activates AKT to upregulate β-catenin, Sirt2-mediated effects were not dependent on HBx. The results also indicate that a Sirt2 inhibitor may control HBV infection and prevent the development of hepatic fibrosis and HCC.
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248
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Mouzannar K, Fusil F, Lacombe B, Ollivier A, Ménard C, Lotteau V, Cosset FL, Ramière C, André P. Farnesoid X receptor-α is a proviral host factor for hepatitis B virus that is inhibited by ligands in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2018; 33:2472-2483. [PMID: 30307769 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801181r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and bile acid (BA) metabolism are interdependent: infection modifies the expression of the BA nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-α, and modulation of FXRα activity by ligands alters HBV replication. Mechanisms of HBV control by FXRα remain to be unveiled. FXRα silencing in HBV-infected HepaRG cells decreased the viral covalently closed circular (ccc)DNA pool size and transcriptional activity. Treatment with the FXRα agonist GW4064 inhibited FXRα proviral effect on cccDNA similarly for wild-type and hepatitis B viral X protein (HBx)-deficient virus, whereas agonist-induced inhibition of pregenomic and precore RNA transcription and viral DNA secretion was HBx dependent. These data indicated that FXRα acts as a proviral factor by 2 different mechanisms, which are abolished by FXRα stimulation. Finally, infection of C3H/HeN mice by a recombinant adeno-associated virus-2/8-HBV vector induced a sustained HBV replication in young mice in contrast with the transient decline in adult mice. Four-week GW4064 treatment of infected C3H/HeN mice decreased secretion of HBV DNA and HB surface antigen in adult mice only. These results suggest that the physiologic balance of FXRα expression and activation by bile acid is a key host metabolic pathway in the regulation of HBV infection and that FXRα can be envisioned as a target for HBV treatment.-Mouzannar, K., Fusil, F., Lacombe, B., Ollivier, A., Ménard, C., Lotteau, V., Cosset, F.-L., Ramière, C., André, P. Farnesoid X receptor α is a proviral host factor for hepatitis B virus that is inhibited by ligands in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mouzannar
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Fusil
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Benoît Lacombe
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anaïs Ollivier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Ménard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Ramière
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, Unité1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
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249
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Benkheil M, Van Haele M, Roskams T, Laporte M, Noppen S, Abbasi K, Delang L, Neyts J, Liekens S. CCL20, a direct-acting pro-angiogenic chemokine induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV): Potential role in HCV-related liver cancer. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:168-177. [PMID: 30287142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CCL20/CCR6 chemokine/receptor axis has previously been shown to contribute to the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the recruitment of CCR6-positive leukocytes to the tumor microenvironment. In particular, high serum levels of CCL20 are reported in patients with HCC induced by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). A potential non-immune role for the CCL20/CCR6 axis in HCC development has not yet been investigated. Microarray analysis (Benkheil et al., paper submitted for publication), revealed that CCL20 is highly upregulated in hepatoma cells infected with HCV compared with non-infected hepatoma cells. To determine the role of the CCL20/CCR6 axis in HCV-related HCC, we first explored which cell populations express CCR6 in human liver tissue with chronic disease or HCC. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed that CCR6 is present on endothelial cells (ECs) of portal blood vessels in livers with chronic HCV infection and in HCV- and alcoholic-HCC tissue. In addition, we found CCR6 to be expressed on primary macrovascular (HUVECs) and microvascular ECs (HMVEC-ds) where it co-expressed with the endothelial marker CD31. In vitro angiogenesis experiments revealed that CCL20 is a direct pro-angiogenic molecule that induces EC invasion, sprouting and migration through CCR6. Moreover, using the angiogenesis matrigel plug assay in immunodeficient NMRI-nu mice, we clearly showed that CCL20 induces blood vessel formation, by attracting CCR6-positive ECs. Finally, we demonstrated that HCV-induced CCL20 protein expression and secretion in hepatoma cells could be abolished by antiviral treatment, indicating that CCL20 expression is dependent on HCV replication. In contrast to HCV, HBV-infection resulted in a decreased expression of CCL20, implying a virus-specific effect. Taken together, we identified HCV-induced CCL20 as a direct pro-angiogenic factor that acts on endothelial CCR6. These results suggest that the CCL20/CCR6 axis contributes to hepatic angiogenesis, promoting the hypervascular state of HCV-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Benkheil
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium.
| | - Matthias Van Haele
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Manon Laporte
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Kayvan Abbasi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium
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St6gal1 knockdown alters HBV life cycle in HepAD38 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1841-1847. [PMID: 30057317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex glycans at the cell surface play important roles, and their alteration is known to modulate cellular activity. Previously, we found that HBV replication in HepAD38 altered cell-surface sialylated N-glycan through the upregulation of St6gal1, Mgat2, and Mgat4a expression. Here we studied the effects of knocking them down on HBV replication in HepAD38. Our results showed that St6gal1 knockdown (KD) reduced intracellular HBV rcDNA level by 90%, that Mgat2 KD did not change the intracellular HBV rcDNA level, and that Mgat4 KD increased the intracellular HBV rcDNA level by 19 times compared to Tet(-). The changes in intracellular rcDNA level were followed by the alteration of Pol and HBc expression. Our study suggests that St6gal1 KD contributes more to the HBV life cycle than Mgat2 or Mgat4a KD through the modification of intracellular L, Pol, and HBc expression.
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