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Wezenbeek E, Denolf S, Willems TM, Pieters D, Bourgois JG, Philippaerts RM, De Winne B, Wieme M, Van Hecke R, Markey L, Schuermans J, Witvrouw E, Verstockt S. Association between SARS-COV-2 infection and muscle strain injury occurrence in elite male football players: a prospective study of 29 weeks including three teams from the Belgian professional football league. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:bjsports-2021-104595. [PMID: 35487684 PMCID: PMC9062454 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and muscle strain injury in elite athletes. METHODS A prospective cohort study in three Belgian professional male football teams was performed during the first half of the 2020-2021 season (June 2020-January 2021). Injury data were collected using established surveillance methods. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed by a PCR test before each official game. RESULTS Of the 84 included participants, 22 were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 14 players developed a muscle strain during the follow-up period. Cox's proportional hazards regression analyses demonstrated a significant association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of muscle strain (HR 5.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 23.1; p=0.037), indicating an increased risk of developing muscle strains following SARS-CoV-2 infection. All athletes who sustained a muscle strain after infection were injured within the first month (15.71±11.74 days) after sports resumption and completed a longer time in quarantine (14.57±6.50 days) compared with the infected players who did not develop a muscle strain (11.18±5.25 days). CONCLUSION This study reported a five times higher risk of developing a muscle strain after a SARS-CoV-2 infection in elite male football players. Although this association should be examined further, it is possible that short-term detraining effects due to quarantine, and potentially pathological effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with a higher risk of muscle strain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Wezenbeek
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sander Denolf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Dries Pieters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan G Bourgois
- Department of Performance and Sports Sciences, KAA Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Matthias Wieme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Robbe Van Hecke
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laurence Markey
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joke Schuermans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Steven Verstockt
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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202
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Hoenig T, Ackerman KE, Beck BR, Bouxsein ML, Burr DB, Hollander K, Popp KL, Rolvien T, Tenforde AS, Warden SJ. Bone stress injuries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 35484131 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries, including stress fractures, are overuse injuries that lead to substantial morbidity in active individuals. These injuries occur when excessive repetitive loads are introduced to a generally normal skeleton. Although the precise mechanisms for bone stress injuries are not completely understood, the prevailing theory is that an imbalance in bone metabolism favours microdamage accumulation over its removal and replacement with new bone via targeted remodelling. Diagnosis is achieved by a combination of patient history and physical examination, with imaging used for confirmation. Management of bone stress injuries is guided by their location and consequent risk of healing complications. Bone stress injuries at low-risk sites typically heal with activity modification followed by progressive loading and return to activity. Additional treatment approaches include non-weight-bearing immobilization, medications or surgery, but these approaches are usually limited to managing bone stress injuries that occur at high-risk sites. A comprehensive strategy that integrates anatomical, biomechanical and biological risk factors has the potential to improve the understanding of these injuries and aid in their prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hoenig
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Belinda R Beck
- School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin L Popp
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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203
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Inter- and intra-microcycle external load analysis in female professional soccer players: A playing position approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264908. [PMID: 35316297 PMCID: PMC8939825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the inter- and intra-differences in external load across the microcycle in professional female soccer players. External load during four consecutive microcycles (i.e., M1, M2, M3, and M4) and training sessions (i.e., MD-4, MD-3, MD-2, and MD-1) and a match day (i.e., MD) were registered in seventeen female professional soccer players (age: 26.3 ± 4.6 years; height: 166.3 ± 6.1 cm; body mass: 59.8 ± 6.8 kg; and body mass index: 21.6 ± 1.7 kg·m-2) who belonged to the same team in Spanish first division. A 10-Hz GPS that integrated a 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer was used to register external load. The results showed lower decelerations in M2 compared to M1 and M3 (p < 0.05), lower high-intensity distance (>16.0 km·h-1) in M3 vs. M2, and greater relative sprint distance (>21.0 km·min-1) in M4 vs. M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). MD-3 registered the highest load for all variables (p < 0.05). Forwards (FWs) performed (p < 0.05) significantly more sprints (meters and number > 21.0 km·h-1) than central midfielders (CMs) and central defenders (CDs) in MD-2 and MD. Both, fitness and conditioning staff should pay special attention to the external loads for each playing position in training sessions to optimize the training process.
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204
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Cloosterman KLA, Fokkema T, de Vos RJ, van Oeveren B, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, van Middelkoop M. Feasibility and usability of GPS data in exploring associations between training load and running-related knee injuries in recreational runners. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:78. [PMID: 35484612 PMCID: PMC9052652 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to explore the feasibility of collecting GPS data and the usability of GPS data to evaluate associations between the training load and onset of running-related knee injuries (RRKIs). METHODS Participants of the INSPIRE-trial, a randomized-controlled trial on running injury prevention, were asked to participate in this study. At baseline, demographic variables were collected. Follow-up questionnaires assessed information on RRKIs. Participants with a new reported RRKI and uninjured participants were sent a GPS export request. Weekly GPS-based training distances were used to calculate Acute:Chronic Workload Ratios (ACWRs). RESULTS A total of 240 participants (62.7%) tracked their running training sessions with the use of a GPS-enabled device or platform and were willing to share their GPS data. From the participants (N = 144) who received a GPS export request, 50.0% successfully shared their data. The majority (69.4%) of the shared GPS data were usable for analyses (N = 50). GPS data were used to present weekly ACWRs of participants with and without an RRKI eight weeks prior to RRKI onset or running event. CONCLUSIONS It seems feasible to collect GPS data from GPS-enabled devices and platforms used by recreational runners. The results indicate that GPS data is usable to calculate weekly ACWRs to evaluate associations between training load and onset of RRKIs in recreational runners. Therefore, GPS-based ACWR measures can be used for future studies to evaluate associations between training load and onset of RRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra L A Cloosterman
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tryntsje Fokkema
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan de Vos
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sita M A Bierma-Zeinstra
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marienke van Middelkoop
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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205
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Evidence‐Based Recovery in Soccer – Low‐Effort Approaches for Practitioners. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:75-99. [PMID: 36196351 PMCID: PMC9465732 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to improve recovery are widely used among soccer players at both amateur and professional levels. Sometimes, however, recovery strategies are ineffective, improperly timed or even harmful to players. This highlights the need to educate practitioners and athletes about the scientific evidence of recovery strategies as well as to provide practical approaches to address this issue. Therefore, recent surveys among soccer athletes and practitioners were reviewed to identify the recovery modalities currently in use. Each strategy was then outlined with its rationale, its physiological mechanisms and the scientific evidence followed by practical approaches to implement the modality. For each intervention, practical and particularly low-effort strategies are provided to ensure that practitioners at all levels are able to implement them. We identified numerous interventions regularly used in soccer, i.e., sleep, rehydration, nutrition, psychological recovery, active recovery, foam-rolling/massage, stretching, cold-water immersion, and compression garments. Nutrition and rehydration were classified with the best evidence, while cold-water immersion, compression garments, foam-rolling/massage and sleep were rated with moderate evidence to enhance recovery. The remaining strategies (active recovery, psychological recovery, stretching) should be applied on an individual basis due to weak evidence observed. Finally, a guide is provided, helping practitioners to decide which intervention to implement. Here, practitioners should rely on the evidence, but also on their own experience and preference of the players.
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206
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Rahlf AL, Hoenig T, Stürznickel J, Cremans K, Fohrmann D, Sanchez-Alvarado A, Rolvien T, Hollander K. A machine learning approach to identify risk factors for running-related injuries: study protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:75. [PMID: 35473813 PMCID: PMC9040327 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is a very popular sport among both recreational and competitive athletes. However, participating in running is associated with a comparably high risk of sustaining an exercise-related injury. Due to the often multifactorial and individual reasons for running injuries, a shift in thinking is required to account for the dynamic process of the various risk factors. Therefore, a machine learning approach will be used to comprehensively analyze biomechanical, biological, and loading parameters in order to identify risk factors and to detect risk patterns in runners. METHODS The prospective longitudinal cohort study will include competitive adult athletes, running at least 20 km per week and being free of injuries three months before the start of the study. At baseline and the end of the study period, subjective questionnaires (demographics, injury history, sports participation, menstruation, medication, psychology), biomechanical measures (e.g., stride length, cadence, kinematics, kinetics, tibial shock, and tibial acceleration) and a medical examination (BMI, laboratory: blood count, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, DPD cross-links) will be performed. During the study period (one season), continuous data collection will be performed for biomechanical parameters, injuries, internal and external load. Statistical analysis of the data is performed using machine learning (ML) methods. For this purpose, the correlation of the collected data to possible injuries is automatically learned by an ML model and from this, a ranking of the risk factors can be determined with the help of sensitivity analysis methods. DISCUSSION To achieve a comprehensive risk reduction of injuries in runners, a multifactorial and individual approach and analysis is necessary. Recently, the use of ML processes for the analysis of risk factors in sports was discussed and positive results have been published. This study will be the first prospective longitudinal cohort study in runners to investigate the association of biomechanical, bone health, and loading parameters as well as injuries via ML models. The results may help to predict the risk of sustaining an injury and give way for new analysis methods that may also be transferred to other sports. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00026904 (German Clinical Trial Register DKRS), date of registration 18.10.2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Rahlf
- Department of Sports Science, Institute of Health, Nutrition and Sports Science, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Campusallee 2, 24943, Flensburg, Germany.
| | - T Hoenig
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Stürznickel
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Cremans
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Modelling and High-Performance Computing, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Reinarzstraße 49, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - D Fohrmann
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Sanchez-Alvarado
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Turmweg 2, 20148, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Rolvien
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
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207
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Caro E, Campos-Vázquez MÁ, Lapuente-Sagarra M, Caparrós T. Analysis of professional soccer players in competitive match play based on submaximum intensity periods. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13309. [PMID: 35497181 PMCID: PMC9053299 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to analyse sub-maximum intensity periods (SubMIP's) manifested by professional soccer players during official matches (number of events and time spent in each event), according to the player position, match halve and match, and also to group the players according to their SubMip values during the competition. Methods We collected a total of 247 individual records of 14 players using Global Positioning System (GPS) during 15 official league matches (Azerbaijan Premier League 2019-2020). We calculated both the number of SubMIPs events and the time each player spent in the SubMIPs zone (threshold of 85% MIP). We analysed the possible independence of the variables with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the possible specific relationships between the groups using a post-hoc analysis with Dunn's test. In order to explore the possible distribution of physical demands in homogeneous groups, a cluster analysis was performed. Results The statistical analysis showed significant differences between the individual variables in the number of events and in the time spent by the player above the threshold in distance covered at speed >19.8 km/h (HSR), distance covered at speed >25.2 km/h (Sprint), acceleration density (AccDens), mean metabolic power (MetPow), metres per minute (Mmin) and high metabolic load distance >25.5 W/kg (HMLD). Differences were also found according to the playing position in MetPow, Mmin and between halves in AccDens, MetPow, Mmin. In the clustering based on the time spent by the player in SubMIPs, three main groups were described: (1) the centroid was located in lower values in each of the variables; (2) there were an accentuation of the AccDens variable; (3) all the variables, except AccDens, were accentuated. Conclusions The main differences with regard to SubMIPs were related to the player's individual physical performance and not to position. However, the player's position could act as an attractor and show significant differences during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Caro
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
- Neftchi Baku, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Manuel Lapuente-Sagarra
- FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Smart Performance & Sport Science, Cambrils, Spain
| | - Toni Caparrós
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
- GRCE Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Barcelona, Spain
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208
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Wong AYY, Man GCW, Wu YM, Wong HW, Ong MTY, Yung PSH. Risk of surgery and epidemiological profile of athletes presenting to a single sports injury clinic in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS, TRAUMA AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/22104917221082314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although participation in sports and exercise is promoted widely due to its health benefits, sports-related injuries can also be a detriment to an individual's health and a burden for the healthcare system. Herein, the aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review on the epidemiological profile and the risk for surgery of athletes presented to a sports injuries clinic in Hong Kong. Methods A total of 566 patients attending the sports injuries clinic at a local hospital between October 2017 and September 2018 were reviewed. Only 271 patients sustaining injuries from sports activities were included. These patients attended a survey-based data collection session, which recorded their demographic, injury site, events leading to injury, exercise details (type, level-of-play, frequency, experience), and functional score according to the injury site. Results The highest proportion of injuries was observed in amateur athletes (45.4%) than in recreational (28.8%) and professional (25.8%). Those patients aged between 18–29 years old (50.2%) had the most injuries. Both soccer (25.1%) and basketball (25.1%) were the two most common sports to incurred injuries. Whereas, the lower extremities being the most common injured sites. Based on our logistic model, athletes with less experience were more prone to required surgeries with injuries in the lower extremities. Conclusion Preventive measures should be targeted at less experience athletes, focusing on strengthening the knee region, to reduce sports-related injuries and surgeries. Importantly, this study demonstrates the need to further identify factors to develop effective sports injury prevention programmes for tailoring athletes at different levels-of-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ying-Ying Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gene Chi-Wai Man
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuen-Man Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hiu-Wun Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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209
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D’Amico A, Cavarretta E, Fossati C, Borrione P, Pigozzi F, Frati G, Sciarretta S, Costa V, De Grandis F, Nigro A, Peruzzi M, Miraldi F, Saade W, Calogero A, Rosa P, Galardo G, Loffredo L, Pignatelli P, Nocella C, Carnevale R. Platelet Activation Favours NOX2-Mediated Muscle Damage in Elite Athletes: The Role of Cocoa-Derived Polyphenols. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081558. [PMID: 35458119 PMCID: PMC9030438 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle injury with etiopathogenesis and its consequences have been described; however, the impact of different intensities of exercise on the mechanisms of muscular injury development is not well understood. The aim of this study was to exploit the relationship between platelet activation, oxidative stress and muscular injuries induced by physical exercise in elite football players compared to amateur athletes. Oxidant/antioxidant status, platelet activation and markers of muscle damage were evaluated in 23 elite football players and 23 amateur athletes. Compared to amateurs, elite football players showed lower antioxidant capacity and higher oxidative stress paralleled by increased platelet activation and muscle damage markers. Simple linear regression analysis showed that sNOX2-dp and H2O2, sCD40L and PDGF-bb were associated with a significant increase in muscle damage biomarkers. In vitro studies also showed that plasma obtained from elite athletes increased oxidative stress and muscle damage in human skeletal muscle myoblasts cell line compared to amateurs’ plasma, an effect blunted by the NOX2 inhibitor or by the cell treatment with cocoa-derived polyphenols. These results indicate that platelet activation increased muscular injuries induced by oxidative stress. Moreover, NOX2 inhibition and polyphenol extracts treatment positively modulates redox status and reduce exercise-induced muscular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra D’Amico
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (C.F.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
- Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (P.P.)
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (C.F.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (C.F.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (C.F.); (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costa
- AS Roma Football Club, Piazzale Dino Viola 1, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio De Grandis
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Antonia Nigro
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (P.P.)
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (W.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (W.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Wael Saade
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (W.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Antonella Calogero
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
| | | | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (W.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (P.P.)
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (W.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (W.S.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (G.F.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (P.R.)
- Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.N.); (R.C.)
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Kelly S, Pollock N, Polglass G, Clarsen B. Injury and Illness in Elite Athletics: A Prospective Cohort Study Over Three Seasons. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:420-433. [PMID: 35391874 PMCID: PMC8975568 DOI: 10.26603/001c.32589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Athletics (also known as track and field) is one of the most popular sports in the world and is the centrepiece of the Summer Olympic Games. Participation in athletics training and competition involves a risk of illness and injury. Purpose To describe injury and illness in British Olympic track and field athletes over three full training and competition seasons. Study Design Descriptive Epidemiology Study. Methods A total of 111 athletes on the British national program were followed prospectively for three consecutive seasons between 2015-2018. Team medical personnel recorded all injuries and illnesses during this time, following current consensus-based methods. All data pertaining to these records were reviewed and analyzed for sports injury and illness epidemiological descriptive statistics. Results The average age of the athletes was 24 years for both males and females (24 years, +/- 4). Total exposure for the three seasons was 79 205 athlete days (217 athlete years). Overuse injuries (56.4%) were more frequent than acute injuries (43.6%). The thigh was the most common injury location (0.6 per athlete year), followed by the lower leg (0.4 per athlete year) and foot (0.3 per athlete year). Muscle and tendon were the most commonly injured tissues, while strains and tears were the most common pathology type. Hamstring muscle strain was the most common diagnosis causing time loss, followed by Achilles tendinopathy and soleus muscle strain. Respiratory illness was the most common illness type (0.3 per athlete year). Conclusion Hamstring strains, Achilles tendinopathy, and soleus strains are the most common injuries in athletics and have highest burden. Respiratory illness is the most common illness and has the highest burden. Knowledge of this injury and illness profile within athletics could be utilised for the development of targeted prevention measures within the sport at the elite level. Level of Evidence 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Kelly
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, London, UK
| | - Noel Pollock
- British Athletics, National Performance Institute, Loughborough, UK; Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | - George Polglass
- British Athletics, National Performance Institute, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
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211
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Nobari H, Arslan E, Martins AD, Oliveira R. Are acute:chronic workload ratios of perceived exertion and running based variables sensible to detect variations between player positions over the season? A soccer team study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:51. [PMID: 35346345 PMCID: PMC8958769 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to describe and compare the in-season variations of acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) coupled, uncoupled, and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SPRINT) in three different periods of an elite soccer season according to player positions.
Methods Twenty male elite players (age: 29.4 ± 4.4) from an Asian First League team were daily monitored for twenty consecutive weeks during the 2017–2018 in-season. Forty-seven trainings and twenty matches were monitored using global positioning system units (GPS) to collect TD, HSRD and SPRINT. Through the collection of s-RPE, TD, HSRD, and SPRINT by ACWR and EWMA were calculated for each training session. Results The results revealed that according to different periods of the season, workload measures observed in mid-season were meaningfully higher compared with early-season (g = ranging from 0.53 to 4.98) except for EWMASPRINT. In general, wingers and strikers tended to have greater scores in workload measures compared to the defenders and midfielders (g = ranging from 0.41 to 5.42). Conclusions These findings may provide detailed information for coaches and sports scientists regarding the variations of acute and chronic workload ratio and external loading in-season and between player positions in an elite soccer team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Alexandre Duarte Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto E Saúde, Escola de Saúde E Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo Dos Colegiais, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
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212
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Hellings IR, Skjerve E, Karlstam E, Valheim M, Ihler CF, Fintl C. Racing-associated fatalities in Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses: Incidence rates, risk factors, and principal postmortem findings. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:778-786. [PMID: 35060194 PMCID: PMC8965266 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no reports on the number of fatalities or causes of death in the Norwegian and Swedish harness racehorses. OBJECTIVES The incidence rates (IRs), risk factors, and postmortem findings in horses that died or were euthanized associated with racing between 2014 and 2019 were investigated. ANIMALS Thirty-eight Standardbreds and 10 Norwegian-Swedish Coldblooded Trotters died or were euthanized associated with racing. A total of 816 085 race-starts were recorded. METHODS Incidence rates were calculated for both countries and horse breeds. Risk factors for sudden death were identified using a case-control logistic model. Postmortem examinations were performed in 43 horses. RESULTS The overall fatality IR was 0.059/1000 race-starts. Traumatic injuries accounted for 14.5%, while sudden death for 85.5% of fatalities. Only minor differences between countries and breeds were recorded. The number of starts within the last 30 days increased the risk of sudden death (5 starts odds ratio (OR) 228.80, confidence interval (CI) 10.9-4793). An opposite non-linear effect was observed in number of starts the last 180 days (>10 starts OR 0.12, CI 0.02-0.68). Seven horses were euthanized because of catastrophic injury. Acute circulatory collapse because of suspected cardiac or pulmonary failure or both was recorded in 30 horses, while major hemorrhage after vessel rupture was the primary cause of death in 10 cases. One horse collapsed and died but was not submitted for autopsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Comparatively low rates of catastrophic orthopedic fatalities were reported, while causes and IR of sudden death were similar to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Risnes Hellings
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Erika Karlstam
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife DiseasesThe Swedish National Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - Mette Valheim
- Department of Pathology and High‐Risk PathogensThe Norwegian Veterinary InstituteÅsNorway
| | - Carl Fredrik Ihler
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Constanze Fintl
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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213
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Gamble ASD, Bigg JL, Nyman DLE, Spriet LL. Local Positioning System-Derived External Load of Female and Male Varsity Ice Hockey Players During Regular Season Games. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831723. [PMID: 35283770 PMCID: PMC8914021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purposes of this study were to quantify the external load for female and male varsity ice hockey players during regular season games using a local positioning system (LPS), compare LPS-derived external load between sexes and positions, and compare skating distances in absolute and relative speed zones. Methods Data were collected for 21 female (7 defense, 14 forwards; 20.0 ± 1.4 yrs., 69.1 ± 6.7 kg, 167.1 ± 5.4 cm) and 25 male (8 defense, 17 forwards; 21.9 ± 1.1 yrs., 85.9 ± 5.4 kg, 181.1 ± 5.2 cm) varsity ice hockey players. Measures included skating distance (total, and in absolute and relative speed zones), peak skating speed, peak acceleration and deceleration, accumulative acceleration load, and number of accelerations, decelerations, turns, skating transitions, direction changes, and impacts. Results Female and male players had a high external load during games, with average peak skating speeds >28 km/h and average skating distances >4.4 km. Most LPS-derived measures showed greater external load in males than females (p < 0.05). Forwards skated further at higher speeds compared to defense in both sexes (p < 0.001). Skating distances were significantly different when comparing absolute and relative speed zones (p < 0.001), with absolute speed zones potentially overestimating skating at very slow, very fast, and sprint speeds and underestimating skating at slow and moderate speeds. Conclusion This was the first study to measure external load in female ice hockey players with a LPS. Both female and male varsity players had high external loads during games, with forwards having greater external load at higher intensities and defense having greater external load at lower intensities. Sex and positional differences outline the importance of individualized athlete monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. D. Gamble
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Alexander S. D. Gamble,
| | - Jessica L. Bigg
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle L. E. Nyman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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214
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García-Ceberino JM, Gamero MG, Ibáñez SJ, Feu S. Are Subjective Intensities Indicators of Player Load and Heart Rate in Physical Education? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030428. [PMID: 35326904 PMCID: PMC8953415 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical education teachers need valid, low-cost, subjective techniques as an alternative to high-cost new technologies to monitor students’ intensity monitoring. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between both objective and subjective external (eTL) and internal (iTL) intensities. A total of 95 primary education students participated in this study. In this regard, 40 played soccer, and 55 performed basketball tasks, recording a total of 3956 units of analysis. The intensities caused by the different soccer and basketball tasks were measured using objective techniques (inertial devices and heart rate monitors) and subjective techniques (a sheet of task analysis and ratings of perceived exertion). Matrix scatter plots were made to show the values of two variables for a dataset. In this regard, adjustment lines were plotted to determine the trend of the correlations. Then, Spearman’s correlation was calculated to measure the association between two variables. Despite the low correlation levels obtained, the main results showed significant positive correlations between the intensities. This means that the high intensity values recorded by objective techniques also implied high intensity values recorded by subjective techniques, and vice versa. Negative correlations (r Rho = −0.19; p = 0.00) were only found between the following eTL variables: task eTL per minute (subjective technique) and player load per minute (objective technique). This negative correlation occurred when students played in the same 3 vs. 3 game situation without variability in subjective eTL (M ± SD, 28.00 ± 0.00). Therefore, subjective eTL and iTL techniques could be proposed as a suitable alternative for planning and monitoring the intensities supported by students in physical education classes. Moreover, these subjective techniques are easy to use in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. García-Ceberino
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María G. Gamero
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sebastián Feu
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (M.G.G.); (S.J.I.); (S.F.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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215
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Moreno-Perez V, Campos-Vazquez MA, Toscano J, Sotos-Martinez VJ, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, Del Coso J. Influence of the Weekly and Match-play Load on Muscle Injury in Professional Football Players. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:783-790. [PMID: 35189659 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact of the weekly training load and the match running patterns prior to a muscle injury as potential risk factors of muscle injury in professional football players. Forty male professional football players participated in the investigation. Running distances at different intensities 5 min and 15 min prior to the injury were compared to the same time-points in official matches of the same player with no injury events. Furthermore, the cummulative session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and training load of the week prior to the injury were compared to a control week (mean value of training weeks without injury). Nineteen players suffered 31 non-contact muscle injuries during matches. The distance covered at 21-24 km/h (p<0.001; effect size (ES)=0.62) and at>24 km/h (p=0.004; ES=0.51) over the 5-min period prior to the injury was greater than in matches without injury. The cumulative sRPE (p=0.014; ES=1.33) and training volume (p=0.002; ES=2.45) in the week prior to the injury was higher than in a control week. The current data suggest that the combination of a training week with a high load and a short period of high intensity running during the match might increase the risk of muscle injury in professional footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Moreno-Perez
- Department of Patología y Cirugía, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Joan, Spain
| | | | - Javier Toscano
- Department of Sports Science, Catholic University San Antonio. Murcia, Spain, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions and Mediacoach, LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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216
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Impact of match-related contextual variables on weekly training load in a professional soccer team: a full season study. Biol Sport 2022; 39:125-134. [PMID: 35173371 PMCID: PMC8805347 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.102927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of match-related contextual variables (match location, match outcome and level of the opponent) on the weekly training load in a professional soccer team throughout a full competitive season. Total distance, high-speed running distance (HSRD, > 18 km·h-1), highmetabolic load distance (HMLD, > 25.5 W·kg-1), player load and total number of impacts (above 3 G) were collected from training and match sessions in professional soccer players (n = 25) competing in LaLiga123. Comparisons of external load parameters by each match-related contextual variable were examined using a mixed-effect model. Differences between playing positions were found for total distance (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.15), HSRD (p < 0.05; r = 0.13–0.19), HMLD (p < 0.05; r = 0.12–0.19), player load (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.19) and impacts (p < 0.05; r = 0.15–0.26). However, no significant interaction was observed between match-related contextual variables and playing position for any variable (p > 0.05). In addition, a significant impact of match outcome (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.15), opponent level (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.17) and match location (p < 0.05; r = 0.14–0.20) on the weekly training load (before and after the match) was observed. In conclusion, match-related contextual variables seem to slightly affect weekly external training load. Thus, coaching and medical departments could consider the influence of these contextual variables when prescribing the training load relative to the match demands.
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217
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Mamon MA, Olthof SBH, Burns GT, Lepley AS, Kozloff KM, Zernicke RF. Position-Specific Physical Workload Intensities in American Collegiate Football Training. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:420-426. [PMID: 35080203 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT MamonJr, MA, Olthof, SBH, Burns, GT, Lepley, AS, Kozloff, KM, and Zernicke, RF. Position-specific physical workload intensities in American collegiate football training. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 420-426, 2022-Quantifying player training loads allows football coaching staff to make informed adjustments to the volume and intensity of training. Physical workload intensity in American football practices have not been extensively quantified. The current study examined physical workload intensities across positions in American collegiate football during training. Data from player tracking technology (Catapult Vector) were collected from 72 American football players (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I) during in-season practices. Players were involved in individualized skill (indy), team playbook (team), and special team (ST) drills during practice and analyzed for their specialist offensive or defensive role (e.g., linebacker or wide receiver). Player running (i.e., high-speed running and sprint) and accelerations (i.e., high-intensity PlayerLoad and high-intensity inertial movement analysis) per minute were of interest. Drill type and practice day had significant effects on all workload intensity metrics (p < 0.01), but not position. Greater running intensities were seen in ST drills compared with other drill types. Tuesday practice sessions had greater overall intensities compared with other days. Interaction effect of position and drill type was significant (p < 0.001) for all intensity metrics, indicating that position groups exhibited unique workload responses to the drill types. Drill type and practice day interaction effect was significant for all intensity metrics (p < 0.01). The findings may be informative for coaches to tailor physical workloads of practice drills for positional roles in preparation for games and practices. Player tracking technology can add value for strength and conditioning coaches to adjust training programs based on position-specific on-field demands of players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mamon
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sigrid B H Olthof
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Exercise and Sport Science Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Geoffrey T Burns
- Exercise and Sport Science Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Adam S Lepley
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Exercise and Sport Science Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Kenneth M Kozloff
- Exercise and Sport Science Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronald F Zernicke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Exercise and Sport Science Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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218
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Caparrós T, Peña J, Baiget E, Borràs-Boix X, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Rodas G. Influence of Strength Programs on the Injury Rate and Team Performance of a Professional Basketball Team: A Six-Season Follow-Up Study. Front Psychol 2022; 12:796098. [PMID: 35178009 PMCID: PMC8845446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine possible associations between strength parameters, injury rates, and performance outcomes over six seasons in professional basketball settings. Thirty-six male professional basketball players [mean ± standard deviation (SD): age, 30.5 ± 4.7 years; height, 199.5 ± 9.5 cm; body mass, 97.9 ± 12.9 kg; BMI 24.6 ± 2.5 kg/m2] participated in this retrospective observational study, conducted from the 2008-09 to the 2013-14 season. According to their epidemiological records, each player followed an individual plan designed within different strength training programs: Functional (n = 16), Eccentric (n = 8), or Resistance (n = 12). Seven hundred and fourteen valid records were obtained from 170 individual strength tests during 31 sessions. Tests performed were leg press, squat, and jerk. Parameters recorded were force, power, velocity, peak velocity, and time to peak velocity for strength; time loss injury and muscle injury for injury rate; and games won, games lost, and championships for performance outcomes. All the strength variables and injuries are independent of the strength programs (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed very significant relationships between muscular injuries and time to peak velocity (r = 0.94; p < 0.01), significant relationships between force and games lost (r = 0.85; p < 0.05), and muscular injuries with games lost (r = -0.81; p < 0.05) per season. Mean values per season described a possible association of force, time to peak velocity, and muscular injuries with performance outcomes (R 2 = 0.96; p < 0.05). In this specific context, strength variables and injury rate data show no association with a single type of strength training program in this cohort of high-performance basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Caparrós
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Xantal Borràs-Boix
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Universitat de Vic – Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- FC Barcelona Medical Services, Sant Joan Despí, Spain
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219
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Faltus J, Richard V. Considerations for the Medical Management of the Circus Performance Artist and Acrobat. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:307-316. [PMID: 35136700 PMCID: PMC8805096 DOI: 10.26603/001c.31645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical management of the circus performer encompasses a wide variety of multicultural, transdisciplinary and multifaceted decision-making considerations. There is a paucity of research evidence investigating both the unique diversity of skill sets and cultural considerations in addition to injury patterns of performers within the circus environment. Since a previously established framework for supporting the health and well-being of the circus performer across various aspects of medical management does not exist in the literature, most recommendations in this regard must come from practical experience working with this highly specialized performance athlete population. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to provide the reader with a greater understanding of the unique challenges associated with the medical management of performance artists and acrobats as well as recommendations for developing an integrated approach for mitigating injury risk within a highly specialized, diverse athlete population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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220
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Masterclass: Hypermobility and hypermobility related disorders. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 57:102465. [PMID: 34808594 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypermobile joints display a range of movement that is considered excessive, taking into consideration the age, gender and ethnic background of the individual. Joint hypermobility may present in a single joint, a few joints or in multiple joints and may be congenital or acquired with training, disease or injury. Hypermobile joints may be asymptomatic or may be associated with pain, fatigue, multisystemic complaints and significant disability. Furthermore, joint hypermobility may be a sign of an underlying hereditary disorder of connective tissue. PURPOSE This masterclass aims to provides a state-of-the-art review of the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment and management of joint hypermobility and hypermobility related disorders using an evidence based and biopsychosocial approach. The new framework for classifying the spectrum of joint hypermobility disorders along with new diagnostic criteria for the hypermobile Ehlers Danlos syndrome, published by an international consortium of clinical experts and researchers in 2017 is integrated into the paper. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE People with joint hypermobility related disorders present to healthcare professionals with a wide range of symptoms which extend beyond the musculoskeletal system. Early recognition and treatment are key to effective management. A biopsychosocial and patient empowerment approach to functional restoration is recommended.
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221
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Nordstrøm A, Bahr R, Clarsen B, Talsnes O. Association Between Preseason Fitness Level and Risk of Injury or Illness in Male Elite Ice Hockey Players: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221076849. [PMID: 35224120 PMCID: PMC8873563 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221076849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between physical fitness and the risk of injury or illness in ice hockey. The least-fit players may be more prone to injury and illness. PURPOSE To examine the association between preseason fitness level and injury or illness risk among elite ice hockey players during the regular season. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 133 male ice hockey players in the GET League (the premier professional league in Norway) completed 8 different exercises (40-m sprint, countermovement jump, 3000-m run, squat, bench press, chin-ups, brutal bench, and box jump) at the annual 1-day preseason testing combine. During the 2017-2018 competitive season, the players reported all health problems (acute injuries, overuse injuries, and illnesses) weekly (31 weeks) using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. RESULTS Overall, the players reported 191 acute injuries, 82 overuse injuries, and 132 illnesses. The least-fit tercile of players did not report more health problems (mean, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-3.8) compared with the most-fit (mean, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.6-4.2) or the medium-fit (mean, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.5) players. The most-fit players reported more substantial health problems (mean, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.5) compared with the medium-fit (mean, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8 -1.8) and least-fit (mean, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3) (P = .02) players. There was no association between low physical fitness and number of health problems when comparing the least-fit tercile of the players with the rest of the cohort (P > .05); however, there was an association between low physical fitness and greater severity of all health problems when comparing the least-fit tercile of players to the rest of the cohort after adjusting for time on ice per game, playing position, and age (P = .02). CONCLUSION Low physical fitness was not associated with increased rate of injury or illness but was associated with greater severity of all health problems after adjusting for time on ice per game, playing position, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Nordstrøm
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Disease Burden Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove Talsnes
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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222
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Coppus TA, Anderson T, Hurley E, Gill DL, Brown PK. The Practical Utility of Objective Training Load Indices in Division I College Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1026-1030. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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223
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Ade JD, Drust B, Morgan OJ, Bradley PS. Physiological characteristics and acute fatigue associated with position-specific speed endurance soccer drills: production vs maintenance training. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:6-17. [PMID: 35073235 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1789202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to compare the physiological characteristics and acute fatigue associated with position-specific speed endurance production (SEP) and maintenance (SEM) soccer drills.Methods: Twenty male soccer players performed a position specific drill consisting of 8 exercise bouts each lasting ~30 s interspersed by 150 s (SEP) and 60 s (SEM) of passive recovery. A selection of players (n = 10) completed neuromuscular assessments pre and post drill.Results: Players covered greater high speed (12%), very high speed (49%) and sprint (218%) running distances in SEP (P < 0.05, ES: 0.51-0.80). SEP resulted in greater peak (7%) and average (10%) running speeds (P < 0.01, ES: 0.70-0.93). Mean and peak heart rate responses were greater in SEM (4-10%, P < 0.01, ES: 0.97-1.84) whilst blood lactate concentrations were higher following SEP (6%, P < 0.05, ES: 0.42). Reductions in vertical countermovement jump height were more pronounced immediately after SEP (2%, P < 0.05, ES: 0.36) but 24 h post SEM (4%, P < 0.05, ES: 0.52). Horizontal countermovement jump performance was reduced immediately post SEP and SEM (3-5%, P < 0.01, ES: 0.22-0.38) and 24 h post SEM (4%, ES: 0.32).Conclusion: The data demonstrate that position-specific SEP and SEM drills overload different physiological indices and induce small impairments in some neuromuscular measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Ade
- Medical and Sports Science Department, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Oliver J Morgan
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Medical and Sports Science Department, Celtic Football Club, Glasgow, UK
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224
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Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Measure External Load: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe weekly acute workload (wAW), chronic workload (wCW), acute: chronic workload ratio (wACWR), training monotony (wTM), and training strain (wTS) variations over a full season across playing positions. Twenty-one professional soccer players were daily monitored during 48 consecutive weeks. Total distance, sprint total distance (STD), high-speed running distance (HSRd), maximum speed, number of the repeated sprints, and body load (BL) were obtained during training and matches using a Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit. The wAW was determined for each external load measure. The wCW, wACWR, and wTM were calculated based on BL metric. Higher values of weekly STD were observed in lateral defenders/wingers (LDW) compared to central defenders/forwards (CDF) (p = 0.009; ES = Large) and midfielders (MDF) (p = 0.034; ES = Large). Additionally, weekly HSRd was higher in LDW vs. CDF (p = 0.016; ES = Large) and MDF (p = 0.011; ES = Large). The CDF presented a lower weekly number of repeated sprints than LDW (p = 0.021; ES = Large). In conclusion, weekly external load metrics were position-dependent over the season. Moreover, LDW a presented greater weekly STD, HSRd, and number of repeated sprints compared to other positions.
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225
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Characteristics of Plantar Pressure with Foot Postures and Lower Limb Pain Profiles in Taiwanese College Elite Rugby League Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031158. [PMID: 35162180 PMCID: PMC8834739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to explore the differences in the distributions of plantar pressure in static and dynamic states and assess the possible pain profiles in the lower limb between elite rugby league athletes and recreational rugby players. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 51 college elite rugby athletes and 57 recreational rugby players was undertaken. The arch index (AI) and plantar pressure distributions (PPDs) with footprint characteristics were evaluated via the JC Mat. Rearfoot alignment was examined to evaluate the static foot posture. The elite group’s lower-limb pain profiles were examined for evaluating the common musculoskeletal pain areas. Results: The recreational group’s AI values fell into the normal range, whereas the elite group’s arch type fell into the category of the low arch. Results from the elite group were: (1) the PPDs mainly exerted on the entire forefoot and lateral midfoot regions in static standing, and transferred to the forefoot region during the midstance phase of walking; (2) the static rearfoot alignment matched the varus posture pattern; (3) the footprint characteristics illustrated the features of low-arched, supinated, dropped metatarsal heads and dropped cuboid feet; and (4) the phalanx and metatarsophalangeal joints, and the abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi of the plantar plate were common musculoskeletal pain areas. Conclusions: Characteristics of higher plantar loads beneath forefoot and midfoot associated with low-arched supinated feet in bipedal static stance could be the traceable features for the foot diagram of elite rugby league athletes. The limb pain profiles of the elite rugby league athletes within this study echoed the literature on rugby injuries, and reflected the features of metatarsophalangeal joint pains and dropped cuboids. The relationships among the low-arched supinated feet, metatarsophalangeal joint pains and cuboid syndrome are worth further studies.
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226
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Taylor JB, Barnes HC, Gombatto SP, Greenwood D, Ford KR. Quantifying External Load and Injury Occurrence in Women's Collegiate Volleyball Players Across a Competitive Season. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:805-812. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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227
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Casamichana D, Martín-García A, Díaz AG, Bradley PS, Castellano J. Accumulative weekly load in a professional football team: with special reference to match playing time and game position. Biol Sport 2022; 39:115-124. [PMID: 35173370 PMCID: PMC8805368 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare weekly accumulative load during the in-season competitive period by professional soccer players according to the amount of time played in official matches (90-min, >60-min, <60-min, and 0-min) regarding the players' position. Twenty-four professional outfield football players were monitored by GPS devices during training sessions and official matches and the accumulative weekly load were calculated for the following external load variables: total distance (TD; m), high speed running (HSR; >19.8 km·h-1), sprint meters (SPR; >25.2 km·h-1), high metabolic load distance (HMLD; >25.5 W·kg-1), number of accelerations (ACC; >3 m·s-2) and decelerations (DEC; <-3 m·s-2). This study revealed that players (as a whole o per demarcation) with more match playing time had a higher accumulative weekly load for most of the variables, but particularly at TD and HMLD (90-min and >60-min vs. <60-min and 0-min), HSR (90-min vs. <60-min and 0-min) and SPR (90-min vs. <60-min and 0-min). In addition, less positional variation was observed in relation to the competition requirements. This information would allow coaches to refine the required load with the objective of optimizing performance to soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casamichana
- Atlantic European University. Santander, Spain
- Real Sociedad Sports Performance Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Gómez Díaz
- Murcia University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, San Javier, Spain
- Polish Football Federation
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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228
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Mehta S, Tang S, Rajapakse C, Juzwak S, Dowling B. Chronic Workload, Subjective Arm Health, and Throwing Injury in High School Baseball Players: 3-Year Retrospective Pilot Study. Sports Health 2022; 14:119-126. [PMID: 34781777 PMCID: PMC8669927 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211055142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baseball workloads are monitored by pitch counts, appearances, innings per appearance, ball velocity, and distance, whereas current workload standards neglect throws made during nongame situations. The association between total workloads, subjective measures, and injury in baseball is poorly understood. The question remains whether baseball athletes are at higher risk of injury by throwing more often or if they generate injury resilience when appropriately transitioned into the higher demands of throwing. HYPOTHESIS Increased chronic load, along with subjective arm health measures, are related to decreased injury risk. STUDY DESIGN Clinical research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 49 male baseball players (age 17.9 ± 0.4 years, height 181.8 ± 6.8 cm, body mass 80.6 ± 9.1 kg) competing at the varsity high school level were included in this 3-year retrospective data analysis from 2016 to 2019. Players wore the motusTHROW sleeve and sensor during all throwing activities. RESULTS A total of 898,492 throws and 9455 athletic exposures were captured with the motusTHROW sensors. There were 24 injuries recorded throughout the 3-year analysis, with 11 throwing-related and 13 non-throwing related injuries. Results of the 1-way analysis of variance found chronic load was significantly related to throwing-injury occurrence (P < 0.01). Six of the throwing-related injuries occurred when athletes had a chronic load greater than 11.3, marking 75th percentile across all observations. There was a relationship between arm health and throwing arm-related injury occurrence (P < 0.01). Higher chronic load was associated with increased throwing-related injuries even when adjusted for arm health (P = 0.01). Specifically, injuries were more likely to occur in pitchers (either as a combination player or pitcher only) with a chronic load greater than 9.2. CONCLUSION This study revealed a significant relationship between chronic load, subjective arm health, and throwing-related injury in varsity high school baseball players. Contrary to our hypothesis, increased chronic load was associated with increased injury risk. However, subjective arm health measures remain a relevant factor in assessing injury risk. Normative data for this population also provide key information around positional demands along with overall demands of the sport during the competitive season and off-season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Mehta
- Performance Department, Orlando Magic, Orlando, Florida
| | - Sisi Tang
- Department of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chamith Rajapakse
- Department of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Juzwak
- The Center for Integrated Manual Therapies, Columbia, Maryland
| | - Brittany Dowling
- Sports Performance Center, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Oak Brook, Illinois
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229
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Gustafson JA, Dowling B, Heidloff D, Quigley RJ, Garrigues GE. Optimizing Pitching Performance through Shoulder and Elbow Biomechanics. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2022.150890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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230
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Sanders GJ, Boos B, Rhodes J, Peacock CA, Kollock RO, Scheadler CM. Variability of Competition-Based Caloric Expenditure and Relative Heart Rates in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Women's Basketball. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:162-166. [PMID: 31895280 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sanders, GJ, Boos, B, Rhodes, J, Peacock, CA, Kollock, RO, and Scheadler, CM. Variability of competition-based caloric expenditure and relative heart rates in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's basketball. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 162-166, 2022-Basketball athletes frequently engage in high intensities (≥85% HRpeak) throughout competition, and it is unknown how high-intensity play coincides with caloric expenditure and average and peak relative heart rates. The purpose of the study was to assess caloric expenditure throughout 31 games (4- to 10-minute quarters) in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's basketball. A total of 11 female athletes were tested for peak heart rate (HRpeak) and peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) before the season, then monitored in-season with heart rate-based wearable devices. Estimated caloric expenditure, average (% HRavg) and peak (% HRpeak) relative heart rates, time played at intensities ≥85% HRpeak, and live time (i.e., game minutes not including stoppages in play) were recorded each game. Data were assessed as a team and compared across 4 quarters, and then, interathlete comparisons were made based on full game data. There were significant main effects of 10-minute quarters on calories (p < 0.001) and % HRavg (p = 0.015) but not playing intensity ≥85% HRpeak (p = 0.125) and % HRpeak (p = 0.629). Caloric expenditure was the only variable to increase from the first to the fourth quarter. There were main effects of individual athletes on calories, % HRavg, % HRpeak, live time, and playing intensity ≥85% HRpeak (p < 0.001 for all). Assessing individual athletes, relative to a team assessment across quarters, can provide practitioners with more accurate caloric expenditure, heart rate, and playing intensity data per athlete to improve training and fueling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Rhodes
- Sports Medicine, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky
| | - Corey A Peacock
- Department of Kinesiology, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, Florida; and
| | - Roger O Kollock
- Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitative Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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231
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Troester JC, Duffield R. Postural Control Responses to Different Acute and Chronic Training Load Profiles in Professional Rugby Union. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:220-225. [PMID: 31725557 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Troester, JC and Duffield, R. Postural control responses to different acute and chronic training load profiles in professional rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 220-225, 2022-The current investigation identified the response of postural control (PC) measures of single-leg balance and landing to different accumulated training load profiles representing normal, higher, and spiked loads. Twenty-two professional rugby union players performed single-leg balance and landing tests on a 1,000-Hz force plate on the first training day of 24 weeks across the season after 36 hours of recovery. Internal (session rating of perceived exertion training load) and external (total and high-speed running distance) load measures were monitored during all training sessions and matches. Calculations of acute (7-day rolling average), chronic (28-day rolling average), and acute-to-chronic workload ratio were determined. Three-week load profiles were identified that represented normal, spike, and higher load profiles to determine the effect on PC, which were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. A significant effect of load profile on landing impulse on the dominant (p = 0.005) and nondominant legs (p = 0.001) was identified, with significantly greater impulse measures in the spike and higher load profiles (p = 0.001-0.041) compared with the normal load profile. Significant load profile × week interactions (p < 0.05) were identified for landing peak force on the dominant leg and impulse on both legs suggesting a decrement during the spike load profile and increased impulse in the higher load profile. No effects (p > 0.05) were identified for load profile changes in single-leg balance sway velocity or single-leg landing time to stabilization. The respective landing responses may indicate altered movement strategies under spike and higher load profiles resulting from neuromuscular fatigue in response to the accumulated load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Troester
- High Performance Department, NSW Waratahs Rugby, New South Wales, Australia; and.,Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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232
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Garcia L, Planas A, Peirau X. Analysis of the injuries and workload evolution using the RPE and s-RPE method in basketball. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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233
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Rossi A, Pappalardo L, Cintia P. A Narrative Review for a Machine Learning Application in Sports: An Example Based on Injury Forecasting in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2021; 10:sports10010005. [PMID: 35050970 PMCID: PMC8822889 DOI: 10.3390/sports10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the number of studies about machine learning algorithms applied to sports, e.g., injury forecasting and athlete performance prediction, have rapidly increased. Due to the number of works and experiments already present in the state-of-the-art regarding machine-learning techniques in sport science, the aim of this narrative review is to provide a guideline describing a correct approach for training, validating, and testing machine learning models to predict events in sports science. The main contribution of this narrative review is to highlight any possible strengths and limitations during all the stages of model development, i.e., training, validation, testing, and interpretation, in order to limit possible errors that could induce misleading results. In particular, this paper shows an example about injury forecaster that provides a description of all the features that could be used to predict injuries, all the possible pre-processing approaches for time series analysis, how to correctly split the dataset to train and test the predictive models, and the importance to explain the decision-making approach of the white and black box models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Pappalardo
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cintia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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234
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Toresdahl BG, Robinson JN, Kliethermes SA, Metzl JD, Dixit S, Quijano B, Fontana MA. Increased Incidence of Injury Among Runners With COVID-19. Sports Health 2021; 14:372-376. [PMID: 34906009 PMCID: PMC9112708 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects multiple organ systems. Whether and how COVID-19 affects the musculoskeletal system remains unknown. We aim to assess the association between COVID-19 and risk of injury. HYPOTHESIS Runners who report having COVID-19 also report a higher incidence of injury. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS An electronic survey was distributed from July through September 2020, by New York Road Runners, ASICS North America, race medical directors, and through social media. Inclusion criteria were runners 18 years or older who had participated in ≥1 race (running or triathlon) in 2019. RESULTS A total of 1947 runners participated and met inclusion criteria. Average age was 45.0 (SD, 12.2) years and 56.5% were women. A total of 123 (6.3%) runners self-reported having COVID-19; 100 (81%) reported their diagnosis was from a laboratory test (polymerase chain reaction or antibody) and 23 reported being diagnosed by a medical professional without confirmatory laboratory testing. Since March 2020, 427 (21.9%) reported an injury that prevented running for at least 1 week, including 38 of 123 (30.9%) who self-reported having COVID-19 and 389 of 1435 (21.3%) who did not report having COVID-19 (P = 0.01). After adjusting for age, sex, the number of races in 2019, and running patterns before March 2020, runners who self-reported a diagnosis of COVID-19 had a higher incidence of injury compared with those who did not (odds ratio, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.11-2.48; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Injuries were more often self-reported by runners with laboratory-confirmed or clinically diagnosed COVID-19 compared with those who did not report COVID-19. Given the limitations of the study, any direct role of COVID-19 in the pathophysiology of injuries among runners remains unclear. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Direct and indirect musculoskeletal sequelae of COVID-19 should be further investigated, including the risk of exercise- and sports-related injury after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett G. Toresdahl
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
- Brett G. Toresdahl, MD, Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 () (Twitter: @BrettToresdahl)
| | - James N. Robinson
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie A. Kliethermes
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jordan D. Metzl
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Brianna Quijano
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Fontana
- Center for Analytics, Modeling, and Performance, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Nonergodicity in Load and Recovery: Group Results Do Not Generalize to Individuals. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:391-399. [PMID: 34894630 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study of load and recovery gained significant interest in the last decades, given its important value in decreasing the likelihood of injuries and improving performance. So far, findings are typically reported on the group level, whereas practitioners are most often interested in applications at the individual level. Hence, the aim of the present research is to examine to what extent group-level statistics can be generalized to individual athletes, which is referred to as the "ergodicity issue." Nonergodicity may have serious consequences for the way we should analyze, and work with, load and recovery measures in the sports field. METHODS The authors collected load, that is, rating of perceived exertion × training duration, and total quality of recovery data among youth male players of a professional football club. This data were collected daily across 2 seasons and analyzed on both the group and the individual level. RESULTS Group- and individual-level analysis resulted in different statistical outcomes, particularly with regard to load. Specifically, SDs within individuals were up to 7.63 times larger than SDs between individuals. In addition, at either level, the authors observed different correlations between load and recovery. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the process of load and recovery in athletes is nonergodic, which has important implications for the sports field. Recommendations for training programs of individual athletes may be suboptimal, or even erroneous, when guided by group-level outcomes. The utilization of individual-level analysis is key to ensure the optimal balance of individual load and recovery.
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Dovbysh T, Reid D, Shackel D. Injury incidence within male elite New Zealand cricket from the early T20 era: 2009-2015. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001168. [PMID: 34868632 PMCID: PMC8606773 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to describe the injury epidemiology of domestic and international level male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 across all match formats given the increasing popularity of T20 cricket. Methods Match exposure and injury surveillance data collected prospectively by New Zealand Cricket was analysed using international consensus recommendations for injury surveillance and reporting in cricket. Relationships between playing level, role and injury were statistically analysed. Results A total of 268 elite male New Zealand cricketers from seasons 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 were analysed from the New Zealand Cricket injury surveillance system. Total new match injury incidence rates were 37.0 and 58.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in domestic and international cricket, respectively. Total new and recurrent match injury incidence in international cricket was approximately 1.7 times higher than domestic cricket (277.6 vs 162.8 injuries per 1000 player days). Injury prevalence rates were 7.6% and 10.0% in domestic and international cricket. The hamstring (8.2%) in domestic cricket and the groin (13.5%) in international cricket were the most injured body sites. Most match days lost in domestic cricket were to the lumbar spine (417 days), and groin in international cricket (152 days). There were statistically significant differences in injury between domestic and international level cricketers (χ2=4.39, p=0.036), and playing role (χ2=42.29, p<0.0001). Conclusions Total injury incidence rates in elite New Zealand cricket increased in 2009–2015 compared with previous data. International-level players and pace bowlers were the most injured individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei Dovbysh
- School of Clinical Sciences, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Reid
- School of Clinical Sciences, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Sports Performance Research Institute of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,Active Living and Rehabilitation Aotearoa (ALARA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dayle Shackel
- High Performance Centre, New Zealand Cricket, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Fernandes R, Brito JP, Vieira LHP, Martins AD, Clemente FM, Nobari H, Reis VM, Oliveira R. In-Season Internal Load and Wellness Variations in Professional Women Soccer Players: Comparisons between Playing Positions and Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12817. [PMID: 34886543 PMCID: PMC8657164 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The internal intensity monitoring in soccer has been used more in recent years in men's football; however, in women's soccer, the existing literature is still scarce. The aims of this study were threefold: (a) to describe the weekly variations of training monotony, training strain and acute: chronic workload ratio through session Rated Perceived Exertion (s-RPE); (b) to describe weekly variations of Hooper Index [stress, fatigue, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and sleep]; and (c) to compare those variations between playing positions and player status. Nineteen players (24.1 ± 2.7 years) from a Portuguese BPI League professional team participated in this study. All variables were collected in a 10-week in-season period with three training sessions and one match per week during the 2019/20 season. Considering the overall team, the results showed that there were some associations between Hooper Index categories and s-RPE like stress or fatigue (0.693, p < 0.01), stress or DOMS (0.593, p < 0.01), stress or s-RPE (-0.516, p < 0.05) and fatigue or DOMS (0.688, p < 0.01). There were no differences between all parameters in playing positions or player status. In conclusion, the study revealed that higher levels of fatigue and DOMS occur concurrently with better nights of sleep. Moreover, any in-season variations concerning internal load and perceived wellness seems independent of position or status in outfield players. The data also showed that the higher the players' reported stress, the lower the observed s-RPE, thus possibly indicating a mutual interference of experienced stress levels on the assimilation of training intensity by elite women soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Fernandes
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, School of Sciences, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Duarte Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan 81887-78473, Iran
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (A.D.M.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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238
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Anderson T, Adams WM, Martin KJ, Wideman L. Examining Internal and External Physical Workloads Between Training and Competitive Matches Within Collegiate Division I Men's Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3440-3447. [PMID: 34593727 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anderson, T, Adams, WM, Martin, KJ, and Wideman, L. Examining internal and external physical workloads between training and competitive matches within collegiate Division I men's soccer. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3440-3447, 2021-A direct analysis comparing differences in the demands of competition relative to in-season training in Division I collegiate soccer players has yet to be reported. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to compare the absolute and relative internal and external workloads measured during training with competitive matches. Twenty-six male college soccer players were monitored over 2 consecutive seasons using a GPS and heart rate (HR) telemetry system. Differences between outdoor training sessions and competitive matches were analyzed for internal and external absolute and relative training workloads. Differences in training workloads between the 3 days before a match were also analyzed. Absolute time in HR zone 4 (80-89% of HRmax) and 5 (90-100% of HRmax); accelerations in zone 1 (0.50-0.99 m·s-2), zone 2 (1.00-1.99 m·s-2), and zone 3 (2.00-2.99 m·s-2); all negative acceleration zones; training load; and estimated energy expenditure were greater in competition than training (p < 0.05). By contrast, when comparing training and competition values using metrics relative to session duration, relative workload in trainings were greater than competition for HR zone 1 (50-59% of HRmax), zone 2 (60-69% of HRmax), zone 3 (70-79% of HRmax), and zone 4 (80-89% of HRmax) and all acceleration and negative acceleration zones. In addition, absolute training workloads were generally greatest 3 days prior (p < 0.01), but not different 2 days before the competitive match. Absolute physical workloads of competition are significantly greater than those achieved during training; however, these differences and impact on the physical condition of players are mitigated by the greater relative workloads achieved during training. These results provide meaningful metrics that may lead to insights into proper conditioning and in-season workload management for Division I collegiate soccer programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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239
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Visentini PJ, McDowell AH, Pizzari T. Factors associated with overuse injury in cyclists: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:391-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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240
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Taberner M, Allen T, O'keefe J, Cohen DD. Contextual considerations using the 'control-chaos continuum' for return to sport in elite football - Part 1: Load planning. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:67-74. [PMID: 34839202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 'control-chaos continnum' is an adaptable framework developed to guide the on-pitch rehabilitation process in elite football. One of the key objectives of the continuum is to progressively return players to their preinjury chronic running load, while incorporating the qualitative aspects of movement and cognitive stresses integral to competitive match-play. Whilst injury and player-specific considerations are key to an individualised rehabilitation approach, a host of contextual factors also play an important role in return to sport (RTS) planning. In this article, we highlight some key intrinsic and extrinsic contextual factors for the practitioner to consider in the RTS planning process to help mitigate reinjury risk upon a return to team training. While a return to chronic running load is generally a critical component of the framework, we highlight circumstances in elite football where it is a less relevant factor in RTS decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taberner
- Performance and Medical Department, Orlando Magic Basketball Club, Orlando, USA; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - T Allen
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK; Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. https://twitter.com/tallen_5
| | - J O'keefe
- Academy Sports Science Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK. https://twitter.com/JasonOkeefe10
| | - D D Cohen
- Masira Research Institute, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia. https://twitter.com/danielcohen1971
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241
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International survey of training load monitoring practices in competitive swimming: How, what and why not? Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:51-59. [PMID: 34814022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify the training load (TL) monitoring practices employed in real-world competitive swimming environments. The study explores data collection, analysis and barriers to TL monitoring. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Online survey platform. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one responders working in competitive swimming programmes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Methods of data collection, analysis, level of effectiveness and barriers associated with TL monitoring. RESULTS 84% of responders acknowledged using TL monitoring, with 81% of responders using a combination of both internal and external TL, in line with current consensus statements. Swim volume (mileage) (96%) and session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) (92%) were the most frequently used, with athlete lifestyle/wellness monitoring also featuring prominently. Thematic analysis highlighted that "stakeholder engagement", "resource constraints" or "functionality and usability of the systems" were shared barriers to TL monitoring amongst responders. CONCLUSIONS Findings show there is a research-practice gap. Future approaches to TL monitoring in competitive swimming should focus on selecting methods that allow the same TL monitoring system to be used across the whole programme, (pool-based training, dryland training and competition). Barriers associated with athlete adherence and coach/National Governing Body engagement should be addressed before a TL system implementation.
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242
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Juliano Eustaquio JM, Fontoura Borges AM, Vilela LS, Carvalho Gouveia MP, Rabelo AL, Kaleka CC, Debieux P, Barbosa Neto O. Does the Fight Profile Interfere with Orthopedic Injuries in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu? Open Access J Sports Med 2021; 12:171-178. [PMID: 34803410 PMCID: PMC8594892 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s337912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of orthopedic injuries associated with the technical-tactical profiles of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) fighters, according to the fighters’ graduation level (beginner and advanced). Patients and Methods Cross-sectional study, which included the participation of amateur and professional BJJ athletes, aged between 18 and 60 years and practitioners of the sport for at least six months. All answered a mixed self-reported morbidity questionnaire. Participants were divided into four groups, according to the technical-tactical profile in the fight (keeper and passer) and the fighter’s graduation level (beginner and advanced), and also into four subgroups, divided by joining the groups in pairs above. Descriptive and analytical statistical procedures were used, with a level of statistical significance set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results A total of 198 participants were included in the study. There was a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in advanced fighters (p<0.001), with no significant difference between the profiles of guard and passer fighters. Sprains were the most common type of injury in all studied groups and subgroups. The anatomical segments knee and shoulder, respectively, were the most affected in all groups, and both segments showed significant associations of the athletes in the advanced and guard groups. Conclusion The study showed important data for creation of specifics injury prevention protocols, through the higher prevalence of injuries in athletes of the advanced profile and in the segments of the knee and shoulder, with emphasis on the guard fighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martins Juliano Eustaquio
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM - Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro), Uberaba, MG, Brazil.,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE - Universidade de Uberaba), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto Martins Fontoura Borges
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE - Universidade de Uberaba), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorena Souza Vilela
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE - Universidade de Uberaba), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pizarro Carvalho Gouveia
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE - Universidade de Uberaba), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Laruzo Rabelo
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mário Palmerio Hospital, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE - Universidade de Uberaba), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Cohen Kaleka
- Knee Surgery Group, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Debieux
- Knee Surgery Group, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy Group, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP - Universidade Federal de São Paulo), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM - Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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243
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Jayanthi N, Schley S, Cumming SP, Myer GD, Saffel H, Hartwig T, Gabbett TJ. Developmental Training Model for the Sport Specialized Youth Athlete: A Dynamic Strategy for Individualizing Load-Response During Maturation. Sports Health 2021; 14:142-153. [PMID: 34763556 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Most available data on athletic development training models focus on adult or professional athletes, where increasing workload capacity and performance is a primary goal. Development pathways in youth athletes generally emphasize multisport participation rather than sport specialization to optimize motor skill acquisition and to minimize injury risk. Other models emphasize the need for accumulation of sport- and skill-specific hours to develop elite-level status. Despite recommendations against sport specialization, many youth athletes still specialize and need guidance on training and competition. Medical and sport professionals also recommend progressive, gradual increases in workloads to enhance resilience to the demands of high-level competition. There is no accepted model of risk stratification and return to play for training a specialized youth athlete through periods of injury and maturation. In this review, we present individualized training models for specialized youth athletes that (1) prioritize performance for healthy, resilient youth athletes and (2) are adaptable through vulnerable maturational periods and injury. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS A number of factors must be considered when developing training programs for young athletes: (1) the effect of sport specialization on athlete development and injury, (2) biological maturation, (3) motor and coordination deficits in specialized youth athletes, and (4) workload progressions and response to load. CONCLUSION Load-sensitive athletes with multiple risk factors may need medical evaluation, frequent monitoring, and a program designed to restore local tissue and sport-specific capacity. Load-naive athletes, who are often skeletally immature, will likely benefit from serial monitoring and should train and compete with caution, while load-tolerant athletes may only need occasional monitoring and progress to optimum loads. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY (SORT) B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Jayanthi
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Family Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Johns Creek, Georgia.,Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia
| | | | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Johns Creek, Georgia.,Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia.,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Saffel
- South Bend-Notre Dame Sports Medicine Fellowship, Beacon Bone & Joint Specialists, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Tim Hartwig
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Strathfield Campus, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
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244
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Regulating Movement Frequency and Speed: Implications for Lumbar Spine Load Management Strategies Demonstrated Using an In Vitro Porcine Model. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:538-546. [PMID: 34768237 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2021-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between internal loading dose and low-back injury risk during lifting is well known. However, the implications of movement parameters that influence joint loading rates-movement frequency and speed-on time-dependent spine loading responses remain less documented. This study quantified the effect of loading rate and frequency on the tolerated cumulative loading dose and its relation to joint lifespan. Thirty-two porcine spinal units were exposed to biofidelic compression loading paradigms that differed by joint compression rate (4.2 and 8.3 kN/s) and frequency (30 and 60 cycles per minute). Cyclic compression testing was applied until failure was detected or 10,800 continuous cycles were tolerated. Instantaneous weighting factors were calculated to evaluate the cumulative load and Kaplan-Meier survival probability functions were examined following nonlinear dose normalization of the cyclic lifespan. Significant reductions in cumulative compression were tolerated when spinal units were compressed at 8.3 kN/s (P < .001, 67%) and when loaded at 30 cycles per minute (P = .008, 45%). There was a positive moderate relationship between cumulative load tolerance and normalized cyclic lifespan (R2 = .52), which was supported by joint survivorship functions. The frequency and speed of movement execution should be evaluated in parallel to loading dose for the management of low-back training exposures.
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245
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Examining the Dynamic Nature of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Factors in Women's Collegiate Soccer. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:286-293. [PMID: 34768238 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a common and devastating injury in women's soccer. Several risk factors for ACL injury have been identified, but have not yet been examined as potentially dynamic risk factors, which may change throughout a collegiate soccer season. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Nine common clinical screening assessments for ACL injury risk, consisting of range of motion, movement quality, and power, were assessed in 29 Division I collegiate women's soccer players. Preseason and midseason values were compared for significant differences. Change scores for each risk factor were also correlated with cumulative training loads during the first 10 weeks of a competitive soccer season. RESULTS Hip external rotation range of motion and power had statistically significant and meaningful differences at midseason compared with preseason, indicating they are dynamic risk factors. There were no significant associations between the observed risk factor changes and cumulative training load. CONCLUSIONS Hip external rotation range of motion and power are dynamic risk factors for ACL injury in women's collegiate soccer athletes. Serial screening of these risk factors may elucidate stronger associations with injury risk and improve prognostic accuracy of screening tools.
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246
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Alonso-Fernandez D, Lopez-Barreiro J, Garganta R, Taboada-Iglesias Y. Acute impact of Nordic hamstring exercise on sprint performance after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34748450 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1992493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) improves the strength of the hamstring muscles, as well as prevents and rehabilitates the injuries of said muscles. However, the eccentric demand of NHE may influence the athlete's performance, making compliance with these programmes difficult. The aim is to analyse the acute impact on sprint performance after the passing of 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively since an NHE-based session (4 sets of 10 repetitions) had taken place. Participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) (n = 12 male participants) who carried out an NHE session and a measurement of their 30 m sprint performance in each of the three subsequent days, and a control group (CG) (n = 12 male participants) who did not take part in the NHE session. The results show a significant reduction of maximum power within 24 hours (t = 3.57, d = 0.22, P < .0273) as well of the production of high speed horizontal force up to after 48 hours (t = 4.82, d = 0.22, P < .0001) in the EG. These results may suggest separating weekly NHE sessions from competition or demanding training in which sprint performance should not be affected by at least 72 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alonso-Fernandez
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Group (Gies10-, SERGAS-UVIGO (Spain), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - J Lopez-Barreiro
- Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - R Garganta
- Department of Kinanthropometry, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Y Taboada-Iglesias
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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Papadakis Z, Stamatis A, Kukic F, Koropanovski N. Moving Past the One-Size-Fits-All Education-Training Model of Police Academies to the Self-Prescribed Individualized Exercise Prescription Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11676. [PMID: 34770190 PMCID: PMC8582849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Law enforcement agencies generally employ the "one-size-fits-all" education-training model. Its effectiveness compared to alternative training models has been under scrutiny. Physical fitness scores of Serbian male (n = 98) and female (n = 79) police cadets during their yearly evaluation were compared. Cadets trained for the first 3 years with the "one-size-fits-all" model. In the fourth year, they self-prescribed an individualized exercise program based on the obtained curriculum knowledge. A two-way MANOVA revealed a significant effect of academic years on combined variables (p < 0.001) and significant differences between academic years for deadlift, half squat, standing long jump, sit-ups and 12-min Cooper test time (p < 0.001). Sex also had a significant main effect on combined variables (p < 0.001) with males outscoring females on all of the fitness assessments. For pull-ups, there was a significant year * sex interaction (p = 0.01) with the third year to be pivotal for female and male performance, respectively. In conclusion, the use of a "one-size-fits-all" model, presented differences in physical fitness scores between the years one to three, pointing to its questionable effectiveness. On the contrary, the self-prescribed individualized exercise program of the fourth year elicited greater fitness scores, indicating the need to evaluate the applicability of such a training model more.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filip Kukic
- Police Sports Education Center, Abu Dhabi Police, Abu Dhabi 253, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Nenad Koropanovski
- Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
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248
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Damji F, MacDonald K, Hunt MA, Taunton J, Scott A. Assessing acute:chronic workload ratio methodologies for the prediction of knee pain in men's elite volleyball. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Damji
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kerry MacDonald
- Department of Athletics and Recreation University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Education University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Michael A. Hunt
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Family Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Alex Scott
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
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Rafnsson ET, Myklebust G, Valdimarsson Ö, Árnason Á. Association between training load, intensity, and overuse problems during pre‐season in Icelandic male handball. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elis Thor Rafnsson
- Department of Physiotherapy and Research Centre of Movement Science School of Health Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
- Orkuhusid, Physiotherapy and Medical Centre Reykjavik Iceland
| | | | | | - Árni Árnason
- Department of Physiotherapy and Research Centre of Movement Science School of Health Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
- Gáski Physiotherapy Reykjavik Iceland
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Shaw JW, Mattiussi AM, Brown DD, Williams S, Kelly S, Springham M, Pedlar CR, Tallent J. Dance Exposure, Individual Characteristics, and Injury Risk over Five Seasons in a Professional Ballet Company. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2290-2297. [PMID: 34115730 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe the relationships between dance exposure, dancer characteristics, and injury risk across five seasons in a professional ballet company. METHODS Dance exposure time and clinician-reported time-loss and medical attention injury data were prospectively collected from 118 professional dancers of The Royal Ballet between 2015/2016 and 2019/2020. Cox proportional hazards and shared frailty models were fitted to overuse and traumatic injuries; individualized robust Z-scores for 7- and 28-d accumulated exposure, and week-to-week change in exposure, age, sex, company rank, and injury history were included as time-varying covariates. RESULTS Across 381,710 h of exposure, 1332 medical attention and 427 time-loss injuries were observed. Positive relationships were observed between week-to-week change in exposure and overuse time-loss (+1 Z-score hazard ratio (HR), 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.53) and medical attention injury risk (+1 Z-score HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28). A negative relationship was observed between 7-d accumulated exposure and overuse medical attention injury risk (+1 Z-score HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.66-0.84). Overuse time-loss injury risk was greater in soloists compared with the corps de ballet (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.01-2.15) and in dancers with a higher previous injury rate (+1 injury per 1000 h HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.10). Only age was associated with traumatic time-loss (+1-yr HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09) or medical attention injury risk (+1-yr HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07). CONCLUSIONS Professional ballet companies should implement training principles such as periodization and progression, particularly in the case of senior-ranking dancers, older dancers, and dancers with high rates of previous injury. These findings provide a basis for future prospective investigations into specific causal injury pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derrick D Brown
- Institute of Sport Science, Dance Science, University of Bern, Bern, SWITZERLAND
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Shane Kelly
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, Royal Opera House, London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UNITED KINGDOM
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