201
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Chang-Liao WP, Lee A, Chiu YH, Chang HW, Liu JR. Isolation of a Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strain With Anti-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Activities From Kefir Grains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1578. [PMID: 32760370 PMCID: PMC7373756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine grown under commercial conditions are vulnerable to environmental exposure to several viruses, which may cause infectious diseases and spread easily and rapidly, resulting in significant economic losses in animal husbandry. Previous studies have suggested that probiotics seem to be a new and promising alternative to vaccinations to protect animals against potential viral infections. In this study, we used the Vero cell culture model of infection to study porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). We screened lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with anti-PEDV potential from kefir grains, which are starter cultures used to ferment milk into kefir. Twenty-nine LAB strains were isolated and identified as Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactococcus lactis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, according to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and rpoA gene sequence analyses. The anti-PEDV activities of the LAB intracellular extracts were compared, and the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides showed higher anti-PEDV activities than that of the other species. Among the Ln. mesenteroides strains, a strain designated YPK30 showed a higher growth rate than that of the other strains and was further evaluated for its anti-PEDV activity. The results showed that the intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 possessed in vitro prophylactic, therapeutic, and direct-inhibitory effects against PEDV in the Vero cell model. The expression levels of Type 1 interferon (IFN)-dependent genes, including Myxovirus resistance 1 (MX1) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), were significantly increased after treatment with intracellular extracts of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 for 24 h. Such expression suggests that the anti-PEDV activity of Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 could be attributed to its up-regulatory effect on the expression of MX1 and ISG15 genes. These results suggested that Ln. mesenteroides YPK30 has the potential to provide some levels of host protection against PEDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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202
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Innocenzi P, Stagi L. Carbon-based antiviral nanomaterials: graphene, C-dots, and fullerenes. A perspective. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6606-6622. [PMID: 33033592 PMCID: PMC7499860 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of new and lethal viruses and their potential threat urgently requires innovative antiviral systems. In addition to the most common and proven pharmacological methods, nanomaterials can represent alternative resources to fight viruses at different stages of infection, by selective action or in a broad spectrum. A fundamental requirement is non-toxicity. However, biocompatible nanomaterials have very often little or no antiviral activity, preventing their practical use. Carbon-based nanomaterials have displayed encouraging results and can present the required mix of biocompatibility and antiviral properties. In the present review, the main candidates for future carbon nanometric antiviral systems, namely graphene, carbon dots and fullerenes, have been critically analysed. In general, different carbon nanostructures allow several strategies to be applied. Some of the materials have peculiar antiviral properties, such as singlet oxygen emission, or the capacity to interfere with virus enzymes. In other cases, nanomaterials have been used as a platform for functional molecules able to capture and inhibit viral activity. The use of carbon-based biocompatible nanomaterials as antivirals is still an almost unexplored field, while the published results show promising prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plinio Innocenzi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology , CR-INSTM , University of Sassari , via Vienna 2 , Sassari , 07100 , Italy . ;
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology , CR-INSTM , University of Sassari , via Vienna 2 , Sassari , 07100 , Italy . ;
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203
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Wang H, Zhang L, Shang Y, Tan R, Ji M, Yue X, Wang N, Liu J, Wang C, Li Y, Zhou T. Emergence and evolution of highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by natural recombination of a low pathogenic vaccine isolate and a highly pathogenic strain in the spike gene. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa049. [PMID: 32913664 PMCID: PMC7474927 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of a new variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at the end of 2010 have raised interest in the mutation and recombination of PEDV. A PEDV strain (CN/Liaoning25/2018) isolated from a clinical outbreak of piglet diarrhea contained a 49-bp deletion in the ORF3 gene. This deletion is considered a genetic characteristic of low pathogenic attenuated vaccine strains. However, CN/Liaoning25/2018 was highly pathogenic. Complete genome sequencing, identity analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, and recombination analysis showed that this virus was a recombinant strain containing the Spike (S) gene from the highly pathogenic CN/GDZQ/2014 strain and the remaining genomic regions from the low pathogenic vaccine isolate SQ2014. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry results confirmed that this strain was highly pathogenic and indicated that intestinal epithelial cell vacuolation was positively correlated with the intensity and density of PEDV antigens. A new natural recombination model for PEDV was identified. Our results suggest that new highly pathogenic recombinant strains in the field may be generated by recombination between low pathogenic attenuated live PEDV vaccines and pathogenic circulating PEDV strains. Our findings also highlight that the 49-bp deletion of the ORF3 gene in low pathogenic attenuated vaccine strains will no longer be a reliable standard to differentiate the classical vaccine attenuated from the field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yuanbin Shang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Rongrong Tan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingxiang Ji
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Xinliang Yue
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Beijing Institude of Feed Conrrol, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
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204
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection blocks cell cycle and induces apoptosis in pig intestinal epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104378. [PMID: 32653434 PMCID: PMC7347497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is responsible for the acute infectious swine disease porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). PED causes damage to the intestine, including villus atrophy and shedding, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. We carried out an in vitro study to investigate cell apoptosis and the cell cycle in a PEDV-infected host using transcriptomic shotgun sequencing (RNA-Seq) to study gene responses to PEDV infection. Results revealed that the PEDV infection reduced proliferation activity, blocked the cell cycle at S-phase and induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. The expression of gene levels related to ribosome proteins and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly up-regulated post-PEDV infection. Although the significantly down-regulated on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway post-PEDV infection, the regulator-related genes of mTOR signaling pathway exerted significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in IPEC-J2 cells. These results indicated that ribosome proteins and oxidative phosphorylation process were widely involved in the pathological changes and regulation of host cells caused by PEDV infection, and PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling pathways played a vital role in antiviral regulation in IPEC-J2 cells. These data might provide new insights into the specific pathogenesis of PEDV infection and pave the way for the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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205
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Kedkovid R, Sirisereewan C, Thanawongnuwech R. Major swine viral diseases: an Asian perspective after the African swine fever introduction. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 32637149 PMCID: PMC7336096 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asia is a major pig producer of the world, and at present, African swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to significantly impact the Asian pig industry. Since more than 50% of the world’s pig population is in Asia, ASFV outbreaks in Asia will affect the global pig industry. Prior to the introduction of ASF, several outbreaks of major swine viruses occurred in Asia over the last two decades, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). The rapid spreading of those viruses throughout Asia involve many factors such as the various pig production systems and supply chains ranging from back-yard to intensive industrial farms, animal movement and animal product trading within and among countries, and consumer behaviors. ASF has notoriously been known as a human-driven disease. Travelers and international trading are the major ASFV-carriers for the transboundary transmission and introduction to naïve countries. Globalization puts the entire pig industry at risk for ASF and other infectious diseases arising from Asian countries. Disease control strategies for the various pig production systems in Asia are challenging. In order to ensure future food security in the region and to prevent the deleterious consequences of ASF and other major viral disease outbreaks, disease control strategies and production systems must be improved and modernized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.,Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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206
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da Costa VG, Moreli ML, Saivish MV. The emergence of SARS, MERS and novel SARS-2 coronaviruses in the 21st century. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1517-1526. [PMID: 32322993 PMCID: PMC7176030 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the 21st century, a new deadly infectious disease known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was recognized as a global public health threat. Subsequently, ten years after the initial SARS cases occurred in 2002, new cases of another atypical respiratory disease caused worldwide concern. This disease became known as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and was even more lethal than SARS. Currently, history has repeated itself with the emergence of a new Chinese epidemic at the end of 2019. For this respiratory disease, called COVID-19, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the etiologic agent. In sum, SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are caused by recently discovered coronaviruses that cause flu-like illnesses, but with a clinical outcome that tends to be more severe. As a result of the current importance of coronaviruses in global public health, we conducted a review to summarize and update, above all, the epidemiological historical aspects of the three major diseases in humans caused by coronaviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Lázaro Moreli
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, GO, Brazil.
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207
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Lu Y, Clark-Deener S, Gillam F, Heffron CL, Tian D, Sooryanarain H, LeRoith T, Zoghby J, Henshaw M, Waldrop S, Pittman J, Meng XJ, Zhang C. Virus-like particle vaccine with B-cell epitope from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) incorporated into hepatitis B virus core capsid provides clinical alleviation against PEDV in neonatal piglets through lactogenic immunity. Vaccine 2020; 38:5212-5218. [PMID: 32565343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has had a negative economic impact on the global swine industry for decades since its first emergence in the 1970s in Europe. In 2013, PEDV emerged for the first time in the United States, causing immense economic losses to the swine industry. Efforts to protect U.S. swine herds from PEDV infection and limit PEDV transmission through vaccination had only limited success so far. Following the previous success in our virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine in mouse model, in this study we determined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a VLP-based vaccine containing B-cell epitope 748YSNIGVCK755 from the spike protein of PEDV incorporated into the hepatitis B virus core capsid (HBcAg), in a comprehensive pregnant gilt vaccination and piglet challenge model. The results showed that the vaccine was able to induce significantly higher virus neutralization response in gilt milk, and provide alleviation of clinical signs for piglets experimentally infected with PEDV. Piglets from pregnant gilt that was vaccinated with the VLP vaccine had faster recovery from the clinical disease, less small intestinal lesions, and higher survival rate at 10 days post-challenge (DPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Connie Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Jessica Zoghby
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Professional Program, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Mallori Henshaw
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Professional Program, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Steven Waldrop
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Professional Program, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Jeremy Pittman
- Smithfield Foods, Inc., 434 E Main St., Waverly, VA 23890, USA.
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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208
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Cao WW, He DS, Chen ZJ, Zuo YZ, Chen X, Chang YL, Zhang ZG, Ye L, Shi L. Development of a droplet digital PCR for detection and quantification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:572-576. [PMID: 32552416 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720924753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea, a disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), results in large economic losses to the global swine industry. To manage this disease effectively, it is essential to detect PEDV early and accurately. We developed a sensitive and accurate droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay to detect PEDV. The optimal primer-to-probe concentration and melting temperature were identified as 300:200 nM and 59.2°C, respectively. The specificity of the ddPCR assay was confirmed by negative test results for common swine pathogens. The detection limit for the ddPCR was 0.26 copies/μL, which is a 5.7-fold increase in sensitivity compared to that of real-time PCR (rtPCR). Both ddPCR and rtPCR assays exhibited good linearity, although ddPCR provided higher sensitivity for clinical detection compared to that of rtPCR. Our ddPCR methodology provides a promising tool for evaluating the PEDV viral load when used for clinical testing, particularly for detecting samples with low-copy viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei W Cao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Dong S He
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Zhen J Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Yu Z Zuo
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Xun Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Yan L Chang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Zhi G Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Lei Ye
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Cao, Z.J. Chen, X. Chen, Chang, Shi, Ye); College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (He); College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China (Zuo); State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group, Xiamen, China (Zhang, Shi)
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209
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Jung K, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Res 2020; 286:198045. [PMID: 32502552 PMCID: PMC7266596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Two different genogroups of PEDV, S INDEL [PEDV variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein, G1b] and non-S INDEL (G2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in US swine in 2013-2014. Similar viruses are also circulating globally. Continuous improvement and update of biosecurity and vaccine strains and protocols are still needed to control and prevent PEDV infections worldwide. Although the non-S INDEL PEDV was highly virulent and the S INDEL PEDV caused milder disease, the latter has the capacity to cause illness in a high number of piglets on farms with low biosecurity and herd immunity. The main PEDV transmission route is fecal-oral, but airborne transmission via the fecal-nasal route may play a role in pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm spread. PEDV infection of neonatal pigs causes fecal virus shedding (alongside frequent detection of PEDV RNA in the nasal cavity), acute viremia, severe atrophic enteritis (mainly jejunum and ileum), and increased pro-inflammatory and innate immune responses. PEDV-specific IgA effector and memory B cells in orally primed sows play a critical role in sow lactogenic immunity and passive protection of piglets. This review focuses on the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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210
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Humoral immune responses in piglets experimentally infected with a field strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108742. [PMID: 32605747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe clinical diarrhea in neonatal piglets, with reported mortality rates between 70-100%. The humoral immunity, especially the local intestinal IgA responses, plays an important role in the immune protection against PEDV infection. In this study, we evaluated the isotype antibody responses against the PEDV nucleocapsid (N) protein and the spike (S) protein subunits 1 (S1) and 2 (S2) in the serum and intestine of piglets. We also determined its serum neutralizing activity against the PEDV field strain HBMC2012 in 21-day-old piglets. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that the production of IgM against the N protein and S1 subunit was higher compared to the S2 subunit. The anti-S2 IgA antibodies were higher than the anti-N protein and anti-S1 IgA at 3 days post-infection (dpi). The specific IgA responses to the S2 subunit were higher than the responses observed in S1. The specific IgG responses against S1 and S2 subunits exceeded those of N protein. The serum neutralizing activities against PEDV were relatively low with a tendency to decline over time. No isotype-specific antibodies were found in the intestinal contents from infected pigs, except the one with weak IgA responses against N protein at 28 dpi. Immunohistochemical staining showed that a few IgM, IgA, and IgG antibody-secreting cells were mainly located in the mucosa of the duodenum and ileum of PEDV-infected pigs at 3 dpi. This study suggests poor systemic and intestinal isotype-specific antibody responses, especially those of IgA, and weak serum neutralizing activities against the field PEDV strain in piglets.
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211
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Selection of viral variants during persistent infection of insectivorous bat cells with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7257. [PMID: 32350357 PMCID: PMC7190632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) are speculated to have originated in bats. The mechanisms by which these viruses are maintained in individuals or populations of reservoir bats remain an enigma. Mathematical models have predicted long-term persistent infection with low levels of periodic shedding as a likely route for virus maintenance and spillover from bats. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells and MERS coronavirus (CoV) can co-exist in vitro. To test our hypothesis, we established a long-term coronavirus infection model of bat cells that are persistently infected with MERS-CoV. We infected cells from Eptesicus fuscus with MERS-CoV and maintained them in culture for at least 126 days. We characterized the persistently infected cells by detecting virus particles, protein and transcripts. Basal levels of type I interferon in the long-term infected bat cells were higher, relative to uninfected cells, and disrupting the interferon response in persistently infected bat cells increased virus replication. By sequencing the whole genome of MERS-CoV from persistently infected bat cells, we identified that bat cells repeatedly selected for viral variants that contained mutations in the viral open reading frame 5 (ORF5) protein. Furthermore, bat cells that were persistently infected with ΔORF5 MERS-CoV were resistant to superinfection by wildtype virus, likely due to reduced levels of the virus receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and higher basal levels of interferon in these cells. In summary, our study provides evidence for a model of coronavirus persistence in bats, along with the establishment of a unique persistently infected cell culture model to study MERS-CoV-bat interactions.
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212
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Jackman JA, Boyd RD, Elrod CC. Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:44. [PMID: 32337029 PMCID: PMC7178611 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing challenges in the swine industry, such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks (e.g., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, African swine fever virus), have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions, including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens. The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production. The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented, and their effects on a wide range of production issues, such as growth performance, pathogenic infections, and gut health, are covered. The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described, along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies. Finally, we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission. Looking forward, we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- 1School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - R Dean Boyd
- Hanor Company, Franklin, KY 42134 USA.,3North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Charles C Elrod
- Natural Biologics Inc., Newfield, NY 14867 USA.,5Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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213
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Gao R, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Xu W, Jiang L, Guo T, Huan C. Glycyrrhizin Inhibits PEDV Infection and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-MAPK p38 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082961. [PMID: 32340172 PMCID: PMC7215578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that glycyrrhizin (GLY) inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, but the mechanisms of GLY anti-PEDV action remain unclear. In this study, we focused on the anti-PEDV and anti-proinflammatory cytokine secretion mechanisms of GLY. We found that PEDV infection had no effect on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein and mRNA levels, but that TLR4 regulated PEDV infection and the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we demonstrated that TLR4 regulated p38 phosphorylation but not extracellular regulated protein kinases1/2 (Erk1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation, and that GLY inhibited p38 phosphorylation but not Erk1/2 and JNK phosphorylation. Therefore, we further explored the relationship between high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and p38. We demonstrated that inhibition of HMGB1 using an antibody, mutation, or knockdown decreased p38 phosphorylation. Thus, HMGB1 participated in activation of p38 through TLR4. Collectively, our data indicated that GLY inhibited PEDV infection and decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion via the HMGB1/TLR4-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongshuai Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhui Kang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiyin Xu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (R.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.K.); (W.X.); (L.J.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +13-585-232-936
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214
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Xu X, Du L, Fan B, Sun B, Zhou J, Guo R, Yu Z, Shi D, He K, Li B. A flagellin-adjuvanted inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine provides enhanced immune protection against PEDV challenge in piglets. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1299-1309. [PMID: 32253616 PMCID: PMC7223252 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2010, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) have been reported in the swine industry in China. A variant PEDV strain that differs from strain CV777 causes prevalent PEDV infections which commercial vaccines based on CV777 cannot provide complete protection. In this study, we designed a new vaccine based on the epidemic PEDV strain AH2012/12, adjuvanted with flagellin, a mucosal adjuvant that induces mucosal and systemic production of IgA. Three groups of pregnant sows were immunized twice, with a 14-day interval, with PEDV adjuvanted with flagellin, PEDV alone, or PBS before farrowing, and newborn piglets from each group were selected and challenged with PEDV. Immunization with this vaccine elicited high levels of IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies in the serum and colostrum of sows, and newborn piglets were protected against PEDV while suckling. This study should guide the prevention and control strategies for PEDV infection, thereby reducing the losses associated with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Du
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongwang He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhong-ling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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215
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Characterization, pathogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell culture-derived porcine deltacoronavirus. Virus Res 2020; 282:197955. [PMID: 32247757 PMCID: PMC7125813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A PDCoV strain, CH/XJYN/2016, was successfully isolated and its biological characteristics were determined. Pathogenicity of CH/XJYN/2016 in suckling piglets and conventional weaned pigs were determined. An inactivated cell-adapted CH/XJYN/2016-based vaccine candidate was developed and its efficacy was evaluated.
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. However, there is currently little information on vaccine studies and commercially available vaccines for PDCoV. Hence, herein, a PDCoV strain, CH/XJYN/2016, was successfully isolated and serially propagated in vitro, and its biological characteristics were determined. Compared to that of previously reported and recently isolated PDCoV strains from China and the United States, the S gene of the CH/XJYN/2016 strain contains novel mutations. Infection studies revealed that CH/XJYN/2016 is pathogenic to suckling piglets and conventional weaned pigs. In addition, the median pig diarrhea dose (PDD50) of PDCoV in conventional weaned pigs was determined (2.0 log10PDD50/3 mL). Furthermore, an inactivated cell-adapted CH/XJYN/2016-based vaccine candidate was developed with different adjuvants. Compared with nonvaccinated pigs, conventional weaned pigs given the inactivated vaccine developed a potent humoral immune response and showed no clinical signs or viral shedding after challenge, indicating a potent protective effect of the vaccine against PDCoV infection. Therefore, the PDCoV vaccine developed in this study is a promising vaccine candidate that can be used for the control of PDCoV infection in pigs.
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216
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Tong T, Hu H, Zhou J, Deng S, Zhang X, Tang W, Fang L, Xiao S, Liang J. Glycyrrhizic-Acid-Based Carbon Dots with High Antiviral Activity by Multisite Inhibition Mechanisms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906206. [PMID: 32077621 PMCID: PMC7169479 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual usage of carbon dots (CDs) in the area of antiviral research, attempts have been stepped up to develop new antiviral CDs with high biocompatibility and antiviral effects. In this study, a kind of highly biocompatible CDs (Gly-CDs) is synthesized from active ingredient (glycyrrhizic acid) of Chinese herbal medicine by a hydrothermal method. Using the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model, it is found that the Gly-CDs inhibit PRRSV proliferation by up to 5 orders of viral titers. Detailed investigations reveal that Gly-CDs can inhibit PRRSV invasion and replication, stimulate antiviral innate immune responses, and inhibit the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by PRRSV infection. Proteomics analysis demonstrates that Gly-CDs can stimulate cells to regulate the expression of some host restriction factors, including DDX53 and NOS3, which are directly related to PRRSV proliferation. Moreover, it is found that Gly-CDs also remarkably suppress the propagation of other viruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), suggesting the broad antiviral activity of Gly-CDs. The integrated results demonstrate that Gly-CDs possess extraordinary antiviral activity with multisite inhibition mechanisms, providing a promising candidate for alternative therapy for PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tong
- College of Resource and EnvironmentCollege of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Hu
- College of Resource and EnvironmentCollege of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Junwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKey Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceThe Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Deng
- College of Resource and EnvironmentCollege of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- College of Resource and EnvironmentCollege of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Wantao Tang
- College of Resource and EnvironmentCollege of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKey Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceThe Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineKey Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceThe Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- College of Resource and EnvironmentCollege of ScienceState Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070P. R. China
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217
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Kimpston-Burkgren K, Mora-Díaz JC, Roby P, Bjustrom-Kraft J, Main R, Bosse R, Giménez-Lirola LG. Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection under Experimental and Field Conditions Using an AlphaLISA Platform. Pathogens 2020; 9:E233. [PMID: 32245150 PMCID: PMC7157568 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are a continuous threat raised time and again. With the recent emergence of novel virulent strains, these viruses can have a large impact on human and animal health. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is considered to be a reemerging pig disease caused by the enteropathogenic alphacoronavirus PED virus (PEDV). In the absence of effective vaccines, infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine are critical. Early detection and differential diagnosis of PEDV infections increase the chance of successful control of the disease. Therefore, there is a continuous need for development of reduced assay-step protocols, no-wash, high-throughput immunoassays. This study described the characterization of the humoral immune response against PEDV under experimental and field conditions using a rapid, sensitive, luminescent proximity homogenous assay (AlphaLISA). PEDV IgG and IgA antibodies were developed toward the beginning of the second week of infection. PEDV IgG antibodies were detected for at least 16 weeks post-exposure. Remarkably, the serum IgA levels remained high and relatively stable throughout the study, lasting longer than the serum IgG response. Overall, AlphaLISA allows the detection and characterization of pathogen-specific antibodies with new speed, sensitivity, and simplicity of use. Particularly, the bridge assay constitutes a rapid diagnostic that substantially improves upon the "time to result" metric of currently available immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Kimpston-Burkgren
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.K.-B.); (J.C.M.-D.); (J.B.-K.); (R.M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.K.-B.); (J.C.M.-D.); (J.B.-K.); (R.M.)
| | - Philippe Roby
- Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA 02451, USA; (P.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Jordan Bjustrom-Kraft
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.K.-B.); (J.C.M.-D.); (J.B.-K.); (R.M.)
| | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.K.-B.); (J.C.M.-D.); (J.B.-K.); (R.M.)
| | - Roger Bosse
- Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA 02451, USA; (P.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Luis Gabriel Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.K.-B.); (J.C.M.-D.); (J.B.-K.); (R.M.)
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218
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Using experimental gaming simulations to elicit risk mitigation behavioral strategies for agricultural disease management. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228983. [PMID: 32182247 PMCID: PMC7077803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Failing to mitigate propagation of disease spread can result in dire economic consequences for agricultural networks. Pathogens like Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus, can quickly spread among producers. Biosecurity is designed to prevent infection transmission. When considering biosecurity investments, management must balance the cost of protection versus the consequences of contracting an infection. Thus, an examination of the decision making processes associated with investment in biosecurity is important for enhancing system wide biosecurity. Data gathered from experimental gaming simulations can provide insights into behavioral strategies and inform the development of decision support systems. We created an online digital experiment to simulate outbreak scenarios among swine production supply chains, where participants were tasked with making biosecurity investment decisions. In Experiment One, we quantified the risk associated with each participant's decisions and delineated three dominant categories of risk attitudes: risk averse, risk tolerant, and opportunistic. Each risk class exhibited unique approaches in reaction to risk and disease information. We also tested how information uncertainty affects risk aversion, by varying the amount of visibility of the infection as well as the amount of biosecurity implemented across the system. We found evidence that more visibility in the number of infected sites increases risk averse behaviors, while more visibility in the amount of neighboring biosecurity increased risk taking behaviors. In Experiment Two, we were surprised to find no evidence for differences in behavior of livestock specialists compared to Amazon Mechanical Turk participants. Our findings provide support for using experimental gaming simulations to study how risk communication affects behavior, which can provide insights towards more effective messaging strategies.
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219
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Than VT, Choe SE, Vu TTH, Do TD, Nguyen TL, Bui TTN, Mai TN, Cha RM, Song D, An DJ, Le VP. Genetic characterization of the spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses (PEDVs) circulating in Vietnam from 2015 to 2016. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:535-542. [PMID: 32159913 PMCID: PMC7397879 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by the PED virus (PEDV), which is a member of the family Coronaviridae. Since the first outbreaks in Belgium and the United Kingdom were reported in 1971, PED has spread throughout many countries around the world and causing significant economic loss. This study was conducted to investigate the recent distribution of PEDV strains in Vietnam during the 2015-2016 seasons. METHODS A total of 30 PED-specific PCR-positive intestinal and faecal samples were collected from unvaccinated piglets in Vietnam during the 2015-2016 seasons. The full length of the spike (S) gene of these PEDV strains were analysed to determine their phylogeny and genetic relationship with other available PEDV strains globally. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S gene sequences revealed that the 28 Vietnamese PEDV strains collected in the northern and central regions clustered in the G2 group (both G2a and G2b sub-groups), while the other 2 PEDV strains (HUA-PED176 and HUA-PED254) collected in the southern region were clustered in the G1/G1b group/sub-group. The nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) analyses based on the complete S gene sequences showed that the Vietnamese PEDV strains were closely related to each other, sharing nt and aa homology of 93.2%-99.9% and 92.6%-99.9%, respectively. The N-glycosylation patterns and mutations in the antigenic region were observed in Vietnamese PEDV strains. CONCLUSIONS This study provides, for the first time, up-to-date information on viral circulation and genetic distribution, as well as evidence to assist in the development of effective PEDV vaccines in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Than
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Se-Eun Choe
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi T H Vu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tien D Do
- Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi L Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Thi T N Bui
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Thi N Mai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Ra M Cha
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Van P Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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220
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Wu M, Zhang Q, Yi D, Wu T, Chen H, Guo S, Li S, Ji C, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu G. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Puerarin in Piglets Infected With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:169. [PMID: 32174911 PMCID: PMC7055472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused enormous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide in recent years. Puerarin (PR), a major isoflavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb Gegen, possesses many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. This study was conducted with both PEDV-infected African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) and neonatal pigs to determine the effect of PR on PEDV infection and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by using proteomic analyses. Twenty-four piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated into one of three groups (Control, PEDV, and PEDV + PR). After a 5-day period of adaption, piglets (n = 8/group) in the PEDV + PR were orally administered with PR (0.5 mg/kg body weight) between days 5 and 9, whereas piglets in the other two groups received the same volume of liquid milk replacer. On day 9, piglets were orally administered with either sterile saline or PEDV (Yunnan province strain) at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. On day 12 of the trial, jugular vein blood and intestinal samples were collected. In addition, Vero cells were assigned randomly into three groups (Control, PEDV, PEDV + PR). Cells in the PEDV and PEDV + PR groups were infected with PEDV at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, while cells in the control group were treated with the same volume of sterile saline. One hour later, cells in the Control and PEDV groups were cultured in serum-free DMEM, while cells in the PEDV + PR group were supplemented with PR. After 36 h of culture, cells were harvested. PR attenuated the reductions in cell proliferation in vitro and growth performance in PEDV-infected piglets, and inhibited PEDV replication and the expression of several cytokines (including IL-8) both in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic analyses identified that the abundances of 29 proteins in the ileum were altered by PEDV infection and restored to the control level by PR. Pathway analyses revealed that PR restored the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes and selectively upregulated the expression of guanylate-binding proteins. Western blot analyses showed that PR supplementation inhibited the PEDV-induced NF-κB activation. Collectively, these results indicate that PR could exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in piglets infected with PEDV and have the potential to be an effective antiviral feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng Ji
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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221
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Xu F, Jin Z, Zou S, Chen C, Song Q, Deng S, Xiao W, Zhang X, Jia A, Tang Y. EuNPs-mAb fluorescent probe based immunochromatographic strip for rapid and sensitive detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Talanta 2020; 214:120865. [PMID: 32278431 PMCID: PMC7111840 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), induced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses in the pig industries. In this study, an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on a EuNPs-mAb fluorescent probe was developed and optimized for rapid detection of PEDV. The limit of detection (LOD) of the ICA was 0.218 μg/mL (2.725 × 103 TCID50/mL) and its linear detection range was 0.03125-8 μg/mL (3.91 × 102-105 TCID50/mL). The ICA was also validated for the detection of PEDV in swine stool samples. 60 swine stool samples from southern China were analyzed by the ICA and RT-PCR, and the results showed that the coincidence rate of the ICA to RT-PCR was 86.67%, which was significantly higher than that of AuNPs based ICA. The ICA is sensitive and specific and can achieve on-site rapid detection of swine stool samples. Therefore, the ICA has a great potential for PED diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Jin
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Siyi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Qifang Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Shengchao Deng
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Aiqing Jia
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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222
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Malik YS, Singh RK, Yadav MP, Langel SN, Malik YS, Saif LJ. Porcine Coronaviruses. EMERGING AND TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL VIRUSES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123000 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are enteropathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) of swine. TGEV appearance in 1946 preceded identification of PEDV (1971) and PDCoV (2009) that are considered as emerging CoVs. A spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection in piglets appeared in 1984 in pigs in Belgium and was designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). PRCV is considered non-pathogenic because the infection is very mild or subclinical. Since PRCV emergence and rapid spread, most pigs have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, which has significantly reduced the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. In contrast, PDCoV and PEDV are currently expanding their geographic distribution, and there are reports on the circulation of TGEV-PEDV recombinants that cause a disease clinically indistinguishable from that associated with the parent viruses. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV cause acute gastroenteritis in pigs (most severe in neonatal piglets) and matches in their clinical signs and pathogenesis. Necrosis of the infected intestinal epithelial cells causes villous atrophy and malabsorptive diarrhoea. Profuse diarrhoea frequently combined with vomiting results in dehydration, which can lead to the death of piglets. Strong immune responses following natural infection protect against subsequent homologous challenge; however, these viruses display no cross-protection. Adoption of advance biosecurity measures and effective vaccines control and prevent the occurrence of diseases due to these porcine-associated CoVs. Recombination and reversion to virulence are the risks associated with generally highly effective attenuated vaccines necessitating further research on alternative vaccines to ensure their safe application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- grid.444573.5ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
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223
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Wei X, She G, Wu T, Xue C, Cao Y. PEDV enters cells through clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and traffics via the endo-/lysosome pathway. Vet Res 2020; 51:10. [PMID: 32041637 PMCID: PMC7011528 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-0739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of highly pathogenic variant strains, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has led to significant economic loss in the global swine industry. Many studies have described how coronaviruses enter cells, but information on PEDV invasion strategies remains insufficient. Given that the differences in gene sequences and pathogenicity between classical and mutant strains of PEDV may lead to diverse invasion mechanisms, this study focused on the cellular entry pathways and cellular transport of the PEDV GI and GII subtype strains in Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells. We first characterized the kinetics of PEDV entry into cells and found that the highest invasion rate of PEDV was approximately 33% in the IPEC-J2 cells and approximately 100% in the Vero cells. To clarify the specific endocytic pathways, systematic research methods were used and showed that PEDV enters cells via the clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathways, in which dynamin II, clathrin heavy chain, Eps15, cholesterol, and caveolin-1 were indispensably involved. In addition, lipid raft extraction assay showed that PEDV can also enter cells through lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. To investigate the trafficking of internalized PEDV, we found that PEDV entry into cells relied on low pH and internalized virions reached lysosomes through the early endosome-late endosome-lysosome pathway. The results concretely revealed the entry mechanisms of PEDV and provided an insightful theoretical basis for the further understanding of PEDV pathogenesis and guidance for new targets of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoli She
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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224
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Choe S, Song S, Piao D, Park GN, Shin J, Choi YJ, Kang SK, Cha RM, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Efficacy of orally administered porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate microspheres and RANKL-secreting L. lactis. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108604. [PMID: 32122610 PMCID: PMC7117268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examined the efficacy of are combinant subunit antigen-based oral vaccine for preventing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). First, we generated a soluble recombinant partial spike S1 protein (aP2) from PEDV in E. coli and then evaluated the utility of aP2 subunit vaccine-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate microspheres (HPMCP) and RANKL-secreting L. lactis (LLRANKL) as a candidate oral vaccine in pregnant sows. Pregnant sows were vaccinated twice (with a 2 week interval between doses) at 4 weeks before farrowing. Titers of virus-specific IgA antibodies in colostrum, and neutralizing antibodies in serum, of sows vaccinated with HPMCP (aP2) plus LL RANKL increased significantly at 4 weeks post-first vaccination. Furthermore, the survival rate of newborn suckling piglets delivered by sows vaccinated with HPMCP (aP2) plus LL RANKL was similar to that of piglets delivered by sows vaccinated with a commercial killed porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED) vaccine. The South Korean government promotes a PED vaccine program (live-killed-killed) to increase the titers of IgA and IgG antibodies in pregnant sows and prevent PEDV. The oral vaccine strategy described herein, which is based on a safe and efficient recombinant subunit antigen, is an alternative PED vaccination strategy that could replace the traditional strategy, which relies on attenuated live oral vaccines or artificial infection with virulent PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dachuan Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-bio Science and Technology, Seoul University, Pyeongchang-gun, 232-916, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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225
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Chang CY, Hsu WT, Tsai PS, Chen CM, Cheng IC, Chao YC, Chang HW. Oral administration of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein expressing in silkworm pupae failed to elicit immune responses in pigs. AMB Express 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 31993764 PMCID: PMC6987277 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-0952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) and its pupae have been used for decades as nutritional additives and applied on the production of high-quality recombinant proteins via the baculovirus expression vector (BEV) system. The bio-capsule, the fat-rich body, and some body components of the silkworm pupae, which deliver antigens passing through the harsh environment of digestive tract and reaching the intestine, have been used as a vehicle for oral vaccines. In the present study, to develop a novel oral vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), the PEDV spike (S) protein was expressed in silkworm pupae and BmN cells using the BEV system. After three doses of oral administrations with 2-week intervals in pigs, neither PEDV S protein-specific humoral nor mucosal immune responses can be detected. The failure of eliciting the PEDV-specific immune response suggested that the BEV system using BmN cells or silkworm pupae as oral immunogen-expression vehicles was not able to overcome the immunological unresponsiveness, which was possibly due to gastrointestinal specific barriers and oral tolerance. Better strategies to enhance the delivery and immunogenicity of oral vaccines should be further investigated. Nevertheless, the PEDV S protein generated in the BmN cells and silkworm pupae herein provides an efficient tool to produce the recombinant antigen for future applications.
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226
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Wang X, Liu Z, Li X, Li D, Cai J, Yan H. SPDB: a specialized database and web-based analysis platform for swine pathogens. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2020; 2020:5881264. [PMID: 32761141 PMCID: PMC7409514 DOI: 10.1093/database/baaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate diagnosis of swine diseases is indispensable for reducing their negative impacts on the pork industry. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a promising diagnostic tool for swine diseases. To support the application of NGS in the diagnosis of swine disease, we established the Swine Pathogen Database (SPDB). The SPDB represents the first comprehensive and highly specialized database and analysis platform for swine pathogens. The current version features an online genome search tool, which now contains 26 148 genomes of swine, swine pathogens and phylogenetically related species. This database offers a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis pipeline for the identification of 4403 swine pathogens and their related species in clinical samples, based on targeted 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic NGS data. The SPDB provides a powerful and user-friendly service for veterinarians and researchers to support the applications of NGS in swine disease research. Database URL: http://spdatabase.com:2080/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510641, China
| | - Zongbao Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, No. 3688, Nanhai Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518061, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510641, China
| | - Danwei Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510641, China
| | - Jiayu Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510641, China
| | - He Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510641, China
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227
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V'kovski P, Steiner S, Thiel V. Proximity Labeling for the Identification of Coronavirus-Host Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2203:187-204. [PMID: 32833213 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biotin-based proximity labeling circumvents major pitfalls of classical biochemical approaches to identify protein-protein interactions. It consists of enzyme-catalyzed biotin tags ubiquitously apposed on proteins located in close proximity of the labeling enzyme, followed by affinity purification and identification of biotinylated proteins by mass spectrometry. Here we outline the methods by which the molecular microenvironment of the coronavirus replicase/transcriptase complex (RTC), i.e., proteins located within a close perimeter of the RTC, can be determined by different proximity labeling approaches using BirAR118G (BioID), TurboID, and APEX2. These factors represent a molecular signature of coronavirus RTCs and likely contribute to the viral life cycle, thereby constituting attractive targets for the development of antiviral intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip V'kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Steiner
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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228
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Investigation of the Role of the Spike Protein in Reversing the Virulence of the Highly Virulent Taiwan Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Pintung 52 Strains and Its Attenuated Counterpart. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010041. [PMID: 31905842 PMCID: PMC7019868 DOI: 10.3390/v12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has continuously caused severe economic losses to the global swine industries; however, no successful vaccine against PEDV has been developed. In this study, we generated four autologous recombinant viruses, including the highly virulent iPEDVPT-P5, attenuated iPEDVPT-P96, and two chimeric viruses (iPEDVPT-P5-96S and iPEDVPT-P96-5S) with the reciprocally exchanged spike (S) gene, to study the role of the S gene in PEDV pathogenesis. A deeper understanding of PEDV attenuation will aid in the rational design of a live attenuated vaccine (LAV) using reverse genetics system. Our results showed that replacing the S gene from the highly virulent iPEDVPT-P5 led to complete restoration of virulence of the attenuated iPEDVPT-P96, with nearly identical viral shedding, diarrhea pattern, and mortality rate as the parental iPEDVPT-P5. In contrast, substitution of the S gene with that from the attenuated iPEDVPT-P96 resulted in partial attenuation of iPEDVPT-P5, exhibiting similar viral shedding and diarrhea patterns as the parental iPEDVPT-P96 with slightly severe histological lesions and higher mortality rate. Collectively, our data confirmed that the attenuation of the PEDVPT-P96 virus is primarily attributed to mutations in the S gene. However, mutation in S gene alone could not fully attenuate the virulence of iPEDVPT-P5. Gene (s) other than S gene might also play a role in determining virulence.
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229
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Li Y, Wu Q, Jin Y, Yang Q. Antiviral activity of interleukin-11 as a response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:111. [PMID: 31864417 PMCID: PMC6925494 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a well-known anti-inflammatory factor, provides protection from intestinal epithelium damage caused by physical or chemical factors. However, little is known of the role of IL-11 during viral infections. In this study, IL-11 expression at mRNA and protein levels were found to be high in Vero cells and the jejunum of piglets during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, while IL-11 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of viral infection. Pretreatment with recombinant porcine IL-11 (pIL-11) was found to suppress PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells, while IL-11 knockdown promoted viral infection. Furthermore, pIL-11 was found to inhibit viral infection by preventing PEDV-mediated apoptosis of cells by activating the IL-11/STAT3 signaling pathway. Conversely, application of a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor significantly antagonized the anti-apoptosis function of pIL-11 and counteracted its inhibition of PEDV. Our data suggest that IL-11 is a newfound PEDV-inducible cytokine, and its production enhances the anti-apoptosis ability of epithelial cells against PEDV infection. The potential of IL-11 to be used as a novel therapeutic against devastating viral diarrhea in piglets deserves more attention and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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230
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Reveles-Félix S, Carreón-Nápoles R, Mendoza-Elvira S, Quintero-Ramírez V, García-Sánchez J, Martínez-Bautista R, Saavedra-Montañez M, Mosqueda Gualito JJ, Sánchez-Betancourt JI. Emerging strains of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDv) in Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1035-1041. [PMID: 31733175 PMCID: PMC7159366 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging disease, the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus has caused substantial economic losses to the pork industry in Mexico, leading to piglet mortality rates of up to 100%. For detection, sequencing and genetic characterization of the virus, 68 samples of one‐week‐old piglets from pork farms in 17 states of Mexico were analysed. In total, 53 samples were positive by real‐time RT‐PCR, confirming the presence of the virus in 15 states. Twenty‐eight samples from 10 states were amplified by endpoint RT‐PCR, and 20 sequences of the spike gene were obtained. A phylogenetic analysis based on the spike gene demonstrated that all Mexican strains are in Group II and are classified as non‐Indel‐S emerging variants. Three strains showed amino acid insertions: PEDv/MEX/GTO/LI‐DMZC15/2015 and PEDv/MEX/QRO/LI‐DMZC45/2016 showed one amino acid insertion (424Y425 and 447D448, respectively), and PEDv/MEX/QRO/LI‐DMZC49/2019 showed one and two amino acid insertions (422C423 and 537SQ538), with the second insertion in the COE region. These results provide evidence of the prevalence of emerging, non‐Indel‐S strains of the virus are currently circulating in Mexico during 2016–2018, when three of which have amino acid insertions: PEDv/MEX/GTO/IN‐DMZC15/2015 and PEDv/MEX/QRO/IN‐DMZC45/2016 have one amino acid insertion each (424Y425 and 447D448, respectively), and PEDv/MEX/QRO/IN‐DMZC49/2019 has one (422C423) and two amino acid insertions (537SQ538), the latter being in the COE region, which could generate new antigenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Reveles-Félix
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Carreón-Nápoles
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Mendoza-Elvira
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), UNAM, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
| | | | - Juvencio García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Martínez-Bautista
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - José Ivan Sánchez-Betancourt
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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231
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Peng JY, Horng YB, Wu CH, Chang CY, Chang YC, Tsai PS, Jeng CR, Cheng YH, Chang HW. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. AMB Express 2019; 9:191. [PMID: 31797149 PMCID: PMC6890879 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) is commonly used as probiotic and its secondary metabolites are attractive anti-microbial candidate. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of crude extracts from B. licheniformis against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly contagious enveloped porcine virus that has caused great economic loss in pigs. In vivo, PEDV-infected piglets supplemented with air-dried solid state fermentative cultivate containing B. licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) showed milder clinical symptoms and decreased viral shedding. Importantly, no significant systemic pathological lesions and no reduction in average daily gain were noted in pigs supplemented with the BLFP, which suggests that it is safe for use in pigs. In vitro experiments revealed that while B. licheniformis crude extracts exhibited no toxicity in Vero cells, co-cultivation of B. licheniformis crude extracts with PEDV significantly reduced viral infection and replication. Summarized current results suggest that the B. licheniformis-fermented products could be a novel candidate food additive for reducing the impact of PED on the swine industry.
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232
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Antas M, Woźniakowski G. Current Status of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) in European Pigs. J Vet Res 2019; 63:465-470. [PMID: 31934654 PMCID: PMC6950429 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. The disease is clinically similar to other forms of porcine gastroenteritis. Pigs are the only known host of the disease, and the occurrence of PED in wild boars is unknown. The virus causes acute diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality in suckling piglets reaching 100%. Heavy economic losses in the pig-farming industry were sustained in the USA between 2013 and 2015 when PEDV spread very quickly and resulted in epidemics. The loss in the US pig industry has been estimated at almost seven million pigs. The purpose of this review is a description of the current status of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in European pigs and the risk presented by the introduction of PEDV to Poland in comparison to the epidemics in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Antas
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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233
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Won H, Lee DU, Jang G, Noh YH, Lee SC, Choi HW, Yoon IJ, Yoo HS, Lee C. Generation and protective efficacy of a cold-adapted attenuated genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e32. [PMID: 31364317 PMCID: PMC6669205 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) underscore the urgent need for the development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against the prevailing strain. In this study, we generated a cold-adapted live attenuated vaccine candidate (Aram-P29-CA) by short-term passage of a virulent PEDV isolate at successively lower temperatures in Vero cells. Whole genome sequencing identified 12 amino acid changes in the cold-adapted strain with no insertions and deletions throughout the genome. Animal inoculation experiments confirmed the attenuated phenotype of Aram-P29-CA virus in the natural host. Pregnant sows were orally administered P29-CA live vaccines two doses at 2-week intervals prior to parturition, and the newborn piglets were challenged with the parental virus. The oral homologous prime-boost vaccination of P29-CA significantly improved the survival rate of the piglets and notably mitigated the severity of diarrhea and PEDV fecal shedding after the challenge. Furthermore, strong antibody responses to PEDV were detected in the sera and colostrum of immunized sows and in the sera of their offspring. These results demonstrated that the cold-adapted attenuated virus can be used as a live vaccine in maternal vaccination strategies to provide durable lactogenic immunity and confer passive protection to litters against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokeun Won
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong Uk Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Guehwan Jang
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Noh
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | | | - Hwan Won Choi
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - In Joong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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234
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Rapid manipulation of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113772. [PMID: 31712093 PMCID: PMC7113866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A reverse genetics system for highly virulent PEDV strain AJ1102 was established. A recombinant PEDV was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Recombinant PEDV can be created within one week using this strategy. Provides an efficient platform for PEDV genome manipulation and vaccine development.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic enteric coronavirus causing lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. Reverse genetics is a valuable tool to study the functions of viral genes and to generate vaccine candidates. In this study, a full-length infectious cDNA clone of the highly virulent PEDV strain AJ1102 was assembled in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). The rescued virus (rAJ1102) exhibited similar proliferation characteristics in vitro to the wildtype AJ1102. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a recombinant virus rAJ1102-ΔORF3-EGFP in which the ORF3 gene was replaced with an EGFP gene, was successfully generated, and its proliferation characteristics were compared with the parental rAJ1102. Importantly, it just took one week to construct the recombinant PEDV rAJ1102-ΔORF3-EGFP using this method, providing a more efficient platform for PEDV genome manipulation, which could also be applied to other RNA viruses.
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235
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Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ. Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs. Vet Res 2019; 50:90. [PMID: 31694705 PMCID: PMC6833244 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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236
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Wu Y, Li W, Zhou Q, Li Q, Xu Z, Shen H, Chen F. Characterization and pathogenicity of Vero cell-attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus CT strain. Virol J 2019; 16:121. [PMID: 31660993 PMCID: PMC6819350 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused enormous economic losses to the global pig industry. Currently available PEDV vaccine strains have limited protective effects against PEDV variant strains. Methods In this study, the highly virulent epidemic virus strain CT was serially passaged in Vero cells for up to 120 generations (P120). Characterization of the different passages revealed that compared with P10 and P64, P120 had a higher viral titer and more obvious cytopathic effects, thereby demonstrating better cell adaptability. Results Pathogenicity experiments using P120 in piglets revealed significant reductions in clinical symptoms, histopathological lesions, and intestinal PEDV antigen distribution; the piglet survival rate in the P120 group was 100%. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing identified 13 amino acid changes in P120, which might be responsible for the attenuated virulence of P120. Conclusions Thus, an attenuated strain was obtained via cell passaging and that this strain could be used in preparing attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qunhui Li
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanqin Shen
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China.
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237
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Singh G, Singh P, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Webb B, Dillberger-Lawson S, Ramamoorthy S. A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:347. [PMID: 31696121 PMCID: PMC6817509 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an economically important enteric coronavirus, with over a 90% mortality rate in neonatal piglets. The virus emerged in the US in 2013, resulting in severe production losses. Effective vaccine development against PEDV is a challenge. Inactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Attenuated vaccines, while more effective, require a relatively long lead development time, are associated with safety concerns and are also unable to prevent new field outbreaks. To combine the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines, respectively, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that subjecting PEDV virions to heat treatment at 44°C for 10 min to reversibly unfold structural proteins, followed by exposure to RNAse to fragment the genome, would result in a vaccine preparation with intact viral structure/antigenicity but highly diminished replicative abilities. We expected the vaccine to be both safe and effective in a piglet challenge model. Following the heat and RNAse treatment, PEDV virions had an intact electron microscopic ultrastructure and were amplified only in the 3rd passage in Vero cells, indicating that diminished replication was achieved in vitro. Strong PEDV spike-protein specific and virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited in vaccinated piglets. Upon challenge, all vaccinated pigs were protected against fecal viral shedding and intestinal pathology, while the unvaccinated controls were not. The vaccine virus was not detected in the fecal matter of vaccinated pigs prior to challenge; nor did they develop intestinal lesions. Thus, the described approach has significant promise in improving current approaches for PEDV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Steven Dillberger-Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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238
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Hsueh FC, Lin CN, Chiou HY, Chia MY, Chiou MT, Haga T, Kao CF, Chang YC, Chang CY, Jeng CR, Chang HW. Updated phylogenetic analysis of the spike gene and identification of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strain in Taiwan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:417-430. [PMID: 31538715 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) causing a highly contagious intestinal disease, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PED), have resulted in high mortality in suckling pigs across several countries since 2013. After 2015, the prevalence of the genogroup 2b (G2b) PEDVs decreased in a cyclical pattern with endemic seasonal outbreaks occasionally seen. To better understand the genetic diversity of PEDVs recently circulating in Taiwan, full-length spike (S) genes of 31 PEDV strains from 28 pig farms collected during 2016-2018 were sequenced. While the majority of S gene sequences (from 27/28 farms) were closely related to the previous G2b PEDV strains, increased genetic diversities leading to several nonsynonymous mutations scattering in the neutralizing epitopes of the S gene were detected in PEDVs recently circulating in Taiwan. Furthermore, novel recombinant variants, the PEDV TW/Yunlin550/2018 strains exhibiting recombinant events between a previously isolated Taiwan PEDV G2b strain and a wild-type PEDV G1a strain, were identified and further classified into a new genogroup, G1c. These results provide updated information about the genetic diversity of currently circulating PEDVs in the field and could help to develop more suitable strategies for controlling this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hue-Ying Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chi-Fei Kao
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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239
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Dietary 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Supplementation Alleviates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection by Improving Intestinal Structure and Immune Response in Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090627. [PMID: 31470619 PMCID: PMC6770734 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine epidemic diarrhea is one of the major problems in current swine husbandry worldwide, and effective measures for prevention and treatment are scarce. We found that high dose 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation could ease intestinal injury and inhibit intestinal immune response induced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), suggesting that feeding a high dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 could be used as an approach against PEDV infection. Abstract We conducted this experiment to determine if feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) to weaned pigs would alleviate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection and immune response. Forty-two weaned pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary 25(OH)D3 treatments (5.5, 5.5, 43.0, 80.5, 118.0, 155.5 μg 25(OH)D3/kg diet) for 26 days. On day 22 of the trial, all the treatments were orally administrated with PEDV except for one of the 5.5 μg 25(OH)D3/kg treatments, which was challenged with the same volume of sterile saline and served as control. Another 5.5 μg 25(OH)D3/kg group for PEDV challenge was named CON-PEDV. Average daily gain (p < 0.05) was reduced by PEDV infection. PEDV administration also induced severe diarrhea (p < 0.05), reduction of villous height and the ratio of villous height to crypt depth, and increase of crypt depth and serum diamine oxidase activity (p < 0.05). Serum IgM and complement component 4 levels were increased by PEDV challenge. However, 155.5 μg 25(OH)D3/kg supplementation alleviated intestinal damage (p < 0.05) compared with CON-PEDV. Furthermore, 155.5 μg 25(OH)D3/kg supplementation downregulated the mRNA abundance of inflammatory cytokines and interferon signal pathway-related genes (p < 0.05) compared with CON-PEDV. These results suggested that dietary supplementation of 155.5 μg 25(OH)D3/kg could alleviate intestinal damage and protect against PEDV-induced inflammatory status.
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240
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Huan C, Pan H, Fu S, Xu W, Gao Q, Wang X, Gao S, Chen C, Liu X. Characterization and evolution of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus HLJBY isolated in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:65-79. [PMID: 31381232 PMCID: PMC7168556 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strain of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), namely HLJBY, was isolated in Heilongjiang province, China. To provide insight into the understanding of the phylogenetic and the current epidemiological status of PEDV, PEDV HLJBY was compared with CV777 and other PEDV strains deposited in the GenBank. The homology between the entire genomic nucleotide sequences of PEDV HLJBY and CV777 was 97.7%. The homology of M gene was the highest (99.0%). However, the homology of ORF3 gene was 97.7%, and protein of ORF3 was 90.1%. In addition, HLJBY showed the highest nucleotide identity (99.9%) with PEDV‐SX/China/2017 strain and lowest similarity (91.2%) to PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 strain. We analysed the changes in S gene and its protein of PEDV HLJBY with 65 historic PEDV strains. The highest nucleotide identity was 99.9% compared with PEDV‐SX/China/2017 strain, and the lowest nucleotide identity was 60.0% compared with PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 strain. The length of deduced amino acid sequences of S proteins varied from 1,372 to 1,390 amino acids (aa). Compared with most aa sequences of S proteins, HLJBY exhibited 5 aa deletions (position 55, 59–61, 144). Analysis and comparison of open reading frame 3 (ORF3) proteins between HLJBY strain and other PEDV strains were also focused in this study. We revealed that the length of deduced amino acid sequences of ORF3 proteins was 80–224 aa among tested strains and the identity of HLJBY ORF3 amino acids with other PEDV strains was 71.4%–98.9%. ORF3 protein of both HLJBY strain and PEDV‐SX/China/2017 strain consists of 91 aa, with 133 aa deletions at their C' end in relation to the other tested PEDV strains. The phylogenetic tree based on different proteins or genes resulted in different phylogenetic groups. For pathogenicity evaluation of PEDV HLJBY strain, colostrum deprivation piglets were challenged with PEDV HLJBY, and PEDV reference strain CV777 as a control, the results showed that animals challenged with either of these PEDV strains developed diarrhoea, and histopathological examination of small intestines of challenged animals showed acute viral enteritis with villous atrophy in either PEDV HLJBY‐P10 or PEDV CV777‐P8 inoculated piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haochun Pan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Siyao Fu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiyin Xu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changhai Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
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Pandey K, Zhong S, Diel DG, Hou Y, Wang Q, Nelson E, Wang X. GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) plays an antiviral role against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108392. [PMID: 31500725 PMCID: PMC7117524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Knockdown of G3BP1 significantly increases PEDV replication. Overexpression of G3BP1 lowers virus replication. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in PEDV-infected G3BP1 depleted cells. PEDV induces stress granules in infected Vero cells.
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae. PEDV causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration in nursing piglets, which leads to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Stress granules (SGs) are sites of mRNA storage that are formed under various stress conditions including viral infections. Increasing evidence suggests that SGs function in antiviral innate immunity of host cells to limit virus replication. Ras-GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain) binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a key stress granule-resident protein that nucleates stress granule assembly. Depletion of G3BP1 inhibits SGs formation and overexpression of G3BP1 nucleates SGs assembly. We observed that knockdown of G3BP1 by silencing RNA significantly increased PEDV replication. Overexpression of exogenous G3BP1, on the other hand, lowered virus replication by 100-fold compared to vector control. An increase in the levels of mRNAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was also observed in PEDV-infected G3BP1 depleted cells compared to PEDV-infected control cells. Taken together, our results suggest that G3BP1 plays an antiviral role and impairs PEDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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242
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Jang G, Park J, Lee C. Complete genome sequences of novel S-deletion variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus identified from a recurrent outbreak on Jeju Island, South Korea. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2621-2625. [PMID: 31350613 PMCID: PMC7087009 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a deadly epizootic swine coronavirus that is of importance to the world pork industry. Since the re-emergence of the virulent genotype 2b (G2b) in 2014, Jeju Island in South Korea has faced periodic outbreaks, leading to the occurrence of endemics in provincial herds. In this study, we examined the complete genome sequences and molecular characteristics of novel G2b PEDV variants with a two-amino-acid deletion in the neutralizing epitope of the spike (S) gene, which were concurrently identified on a re-infected farm and its neighboring farm on Jeju Island. Whole-genome sequencing of the Jeju S-DEL isolates KNU-1829 and KNU-1830 revealed the presence of a continuous 9-nucleotide deletion within the nonstructural protein coding region. Their genomes were 28,023 nucleotides in length, 15 nucleotides shorter than those of the classical G2b PEDV strains. The two S-DEL isolates had 96.4–99.2% and 98.3–99.7% identity at the S-gene and full-genome level, respectively, to other global G2b PEDV strains. Genetic and antigenic analyses indicated that the S-DEL isolates are most closely related to the primary strain identified from the initial exposure at the same farm, but the virus appears to undergo continuous evolution, possibly leading to antigenic drift under recurrent or endemic pressure. This study provides important information about the antigenic diversity of PEDV circulating in the endemic areas, which arises from continuous non-lethal mutations to ensure viral fitness in the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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243
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SASAKI Y, SEKIGUCHI S, TOYOMAKI H, MAKITA K, SUEYOSHI M. Assessment of the Economic Impact of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) Epidemic in the Southern Kyushu, Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2743/jve.23.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke SASAKI
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
| | - Satoshi SEKIGUCHI
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Haruya TOYOMAKI
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kohei MAKITA
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Masuo SUEYOSHI
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
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244
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Brnić D, Šimić I, Lojkić I, Krešić N, Jungić A, Balić D, Lolić M, Knežević D, Hengl B. The emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in Croatia: molecular characterization and serology. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:249. [PMID: 31319854 PMCID: PMC6637520 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is an emergent/re-emergent viral pig disease (caused by the virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, in specific the Alphacoronavirus genus) of global importance. Clinical presentation is characterized with acute diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in pigs of all ages, with a possible high mortality in suckling piglets. The disease emerged in the USA in 2013 causing heavy losses, and re-emerged in Europe in 2014, but with milder consequences. RESULTS In the spring 2016, PED-like symptoms were reported to be seen on an agricultural holding in Eastern Croatia; laboratory workup confirmed the Croatia's first PED outbreak ever. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strain responsible for the outbreak was of the S-INDEL genotype, much the same as other European PEDV strains. In 2017, a post-outbreak serology was carried out in three counties in Eastern Croatia, revealing seropositivity in pigs bred on four large industrial holdings (9.09%). The seroprevalence across PEDV-positive holdings was up to 82.8%. The latter holdings were unanimously managed by an enterprise that had never reported PED before. CONCLUSIONS PED has emerged in Croatian pig population causing potentially considerable losses. The circulating strain was of the S-INDEL genotype. Serological workup proved PEDV spread to another four agricultural holdings, demonstrating the importance of not only external, but also internal biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Jungić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Balić
- Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Marica Lolić
- Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Dražen Knežević
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Ivana Gundulića 36b, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Brigita Hengl
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Ivana Gundulića 36b, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
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245
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Bao F, Wang L, Zhao X, Lu T, Na AM, Wang X, Cao J, Du Y. Preparation and characterization of a single-domain antibody specific for the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein. AMB Express 2019; 9:104. [PMID: 31300902 PMCID: PMC6626092 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a diarrheal disease of swine caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). It is characterized by acute watery diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting in swine of all ages and is especially fatal for neonatal and postweaning piglets. The spike protein of PEDV plays an important role in mediating virus attachment and fusion to target cells, and recent studies also reported that the neutralizing epitopes of the spike protein were mainly located in the S1 subunit, which makes it a candidate for vaccine development and clinical diagnosis. In this study, we successfully constructed an immune phage display single-domain antibody library with a library size of 3.4 × 106. A single-domain antibody, named S7, specific for the spike protein of PEDV was identified from the phage display single-domain antibody library. S7 could be expressed in a soluble form in E. coli, bound to the spike protein of PEDV in ELISA and stained the PEDV virus in Vero cells, but it showed no neutralization activity on PEDV. These results indicated the potent application of the S7 antibody as an imaging probe or as a candidate for the development of a diagnostic assay.
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246
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Qin S, Hu C, Yang D, Wu J, Yue H, Tang C, Zhang B. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses with the novel S genes in Tibetan pigs in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in China. Virus Res 2019; 270:197652. [PMID: 31301333 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic variation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Tibetan pigs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in 2018. The PCR yielded a significantly high detection rate (38.34%, 95%CI=31.5-45.6%) for PEDV from 193 fecal samples from Tibetan pigs. The novel PEDVs were discovered in Tibetan pigs and seven complete S genes were obtained and analyzed. The unique multiple mutations were detected in S genes of PEDV from Tibetan pigs, one of which led to a new amino acid substitution of a neutralizing epitope. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven S genes had significant genetic distance to other PEDV. Specially, two S genes formed a novel subgroup on the genogroup 2 (G2) branch, of which same recombination event occurred between different strains from genotype G2. The remaining five S genes formed a new subgroup on the G1 branch, among which distinct recombination events occurred between genotypes G1 and G2 strains. The result indicated that the new recombination events were detected in the S genes of PEDV from Tibetan pigs, which could be circulating in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Notably, the four complete PEDV genomes obtained in this study had an identical recombination region spanning S2, ORF3 and E genes. This is the first report of the crossover regional recombination event in PEDV genome. Our findings not only augmented current understanding of the genetic evolution of PEDV, but also indicated that new variants of PEDV strains have been emerging in Tibetan pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengzhe Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Danjiao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Institute of Animal Science of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Kangding 626000, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Institute of Animal Science of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Kangding 626000, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Chengdu 610041, China.
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247
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Zou D, Xu J, Duan X, Xu X, Li P, Cheng L, Zheng L, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wu X, Shen Y, Yao X, Wei J, Yao L, Li L, Song B, Ma J, Liu X, Wu Z, Zhang H, Cao H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ORF3 protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress to facilitate autophagy. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:209-219. [PMID: 31383304 PMCID: PMC7117398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), the causative agent of PED, is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. PEDV non-structural accessory protein ORF3 is an ion channel related to viral infectivity and pathogenicity. Our previous study showed that PEDV ORF3 has expression characteristic of aggregation in cytoplasm, but its biological function remains elusive. Thus in this study, we initiated the construction of various vectors to express ORF3, and found ORF3 localized in the cytoplasm in the aggregation manner. Subsequently, confocal microscopy analysis showed that the aggregated ORF3 localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to trigger ER stress response via up-regulation of GRP78 protein expression and activation of PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway. In addition, our results showed that PEDV ORF3 could induce the autophagy through inducing conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, but couldn't influence the apoptosis. In contrast, conversion of LC3-I/LC3-II could be significantly inhibited by 4-PBA, an ER stress inhibitor, indicating that ORF3-induced autophagy is dependent on ER stress response. This work not only provides some new findings for the biological function of the PEDV ORF3 protein, but also help us for the further understanding the molecular interaction between PEDV ORF3 protein and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xulai Duan
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, 161005, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lixin Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xingzhi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xianhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xuening Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yujiang Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xiangyu Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lili Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
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He D, Chen F, Ku X, Yu X, Li B, Li Z, Sun Q, Fan S, He Q. Establishment and application of a multiplex RT-PCR to differentiate wild-type and vaccine strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113684. [PMID: 31288038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and the wide use of attenuated live vaccine, both wild-type and vaccine strains (CV777) are believed to circulate in Chinese pig farms. Thus, identification of different PEDV strains is of epidemiological importance. In this study, a multiplex RT-PCR method was established based on the sequence features of spike (S) gene and ORF3 gene of PEDVs. The method could identify PEDV variant strains, classical wild-type strains and classical vaccine strains. The limit of detection of the RT-PCR was 1.51 × 104 copies/uL for plasmids and 1 × 101.7 TCID50/100 u L for PEDV, respectively. There were no cross-detections among three different PEDVs and no false detections among six swine pathogens. This assay was used to test 940 samples from China of which 303 samples were PEDV positive, and 289, 5, 10 were positive for variant, classical wild, classical vaccine, respectively. One sample was positive for both variant and classical vaccine PEDV. The variant PEDVs could be detected in samples from 13 provinces, while classical PEDVs were detected from nine provinces, supporting the prevalence of variant PEDV in China. In summary, this multiplex RT-PCR was a useful tool for the clinical detection and epidemiological survey of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Sun P, Fahd Q, Li Y, Sun Y, Li J, Qaria MA, He ZS, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Yin Z, Xu X, Li Y. Transcriptomic analysis of small intestinal mucosa from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected piglets. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:73-79. [PMID: 31026494 PMCID: PMC7125762 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute infectious disease which causes damage to the intestine including intestinal villus atrophy and shedding, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. In order to obtain detailed information about the pathogenesis and host immune response in a PEDV-infected host for first In vivo study we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the gene expression differences of the small intestinal mucosa after infection with PEDV. Transcripts obtained were over 65,525,000 clean reads after reassembly were 22,605 genes detected, of which 22,248 were known genes and 371 new genes were predicted. Moreover, 3168 genes expression was up-regulated and 3876 genes down-regulated. (Gene Ontology) GO annotation and functional enrichment analysis indicated that all of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were annotated into biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Most of these unigenes are annotated in cellular processes, the cell and binding. KEGG analysis of the DEGs showed that a total of 7044 DEGs unigenes were annotated into 323 pathways classified into 6 main categories. Most of these unigenes are annotated were related to immune system response to the infectious diseases pathways. In addition, 20 DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. As the first, in vivo, RNAseq analysis of piglets and PEDV infection, our study provides knowledge about the transcriptomics of intestinal mucosa in PEDV-infected piglets, from which a complex molecular pathways and pathogenesis-related biological processes are involved in PEDV interaction with piglet intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Qarih Fahd
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Yezhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Yao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogens Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Zhan Song He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Yuzhen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Qianming Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University. Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
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Tu CF, Chuang CK, Hsiao KH, Chen CH, Chen CM, Peng SH, Su YH, Chiou MT, Yen CH, Hung SW, Yang TS, Chen CM. Lessening of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus susceptibility in piglets after editing of the CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene with CRISPR/Cas9 to nullify N-glycolylneuraminic acid expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217236. [PMID: 31141512 PMCID: PMC6541307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) devastates the health of piglets but may not infect piglets whose CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene is mutated (knockouts, KO) by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques. This hypothesis was tested by using KO piglets that were challenged with PEDV. Two single-guide RNAs targeting the CMAH gene and Cas9 mRNA were microinjected into the cytoplasm of newly fertilized eggs. Four live founders generated and proven to be biallelic KO, lacking detectable N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA). The founders were bred, and homozygous offspring were obtained. Two-day-old (in exps. I, n = 6, and III, n = 15) and 3-day-old (in exp. II, n = 9) KO and wild-type (WT, same ages in respective exps.) piglets were inoculated with TCID50 1x103 PEDV and then fed 20 mL of infant formula (in exps. I and II) or sow's colostrum (in exp. III) every 4 hours. In exp. III, the colostrum was offered 6 times and was then replaced with Ringer/5% glucose solution. At 72 hours post-PEDV inoculation (hpi), the animals either deceased or euthanized were necropsied and intestines were sampled. In all 3 experiments, the piglets showed apparent outward clinical manifestations suggesting that infection occurred despite the CMAH KO. In exp. I, all 6 WT piglets and only 1 of 6 KO piglets died at 72 hpi. Histopathology and immunofluorescence staining showed that the villus epithelial cells of WT piglets were severely exfoliated, but only moderate exfoliation and enterocyte vacuolization was observed in KO piglets. In exp. II, delayed clinical symptoms appeared, yet the immunofluorescence staining/histopathologic inspection (I/H) scores of the two groups differed little. In exp. III, the animals exhibited clinical and pathological signs after inoculation similar to those in exp. II. These results suggest that porcine CMAH KO with nullified NGNA expression are not immune to PEDV but that this KO may lessen the severity of the infection and delay its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Tu
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-kai Chuang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Hsuan Hsiao
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Hong Chen
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Min Chen
- Division of Animal Medicine, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Su-Hei Peng
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsiu Su
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chon-Ho Yen
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-Wen Hung
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tien-Shuh Yang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsinh University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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