201
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Kassel S, Schwed JS, Stark H. Dopamine D3 receptor agonists as pharmacological tools. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1480-99. [PMID: 25498414 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the dopaminergic innervation in the central nervous system plays a key role in different neurological disorders like Parkinson´s disease, restless legs syndrome, schizophrenia etc. Although dopamine D3 receptors have been recognized as an important target in these diseases, their full pharmacological properties need further investigations. With focus on dopamine D3 receptor full agonists, this review has divided the ergoline and non-ergoline ligands in dissimilar chemical subclasses describing their pharmacodynamic properties on different related receptors, on species differences and their functional properties on different signaling mechanism. This is combined with a short description of structure-activity relationships for each class. Therefore, this overview should support the rational choice for the optimal compound selection based on affinity, selectivity and efficacy data in biochemical and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kassel
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - J S Schwed
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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202
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Peng H, Jiang B, Zhao J, Chen B, Wang P. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Risperidone promotes differentiation of glioma stem-like cells through the Wnt signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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203
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Metabolic factors-triggered inflammatory response drives antidepressant effects of exercise in CUMS rats. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:257-64. [PMID: 26144579 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a potential contributing factor for depression, accompanying with metabolic and inflammatory response. Exercise is considered as a treatment for depression, but mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects still remain unknown. The objectives of present study were to confirm that metabolic factors-triggered inflammatory response mediates the antidepressant actions of exercise in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. It has been found that CUMS stimulated expression of ghrelin and its receptor Ghsr, but inhibited expression of leptin and its receptor LepRb. Ghrelin, via binding to Ghsr, induced phosphorylation of GSK-3β on Tyr216 and decreased phosphorylation on Ser9, thus increasing GSK-3β activity. Conversely, ghrelin binding to Ghsr decreased STAT3 activity, through decreasing phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 and increasing Ser727 phosphorylation. Negatively correlated with ghrelin, leptin binding to LepRb had opposite effects on the activity of GSK-3β and STAT3 via phosphorylation. In addition, decreased leptin level initiated NLRP3 activity via LepRb. Furthermore, GSK-3β inhibited STAT3 activation, thus promoting the expression of NLRP3. Meanwhile, swim improved metabolic and inflammatory response both in CUMS and control rats. Our findings suggest that exercise not only ameliorates metabolic disturbance and inflammatory response in depression, but also contributes to metabolic and inflammatory function in normal conditions.
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204
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In vivo veritas, the next frontier for functionally selective GPCR ligands. Methods 2015; 92:64-71. [PMID: 26320830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The realization that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) engage several cell signaling mechanisms simultaneously has led to a multiplication of research aimed at developing biased ligands exerting a selective action on subsets of responses downstream of a given receptor. Several tools have been developed to identify such ligands using recombinant cell systems. However the validation of biased ligand activity in animal models remains a serious challenge. Here we present a general strategy that can be used to validate biased ligand activity in vivo and supports it as a strategy for further drug development. In doing so, we placed special attention on strategies allowing to discriminate between G-protein and beta-arrestin mediated mechanisms. We also underscore differences between in vitro and in vivo systems and suggest avenues for tool development to streamline the translation of biased ligands development to pre-clinical animal models.
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205
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Lithium protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:368-73. [PMID: 26271595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is neurotoxic, especially in dopaminergic neurons. Long-lasting exposure to MA causes psychosis and increases the risk of Parkinson's disease. Lithium (Li) is a known mood stabilizer and has neuroprotective effects. Previous studies suggest that MA exposure decreases the phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β pathway in vivo, whereas Li facilitates the phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β pathway. Moreover, GSK3β and mTOR are implicated in the locomotor sensitization induced by psychostimulants and mTOR plays a critical role in MA induced toxicity. However, the effect of MA on Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway has not been fully investigated in vitro. Here, we found that MA exposure significantly dephosphorylated Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway in PC12 cells. In addition, Li remarkably attenuated the dephosphorylation effect of MA exposure on Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, Li showed obvious protective effects against MA toxicity and LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) suppressed the protective effects of Li. Together, MA exposure dephosphorylates Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway in vitro, while lithium protects against MA-induced neurotoxicity via phosphorylation of Akt/GSK3β/mTOR pathway.
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206
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Hami J, Karimi R, Haghir H, Gholamin M, Sadr-Nabavi A. Diabetes in Pregnancy Adversely Affects the Expression of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in the Hippocampus of Rat Neonates. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:273-81. [PMID: 26242887 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes during pregnancy causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive abnormalities in offspring. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is widely expressed during brain development and regulates multiple cellular processes, and its dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse neurodegenerative and psychological diseases. This study was designed to examine the effects of maternal diabetes on GSK-3β messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and phosphorylation in the developing rat hippocampus. Female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition, and male offspring was killed immediately after birth. We found a significant bilateral upregulation of GSK-3β mRNA expression in the hippocampus of pups born to diabetic mothers at P0, compared to controls. Moreover, at the same time point, there was a marked bilateral increase in the phosphorylation level of GSK-3β in the diabetic group. Unlike phosphorylation levels, there was a significant upregulation in hippocampal GSK-3β mRNA expression in the insulin-treated group, when compared to controls. The present study revealed that diabetes during pregnancy strongly influences the regulation of GSK-3β in the right/left developing hippocampi. These dysregulations may be part of the cascade of events through which diabetes during pregnancy affects the newborn's hippocampal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Razieh Karimi
- Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr-Nabavi
- Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. .,Molecular Medicine Research Department, Iranian Academic Centers for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran.
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207
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Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a shared action believed to be involved in the regulation of behavior by psychoactive drugs such as antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. However, little is known about the identity of the substrates through which GSK3β affects behavior. We identified fragile X mental retardation-related protein 1 (FXR1P), a RNA binding protein associated to genetic risk for schizophrenia, as a substrate for GSK3β. Phosphorylation of FXR1P by GSK3β is facilitated by prior phosphorylation by ERK2 and leads to its down-regulation. In contrast, behaviorally effective chronic mood stabilizer treatments in mice inhibit GSK3β and increase FXR1P levels. In line with this, overexpression of FXR1P in the mouse prefrontal cortex also leads to comparable mood-related responses. Furthermore, functional genetic polymorphisms affecting either FXR1P or GSK3β gene expression interact to regulate emotional brain responsiveness and stability in humans. These observations uncovered a GSK3β/FXR1P signaling pathway that contributes to regulating mood and emotion processing. Regulation of FXR1P by GSK3β also provides a mechanistic framework that may explain how inhibition of GSK3β can contribute to the regulation of mood by psychoactive drugs in mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder. Moreover, this pathway could potentially be implicated in other biological functions, such as inflammation and cell proliferation, in which FXR1P and GSK3 are known to play a role.
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208
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Ichikawa T, Nakahata S, Tamura T, Manachai N, Morishita K. The loss of NDRG2 expression improves depressive behavior through increased phosphorylation of GSK3β. Cell Signal 2015. [PMID: 26208882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is one of the important stress-inducible genes and plays a critical role in negatively regulating PI3K/AKT signaling during hypoxia and inflammation. Through recruitment of PP2A phosphatase, NDRG2 maintains the dephosphorylated status of PTEN to suppress excessive PI3K/AKT signaling, and loss of NDRG2 expression is frequently seen in various types of cancer with enhanced activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Because NDRG2 is highly expressed in the nervous system, we investigated whether NDRG2 plays a functional role in the nervous system using Ndrg2-deficient mice. Ndrg2-deficient mice do not display any gross abnormalities in the nervous system, but they have a diminished behavioral response associated with anxiety. Ndrg2-deficient mice exhibited decreased immobility and increased head-dipping and rearing behavior in two behavioral models, indicating an improvement of emotional anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, treatment of wild-type mice with the antidepressant drug imipramine reduced the expression of Ndrg2 in the frontal cortex, which was due to the degradation of HIF-1α through reduced expression of HSP90 protein. Furthermore, we found that the down-regulation of Ndrg2 in Ndrg2-deficient mice and imipramine treatment improved mood behavior with enhanced phosphorylation of GSK3β through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, suggesting that the expression level of NDRG2 has a causal influence on mood-related phenotypes. Collectively, these results suggest that NDRG2 may be a potential target for mood disorders such as depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonaga Ichikawa
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Nawin Manachai
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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209
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Donati RJ, Schappi J, Czysz AH, Jackson A, Rasenick MM. Differential effects of antidepressants escitalopram versus lithium on Gs alpha membrane relocalization. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:40. [PMID: 26162823 PMCID: PMC4499192 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma membrane localization can play a significant role in the ultimate function of certain proteins. Specific membrane domains like lipid rafts have been shown to be inhibitory domains to a number of signaling proteins, including Gsα, and chronic antidepressant treatment facilitates Gs signaling by removing Gsα form lipid rafts. The intent of this study is to compare the effects of the selective serotnin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, with that of the mood stabilizing drug, lithium. Results There are a number of mechanisms of action proposed for lithium as a mood stabilizing agent, but the interactions between G proteins (particularly Gs) and mood stabilizing drugs are not well explored. Of particular interest was the possibility that there was some effect of mood stabilizers on the association between Gsα and cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), similar to that seen with long-term antidepressant treatment. This was examined by biochemical and imaging (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching: FRAP) approaches. Results indicate that escitalopram was effective at liberating Gsα from lipid rafts while lithium was not. Conclusions There are a number of drug treatments for mood disorders and yet there is no unifying hypothesis for a cellular or molecular basis of action. It is evident that there may in fact not be a single mechanism, but rather a number of different mechanisms that converge at a common point. The results of this study indicate that the mood stabilizing agent, lithium, and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, act on their cellular targets through mutually exclusive pathways. These results also validate the hypothesis that translocation of Gsα from lipid rafts could serve as a biosignature for antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Donati
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA. .,Basic and Health Science Department, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Schappi
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
| | - Andrew H Czysz
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
| | - Alexander Jackson
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA
| | - Mark M Rasenick
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA. .,The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
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210
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Pan B, Chen J, Lian J, Huang XF, Deng C. Unique Effects of Acute Aripiprazole Treatment on the Dopamine D2 Receptor Downstream cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3β Signalling Pathways in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132722. [PMID: 26162083 PMCID: PMC4498891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole is a wide-used antipsychotic drug with therapeutic effects on both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and reduced side-effects. Although aripiprazole was developed as a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) partial agonist, all other D2R partial agonists that aimed to mimic aripiprazole failed to exert therapeutic effects in clinic. The present in vivo study aimed to investigate the effects of aripiprazole on the D2R downstream cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3β signalling pathways in comparison with a D2R antagonist – haloperidol and a D2R partial agonist – bifeprunox. Rats were injected once with aripiprazole (0.75mg/kg, i.p.), bifeprunox (0.8mg/kg, i.p.), haloperidol (0.1mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. Five brain regions – the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) were collected. The protein levels of PKA, Akt and GSK3β were measured by Western Blotting; the cAMP levels were examined by ELISA tests. The results showed that aripiprazole presented similar acute effects on PKA expression to haloperidol, but not bifeprunox, in the CPU and VTA. Additionally, aripiprazole was able to increase the phosphorylation of GSK3β in the PFC, NAc, CPu and SN, respectively, which cannot be achieved by bifeprunox and haloperidol. These results suggested that acute treatment of aripiprazole had differential effects on the cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3β signalling pathways from haloperidol and bifeprunox in these brain areas. This study further indicated that, by comparison with bifeprunox, the unique pharmacological profile of aripiprazole may be attributed to the relatively lower intrinsic activity at D2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiamei Lian
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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211
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Fabbri C, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of major depressive disorder: top genes and pathways toward clinical applications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:50. [PMID: 25980509 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacogenetics of antidepressants has been not only a challenging but also frustrating research field since its birth in the 1990s. Indeed, great expectations followed the first evidence of familiar aggregation of antidepressant response. Despite the progress from candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), results fell out the expectations and they were often inconsistent. Anyway, the cumulative evidence supports the involvement of some genes and molecular pathways in antidepressant efficacy. The best single genes are SLC6A4, HTR2A, BDNF, GNB3, FKBP5, ABCB1, and cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2D6 and CYP2C19). Molecular pathways involved in inflammation and neuroplasticity show the greatest support. The first studies evaluating benefits of genotype-guided antidepressant treatments provided encouraging results and confirmed the relevance of SLC6A4, HTR2A, ABCB1, and cytochrome P450 genes. Further progress in genotyping and data analysis would allow to move forward and complete the understanding of antidepressant pharmacogenetics and its translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123, Bologna, Italy,
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212
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Dorostkar MM, Zou C, Blazquez-Llorca L, Herms J. Analyzing dendritic spine pathology in Alzheimer's disease: problems and opportunities. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:1-19. [PMID: 26063233 PMCID: PMC4469300 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic failure is an immediate cause of cognitive decline and memory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Dendritic spines are specialized structures on neuronal processes, on which excitatory synaptic contacts take place and the loss of dendritic spines directly correlates with the loss of synaptic function. Dendritic spines are readily accessible for both in vitro and in vivo experiments and have, therefore, been studied in great detail in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. To date, a large number of different mechanisms have been proposed to cause dendritic spine dysfunction and loss in Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, amyloid beta fibrils, diffusible oligomers or the intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta have been found to alter the function and structure of dendritic spines by distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, tau hyperphosphorylation and microglia activation, which are thought to be consequences of amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s disease, may also contribute to spine loss. Lastly, genetic and therapeutic interventions employed to model the disease and elucidate its pathogenetic mechanisms in experimental animals may cause alterations of dendritic spines on their own. However, to date none of these mechanisms have been translated into successful therapeutic approaches for the human disease. Here, we critically review the most intensely studied mechanisms of spine loss in Alzheimer’s disease as well as the possible pitfalls inherent in the animal models of such a complex neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Dorostkar
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Chengyu Zou
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lidia Blazquez-Llorca
- />Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- />German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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213
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Couroussé T, Bacq A, Belzung C, Guiard B, Balasse L, Louis F, Le Guisquet AM, Gardier AM, Schinkel AH, Giros B, Gautron S. Brain organic cation transporter 2 controls response and vulnerability to stress and GSK3β signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:889-900. [PMID: 25092247 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors, like exposure to stress, have an important role in the pathogenesis of mood-related psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder. The polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) were shown previously to be sensitive to the stress hormone corticosterone in vitro, suggesting that these transporters might have a physiologic role in the response to stress. Here, we report that OCT2 is expressed in several stress-related circuits in the brain and along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Genetic deletion of OCT2 in mice enhanced hormonal response to acute stress and impaired HPA function without altering adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). As a consequence, OCT2(-/-) mice were potently more sensitive to the action of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on depression-related behaviors involving self-care, spatial memory, social interaction and stress-sensitive spontaneous behavior. The functional state of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway, highly responsive to acute stress, was altered in the hippocampus of OCT2(-/-) mice. In vivo pharmacology and western blot experiments argue for increased serotonin tonus as a main mechanism for impaired GSK3β signaling in OCT2(-/-) mice brain during acute response to stress. Our findings identify OCT2 as an important determinant of the response to stress in the brain, suggesting that in humans OCT2 mutations or blockade by certain therapeutic drugs could interfere with HPA axis function and enhance vulnerability to repeated adverse events leading to stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Couroussé
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [4] Université Paris Descartes, Ecole Doctorale Médicament Toxicologie Chimie Environnement, Paris, France
| | - A Bacq
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | - B Guiard
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA3544, Université Paris-Sud XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - L Balasse
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - F Louis
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | - A M Gardier
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA3544, Université Paris-Sud XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - A H Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Giros
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [4] Douglas Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Gautron
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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214
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Manosso LM, Moretti M, Ribeiro CM, Gonçalves FM, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant-like effect of zinc is dependent on signaling pathways implicated in BDNF modulation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:59-67. [PMID: 25600102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering that intracellular signaling pathways that modulate brain BDNF are implicated in antidepressant responses, this study investigated whether signaling pathway inhibitors upstream to BDNF might influence the antidepressant-like effect of zinc, a metal that has been shown to display antidepressant properties. To this end, the influence of i.c.v. administration of H-89 (1μg/site, PKA inhibitor), KN-62 (1μg/site, CAMKII inhibitor), chelerythrine (1μg/site, PKC inhibitor), PD98059 (5μg/site, MEK1/2 inhibitor), U0126 (5μg/site, MEK1/2 inhibitor), LY294002 (10nmol/site, PI3K inhibitor) on the reduction of immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) elicited by ZnCl2 (10mg/kg, p.o.) was investigated. Moreover, the effect of the combination of sub-effective doses of ZnCl2 (1mg/kg, p.o.) and AR-A014418 (0.001μg/site, GSK-3β inhibitor) was evaluated. The occurrence of changes in CREB phosphorylation and BDNF immunocontent in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice following ZnCl2 treatment was also investigated. The anti-immobility effect of ZnCl2 in the TST was prevented by treatment with PKA, PKC, CAMKII, MEK1/2 or PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, ZnCl2 in combination with AR-A014418 caused a synergistic anti-immobility effect in the TST. None of the treatments altered locomotor activity of mice. ZnCl2 treatment caused no alteration in CREB phosphorylation and BDNF immunocontent. The results extend literature data regarding the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like action of zinc by indicating that its antidepressant-like effect may be dependent on the activation of PKA, CAMKII, PKC, ERK, and PI3K/GSK-3β pathways. However, zinc is not able to acutely increase BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana M Manosso
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Filipe M Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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215
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Madison JM, Zhou F, Nigam A, Hussain A, Barker DD, Nehme R, van der Ven K, Hsu J, Wolf P, Fleishman M, O’Dushlaine C, Rose S, Chambert K, Lau FH, Ahfeldt T, Rueckert EH, Sheridan SD, Fass DM, Nemesh J, Mullen TE, Daheron L, McCarroll S, Sklar P, Perlis RH, Haggarty SJ. Characterization of bipolar disorder patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from a family reveals neurodevelopmental and mRNA expression abnormalities. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:703-17. [PMID: 25733313 PMCID: PMC4440839 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic recurrent episodes of depression and mania. Despite evidence for high heritability of BD, little is known about its underlying pathophysiology. To develop new tools for investigating the molecular and cellular basis of BD, we applied a family-based paradigm to derive and characterize a set of 12 induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from a quartet consisting of two BD-affected brothers and their two unaffected parents. Initially, no significant phenotypic differences were observed between iPSCs derived from the different family members. However, upon directed neural differentiation, we observed that CXCR4 (CXC chemokine receptor-4) expressing central nervous system (CNS) neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from both BD patients compared with their unaffected parents exhibited multiple phenotypic differences at the level of neurogenesis and expression of genes critical for neuroplasticity, including WNT pathway components and ion channel subunits. Treatment of the CXCR4(+) NPCs with a pharmacological inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3, a known regulator of WNT signaling, was found to rescue a progenitor proliferation deficit in the BD patient NPCs. Taken together, these studies provide new cellular tools for dissecting the pathophysiology of BD and evidence for dysregulation of key pathways involved in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity. Future generation of additional iPSCs following a family-based paradigm for modeling complex neuropsychiatric disorders in conjunction with in-depth phenotyping holds promise for providing insights into the pathophysiological substrates of BD and is likely to inform the development of targeted therapeutics for its treatment and ideally prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Madison
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Correspondence: (JM), (SJH)
| | - Fen Zhou
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aparna Nigam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ali Hussain
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Douglas D. Barker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karlijn van der Ven
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jenny Hsu
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Morgan Fleishman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Colm O’Dushlaine
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sam Rose
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Frank H. Lau
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tim Ahfeldt
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Erroll H. Rueckert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven D. Sheridan
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel M. Fass
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James Nemesh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas E. Mullen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laurence Daheron
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Steve McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Correspondence: (JM), (SJH)
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216
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Rangel-Barajas C, Malik M, Mach RH, Luedtke RR. Pharmacological modulation of abnormal involuntary DOI-induced head twitch response movements in male DBA/2J mice: II. Effects of D3 dopamine receptor selective compounds. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:179-90. [PMID: 25698528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported on the characterization of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine's (DOI) ability to elicit a head twitch response (HTR) in DBA/2J mice and the ability of D2 vs. D3 dopamine receptor selective compounds to modulate that response. For these studies, the ability of D3 vs. D2 dopamine receptor selective compounds to attenuate the DOI-dependent HTR was examined. WC 10, a D3 dopamine receptor weak partial agonist with 40-fold binding selectivity for D3 vs. D2 dopamine receptors, produced a dose-dependent decrease in the DOI-induced HTR (IC50 = 3.7 mg/kg). WC 44, a D3 receptor selective full agonist, also inhibited the DOI-induced HTR (IC50 = 5.1 mg/kg). The effect of two D3 receptor selective partial agonists, LAX-4-136 and WW-III-55, were also evaluated. These analogs exhibit 150-fold and 800-fold D3 vs. D2 binding selectivity, respectively. Both compounds inhibited the HTR with similar potency but with different maximum efficacies. At 10 mg/kg WW-III-55 inhibited the HTR by 95%, while LAX-4-136 administration resulted in a 50% reduction. In addition, DOI (5 mg/kg) was administered at various times after LAX-4-136 or WW-III-55 administration to compare the duration of action. The homopiperazine analog LAX-4-136 exhibited greater stability. An assessment of our test compounds on motor performance and coordination was performed using a rotarod test. None of the D3 dopamine receptor selective compounds significantly altered latency to fall, suggesting that these compounds a) did not attenuate the DOI-dependent HTR due to sedative or adverse motor effects and b) may have antipsychotic/antihallucinogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rangel-Barajas
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Maninder Malik
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, Neurology Department, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Chemistry Building, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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217
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Postsynaptic D2 dopamine receptor supersensitivity in the striatum of mice lacking TAAR1. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:308-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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218
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Involvement of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Its Downstream Intracellular Targets in the Antidepressant-Like Effect of Creatine. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2954-2968. [PMID: 25943184 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Creatine has been proposed to exert beneficial effects in the management of depression, but the cell signaling pathways implicated in its antidepressant effects are not well established. This study investigated the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its downstream intracellular targets in the antidepressant-like effect of creatine. The acute treatment of mice with creatine (1 mg/kg, po) increased the Akt and P70S6K phosphorylation, and HO-1, GPx and PSD95 immunocontents. The pretreatment of mice with LY294002 (10 nmol/mouse, icv, PI3K inhibitor), wortmannin (0.1 μg/mouse, icv, PI3K inhibitor), ZnPP (10 μg/mouse, icv, HO-1 inhibitor), or rapamycin (0.2 nmol/mouse, icv, mTOR inhibitor) prevented the antidepressant-like effect of creatine (1 mg/kg, po) in the TST. In addition, the administration of subeffective dose of either the selective GSK3 inhibitor AR-A014418 (0.01 μg/mouse, icv), the nonselective GSK3 inhibitor lithium chloride (10 mg/kg, po), or the HO-1 inductor CoPP (0.01 μg/mouse, icv), in combination with a subeffective dose of creatine (0.01 mg/kg, po) reduced the immobility time in the TST as compared with either drug alone. No treatment caused significant changes in the locomotor activity of mice. These results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of creatine in the TST depends on the activation of Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, GPx, and mTOR, and GSK3 inhibition.
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219
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Akt-mediated regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter function, cell-surface expression and phosphorylation. Biochem J 2015; 468:177-90. [PMID: 25761794 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on the cellular basis for Akt-mediated SERT regulation. SERT has been implicated in mood disorders. SERT is a primary target for antidepressants used in the therapeutic intervention of psychiatric disorders.
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220
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Conroy JL, Free RB, Sibley DR. Identification of G protein-biased agonists that fail to recruit β-arrestin or promote internalization of the D1 dopamine receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:681-92. [PMID: 25660762 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) has been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, and D1R-selective ligands have potential as therapeutic agents. Previous studies have identified substituted benzazepines as D1R-selective agonists, but the in vivo effects of these compounds have not correlated well with their in vitro pharmacological activities. A series of substituted benzazepines, and structurally dissimilar D1R-selective agonists, were tested for their functional effects on D1R-mediated cAMP accumulation, D1R-promoted β-arrestin recruitment, and D1R internalization using live cell functional assays. All compounds tested elicited an increase in the level of cAMP accumulation, albeit with a range of efficacies. However, when the compounds were evaluated for β-arrestin recruitment, a subset of substituted benzazepines, SKF83959, SKF38393, SKF82957, SKF77434, and SKF75670, failed to activate this pathway, whereas the others showed similar activation efficacies as seen with cAMP accumulation. When tested as antagonists, the five biased compounds all inhibited dopamine-stimulated β-arrestin recruitment. Further, D1R internalization assays revealed a corroborating pattern of activity in that the G protein-biased compounds failed to promote D1R internalization. Interestingly, the biased signaling was unique for the D1R, as the same compounds were agonists of the related D5 dopamine receptor (D5R), but revealed no signaling bias. We have identified a group of substituted benzazepine ligands that are agonists at D1R-mediated G protein signaling, but antagonists of D1R recruitment of β-arrestin, and also devoid of agonist-induced receptor endocytosis. These data may be useful for interpreting the contrasting effects of these compounds in vitro versus in vivo, and also for the understanding of pathway-selective signaling of the D1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L. Conroy
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9405, United States
| | - R. Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9405, United States
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9405, United States
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221
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Benedetti F, Poletti S, Radaelli D, Locatelli C, Pirovano A, Lorenzi C, Vai B, Bollettini I, Falini A, Smeraldi E, Colombo C. Lithium and GSK-3β promoter gene variants influence cortical gray matter volumes in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1325-36. [PMID: 25345732 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium is the mainstay for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). The less active GSK-3β promoter gene variants have been associated with less detrimental clinical features of BD. GSK-3β gene variants and lithium can influence brain gray and white matter structure in psychiatric conditions, so we studied their combined effect in BD. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ongoing long-term lithium treatment and GSK-3β promoter rs334558 polymorphism on regional gray matter (GM) volumes of patients with BD. MATERIALS AND METHODS GM volumes were estimated with 3.0 Tesla MRI in 150 patients affected by a major depressive episode in course of BD. Duration of lifetime lithium treatment was retrospectively assessed. Analyses were performed by searching for significant effects of lithium and rs334558 in the whole brain. RESULTS The less active GSK-3β rs334558*G gene promoter variant and the long-term administration of lithium were synergistically associated with increased GM volumes in the right frontal lobe, in a large cluster encompassing the boundaries of subgenual and orbitofrontal cortex (including Brodmann areas 25, 11, and 47). Effects of lithium on GM revealed in rs334558*G carriers only, consistent with previously reported clinical effects in these genotype groups, and were proportional to the duration of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Lithium and rs334558 influenced GM volumes in areas critical for the generation and control of affect, which have been widely implicated in the process of BD pathophysiology. In the light of the protective effects of lithium on white matter integrity, our results suggest that the clinical effects of lithium associate with a neurotrophic effect on the whole brain, probably mediated by GSK-3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Benedetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy,
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222
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Large-scale candidate gene study to identify genetic risk factors predictive of paliperidone treatment response in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:173-85. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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223
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Ochs SM, Dorostkar MM, Aramuni G, Schön C, Filser S, Pöschl J, Kremer A, Van Leuven F, Ovsepian SV, Herms J. Loss of neuronal GSK3β reduces dendritic spine stability and attenuates excitatory synaptic transmission via β-catenin. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:482-9. [PMID: 24912492 PMCID: PMC4378257 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric diseases, such as bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome or anxiety disorder. Many drugs employed to treat these conditions inhibit GSK3β either directly or indirectly. We studied how conditional knockout of GSK3β affected structural synaptic plasticity. Deletion of the GSK3β gene in a subset of cortical and hippocampal neurons in adult mice led to reduced spine density. In vivo imaging revealed that this was caused by a loss of persistent spines, whereas stabilization of newly formed spines was reduced. In electrophysiological recordings, these structural alterations correlated with a considerable drop in the frequency and amplitude of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-dependent miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. Expression of constitutively active β-catenin caused reduction in spine density and electrophysiological alterations similar to GSK3β knockout, suggesting that the effects of GSK3β knockout were mediated by the accumulation of β-catenin. In summary, changes of dendritic spines, both in quantity and in morphology, are correlates of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity; thus, these results may help explain the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs inhibiting GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ochs
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M M Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - G Aramuni
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Schön
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Filser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Pöschl
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Kremer
- Experimental Genetics Group-LEGTEGG, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group-LEGTEGG, Department of Human Genetics KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S V Ovsepian
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 23, Munich 81377, Germany. E-mail:
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224
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Yen YC, Gassen NC, Zellner A, Rein T, Landgraf R, Wotjak CT, Anderzhanova E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates paradoxical amphetamine action in a mouse model of ADHD. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:67. [PMID: 25852508 PMCID: PMC4367184 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants show therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is generally assumed that they ameliorate ADHD symptoms via interfering with monoaminergic signaling. We combined behavioral pharmacology, neurochemistry and molecular analyses to identify mechanisms underlying the paradoxical calming effect of amphetamine in low trait anxiety behavior (LAB) mice, a novel multigenetic animal model of ADHD. Amphetamine (1 mg/kg) and methylphenidate (10 mg/kg) elicited similar dopamine and norepinephrine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and in the striatum of LAB mice. In contrast, amphetamine decreased, while methylphenidate increased locomotor activity. This argues against changes in dopamine and/or norepinephrine release as mediators of amphetamine paradoxical effects. Instead, the calming activity of amphetamine corresponded to the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity, specifically in the mPFC. Accordingly, not only systemic administration of the GSK3β inhibitor TDZD-8 (20 mg/kg), but also local microinjections of TDZD-8 and amphetamine into the mPFC, but not into the striatum, decreased locomotor activity in LAB mice. Amphetamine effects seem to depend on NMDA receptor signaling, since pre- or co-treatment with MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg) abolished the effects of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) on the locomotion and on the phosphorylation of GSK3β at the level of the mPFC. Taken together, the paradoxical calming effect of amphetamine in hyperactive LAB mice concurs with a decreased GSK3β activity in the mPFC. This effect appears to be independent of dopamine or norepinephrine release, but contingent on NMDA receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Yen
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
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225
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Sachs GS, Greenberg WM, Starace A, Lu K, Ruth A, Laszlovszky I, Németh G, Durgam S. Cariprazine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar I disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. J Affect Disord 2015; 174:296-302. [PMID: 25532076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of flexibly-dosed cariprazine in patients with acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. METHODS Patients were randomized to 3 weeks of double-blind treatment with cariprazine 3-12mg/day (n=158) or placebo (n=154). The primary efficacy parameter was change from baseline to Week 3 in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score. The secondary efficacy parameter was change from baseline to Week 3 in Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score. RESULTS Mean change from baseline to Week 3 in YMRS total score was significantly greater for patients receiving cariprazine 3-12mg/day versus placebo (P=0.0004). Significant differences between groups in YMRS total score mean change were observed by Day 4 (first postbaseline assessment) and maintained throughout double-blind treatment (all assessments, P<0.01). Cariprazine also demonstrated statistically significant superiority over placebo on YMRS response (≥50% improvement: cariprazine, 58.9%; placebo, 44.1%; P=0.0097) and remission (YMRS total score≤12: cariprazine, 51.9%; placebo, 34.9%; P=0.0025) and mean change in CGI-S (P=0.0027) score and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (P=0.0035) total score. The most common cariprazine-related (≥10% and twice placebo) treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were akathisia, extrapyramidal disorder, tremor, dyspepsia, and vomiting. Mean change from baseline in metabolic parameters were generally small and similar between groups. LIMITATIONS Lack of active comparator arm; short duration of study. CONCLUSION In this study, cariprazine 3-12mg/day was effective and generally well tolerated in the treatment of manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Sachs
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114-3117, USA.
| | | | | | - Kaifeng Lu
- Forest Research Institute, Jersey City, NJ, USA
| | - Adam Ruth
- Prescott Medical Communications Group, Chicago, IL, USA
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Meade JA, Free RB, Miller NR, Chun LS, Doyle TB, Moritz AE, Conroy JL, Watts VJ, Sibley DR. (-)-Stepholidine is a potent pan-dopamine receptor antagonist of both G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:917-30. [PMID: 25231919 PMCID: PMC5234683 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE (-)-Stepholidine is a tetrahydroberberine alkaloid that is known to interact with dopamine receptors and has also been proposed as a novel antipsychotic agent. Its suggested novelty lies in the fact that it has been proposed to have D1-like receptor agonist and D2-like receptor antagonist properties. Thus, it might be effective in treating both positive and negative (cognition) symptoms of schizophrenia. However, its activity on specific dopamine receptor subtypes has not been clarified, especially with respect to its ability to activate D1-like receptors. OBJECTIVES We wished to examine the affinity and functional activity of (-)-stepholidine at each of the human dopamine receptor subtypes expressed in a defined cellular environment. METHODS D1-D5 dopamine receptors were stably expressed in cell lines and their interactions with (-)-stepholidine were examined using radioligand binding and various functional signaling assays. Radioligand binding assays were also performed using bovine striatal membranes. RESULTS (-)-Stepholidine exhibited high (nM) affinity for D1 and D5 receptors, somewhat lower (two- to four-fold) affinity for D2 and D3 receptors, and low micromolar affinity for D4 receptors. Functionally, (-)-stepholidine was ineffective in activating G protein-mediated signaling of D1-like and D2 receptors and was also ineffective in stimulating β-arrestin recruitment to any dopamine receptor subtype. It did, however, antagonize all of these responses. It also antagonized D1-D2 heteromer-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization. Radioligand binding assays of D1-like receptors in brain membranes also indicated that (-)-stepholidine binds to the D1 receptor with antagonist-like properties. CONCLUSIONS (-)-Stepholidine is a pan-dopamine receptor antagonist and its in vivo effects are largely mediated through dopamine receptor blockade with potential cross-talk to other receptors or signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Meade
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4S-04, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9405, USA
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Pavuluri MN, Lee MS, Pandey G. Lithium response viewed as a biomarker to predict developmental psychopathology in offspring with bipolar disorder: a commentary. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:224-32. [PMID: 25523965 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani N Pavuluri
- Pediatric Brain Research and Intervention Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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James TF, Nenov MN, Wildburger NC, Lichti CF, Luisi J, Vergara F, Panova-Electronova NI, Nilsson CL, Rudra JS, Green TA, Labate D, Laezza F. The Nav1.2 channel is regulated by GSK3. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:832-44. [PMID: 25615535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylation plays an essential role in regulating voltage-gated sodium (Na(v)) channels and excitability. Yet, a surprisingly limited number of kinases have been identified as regulators of Na(v) channels. We posited that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), a critical kinase found associated with numerous brain disorders, might directly regulate neuronal Na(v) channels. METHODS We used patch-clamp electrophysiology to record sodium currents from Na(v)1.2 channels stably expressed in HEK-293 cells. mRNA and protein levels were quantified with RT-PCR, Western blot, or confocal microscopy, and in vitro phosphorylation and mass spectrometry to identify phosphorylated residues. RESULTS We found that exposure of cells to GSK3 inhibitor XIII significantly potentiates the peak current density of Na(v)1.2, a phenotype reproduced by silencing GSK3 with siRNA. Contrarily, overexpression of GSK3β suppressed Na(v)1.2-encoded currents. Neither mRNA nor total protein expression was changed upon GSK3 inhibition. Cell surface labeling of CD4-chimeric constructs expressing intracellular domains of the Na(v)1.2 channel indicates that cell surface expression of CD4-Na(v)1.2 C-tail was up-regulated upon pharmacological inhibition of GSK3, resulting in an increase of surface puncta at the plasma membrane. Finally, using in vitro phosphorylation in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry, we further demonstrate that GSK3β phosphorylates T(1966) at the C-terminal tail of Na(v)1.2. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for a new mechanism by which GSK3 modulates Na(v) channel function via its C-terminal tail. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings provide fundamental knowledge in understanding signaling dysfunction common in several neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F James
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, USA
| | | | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, USA
| | - Thomas A Green
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, USA; Center for Addiction Research, USA
| | | | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, USA; Center for Addiction Research, USA; Center for Biomedical Engineering, USA; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, USA.
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Abstract
Clinical experience with aripiprazole has confirmed the effectiveness and the safety of this novel antipsychotic drug in patients with schizophrenia as well as for the treatment of mania in type I bipolar disorder. However the generalization of the results from clinical trials requires further effort in order to address some issues and to overcome incorrect and partial interpretation of the clinical evidence. This article provides some straightforward guidance that may help clinical psychiatrists to translate the mechanism of action of aripiprazole into clinical setting, thus improving the appropriate use of the drug through rational application of its pharmacological profile. Examples of paradigmatic clinical situations are presented and discussed, suggesting possible intervention strategies, which may contribute to achieving the most appropriate use of the pharmacological properties of aripiprazole in real life settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Di Sciascio
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Policlinico", Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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230
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Functional profile of a novel modulator of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmission. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:605-21. [PMID: 25120104 PMCID: PMC4302236 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia remains among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders, and current treatment options are accompanied by unwanted side effects. New treatments that better address core features of the disease with minimal side effects are needed. OBJECTIVES As a new therapeutic approach, 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-((6bR, 10aS)-3-methyl-2,3,6b,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,7H-pyrido[3',4':4,5]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]quinoxalin-8-yl)-butan-1-one (ITI-007) is currently in human clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. Here, we characterize the preclinical functional activity of ITI-007. RESULTS ITI-007 is a potent 5-HT2A receptor ligand (K i = 0.5 nM) with strong affinity for dopamine (DA) D2 receptors (K i = 32 nM) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) (K i = 62 nM) but negligible binding to receptors (e.g., H1 histaminergic, 5-HT2C, and muscarinic) associated with cognitive and metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs. In vivo it is a 5-HT2A antagonist, blocking (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI)-induced headtwitch in mice with an inhibitory dose 50 (ID50) = 0.09 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.), and has dual properties at D2 receptors, acting as a postsynaptic D2 receptor antagonist to block D-amphetamine hydrochloride (D-AMPH) hyperlocomotion (ID50 = 0.95 mg/kg, p.o.), yet acting as a partial agonist at presynaptic striatal D2 receptors in assays measuring striatal DA neurotransmission. Further, in microdialysis studies, this compound significantly and preferentially enhances mesocortical DA release. At doses relevant for antipsychotic activity in rodents, ITI-007 has no demonstrable cataleptogenic activity. ITI-007 indirectly modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission by increasing phosphorylation of GluN2B-type N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and preferentially increases phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine systems. CONCLUSION The combination of in vitro and in vivo activities of this compound support its development for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurologic disorders.
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Gao Y, Peterson S, Masri B, Hougland MT, Adham N, Gyertyán I, Kiss B, Caron MG, El-Mallakh RS. Cariprazine exerts antimanic properties and interferes with dopamine D2 receptor β-arrestin interactions. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 3:e00073. [PMID: 25692006 PMCID: PMC4317219 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) modulates G protein/cAMP-dependent signaling and also engages Akt-GSK-3 signaling through D2R/β-arrestin 2 scaffolding of Akt and PP2A. This G protein-independent pathway may be important in mediating the antimanic effects of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics. The mood stabilizer lithium influences behavior and Akt/GSK-3 signaling in mice and many antipsychotics have been shown to more potently antagonize the activity of the β-arrestin-2 pathway relative to the G protein-dependent pathway. Cariprazine, an antipsychotic with potent D3R/D2R partial agonist activity and preferential binding to D3R, was investigated for its effects on the mediators of D2R pathways in vitro and its efficacy in animal models of mania. Effects on G protein-dependent activity were measured via inhibition of isoproterenol-induced cAMP production; effects on D2R/β-arrestin 2 signaling were determined using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Cariprazine was tested in vivo for antimanic-like activity, using the ouabain-induced hyperactivity model in rats. Cariprazine was more potent than aripiprazole in inhibiting isoproterenol-induced cAMP although both compounds showed similar maximum efficacy. In assays of D2R/β-arrestin 2-dependent interactions, cariprazine showed very weak partial agonist activity, unless the levels of receptor kinase were increased; as an antagonist it showed similar potency to haloperidol and ∼fivefold greater potency than aripiprazole. In an animal model of mania, cariprazine showed similar efficacy as lithium in attenuating the effects of ouabain-induced hyperactivity. In summary, the differential effects of cariprazine on D2R G protein and β-arrestin 2 mediators of signal transduction pathways could contribute to its potent antimanic-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Gao
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Sean Peterson
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Bernard Masri
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - M Tyler Hougland
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Nika Adham
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Istvan Gyertyán
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Béla Kiss
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Marc G Caron
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine MedCenter One, 501 East Broadway, Suite 340, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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Chilmonczyk Z, Bojarski AJ, Sylte I. Ligand-directed trafficking of receptor stimulus. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:1011-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rapanelli M, Frick LR, Pogorelov V, Ota KT, Abbasi E, Ohtsu H, Pittenger C. Dysregulated intracellular signaling in the striatum in a pathophysiologically grounded model of Tourette syndrome. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1896-906. [PMID: 25464894 PMCID: PMC4306602 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tic disorders produce substantial morbidity, but their pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Convergent evidence suggests that dysregulation of the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry is central to the pathogenesis of tics. Tourette syndrome (TS), the most severe end of the continuum of tic disorders, is substantially genetic, but causative mutations have been elusive. We recently described a mouse model, the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) knockout mouse, that recapitulates a rare, highly penetrant mutation found in a single family; these mice exhibit TS-like phenomenology. These animals have a global deficit in brain histamine and a consequent dysregulation of DA in the basal ganglia. Histamine modulation of DA effects is increasingly appreciated, but the mechanisms underlying this modulation remain unclear; the consequences of modest DA elevation in the context of profound HA deficiency are difficult to predict, but understanding them in the Hdc knockout mouse may provide generalizable insights into the pathophysiology of TS. Here we characterized signaling pathways in striatal cells in this model system, at baseline and after amphetamine challenge. In vivo microdialysis confirms elevated DA in Hdc-KO mice. We find dephosphorylation of Akt and its target GSK3β and activation of the MAPK signaling cascade and its target rpS6; these are characteristic of the effects of DA on D2- and D1-expressing striatal neurons, respectively. Strikingly, there is no alteration in mTOR signaling, which can be regulated by DA in both cell types. These cellular effects help elucidate striatal signaling abnormalities in a uniquely validated mouse model of TS and move towards the identification of new potential therapeutic targets for tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Rapanelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luciana R Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vladimir Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristie T Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eeman Abbasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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234
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Leptin receptor deficiency confers resistance to behavioral effects of fluoxetine and desipramine via separable substrates. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e486. [PMID: 25463972 PMCID: PMC4270309 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a complex, heterogeneous mental disorder. Currently available antidepressants are only effective in about one-third to one-half of all patients. The mechanisms underlying antidepressant response and treatment resistance are poorly understood. Recent clinical evidence implicates the involvement of leptin in treatment response to antidepressants. In this study, we determined the functional role of the leptin receptor (LepRb) in behavioral responses to the selective serotonergic antidepressant fluoxetine and the noradrenergic antidepressant desipramine. While acute and chronic treatment with fluoxetine or desipramine in wild-type mice elicited antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test, mice null for LepRb (db/db) displayed resistance to treatment with either fluoxetine or desipramine. Fluoxetine stimulated phosphorylation of Akt(Thr308) and GSK-3β(Ser9) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of wild-type mice but not in db/db mice. Desipramine failed to induce measurable changes in Akt, GSK-3β or ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus and PFC, as well as hypothalamus of either genotype of mice. Deletion of LepRb specifically from hippocampal and cortical neurons resulted in fluoxetine insensitivity in the forced swim test and tail suspension test while leaving the response to desipramine intact. These results suggest that functional LepRb is critically involved in regulating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of both fluoxetine and desipramine. The antidepressant effects of fluoxetine but not desipramine are dependent on the presence of functional LepRb in the hippocampus and cortex.
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235
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Modulation of GPCRs by monovalent cations and anions. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:363-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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236
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Beurel E, Grieco SF, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:114-31. [PMID: 25435019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1132] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively phosphorylate each substrate, and why was it evolutionarily favorable for GSK3 to assume such a large responsibility? GSK3 must be particularly adaptable for incorporating new substrates into its repertoire, and we discuss the distinct properties of GSK3 that may contribute to its capacity to fulfill its roles in multiple signaling pathways. The mechanisms regulating GSK3 (predominantly post-translational modifications, substrate priming, cellular trafficking, protein complexes) have been reviewed previously, so here we focus on newly identified complexities in these mechanisms, how each of these regulatory mechanism contributes to the ability of GSK3 to select which substrates to phosphorylate, and how these mechanisms may have contributed to its adaptability as new substrates evolved. The current understanding of the mechanisms regulating GSK3 is reviewed, as are emerging topics in the actions of GSK3, particularly its interactions with receptors and receptor-coupled signal transduction events, and differential actions and regulation of the two GSK3 isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β. Another remarkable characteristic of GSK3 is its involvement in many prevalent disorders, including psychiatric and neurological diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and others. We address the feasibility of targeting GSK3 therapeutically, and provide an update of its involvement in the etiology and treatment of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Steven F Grieco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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237
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Su P, Li S, Chen S, Lipina TV, Wang M, Lai TKY, Lee FHF, Zhang H, Zhai D, Ferguson SSG, Nobrega JN, Wong AHC, Roder JC, Fletcher PJ, Liu F. A dopamine D2 receptor-DISC1 protein complex may contribute to antipsychotic-like effects. Neuron 2014; 84:1302-16. [PMID: 25433637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic drugs primarily target dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs), in conjunction with other receptors such as those for serotonin. However, these drugs have serious side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and diabetes. Identifying a specific D2R signaling pathway that could be targeted for antipsychotic effects, without inducing EPS, would be a significant improvement in the treatment of schizophrenia. We report here that the D2R forms a protein complex with Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) that facilitates D2R-mediated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 signaling and inhibits agonist-induced D2R internalization. D2R-DISC1 complex levels are increased in conjunction with decreased GSK-3α/β (Ser21/9) phosphorylation in both postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenia patients and in Disc1-L100P mutant mice, an animal model with behavioral abnormalities related to schizophrenia. Administration of an interfering peptide that disrupts the D2R-DISC1 complex successfully reverses behaviors relevant to schizophrenia but does not induce catalepsy, a strong predictor of EPS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Su
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Tatiana V Lipina
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Terence K Y Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Frankie H F Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Dongxu Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5 K8, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - John C Roder
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada.
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Otowa T, Maher BS, Aggen SH, McClay JL, van den Oord EJ, Hettema JM. Genome-wide and gene-based association studies of anxiety disorders in European and African American samples. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112559. [PMID: 25390645 PMCID: PMC4229211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (ADs) are common mental disorders caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Since ADs are highly comorbid with each other, partially due to shared genetic basis, studying AD phenotypes in a coordinated manner may be a powerful strategy for identifying potential genetic loci for ADs. To detect these loci, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of ADs. In addition, as a complementary approach to single-locus analysis, we also conducted gene- and pathway-based analyses. GWAS data were derived from the control sample of the Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS) project (2,540 European American and 849 African American subjects) genotyped on the Affymetrix GeneChip 6.0 array. We applied two phenotypic approaches: (1) categorical case-control comparisons (CC) based upon psychiatric diagnoses, and (2) quantitative phenotypic factor scores (FS) derived from a multivariate analysis combining information across the clinical phenotypes. Linear and logistic models were used to analyse the association with ADs using FS and CC traits, respectively. At the single locus level, no genome-wide significant association was found. A trans-population gene-based meta-analysis across both ethnic subsamples using FS identified three genes (MFAP3L on 4q32.3, NDUFAB1 and PALB2 on 16p12) with genome-wide significance (false discovery rate (FDR] <5%). At the pathway level, several terms such as transcription regulation, cytokine binding, and developmental process were significantly enriched in ADs (FDR <5%). Our approaches studying ADs as quantitative traits and utilizing the full GWAS data may be useful in identifying susceptibility genes and pathways for ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Otowa
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brion S. Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Aggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. McClay
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. van den Oord
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John M. Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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239
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Freitas AE, Bettio LEB, Neis VB, Moretti M, Ribeiro CM, Lopes MW, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Sub-chronic agmatine treatment modulates hippocampal neuroplasticity and cell survival signaling pathways in mice. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:137-46. [PMID: 25161097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous neuromodulator which, based on animal and human studies, is a putative novel antidepressant drug. In this study, we investigated the ability of sub-chronic (21 days) p.o. agmatine administration to produce an antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test and examined the hippocampal cell signaling pathways implicated in such an effect. Agmatine at doses of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg (p.o.) produced a significant antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test and no effect in the open-field test. Additionally, agmatine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates (237-258% of control), protein kinase B/Akt (Ser(473)) (116-127% of control), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Ser(9)) (110-113% of control), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (119-137% and 121-138% of control, respectively) and cAMP response elements (Ser(133)) (127-152% of control), and brain-derived-neurotrophic factor (137-175% of control) immunocontent in a dose-dependent manner in the hippocampus. Agmatine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) also reduced the c-jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 phosphorylation (77-71% and 65-51% of control, respectively). Neither protein kinase C nor p38(MAPK) phosphorylation was altered under any experimental conditions. Taken together, the present study extends the available data on the mechanisms that underlie the antidepressant action of agmatine by showing an antidepressant-like effect following sub-chronic administration. In addition, our results are the first to demonstrate the ability of agmatine to elicit the activation of cellular signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity/cell survival and the inhibition of signaling pathways associated with cell death in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mark W Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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240
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Kitagishi Y, Nakanishi A, Minami A, Asai Y, Yasui M, Iwaizako A, Suzuki M, Ono Y, Ogura Y, Matsuda S. Certain Diet and Lifestyle May Contribute to Islet β-cells Protection in Type-2 Diabetes via the Modulation of Cellular PI3K/AKT Pathway. Open Biochem J 2014; 8:74-82. [PMID: 25400709 PMCID: PMC4231374 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01408010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K/AKT pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role on islet β-cell protection, enhancing β-cell survival by stimulating cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Accordingly, this pathway appears to be crucial in type-2 diabetes. Understanding the regulations of this pathway may provide a better efficacy of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize advances on the involvement of the PI3K/AKT pathway in hypothetical intra-cellular signaling of islet β-cells. As recent findings may show the nutritional regulation of the survival pathway in the islet β-cells through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, we also review studies on the features of several diets, correlated lifestyle, and its signaling pathway involved in type-2 diabetes. The molecular mechanisms contributing to the disease are the subject of considerable investigation, as a better understanding of the pathogenesis will lead to novel therapies against a condition of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yurina Asai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Mai Yasui
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Iwaizako
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yuna Ono
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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241
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Jin Y, Kanno T, Nishizaki T. Acute restraint stress impairs induction of long-term potentiation by activating GSK-3β. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:36-40. [PMID: 25355398 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of acute restraint stress on long-term potentiation (LTP) and the underlying mechanism. Induction of Schaffer collateral-CA1 LTP was suppressed in hippocampal slices from mice with 1-h restraint stress. Cell surface localization of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B and the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2 was not affected in the hippocampus from mice with 1-h restraint stress. Phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, but not at Thr308, and phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9, but not at Tyr216, were significantly inhibited in the hippocampus with 1-h restraint stress. Taken together, the results of the present study show that acute restraint stress impairs induction of LTP by enhancing GSK-3β activity following suppressed Akt activity, without affecting cell surface localization of the NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
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242
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Musazzi L, Seguini M, Mallei A, Treccani G, Pelizzari M, Tornese P, Racagni G, Tardito D. Time-dependent activation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/GSK3 cascades: modulation by agomelatine. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:119. [PMID: 25332063 PMCID: PMC4207903 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel antidepressant agomelatine, a melatonergic MT1/MT2 agonist combined with 5-HT2c serotonin antagonist properties, showed antidepressant action in preclinical and clinical studies. There is a general agreement that the therapeutic action of antidepressants needs the activation of slow-onset adaptations in downstream signalling pathways finally regulating neuroplasticity. In the last several years, particular attention was given to cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-related pathways, since it was shown that chronic antidepressants increase CREB phosphorylation and transcriptional activity, through the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) and mitogen activated protein kinase cascades (MAPK/Erk1/2). Aim of this work was to analyse possible effects of chronic agomelatine on time-dependent changes of different intracellular signalling pathways in hippocampus and prefrontal/frontal cortex of male rats. To this end, measurements were performed 1 h or 16 h after the last agomelatine or vehicle injection. RESULTS We have found that in naïve rats chronic agomelatine, contrary to traditional antidepressants, did not increase CREB phosphorylation, but modulates the time-dependent regulation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) pathways. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the intracellular molecular mechanisms modulated by chronic agomelatine may be partly different from those of traditional antidepressants and involve the time-dependent regulation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and Akt/GSK-3 signalling pathways. This could exert a role in the antidepressant efficacy of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Mara Seguini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mallei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Giulia Treccani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Pelizzari
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tornese
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy. .,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro S. Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Tardito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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243
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Clayton CC, Donthamsetti P, Lambert NA, Javitch JA, Neve KA. Mutation of three residues in the third intracellular loop of the dopamine D2 receptor creates an internalization-defective receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33663-75. [PMID: 25336643 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins mediate desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors and also direct receptor signaling toward heterotrimeric G protein-independent signaling pathways. We previously identified a four-residue segment (residues 212-215) of the dopamine D2 receptor that is necessary for arrestin binding in an in vitro heterologous expression system but that also impairs receptor expression. We now describe the characterization of additional mutations at that arrestin binding site in the third intracellular loop. Mutating two (residues 214 and 215) or three (residues 213-215) of the four residues to alanine partially decreased agonist-induced recruitment of arrestin3 without altering activation of a G protein. Arrestin-dependent receptor internalization, which requires arrestin binding to β2-adaptin (the β2 subunit of the clathrin-associated adaptor protein AP2) and clathrin, was disproportionately affected by the three-residue mutation, with no agonist-induced internalization observed even in the presence of overexpressed arrestin or G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. The disjunction between arrestin recruitment and internalization could not be explained by alterations in the time course of the receptor-arrestin interaction, the recruitment of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, or the receptor-induced interaction between arrestin and β2-adaptin, suggesting that the mutation impairs a property of the internalization complex that has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilea C Clayton
- the Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Prashant Donthamsetti
- the Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, the Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, and
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- the Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, the Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, and
| | - Kim A Neve
- the Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, From the Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239,
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244
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Kim JH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor exerts neuroprotective actions against amyloid β-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1891-1895. [PMID: 25371750 PMCID: PMC4218707 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains demonstrate decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increased levels of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), which is neurotoxic. The present study assessed the impact of BDNF on the toxic effects of Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis and the effects on BDNF-mediated signaling using the MTT assay, western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Aβ25-35 was found to induce an apoptosis, dose-dependent effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which peaked at a concentration of 20 μM after 24 h. A combination of Aβ25-35 and BDNF treatment increased the levels of Akt and decreased the level of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These findings indicated that BDNF administration exerted a neuroprotective effect against the toxicity of the Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis in these cells, which was accompanied by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt activation and GSK3β phosphorylation. The mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying neuronal degeneration induced by the Aβ peptide remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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245
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Amyloid-β pathology is attenuated by tauroursodeoxycholic acid treatment in APP/PS1 mice after disease onset. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:228-40. [PMID: 25443293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder hallmarked by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated tau, as well as chronic neuroinflammation. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous anti-apoptotic bile acid with potent neuroprotective properties in several experimental models of AD. We have previously reported the therapeutic efficacy of TUDCA treatment before amyloid plaque deposition in APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of TUDCA when administrated after the onset of amyloid pathology. APP/PS1 transgenic mice with 7 months of age were injected intraperitoneally with TUDCA (500 mg/kg) every 3 days for 3 months. TUDCA treatment significantly attenuated Aβ deposition in the brain, with a concomitant decrease in Aβ₁₋₄₀ and Aβ₁₋₄₂ levels. The amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein was also reduced, indicating that TUDCA interferes with Aβ production. In addition, TUDCA abrogated GSK3β hyperactivity, which is highly implicated in tau hyperphosphorylation and glial activation. This effect was likely dependent on the specific activation of the upstream kinase, Akt. Finally, TUDCA treatment decreased glial activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine messenger RNA expression, while partially rescuing synaptic loss. Overall, our results suggest that TUDCA is a promising therapeutic strategy not only for prevention but also for treatment of AD after disease onset.
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246
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Bruenig D, White MJ, Young RM, Voisey J. Subclinical psychotic experiences in healthy young adults: associations with stress and genetic predisposition. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:683-9. [PMID: 25184405 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has been identified as a common trigger for psychosis. Dopamine pathways are suggested to be affected by chronic and severe stress and to play an important role in psychosis. This pilot study investigates the potential relationship of stress and psychosis in subclinical psychotic experiences. It was hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously found to be associated with psychiatric disorders would be associated with both stress and subclinical psychotic experiences. University students (N=182) were genotyped for 17 SNPs across 11 genes. Higher stress reporting was associated with rs4680 COMT, rs13211507 HLA region, and rs13107325 SLC39A8. Reports of higher subclinical psychotic experiences were associated with DRD2 SNPs rs17601612 and rs658986 and an AKT1 SNP rs2494732. Replication studies are recommended to further pursue this line of research for identification of markers of psychosis for early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Bruenig
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove, Australia
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247
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DL-/PO-phosphatidylcholine restores restraint stress-induced depression-related behaviors and spatial memory impairment. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:575-81. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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248
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Gomez-Sintes R, Bortolozzi A, Artigas F, Lucas JJ. Reduced striatal dopamine DA D2 receptor function in dominant-negative GSK-3 transgenic mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1524-33. [PMID: 25088904 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase with constitutive activity involved in cellular architecture, gene expression, cell proliferation, fate decision and apoptosis, among others. GSK-3 expression is particularly high in brain where it may be involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer׳s disease, bipolar disorder and major depression. A link with schizophrenia is suggested by the antipsychotic drug-induced GSK-3 regulation and by the involvement of the Akt/GSK-3 pathway in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Taking advantage of the previous development of dominant negative GSK-3 transgenic mice (Tg) showing a selective reduction of GSK-3 activity in forebrain neurons but not in dopaminergic neurons, we explored the relationship between GSK-3 and dopaminergic neurotransmission in vivo. In microdialysis experiments, local quinpirole (DA D2-R agonist) in dorsal striatum reduced dopamine (DA) release significantly less in Tg mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. However, local SKF-81297 (selective DA D1-R agonist) in dorsal striatum reduced DA release equally in both control and Tg mice indicating a comparable function of DA D1-R in the direct striato-nigral pathway. Likewise, systemic quinpirole administration - acting preferentially on presynaptic DA D2- autoreceptors to modulate DA release-reduced striatal DA release similarly in both control and Tg mice. Quinpirole reduced locomotor activity and induced c-fos expression in globus pallidus (both striatal DA D2-R-mediated effects) significantly more in WT than in Tg mice. Taking together, the present results show that dominant negative GSK-3 transgenic mice show reduced DA D2-R-mediated function in striatum and further support a link between dopaminergic neurotransmission and GSK-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gomez-Sintes
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBM"SO"), CSIC/UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Analia Bortolozzi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Artigas
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José J Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBM"SO"), CSIC/UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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249
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Genetics of psychotropic medication induced side effects in two independent samples of bipolar patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:43-58. [PMID: 25129258 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) usually requires combination therapies, with the critical issue of the emergence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and the possibility of low treatment adherence. Genetic polymorphisms are hypothesized to modulate the pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs, representing potential biological markers of ADRs. This study investigated genes involved in the regulation of neuroplasticity (BDNF, ST8SIA2), second messenger cascades (GSK3B, MAPK1, and CREB1), circadian rhythms (RORA), transcription (SP4, ZNF804A), and monoaminergic system (HTR2A and COMT) in the risk of neurological, psychic, autonomic, and other ADRs. Two independent samples of BD patients naturalistically treated were included (COPE-BD n = 147; STEP-BD n = 659). In the COPE-BD 34 SNPs were genotyped, while in the STEP-BD polymorphisms in the selected genes were extracted from the genome-wide dataset. Each ADRs group was categorized as absent-mild or moderate-severe and logistic regression with appropriate covariates was applied to identify possible risk genotypes/alleles. 58.5 and 93.5 % of patients were treated with mood stabilizers, 44.2 and 50.7 % were treated with antipsychotics, and 69.4 and 46.1 % were treated with antidepressants in the COPE-BD and STEP-BD, respectively. Our findings suggested that ST8SIA2 may be associated with psychic ADRs, as shown in the COPE-BD (rs4777989 p = 0.0017) and STEP-BD (rs56027313, rs13379489 and rs10852173). A cluster of RORA SNPs around rs2083074 showed an effect on psychic ADRs in the STEP-BD. Trends supporting the association between HTR2A and autonomic ADRs were found in both samples. Confirmations are needed particularly for ST8SIA2 and RORA since the few available data regarding their role in relation to psychotropic ADRs.
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Lavoie J, Hébert M, Beaulieu JM. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 overexpression replicates electroretinogram anomalies of offspring at high genetic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:93-100. [PMID: 24138923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroretinogram (ERG) anomalies occur in patients with psychiatric disorders and represent potential biomarkers for diagnosis. For instance, decreased rod ERG (b-wave amplitude at Vmax) is a biological endophenotype in young offspring at high genetic risk (HR) for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Also, a decrease in cone a-wave and rod a- and b- wave was observed in SZ patients. However, the biological underpinning of these anomalies remains unknown. Several genetic variants associated with enhanced risk for SZ and/or BD can activate glycogen synthase kinase-3 isozymes (GSK3α and β). Here we examined the potential contribution of GSK3α and β in the modulation of the ERG. METHODS Cone and rod ERGs were recorded in mice having increased (prpGSK3β mice) or reduced (GSK3β(+/-) mice) GSK3β expression and in GSK3α knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS In prpGSK3β mice, we observed a decrease in rod b-wave amplitude at Vmax, whereas enhanced b-wave amplitude at Vmax was found in GSK3β(+/-) mice. An increase in cone a- and b-wave amplitude at Vmax and in rod b-wave amplitude at Vmax was observed in GSK3α-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS GSK3 expression modulates some ERG parameters. The phenotype observed in prpGSK3β mice is consistent with observations made in HRs. ERG anomalies observed in GSK3β(+/-) and GSK3α-KO mice confirm an association between the rod and cone b-wave amplitude and the expression of GSK3 isozymes. Changes in GSK3 expression or activity may explain some ERG anomalies in HRs and patients, thus supporting the biological validity of ERG measurements as a valuable biomarker for psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Quebec City, Canada; Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marc Hébert
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada; Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Quebec City, Canada.
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