201
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Kaidonis G, Rao AN, Ouyang YB, Stary CM. Elucidating sex differences in response to cerebral ischemia: immunoregulatory mechanisms and the role of microRNAs. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:73-85. [PMID: 30121237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide, yet therapeutic options remain limited. Differences in sex and age play an important role in the final outcome in response to cerebral ischemia in both experimental and clinical studies: males have a higher risk and worse outcome than females at younger ages and this trend reverses in older ages. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sex dimorphism are complex and are still not well understood, studies suggest steroid hormones, sex chromosomes, differential cell death and immune pathways, and sex-specific microRNAs may contribute to the outcome following cerebral ischemia. This review focuses on differential effects between males and females on cell death and immunological pathways in response to cerebral ischemia, the central role of innate sex differences in steroid hormone signaling, and upstreamregulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kaidonis
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, United States
| | - Anand N Rao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States
| | - Creed M Stary
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, United States.
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202
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Egan AE, Thompson AMK, Buesing D, Fourman SM, Packard AEB, Terefe T, Li D, Wang X, Song S, Solomon MB, Ulrich-Lai YM. Palatable Food Affects HPA Axis Responsivity and Forebrain Neurocircuitry in an Estrous Cycle-specific Manner in Female Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 384:224-240. [PMID: 29852242 PMCID: PMC6071329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Eating palatable foods can provide stress relief, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are unclear. We previously characterized a limited sucrose intake (LSI) paradigm in which twice-daily access to a small amount of 30% sucrose (vs. water as a control) reduces hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses to stress and alters neuronal activation in stress-regulatory brain regions in male rats. However, women may be more prone to 'comfort feeding' behaviors than men, and stress-related eating may vary across the menstrual cycle. This suggests that LSI effects may be sex- and estrous cycle-dependent. The present study therefore investigated the effects of LSI on HPA axis stress responsivity, as well as markers of neuronal activation/plasticity in stress- and reward-related neurocircuitry in female rats across the estrous cycle. We found that LSI reduced post-restraint stress plasma ACTH in female rats specifically during proestrus/estrus (P/E). LSI also increased basal (non-stress) FosB/deltaFosB- and pCREB-immunolabeling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central amygdala specifically during P/E. Finally, Bayesian network modeling of the FosB/deltaFosB and pCREB expression data identified a neurocircuit that includes the BLA, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as likely being modified by LSI during P/E. When considered in the context of our prior results, the present findings suggest that palatable food reduces stress responses in female rats similar to males, but in an estrous cycle-dependent manner. Further, the BLA may contribute to the LSI effects in both sexes, whereas the involvement of other brain regions appears to be sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Abigail M K Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Dana Buesing
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Sarah M Fourman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Tegesty Terefe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Seongho Song
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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203
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Rich-Edwards JW, Kaiser UB, Chen GL, Manson JE, Goldstein JM. Sex and Gender Differences Research Design for Basic, Clinical, and Population Studies: Essentials for Investigators. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:424-439. [PMID: 29668873 PMCID: PMC7263836 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A sex- and gender-informed perspective increases rigor, promotes discovery, and expands the relevance of biomedical research. In the current era of accountability to present data for males and females, thoughtful and deliberate methodology can improve study design and inference in sex and gender differences research. We address issues of motivation, subject selection, sample size, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, considering implications for basic, clinical, and population research. In particular, we focus on methods to test sex/gender differences as effect modification or interaction, and discuss why some inferences from sex-stratified data should be viewed with caution. Without careful methodology, the pursuit of sex difference research, despite a mandate from funding agencies, will result in a literature of contradiction. However, given the historic lack of attention to sex differences, the absence of evidence for sex differences is not necessarily evidence of the absence of sex differences. Thoughtfully conceived and conducted sex and gender differences research is needed to drive scientific and therapeutic discovery for all sexes and genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet W Rich-Edwards
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace L Chen
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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204
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Datta U, Martini M, Fan M, Sun W. Compulsive sucrose- and cocaine-seeking behaviors in male and female Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2395-2405. [PMID: 29947917 PMCID: PMC6061959 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compulsive cocaine use is a key feature of cocaine addiction and understanding the factors that promote the development of such a behavior will provide important insights into the mechanism of cocaine addiction and is essential for the clinical management of the disorder. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine how the preexisting compulsive reward-seeking behavior is related to the development of compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior in male and female rats and the potential impact of the reward value and estrous cycle on such behaviors. METHODS Adult male and female Wistar rats were first trained to self-administer sucrose pellets under a chained schedule, and then, the intensity-response effects of footshock punishment on sucrose SA reinforced by different values of sucrose were measured. Subsequently, the same rats went on to self-administer intravenous cocaine and the punishment intensity-response effects on cocaine SA reinforced by different doses of cocaine were similarly determined. For the female rats, the measurements were made during different phases of the estrous cycle. RESULTS The rats showed a wide range of levels of the compulsive behaviors despite the similar training history. Surprisingly, the compulsive sucrose-seeking behavior did not predict the compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior in either sex. Increasing cocaine dose significantly increased the compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior in the female but not male rats. Estrous cycle did not have impact on the compulsive behaviors. CONCLUSION Preexisting differences in compulsive sucrose-seeking behavior do not predict compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior. Compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior is influenced by cocaine dose but not estrous cycle in the female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Datta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Mariangela Martini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - WenLin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA.
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205
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Imam-Fulani AO, Sanusi KO, Owoyele BV. Effects of acetone extract of Cola nitida on brain sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity and spatial memory in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic female Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:411-416. [PMID: 29634481 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background This study was carried out to investigate the effects of acetone extract of Cola nitida on brain Na+/K+-ATPase activity and spatial memory of healthy and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic female Wistar rats. Methods Forty-two female Wistar rats were used for this study and were randomly distributed into six groups (n=7). Rats in group 1 were used as control and were administered normal saline; group 2 rats were healthy rats administered 50 mg/kg of kola nut extract per day; group 3 rats were healthy rats administered 100 mg/kg of kola nut extract per day; group 4 rats were a diabetic group also administered normal saline; group 5 rats were diabetic rats administered 50 mg/kg of kola nut extract per day; and group 6 rats were diabetic rats administered 100 mg/kg of kola nut extract per day. Diabetes was induced with 50 mg/kg of STZ. After 3 weeks of administration, the spatial memories of the rats were tested using the Y-maze, followed by assay of Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Results The result shows a significant increase in Na+/K+-ATPase activity of diabetic treated groups (5 and 6) when compared with the diabetic group (4) and a significant increase in Na+/K+-ATPase activity of healthy treated groups (2 and 3) when compared with control. Also, there was a significant increase in spatial memory of the diabetic treated groups when compared with diabetic group. Conclusions This study revealed that kola nut extract has restorative effect on brain Na+/K+-ATPase activities and spatial memory of STZ-induced diabetic female Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminat Omolola Imam-Fulani
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin 23401, Kwara, Nigeria, Phone: +2348032145355
| | | | - Bamidele Victor Owoyele
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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206
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Maske CB, Loney GC, Lilly N, Terrill SJ, Williams DL. Intragastric nutrient infusion reduces motivation for food in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533738 PMCID: PMC6087724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The idea that gut-derived satiation signals influence food reward has recently gained traction, but this hypothesis is largely based on studies focused on neural circuitry, not the peripherally released signals. Here, we directly tested the hypothesis that intragastric (IG) nutrient infusion can suppress motivation for food. In a series of experiments, IG sucrose infusion (15 kcal) significantly and reliably reduced operant responding for a sucrose reward on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Moreover, food deprivation for 24 h before the test session did not prevent the suppressive effect of nutrients. The suppressive effect of IG sucrose on fixed ratio 5 (FR5) operant responding was also assessed as a comparison. The effect of IG nutrients to reduce motivation was not limited to sucrose; IG Ensure infusion (9.3 kcal) also significantly reduced PR operant responding for sucrose pellets. To verify that these effects were not secondary to the osmotic challenge of concentrated nutrients, we tested IG infusion of noncaloric saline solutions equiosmolar to 40% sucrose or Ensure and found no effect. Finally, we focused on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) as candidate mediators for the effect of IG nutrients. Pretreatment with exendin-9, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, delivered intraperitoneally, significantly attenuated the ability of IG nutrients to suppress PR responding and breakpoint in males, but not in females, whereas pretreatment with devazepide, a CCKA receptor antagonist, failed to do so in both sexes. Together, these data support the idea that nutrient-induced satiation signals influence food reward and may implicate GLP-1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn B Maske
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Gregory C Loney
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Nicole Lilly
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sarah J Terrill
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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207
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Kim HI, Lim H, Moon A. Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:335-342. [PMID: 29949843 PMCID: PMC6029678 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369,
Republic of Korea
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208
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Stramek AK, Johnson ML, Taylor VJ. Improved timed-mating, non-invasive method using fewer unproven female rats with pregnancy validation via early body mass increases. Lab Anim 2018; 53:148-159. [PMID: 29783908 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218774076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For studies requiring accurate conception-timing, reliable, efficient methods of detecting oestrus reduce time and costs, whilst improving welfare. Standard methods use vaginal cytology to stage cycle, and breeders are paired-up using approximately five proven females with proven males to achieve at least one conception on a specific day. We describe an alternative, fast, consistent, non-invasive method of timed-mating using detection of lordosis behaviour in Wistar and Lister-Hooded rats that used unproven females with high success rates. Rats under reverse lighting had body masses recorded pre-mating, day (d) 3-4, d8, d10 and d18 of pregnancy. Using only the presence of the oestrus dance to time-mate females for 24 hours, 89% of Wistar and 88% of Lister-Hooded rats successfully conceived. We did not observe behavioural oestrus in Sprague-Dawleys without males being present. Significant body mass increases following mating distinguished pregnant from non-pregnant rats, as early as d4 of pregnancy (10% ± 1.0 increase cf. 3% ± 1.2). The pattern of increases throughout gestation was similar for all pregnant rats until late pregnancy, when there were smaller increases for primi- and multiparous rats (32% ± 2.5; 25% ± 2.4), whereas nulliparous rats had highest gains (38% ± 1.5). This method demonstrated a distinct refinement of the previous timed-mating common practice used, as disturbance of females was minimised. Only the number required of nulli-, primi- or multiparous rats were mated, and body mass increases validated pregnancy status. This new breeding management method is now established practice for two strains of rat and has resulted in a reduction in animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata K Stramek
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, UK
| | | | - Victoria J Taylor
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, UK
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209
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Sex Differences and Estrous Cycle Effects of Peripheral Serotonin-Evoked Rodent Pain Behaviors. Neuroscience 2018; 384:87-100. [PMID: 29800719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many persistent pain conditions occur predominantly in women making pain a major women's health issue. One theory for the prevalence in females is hormone modulation of pain mechanisms. The peripheral release of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT) has been implicated in various sexually dimorphic pain conditions; yet no studies have examined the effect of ovarian hormones on peripheral 5HT-evoked pain behaviors. We hypothesized that peripheral 5HT evokes greater pain behaviors in female rodents during estrus and/or proestrus, stages of the estrous cycle where ovarian hormones are greatly fluctuating. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) from each stage of the estrous cycle, ovariectomized females, and intact males received an intraplantar hindpaw injection of 5HT (2 μg/100 μL) or saline (n = 6 per group) and thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, or edema was measured at 0, 10, 20 and 30 min post-injection. A separate group of rats received an ipsilateral injection of the selective 5HT2A antagonist, M100907, 15 min prior to 5HT injection. We report that females in proestrus and estrus exhibited significantly greater and/or longer lasting pain behaviors compared to males, females in diestrus, and ovariectomized females. There were no significant sex differences or estrous cycle effects on 5HT-evoked edema or 5HT content in inflamed hindpaws. Local pretreatment with the 5HT2A receptor antagonist blocked 5HT-evoked thermal hyperalgesia and edema. These data provide evidence of a modulatory role of hormones on peripheral 5HT-evoked pain occurring via the 5HT2A receptor.
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210
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Zucker I. Psychoactive drug exposure during breastfeeding: a critical need for preclinical behavioral testing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1335-1346. [PMID: 29549392 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding women are excluded from clinical trials of psychoactive drugs because of ethical concerns. Animal testing, which often is predictive of adverse effects in humans, represents the only avenue available for assessing drug safety for human offspring exposed to drugs during lactation. I determined whether behavioral outcomes for children exposed during breastfeeding to antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, anti-seizure medications, analgesics, sedatives, and marijuana can be predicted by rodent studies of offspring exposed to drugs during lactation. Animal data were available for only 10 of 80 CNS-active drugs canvassed. Behavioral deficits in adolescence or adulthood in rats and mice after various drug exposures during lactation included reductions in sexual behavior, increased anxiety, hyperactivity, and impaired learning and memory. Whether similar adverse effects will emerge in adulthood in children exposed to drugs during breastfeeding is unknown. Rodent research has the potential to forecast impairments in breastfed children long before information emerges from post-marketing reports and should be prioritized during preclinical drug evaluation by the FDA for new drugs and for drugs currently prescribed off-label for lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Zucker
- Departments of Psychology and Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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211
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The association between estradiol levels, hormonal contraceptive use, and responsiveness to one-session-treatment for spider phobia in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 90:134-140. [PMID: 29482136 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that conditioned fear extinction is impaired in females with low endogenous levels of the sex hormone estradiol, due to menstrual fluctuations or hormonal contraceptive use. As fear extinction is a laboratory model of exposure therapy for anxiety and trauma disorders, here we assessed the hypothesis that treatment outcomes may be diminished when exposure therapy occurs during periods of low estradiol. 90 women with spider phobia (60 cycling and 30 using hormonal contraceptives) underwent a one-session exposure treatment for spider phobia, following which, serum estradiol levels were assessed. A median split in estradiol level was used to divide cycling participants into two groups; lower and higher estradiol. Behavioral avoidance and self-reported fear of spiders were measured pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at a 12 week follow-up assessment. Women using hormonal contraceptives exhibited a significantly slower rate of improvement across treatment, greater behavioral avoidance at post-treatment and follow-up, and fewer self-initiated post-treatment exposure tasks, relative to both groups of cycling women, who did not differ. No group differences in self-reported fear were evident. Correlational analyses revealed that across the whole sample, lower estradiol levels were associated with slower rates of improvement across treatment, and greater self-reported fear and behavioral avoidance at post-treatment, but not follow-up. These results provide the first evidence of an association between endogenous estradiol, hormonal contraceptive use, and exposure therapy outcomes in spider phobic women. Hormonal profile may partly account for variability in responsiveness to psychological treatments for anxiety and trauma disorders in women.
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212
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Reidy DE, Kernsmith PD, Malone CA, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Smith-Darden JP. Feminine Discrepancy Stress and Psychosocial Maladjustment Among Adolescent Girls. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:176-186. [PMID: 28608020 PMCID: PMC5857956 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Discrepancy stress, stress about being perceived to not conform to one's gender role (i.e., gender role discrepancy), has demonstrated effects on risky sexual and violent behaviors. However, evidence of these effects has been limited to men and boys, neglecting the impact gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress may have on girls. In addition, no study to date, has assessed the mental health correlates of gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress. In the current study, we sought to elucidate the relationship between perceived feminine discrepancy and feminine discrepancy stress and psychosocial maladjustment while controlling for trauma symptoms stemming from the potential repercussions of feminine discrepancy. Maladjustment was measured by creating a second-order latent factor derived from four first-order latent constructs: sexual behavior, substance use, mood disorder symptoms, and hopelessness. Data are drawn from a cross-sectional sample of female students in middle and high school (N = 643) who completed self-report questionnaires. Using structural equation modeling, we found girls reporting feminine discrepancy (i.e., less feminine than the average girl) were more likely to report feminine discrepancy stress and trauma symptomatology. Controlling for feminine discrepancy and trauma symptoms, the relationship between discrepancy stress and maladjustment was positive and significant. Additionally, girls reporting feminine discrepancy scored higher on trauma symptomatology, and trauma demonstrated a strong direct effect on psychosocial maladjustment. These data suggest that developing trauma focused prevention strategies that incorporate social norms around gender socialization may have an impact on multiple behavioral and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | | | - Carolyn A Malone
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alana M Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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213
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Harris AN, Lee HW, Osis G, Fang L, Webster KL, Verlander JW, Weiner ID. Differences in renal ammonia metabolism in male and female kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F211-F222. [PMID: 29561185 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00084.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ammonia metabolism has a major role in the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis. Sex differences are well recognized as an important biological variable in many aspects of renal function, including fluid and electrolyte metabolism. However, sex differences in renal ammonia metabolism have not been previously reported. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate sex differences in renal ammonia metabolism. We studied 4-mo-old wild-type C57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet. Despite similar levels of food intake, and, thus, protein intake, which is the primary determinant of endogenous acid production, female mice excreted greater amounts of ammonia, but not titratable acids, than did male mice. This difference in ammonia metabolism was associated with fundamental structural differences between the female and male kidney. In the female mouse kidney, proximal tubules account for a lower percentage of the renal cortical parenchyma compared with the male kidney, whereas collecting ducts account for a greater percentage of the renal parenchyma than in male kidneys. To further investigate the mechanism(s) behind the greater ammonia excretion in female mice, we examined differences in the expression of proteins involved in renal ammonia metabolism and transport. Greater basal ammonia excretion in females was associated with greater expression of PEPCK, glutamine synthetase, NKCC2, Rhbg, and Rhcg than was observed in male mice. We conclude that there are sex differences in basal ammonia metabolism that involve both renal structural differences and differences in expression of proteins involved in ammonia metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn N Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gunars Osis
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lijuan Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kierstin L Webster
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jill W Verlander
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - I David Weiner
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.,Nephrology and Hypertension Section, Gainesville Veterans Administration Medical Center , Gainesville, Florida
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Bolea-Alamanac B, Bailey SJ, Lovick TA, Scheele D, Valentino R. Female psychopharmacology matters! Towards a sex-specific psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:125-133. [PMID: 29405799 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117747578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that women have a higher prevalence of certain psychiatric illnesses, and a differential treatment response and course of illness compared to men. Additionally, clinicians deal with a number of disorders like premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and postpartum depression, which affect women specifically and for which treatment and biological pathways are still unclear. In this article we highlight recent research which suggests that different biological mechanisms may underlie sex differences in responsiveness to stress. Sex differences are evident at the receptor level; where the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor shows differential coupling to adaptor proteins in males and females. The neuropeptide oxytocin also shows sex-specific effects in a range of social behaviors. It may act as a biomarker in post-traumatic stress disorder where sex differences are evident. Studies in women using hormonal contraception show that some of these oxytocin-mediated effects are likely influenced by sex hormones. In female rats rapid changes in circulating progesterone levels are associated with exaggerated behavioral responses to mild stress and blunted responses to benzodiazepines that could be prevented by acute treatment with low-dose fluoxetine. Perceived barriers in research on women have hindered progress. The development of a sex-specific psychopharmacology as a basis for translating this type of research into clinical practice is vital to improve treatment outcomes for women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Bailey
- 2 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Thelma A Lovick
- 3 School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dirk Scheele
- 4 Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rita Valentino
- 5 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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215
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Kan JM, Richardson R. Ghosts of mother's past: Previous maternal stress leads to altered maternal behavior following a subsequent pregnancy in rats. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:278-291. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice M. Kan
- School of Women's and Children's HealthThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Rick Richardson
- School of PsychologyThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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216
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Bryant J, Yi P, Miller L, Peek K, Lee D. Potential Sex Bias Exists in Orthopaedic Basic Science and Translational Research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100:124-130. [PMID: 29342062 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential sex bias has been shown in general surgery basic science and translational research, with unequal representation of male and female specimens. Because basic science research forms the foundation for clinical studies on which patient care is based, it is important that this research equally consider both sexes. The purpose of this study was to determine if potential sex bias exists in the basic science and translational orthopaedic literature. METHODS A systematic review was conducted of all articles published in 2014 in The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, The Bone & Joint Journal, and the Journal of Orthopaedic Research (JOR). All original research articles utilizing animals, cells, or cadavers were included. The data abstracted included study type, sex of specimen studied, and presence of sex-based reporting of data. A second review was performed of all basic science articles published in JOR in 1994, 2004, and 2014 to compare sex bias trends across 3 decades. Distributions of variables were compared using the Fisher exact test, with significance defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS Of 1,693 articles reviewed, 250 (15%) were included: 122 animal-based studies (49%), 71 cell-based studies (28%), and 57 human cadaver-based studies (23%). Overall, authors in 88 studies (35%) did not report the sex of animals, cells, or cadavers used. Of 162 studies in which the authors did report sex, 69 (43%) utilized male only, 40 (25%) utilized female only, and 53 (33%) utilized both sexes. Of those studies that used both sexes, authors in only 7 studies (13%) reported sex-based results. A subanalysis of JOR articles across 3 decades revealed a significant increase in studies specifying sex (p = 0.01) from 2004 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS Potential sex bias exists in orthopaedic surgery basic science and translational research, with an overrepresentation of male specimens. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inequality in sex representation must be addressed as basic science and translational research creates the foundation for subsequent clinical research, which ultimately informs clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bryant
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Paul Yi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Liane Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kacy Peek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel Lee
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Sundström-Poromaa I. The Menstrual Cycle Influences Emotion but Has Limited Effect on Cognitive Function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 107:349-376. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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218
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Bekhbat M, Neigh GN. Sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress: Focus on depression and anxiety. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:1-12. [PMID: 28216088 PMCID: PMC5559342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women appear to be more vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of inflammation than men. Chronic stress, one of the most pertinent risk factors of depression and anxiety, is known to induce behavioral and affective-like deficits via neuroimmune alterations including activation of the brain's immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and subsequent changes in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity within stress-related neural circuitry. Despite well-established sexual dimorphisms in the stress response, immunity, and prevalence of stress-linked psychiatric illnesses, much of current research investigating the neuroimmune impact of stress remains exclusively focused on male subjects. We summarize and evaluate here the available data regarding sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress, and some of the physiological factors contributing to these differences. Furthermore, we discuss the extent to which sex differences in stress-related neuroinflammation can account for the overall female bias in stress-linked psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. The currently available evidence from rodent studies does not unequivocally support the peripheral inflammatory changes seen in women following stress. Replication of many recent findings in stress-related neuroinflammation in female subjects is necessary in order to build a framework in which we can assess the extent to which sex differences in stress-related inflammation contribute to the overall female bias in stress-related affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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219
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Cooper ZD, Craft RM. Sex-Dependent Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Translational Perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:34-51. [PMID: 28811670 PMCID: PMC5719093 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent policy changes have led to significant increases in the use of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. Although men are more likely to endorse past month cannabis use and are more frequently diagnosed with Cannabis Use Disorder relative to women, a growing proportion of medical cannabis users are reported to be women. The increased popularity of cannabis for medical purposes and the narrowing gap in prevalence of use between men and women raises questions regarding sex-dependent effects related to therapeutic efficacy and negative health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. The objective of this review is to provide a translational perspective on the sex-dependent effects of cannabis and cannabinoids by synthesizing findings from preclinical and clinical studies focused on sex comparisons of their therapeutic potential and abuse liability, two specific areas that are of significant public health relevance. Hormonal and pharmacological mechanisms that may underlie sex differences in the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziva D Cooper
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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220
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Graham BM, Scott E. Effects of systemic estradiol on fear extinction in female rats are dependent on interactions between dose, estrous phase, and endogenous estradiol levels. Horm Behav 2018; 97:67-74. [PMID: 29079442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Administering estradiol to females during periods of low endogenous estradiol enhances their ability to extinguish fear, the laboratory basis of exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. It has therefore been proposed that estradiol could be a useful adjunct to enhance exposure therapy outcomes. The present study aimed to clarify the boundary conditions under which estradiol could be used for this purpose, by assessing whether the impact of estradiol, administered systemically prior to extinction training, differs depending on dose and estrous phase in adult female rats. Results demonstrated that in rats extinguished during metestrus (naturally low estradiol), a low dose of estradiol reduced freezing during extinction training and augmented extinction recall the following day, whereas a high dose of estradiol had no effect on either extinction training or recall. In rats extinguished during proestrus (naturally high estradiol), a high dose of estradiol impaired extinction recall, whereas a low dose of estradiol had no effect, or impairing effects, on extinction recall in different experiments. A subsequent analysis revealed that estradiol-treated proestrus rats that exhibited impaired extinction recall had significantly higher pre-treatment serum estradiol levels than those that exhibited good extinction recall. Together, these results indicate that systemically administered estradiol interacts with endogenous estradiol to produce an inverted U shaped dose effect on fear extinction, where low and high estradiol levels lead to poor extinction recall, and moderate estradiol levels lead to good extinction recall. These results highlight potential limitations to the use of estradiol as an adjunct to exposure therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Graham
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Elliot Scott
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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221
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Sandweiss AJ, Cottier KE, McIntosh MI, Dussor G, Davis TP, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. 17-β-Estradiol induces spreading depression and pain behavior in alert female rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114109-114122. [PMID: 29371973 PMCID: PMC5768390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Test the putative contribution of 17-β-estradiol in the development of spreading depression (SD) events and head pain in awake, non-restrained rats. MAIN METHODS Female, Sprague-Dawley rats were intact or underwent ovariectomy followed one week later by surgery to place electrodes onto the dura to detect epidural electroencephalographic activity (dEEG). dEEG activity was recorded two days later for 12 hours after systemic administration of 17-β-estradiol (180 μg/kg, i.p.). A separate set of rats were observed for changes in exploratory, ambulatory, fine, and rearing behaviors; periorbital allodynia was also assessed. KEY FINDINGS A bolus of 17-β-estradiol significantly elevated serum estrogen levels, increased SD episodes over a 12-hour recording period and decreased rearing behaviors in ovariectomized rats. Pre-administration of ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, blocked 17-β-estradiol-evoked SD events and pain behaviors; similar results were observed when the antimigraine therapeutic sumatriptan was used. SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that an estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism contributes to SD events in ovariectomized rats and pain behaviors in both ovariectomized -and intact- rats. This suggests that estrogen plays a different role in each phenomenon of migraine where intense fluctuations in concentration may influence SD susceptibility. This is the first study to relate estrogen peaks to SD development and pain behaviors in awake, freely moving female rats, establishing a framework for future preclinical migraine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Sandweiss
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Karissa E. Cottier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Mary I. McIntosh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Abstract
Background Sex and age play a role in the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction (TD), but their interrelationship for manifestation of hyper- and hypothyroidism is still not well understood. Using a murine model, we asked whether sex impacts the phenotypes of hyper- and hypothyroidism at two life stages. Methods Hyper- and hypothyroidism were induced by i.p. T4 or MMI/ClO4-/LoI treatment over 7 weeks in 12- and 20-months-old female and male C57BL/6N mice. Control animals underwent PBS treatment (n = 7–11 animals/sex/treatment). Animals were investigated for impact of sex on body weight, food and water intake, body temperature, heart rate, behaviour (locomotor activity, motor coordination and strength) and serum thyroid hormone (TH) status. Results Distinct sex impact was found in eu- and hyperthyroid mice, while phenotypic traits of hypothyroidism were similar in male and female mice. No sex difference was found in TH status of euthyroid mice; however, T4 treatment resulted in twofold higher TT4, FT4 and FT3 serum concentrations in adult and old females compared to male animals. Hyperthyroid females consistently showed higher locomotor activity and better coordination but more impairment of muscle function by TH excess at adult age. Importantly and in contrast to male mice, adult and old hyperthyroid female mice showed increased body weight. Higher body temperature in female mice was confirmed in all age groups. No sex impact was found on heart rate irrespective of TH status in adult and old mice. Conclusions By comparison of male and female mice with TD at two life stages, we found that sex modulates TH action in an organ- and function-specific manner. Sex differences were more pronounced under hyperthyroid conditions. Importantly, sex-specific differences in features of TD in adult and old mice were not conclusively explained by serum TH status in mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-017-0159-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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223
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Côté I, Green SM, Toklu HZ, Morgan D, Carter CS, Tümer N, Scarpace PJ. Differential physiological responses to central leptin overexpression in male and female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29:10.1111/jne.12552. [PMID: 29044801 PMCID: PMC5739960 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brains of females are more sensitive to the acute catabolic actions of leptin. However, sex differences in the long-term physiological responses to central leptin receptor modulation are unknown. Accordingly, we centrally delivered a viral vector to overexpress leptin (Leptin), a neutral leptin receptor antagonist (Leptin-Antagonist) or a green fluorescence protein (GFP) (Control). We examined chronic changes in body weight and composition in male and female rats. Females displayed greater and sustained responses to Leptin, whereas males rapidly lost physiological effects and developed leptin resistance as confirmed by lower acute leptin-mediated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (P-STAT3). Surprisingly, despite persistent physiological responses, Leptin-females also exhibited reduced acute leptin-mediated P-STAT3, suggesting an onset of leptin resistance near time of death. In line with this interpretation, Leptin-females and Control-females consumed the same amount of food on the last day of the experiment. Both Leptin-Antagonist groups gained similar percentages of their initial body weight and fat mass, whereas only Leptin-Antagonist-females gained lean body mass. Consequently, the lean/fat mass ratio with Leptin-Antagonist was preserved in females and decreased in males, suggesting a deterioration of body composition in males. In summary, the present study establishes that females are more responsive to long-term central leptin overexpression than males and that leptin antagonism has a greater physiological impact in males. The hormone environment may have played a role in these processes; however, future studies are needed to establish whether such physiological responses are mediated by female or male sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Côté
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Sara M. Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Hale Z. Toklu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Drake Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Nihal Tümer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Philip J. Scarpace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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224
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Neuroanatomical Distribution of DEK Protein in Corticolimbic Circuits Associated with Learning and Memory in Adult Male and Female Mice. Neuroscience 2017; 371:254-267. [PMID: 29175155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DEK, a chromatin-remodeling gene expressed in most human tissues, is known for its role in cancer biology and autoimmune diseases. DEK depletion in vitro reduces cellular proliferation, induces DNA damage subsequently leading to apoptosis, and down-regulates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a molecular pathway essential for learning and memory. Despite a recognized role in cancer (non-neuronal) cells, DEK expression and function is not well characterized in the central nervous system. We conducted a gene ontology analysis (ToppGene), using a cancer database to identify genes associated with DEK deficiency, which pinpointed several genes associated with cognitive-related diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, presenile dementia). Based on this information, we examined DEK expression in corticolimbic structures associated with learning and memory in adult male and female mice using immunohistochemistry. DEK was expressed throughout the brain in both sexes, including the medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic, infralimbic and dorsal peduncular). DEK was also abundant in all amygdalar subdivisions (basolateral, central and medial) and in the hippocampus including the CA1, CA2, CA3, dentate gyrus (DG), ventral subiculum and entorhinal cortex. Of note, compared to males, females had significantly higher DEK immunoreactivity in the CA1, indicating a sex difference in this region. DEK was co-expressed with neuronal and microglial markers in the CA1 and DG, whereas only a small percentage of DEK cells were in apposition to astrocytes in these areas. Given the reported inverse cellular and molecular profiles (e.g., cell survival, Wnt pathway) between cancer and Alzheimer's disease, these findings suggest a potentially important role of DEK in cognition.
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225
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Zovkic IB, McCormick CM. A rapid enhancement of locomotor sensitization to amphetamine by estradiol in female rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 203:51-59. [PMID: 29154785 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol moderates the effects of drugs of abuse in both humans and rodents. Estradiol's enhancement of behavioral effects resulting from high (>2.5mg/kg) doses of amphetamine is established in rats; there is less evidence for the role of estradiol in locomotor effects elicited by lower doses, which are less aversive, increase incentive motivation, involve different neural mechanisms than higher doses, and often more readily reveal group differences than do higher doses. Further, the extent to which estradiol is required for the induction versus the expression of sensitization is unknown. To establish a protocol, we replicated the effects of estradiol on locomotor sensitization to amphetamine reported in a previous study that involved a high locomotor-activating dose (1.5mg/kg) of amphetamine, but with a lower dose. Ovariectomized female rats received 5μg of estradiol benzoate (EB) or OIL 30min before each of 5 treatments of 1.0mg/kg amphetamine or saline; all received a 0.5mg/kg challenge dose three days later. Compared with results for OIL, EB enhanced the locomotor-activating effects of repeated 1.0mg/kg amphetamine across treatment days. In contrast, on challenge day, there was no difference between EB-saline and EB-amphetamine to the lower dose (i.e., no sensitization). Experiments 2 and 3 involved a shorter induction (2days) and a lengthier withdrawal (9days) before the challenge test for the expression of sensitization to better differentiate the induction phase from the expression phase. In Expt2, EB-, and not OIL-, treated rats showed sensitization to 0.5mg/kg amphetamine; neither group showed sensitization to 1.5mg/kg amphetamine (ceiling effect?). In Expt3, rats were treated with EB either in both the induction and expression phases, in one of the phases only, or in neither phase. There was an effect of hormone treatment on challenge day and not on induction day; rats given EB on Challenge day showed sensitization to 0.5mg/kg amphetamine; OIL rats did not. The results suggest rapid effects of estradiol on amphetamine sensitization consistent with rapid effects of estradiol reported for other behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva B Zovkic
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, ON, Canada.
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226
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Solomon MB. Evaluating social defeat as a model for psychopathology in adult female rodents. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:763-776. [PMID: 27870445 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Social conflict is a predominant stressor in humans and is associated with increased risk for developing psychological illnesses including depression and anxiety. Overwhelmingly, more women suffer from these disorders, which may be due to increased stress sensitivity. Like humans, rodents experience a myriad of physiological and behavioral sequelae due to prolonged stress exposure. Although the motivation for social conflict may differ between humans and rodents, female rodents may provide an opportunity to explore the underlying mechanisms by which stress confers risk for psychopathology in women. Because most female rodents do not express spontaneous aggression, the majority of basic research examines the physiological and behavioral outcomes of social conflict in male rodents. However, there are instances where female rodents exhibit territorial (California mice and Syrian hamsters) and maternal aggression (rats, mice, and hamsters) creating a venue to examine sex differences in physiology and behavior in response to stress. While many studies rely upon nonsocial behavioral assays (e.g., elevated plus maze, forced swim test) to assess the impact of stress on emotionality, here we primarily focus on behavioral outcomes in social-based assays in rodents. This is critically important given that disruptions in social relationships can be a cause and consequence of neuropsychiatric diseases. Next, we briefly discuss how sex differences in the recruitment of neural circuitry and/or neurochemistry in response to stress may underlie sex differences in neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses. Finally, the translational value of females in rodent stress models and considerations regarding behavioral interpretations of these models are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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227
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Becker JB, McClellan ML, Reed BG. Sex differences, gender and addiction. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:136-147. [PMID: 27870394 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses alcohol and other forms of drug addiction as both a sociocultural and biological phenomenon. Sex differences and gender are not solely determined by biology, nor are they entirely sociocultural. The interactions among biological, environmental, sociocultural, and developmental influences result in phenotypes that may be more masculine or more feminine. These gender-related sex differences in the brain can influence the responses to drugs of abuse, progressive changes in the brain after exposure to drugs of abuse and whether addiction results from drug-taking experiences. In addition, the basic laboratory evidence for sex differences is discussed within the context of four types of sex/gender differences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Becker
- Department of Psychology and the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Michele L McClellan
- Department of History and the Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Beth Glover Reed
- School of Social Work and the Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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228
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Problems and Progress regarding Sex Bias and Omission in Neuroscience Research. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0278-17. [PMID: 29134192 PMCID: PMC5677705 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0278-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience research has historically ignored female animals. This neglect comes in two general forms. The first is sex bias, defined as favoring one sex over another; in this case, male over female. The second is sex omission, which is the lack of reporting sex. The recognition of this phenomenon has generated fierce debate across the sciences. Here we test whether sex bias and omission are still present in the neuroscience literature, whether studies employing both males and females neglect sex as an experimental variable, and whether sex bias and omission differs between animal models and journals. To accomplish this, we analyzed the largest-ever number of neuroscience articles for sex bias and omission: 6636 articles using mice or rats in 6 journals published from 2010 to 2014. Sex omission is declining, as increasing numbers of articles report sex. Sex bias remains present, as increasing numbers of articles report the sole use of males. Articles using both males and females are also increasing, but few report assessing sex as an experimental variable. Sex bias and omission varies substantially by animal model and journal. These findings are essential for understanding the complex status of sex bias and omission in neuroscience research and may inform effective decisions regarding policy action.
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Bao J, Mahaman YAR, Liu R, Wang JZ, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang X. Sex Differences in the Cognitive and Hippocampal Effects of Streptozotocin in an Animal Model of Sporadic AD. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:347. [PMID: 29163130 PMCID: PMC5671606 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 95% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to sporadic AD (sAD), and related animal models are the important research tools for investigating the pathogenesis and developing new drugs for sAD. An intracerebroventricular infusion of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) is commonly employed to generate sporadic AD animal model. Moreover, the potential impact of sex on brain function is now emphasized in the field of AD. However, whether sex differences exist in AD animal models remains unknown. Here we reported that ICV-STZ remarkably resulted in learning and memory impairment in the Sprague-Dawley male rats, but not in the female rats. We also found tau hyperphosphorylation, an increase of Aβ40/42 as well as increase in both GSK-3β and BACE1 activities, while a loss of dendritic and synaptic plasticity was observed in the male STZ rats. However, STZ did not induce above alterations in the female rats. Furthermore, estradiol levels of serum and hippocampus of female rats were much higher than that of male rats. In conclusion, sex differences exist in this sporadic AD animal model (Sprague-Dawley rats induced by STZ), and this should be considered in future AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yacoubou A R Mahaman
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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230
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Leeners B, Geary N, Tobler PN, Asarian L. Ovarian hormones and obesity. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:300-321. [PMID: 28333235 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clinical literature on the effects of ovarian hormones on the physiology of adipose tissue (AT) and the regulation of AT mass by energy intake and EE. SEARCH METHODS Articles in English indexed in PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight regulation and (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging research foci with clinical translational potential rather than to provide a comprehensive review. OUTCOMES We find that estrogens play a leading role in the causes and consequences of female obesity. With respect to adiposity, estrogens synergize with AT genes to increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous AT mass and decrease central AT mass in reproductive-age women, which leads to protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss of estrogens after menopause, independent of aging, increases total AT mass and decreases lean body mass, so that there is little net effect on body weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's protective AT distribution. These effects can be counteracted by estrogen treatment. With respect to eating, increasing estrogen levels progressively decrease eating during the follicular and peri-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Progestin levels are associated with eating during the luteal phase, but there does not appear to be a causal relationship. Progestins may increase binge eating and eating stimulated by negative emotional states during the luteal phase. Pre-clinical research indicates that one mechanism for the pre-ovulatory decrease in eating is a central action of estrogens to increase the satiating potency of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another mechanism involves a decrease in the preference for sweet foods during the follicular phase. Genetic defects in brain α-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead to a syndrome of overeating and obesity that is particularly pronounced in women and in female animals. The syndrome appears around puberty in mice with genetic deletions of MC4R, suggesting a role of ovarian hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data indicates that fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect eating by influencing striatal dopaminergic processing of flavor hedonics and lateral prefrontal cortex processing of cognitive inhibitory controls of eating. There is a dearth of research on the neuroendocrine control of eating after menopause. There is also comparatively little research on the effects of ovarian hormones on EE, although changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do affect resting EE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The markedly greater obesity burden in women makes understanding the diverse effects of ovarian hormones on eating, EE and body adiposity urgent research challenges. A variety of research modalities can be used to investigate these effects in women, and most of the mechanisms reviewed are accessible in animal models. Therefore, human and translational research on the roles of ovarian hormones in women's obesity and its causes should be intensified to gain further mechanistic insights that may ultimately be translated into novel anti-obesity therapies and thereby improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lori Asarian
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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231
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Sex- and Estrus-Dependent Differences in Rat Basolateral Amygdala. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10567-10586. [PMID: 28954870 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0758-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are diagnosed almost twice as often in women, and the symptomology differs in men and women and is sensitive to sex hormones. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contributes to emotion-related behaviors that differ between males and females and across the reproductive cycle. This hints at sex- or estrus-dependent features of BLA function, about which very little is known. The purpose of this study was to test whether there are sex differences or estrous cyclicity in rat BLA physiology and to determine their mechanistic correlates. We found substantial sex differences in the activity of neurons in lateral nuclei (LAT) and basal nuclei (BA) of the BLA that were associated with greater excitatory synaptic input in females. We also found strong differences in the activity of LAT and BA neurons across the estrous cycle. These differences were associated with a shift in the inhibition-excitation balance such that LAT had relatively greater inhibition during proestrus which paralleled more rapid cued fear extinction. In contrast, BA had relatively greater inhibition during diestrus that paralleled more rapid contextual fear extinction. These results are the first to demonstrate sex differences in BLA neuronal activity and the impact of estrous cyclicity on these measures. The shift between LAT and BA predominance across the estrous cycle provides a simple construct for understanding the effects of the estrous cycle on BLA-dependent behaviors. These results provide a novel framework to understand the cyclicity of emotional memory and highlight the importance of considering ovarian cycle when studying the BLA of females.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There are differences in emotional responses and many psychiatric symptoms between males and females. This may point to sex differences in limbic brain regions. Here we demonstrate sex differences in neuronal activity in one key limbic region, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), whose activity fluctuates across the estrous cycle due to a shift in the balance of inhibition and excitation across two BLA regions, the lateral and basal nuclei. By uncovering this push-pull shift between lateral and basal nuclei, these results help to explain disparate findings about the effects of biological sex and estrous cyclicity on emotion and provide a framework for understanding fluctuations in emotional memory and psychiatric symptoms.
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232
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Ryu DY, Rahman MS, Pang MG. Determination of Highly Sensitive Biological Cell Model Systems to Screen BPA-Related Health Hazards Using Pathway Studio. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091909. [PMID: 28878155 PMCID: PMC5618558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical. Recently, many issues have arisen surrounding the disease pathogenesis of BPA. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to investigate the proteomic biomarkers of BPA that are associated with disease processes. However, studies on identifying highly sensitive biological cell model systems in determining BPA health risk are lacking. Here, we determined suitable cell model systems and potential biomarkers for predicting BPA-mediated disease using the bioinformatics tool Pathway Studio. We compiled known BPA-mediated diseases in humans, which were categorized into five major types. Subsequently, we investigated the differentially expressed proteins following BPA exposure in several cell types, and analyzed the efficacy of altered proteins to investigate their associations with BPA-mediated diseases. Our results demonstrated that colon cancer cells (SW480), mammary gland, and Sertoli cells were highly sensitive biological model systems, because of the efficacy of predicting the majority of BPA-mediated diseases. We selected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1 (UQCRC1), and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) as highly sensitive biomarkers to predict BPA-mediated diseases. Furthermore, we summarized proteomic studies in spermatozoa following BPA exposure, which have recently been considered as another suitable cell type for predicting BPA-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeal Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Korea.
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Korea.
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 456-756, Korea.
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233
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Differential effects of imipramine and CORT118335 (Glucocorticoid receptor modulator/mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) on brain-endocrine stress responses and depression-like behavior in female rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 336:99-110. [PMID: 28866130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is commonly associated with hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction that primarily manifests as aberrant glucocorticoid secretion. Glucocorticoids act on Type I mineralocorticoid (MR) and Type II glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to modulate mood and endocrine responses. Successful antidepressant treatment normalizes HPA axis function, in part due to modulatory effects on MR and GR in cortico-limbic structures. Although women are twice as likely to suffer from depression, little is known about how antidepressants modulate brain, endocrine, and behavioral stress responses in females. Here, we assessed the impact of CORT118335 (GR modulator/MR antagonist) and imipramine (tricyclic antidepressant) on neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to restraint or forced swim stress (FST) in female rats (n=10-12/group). Increased immobility CORT118335 in the FST is purported to reflect passive coping or depression-like behavior. CORT118335 dampened adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to the FST, but did not affect immobility. Imipramine suppressed ACTH, but had minimal effects on corticosterone responses to FST. Despite these marginal effects, imipramine decreased immobility, suggesting antidepressant efficacy. In an effort to link brain-endocrine responses with behavior, c-Fos was assessed in HPA axis and mood modulatory regions in response to the FST. CORT118335 upregulated c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Imipramine decreased c-Fos in the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus (CA1 and CA3), but increased c-Fos in the central amygdala. These data suggest the antidepressant-like (e.g., active coping) properties of imipramine may be due to widespread effects on cortico-limbic circuits that regulate emotional and cognitive processes.
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234
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Considering Sex as a Biological Variable Will Be Valuable for Neuroscience Research. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11817-11822. [PMID: 27881768 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1390-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently implemented National Institutes of Health policy requiring that grant applicants consider sex as a biological variable in the design of basic and preclinical animal research studies has prompted considerable discussion within the neuroscience community. Here, we present reasons to be optimistic that this new policy will be valuable for neuroscience, and we suggest some ways for neuroscientists to think about incorporating sex as a variable in their research.
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235
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Santollo J. Sex differences in angiotensin II-stimulated fluid intake. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1380-1384. [PMID: 28714073 DOI: 10.1113/ep086518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This report describes sex differences in the responses to angiotensin II, with a focus on fluid intake. What advances does it highlight? There are conflicting reports on the direction of the sex difference in fluid intake in response to angiotensin II. This review highlights how accounting for differences in body weight contributes to the discrepancies in the literature. In certain conditions, body weight influences fluid intake in a sex-specific manner. This review also highlights the divergent effects of oestrogen receptor activation on fluid intake, which are likely to underlie the discussed sex differences. Sex has a clear effect on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Although sex differences in the pressor response to angiotensin II (Ang II) are well established, understanding of the sex differences in the fluid intake response to Ang II is clouded by conflicting reports. Here, I suggest that accounting for differences in body weight contributes to the discrepancies in the literature. Our recent findings demonstrate that body weight influences Ang II-stimulated water intake in certain conditions in male, but not in female rats. When differences in body weight are corrected for in the appropriate circumstances, we found that males consume more water in response to Ang II compared with females. Males and females also show differences in drinking microstructure, i.e. bottle spout lick patterns, which provide clues into the mechanism(s) underlying this sex difference. Oestrogens, which inhibit Ang II-stimulated fluid intake and circulate at higher concentrations in females, are likely to contribute to this sex difference. This review also discusses the diversity in oestrogen signalling via multiple oestrogen receptor subtypes, which selectively inhibit Ang II-stimulated fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Santollo
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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236
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Baldwin KR, Phillips AL, Horman B, Arambula SE, Rebuli ME, Stapleton HM, Patisaul HB. Sex Specific Placental Accumulation and Behavioral Effects of Developmental Firemaster 550 Exposure in Wistar Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7118. [PMID: 28769031 PMCID: PMC5540931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Firemaster® 550 (FM 550) is a commercial flame retardant mixture of brominated and organophosphate compounds applied to polyurethane foam used in furniture and baby products. Due to widespread human exposure, and structural similarities with known endocrine disruptors, concerns have been raised regarding possible toxicity. We previously reported evidence of sex specific behavioral effects in rats resulting from developmental exposure. The present study expands upon this prior finding by testing for a greater range of behavioral effects, and measuring the accumulation of FM 550 compounds in placental tissue. Wistar rat dams were orally exposed to FM 550 during gestation (0, 300 or 1000 µg/day; GD 9 – 18) for placental measurements or perinatally (0, 100, 300 or 1000 µg/day; GD 9 – PND 21) to assess activity and anxiety-like behaviors. Placental accumulation was dose dependent, and in some cases sex specific, with the brominated components reaching the highest levels. Behavioral changes were predominantly associated with a loss or reversal of sex differences in activity and anxiety-like behaviors. These findings demonstrate that environmental chemicals may sex-dependently accumulate in the placenta. That sex-biased exposure might translate to sex-specific adverse outcomes such as behavioral deficits is a possibility that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R Baldwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sheryl E Arambula
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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237
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Bouchet CA, Lloyd BA, Loetz EC, Farmer CE, Ostrovskyy M, Haddad N, Foright RM, Greenwood BN. Acute exercise enhances the consolidation of fear extinction memory and reduces conditioned fear relapse in a sex-dependent manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:358-368. [PMID: 28716955 PMCID: PMC5516683 DOI: 10.1101/lm.045195.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fear extinction-based exposure therapy is the most common behavioral therapy for anxiety and trauma-related disorders, but fear extinction memories are labile and fear tends to return even after successful extinction. The relapse of fear contributes to the poor long-term efficacy of exposure therapy. A single session of voluntary exercise can enhance the acquisition and consolidation of fear extinction in male rats, but the effects of exercise on relapse of fear after extinction are not well understood. Here, we characterized the effects of 2 h of voluntary exercise during the consolidation phase of contextual or auditory fear extinction learning on long-term fear extinction memory and renewal in adult, male and female, Long-Evans rats. Results indicate that exercise enhances consolidation of fear extinction memory and reduces fear relapse after extinction in a sex-dependent manner. These data suggest that brief bouts of exercise could be used as an augmentation strategy for exposure therapy, even in previously sedentary subjects. Fear memories of discrete cues, rather than of contextual ones, may be most susceptible to exercise-augmented extinction, especially in males. Additionally, exercise seems to have the biggest impact on fear relapse phenomena, even if fear extinction memories themselves are only minimally enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Bouchet
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Brian A Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Esteban C Loetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Caroline E Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Mykola Ostrovskyy
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Natalie Haddad
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin N Greenwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, USA
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238
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Hidalgo-Lopez E, Pletzer B. Interactive Effects of Dopamine Baseline Levels and Cycle Phase on Executive Functions: The Role of Progesterone. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:403. [PMID: 28751855 PMCID: PMC5508121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol and progesterone levels vary along the menstrual cycle and have multiple neuroactive effects, including on the dopaminergic system. Dopamine relates to executive functions in an “inverted U-shaped” manner and its levels are increased by estradiol. Accordingly, dopamine dependent changes in executive functions along the menstrual cycle have been previously studied in the pre-ovulatory phase, when estradiol levels peak. Specifically it has been demonstrated that working memory is enhanced during the pre-ovulatory phase in women with low dopamine baseline levels, but impaired in women with high dopamine baseline levels. However, the role of progesterone, which peaks in the luteal cycle phase, has not been taken into account previously. Therefore, the main goals of the present study were to extend these findings (i) to the luteal cycle phase and (ii) to other executive functions. Furthermore, the usefulness of the eye blink rate (EBR) as an indicator of dopamine baseline levels in menstrual cycle research was explored. 36 naturally cycling women were tested during three cycle phases (menses–low sex hormones; pre-ovulatory–high estradiol; luteal–high progesterone and estradiol). During each session, women performed a verbal N-back task, as measure of working memory, and a single trial version of the Stroop task, as measure of response inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Hormone levels were assessed from saliva samples and spontaneous eye blink rate was recorded during menses. In the N-back task, women were faster during the luteal phase the higher their progesterone levels, irrespective of their dopamine baseline levels. In the Stroop task, we found a dopamine-cycle interaction, which was also driven by the luteal phase and progesterone levels. For women with higher EBR performance decreased during the luteal phase, whereas for women with lower EBR performance improved during the luteal phase. These findings suggest an important role of progesterone in modulating dopamine-cycle interactions. Additionally, we identified the eye blink rate as a non-invasive indicator of baseline dopamine function in menstrual cycle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Hidalgo-Lopez
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Belinda Pletzer
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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239
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Maske CB, Jackson CM, Terrill SJ, Eckel LA, Williams DL. Estradiol modulates the anorexic response to central glucagon-like peptide 1. Horm Behav 2017; 93:109-117. [PMID: 28558993 PMCID: PMC5555302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens suppress feeding in part by enhancing the response to satiation signals. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) acts on receptor populations both peripherally and centrally to affect food intake. We hypothesized that modulation of the central GLP-1 system is one of the mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens on feeding. We assessed the anorexic effect of 0, 1, and 10μg doses of GLP-1 administered into the lateral ventricle of bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) female rats on a cyclic regimen of either 2μg β-estradiol-3-benzoate (EB) or oil vehicle 30min prior to dark onset on the day following hormone treatment. Central GLP-1 treatment significantly suppressed food intake in EB-treated rats at both doses compared to vehicle, whereas only the 10μg GLP-1 dose was effective in oil-treated rats. To follow up, we examined whether physiologic-dose cyclic estradiol treatment influences GLP-1-induced c-Fos in feeding-relevant brain areas of OVX females. GLP-1 significantly increased c-Fos expression in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and the presence of estrogens may be required for this effect in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Together, these data suggest that modulation of the central GLP-1 system may be one of the mechanisms by which estrogens suppress food intake, and highlight the PVN as a region of interest for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn B Maske
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Christine M Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Sarah J Terrill
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Lisa A Eckel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States.
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240
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Santollo J, Torregrossa AM, Daniels D. Sex differences in the drinking response to angiotensin II (AngII): Effect of body weight. Horm Behav 2017; 93:128-136. [PMID: 28571936 PMCID: PMC5544541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in fluid intake stimulated by angiotensin II (AngII) have been reported, but the direction of the differences is inconsistent. To resolve these discrepancies, we measured water intake by male and female rats given AngII. Males drank more than females, but when intake was normalized to body weight, the sex difference was reversed. Weight-matched males and females, however, had no difference in intake. Using a linear mixed model analysis, we found that intake was influenced by weight, sex, and AngII dose. We used linear regression to disentangle these effects further. Comparison of regression coefficients revealed sex and weight differences at high doses of AngII. Specifically, after 100ng AngII, weight was a predictor of intake in males, but not in females. Next, we tested for differences in AngII-induced intake in male and females allowed to drink both water and saline. Again, males drank more water than females, but females showed a stronger preference for saline. Drinking microstructure analysis suggested that these differences were mediated by postingestive signals and more bottle switches by the females. Finally, we probed for differences in the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the brains of males and females and found sex differences in several genes in discrete brain regions. These results provide new information to help understand key sex differences in ingestive behaviors, and highlight the need for additional research to understand baseline sex differences, particularly in light of the new NIH initiative to balance sex in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Santollo
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Ann-Marie Torregrossa
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Derek Daniels
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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241
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Mirzaei H. Stroke in Women: Risk Factors and Clinical Biomarkers. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4191-4202. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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242
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Mauvais-Jarvis F, Arnold AP, Reue K. A Guide for the Design of Pre-clinical Studies on Sex Differences in Metabolism. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1216-1230. [PMID: 28591630 PMCID: PMC5516948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In animal models, the physiological systems involved in metabolic homeostasis exhibit a sex difference. Investigators often use male rodents because they show metabolic disease better than females. Thus, females are not used precisely because of an acknowledged sex difference that represents an opportunity to understand novel factors reducing metabolic disease more in one sex than the other. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandate to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research places new demands on investigators and peer reviewers who often lack expertise in model systems and experimental paradigms used in the study of sex differences. This Perspective discusses experimental design and interpretation in studies addressing the mechanisms of sex differences in metabolic homeostasis and disease, using animal models and cells. We also highlight current limitations in research tools and attitudes that threaten to delay progress in studies of sex differences in basic animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Diabetes Discovery & Gender Medicine Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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243
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Women in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle have difficulty suppressing the processing of negative emotional stimuli: An event-related potential study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:886-903. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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244
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Zucker I. Risk mitigation for children exposed to drugs during gestation: A critical role for animal preclinical behavioral testing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:107-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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245
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High endogenous estradiol is associated with enhanced cognitive emotion regulation of physiological conditioned fear responses in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 80:7-14. [PMID: 28292685 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The sex hormone estradiol has a modifying role in the underlying neurobiology of cognitive emotion regulation, although whether estradiol is associated with outcomes of techniques like cognitive restructuring is unknown. In the present study 34 women with regular menstrual cycles participated in a one-day differential fear conditioning procedure. Women then received cognitive restructuring training, involving the reappraisal of their initial thoughts about the conditioning procedure to reduce their emotional responses, before repeating the conditioning procedure. Endogenous estradiol levels (ascertained by a blood sample) were not associated with subjective or physiological indices of conditioned fear during the first conditioning session. Following cognitive restructuring, however, women with high estradiol exhibited significantly reduced physiological arousal in the presence of the conditioned stimulus, relative to women with low estradiol. No group differences were observed in subjective fear ratings obtained after the second conditioning procedure, although those obtained during the second habitation phase (taking place immediately following cognitive restructuring) were lower amongst high estradiol women. Progesterone was not associated with any outcomes measures. Together, these results suggest that the outcomes of cognitive emotion regulation may be enhanced during periods of naturally high estradiol.
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246
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Di Bonaventura MVM, Lutz TA, Romano A, Pucci M, Geary N, Asarian L, Cifani C. Estrogenic suppression of binge-like eating elicited by cyclic food restriction and frustrative-nonreward stress in female rats. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:624-635. [PMID: 28230907 PMCID: PMC5500915 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Because binge eating and emotional eating vary through the menstrual cycle in human females, we investigated cyclic changes in binge-like eating in female rats and their control by estrogens. Binge-like eating was elicited by three cycles of 4 days of food restriction and 4 days of free feeding followed by a single frustrative nonreward-stress episode (15 min visual and olfactory exposure to a familiar palatable food) immediately before presentation of the palatable food. Intact rats showed binge-like eating during the diestrous and proestrous phases of the ovarian cycle, but not during the estrous (periovulatory) phase. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats not treated with estradiol (E2) displayed binge-like eating, whereas E2-treated OVX rats did not. The procedure did not increase signs of anxiety in an open-field test. OVX rats not treated with E2 that were subjected to food restriction and sacrificed immediately after frustrative nonreward had increased numbers of cells expressing phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), and dorsal and ventral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BNST) compared with nonrestricted or E2-treated rats. These data suggest that this female rat model is appropriate for mechanistic studies of some aspects of menstrual-cycle effects on emotional and binge eating in human females, that anxiety is not a sufficient cause of binge-like eating, and that the PVN, CeA, and BNST may contribute to information processing underlying binge-like eating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas A. Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry (Retired), Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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247
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Magda B, Dobi Z, Mészáros K, Szabó É, Márta Z, Imre T, Szabó PT. Charged derivatization and on-line solid phase extraction to measure extremely low cortisol and cortisone levels in human saliva with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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248
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Strong CE, Schoepfer KJ, Dossat AM, Saland SK, Wright KN, Kabbaj M. Locomotor sensitization to intermittent ketamine administration is associated with nucleus accumbens plasticity in male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:195-203. [PMID: 28479397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests superior antidepressant response over time with a repeated, intermittent ketamine treatment regimen as compared to a single infusion. However, the club drug ketamine is commonly abused. Therefore, the abuse potential of repeated ketamine injections at low doses needs to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the abuse potential of repeated exposure to either 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg ketamine administered once weekly for seven weeks. Locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) were assayed to evaluate behavioral sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of ketamine and its rewarding properties, respectively. Our results show that while neither males nor females developed CPP, males treated with 5 mg/kg and females treated with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg ketamine behaviorally sensitized. Furthermore, dendritic spine density was increased in the NAc of both males and females administered 5 mg/kg ketamine, an effect specific to the NAc shell (NAcSh) in males but to both the NAc core (NAcC) and NAcSh in females. Additionally, males administered 5 mg/kg ketamine displayed increased protein expression of ΔfosB, calcium calmodulin kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an effect not observed in females administered either dose of ketamine. However, males and females administered 5 mg/kg ketamine displayed increased protein expression of AMPA receptors (GluA1). Taken together, low-dose ketamine, when administered intermittently, induces behavioral sensitization at a lower dose in females than males, accompanied by an increase in spine density in the NAc and protein expression changes in pathways commonly implicated in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Strong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - K J Schoepfer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - A M Dossat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - S K Saland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - K N Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - M Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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249
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Wallin-Miller KG, Chesley J, Castrillon J, Wood RI. Sex differences and hormonal modulation of ethanol-enhanced risk taking in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:137-144. [PMID: 28324816 PMCID: PMC5400719 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) intake correlates with increased risk-taking, and sex differences exist in both EtOH use and risk-taking in humans and rats. However, the interaction of sex and gonadal hormones to affect risk-taking under the influence of EtOH has not been determined. This was the focus of the current study. METHODS Adult Long-Evans rats (n=18 males and females) were gonadectomized and received hormone replacement at physiologic levels or blank implants (n=7-9/group). Risk-taking was assessed with probability discounting, requiring rats to choose between a small/certain reward and a large/uncertain reward delivered with decreasing probability throughout each daily session. Before testing, rats received saline or EtOH (0.5 or 1.0g/kg) ip. RESULTS In males, EtOH increased preference for the large/uncertain reward lever (F2,28=10.462, p<0.05). However, there was no effect of EtOH on lever preference in females (F1,30=0.914, p>0.05). At baseline, ORCHX+T males showed a greater preference for the large/uncertain reward lever then ORCHX males (F1,14=13.805, p<0.05). In females only, EtOH decreased choice latency relative to baseline (F1,10=7.25, p<0.05). EtOH decreased loss sensitivity in both sexes, with all rats exhibiting decreased lose-shift ratios (males: F2,18=5.10, p<0.05; females F2,10=4.37, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results show that EtOH, sex, and hormones interact to influence decision making. EtOH increases risk taking in males, but not in females. However, EtOH selectively decreases choice latency in females, and decreases loss sensitivity in both sexes. These findings are relevant to understanding human behavior, particularly in adolescents who experience increased hormone levels and often drink EtOH and engage in risky behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn G Wallin-Miller
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Jordyn Chesley
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Juliana Castrillon
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Ruth I Wood
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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250
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Chronic social instability increases anxiety-like behavior and ethanol preference in male Long Evans rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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