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Ghavami R, Sepehri B. Investigation of retention behavior of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on 18 different HRGC columns using molecular surface average local ionization energy descriptors. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1233:116-25. [PMID: 22386058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, based on the general interaction properties function (GIPF) family descriptors computed at the B3LYP/6-31G* level in Gaussian98 software, a significant quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) models for the high resolution gas chromatographic relative retention time (HRGC-RRT) of all PCB congeners on 18 different HRGC capillary columns were constructed by using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, following the guidelines for development and validation of QSRR models. By means of the elimination selection stepwise regression algorithms, the molecular surface average local ionization energy was selected as one-parameter univariate linear regression to develop a QSRR model for prediction of GC-RRT of PCBs on each stationary phase. The accuracy of all developed models was confirmed using different types of internal and external procedures. A successful interpretation of the complex relationship between HRGC-RRTs of PCBs and the chemical structures was achieved by QSRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
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202
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Dutta SK, Mitra PS, Ghosh S, Zang S, Sonneborn D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Trnovec T, Palkovicova L, Sovcikova E, Ghimbovschi S, Hoffman EP. Differential gene expression and a functional analysis of PCB-exposed children: understanding disease and disorder development. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:143-154. [PMID: 21855147 PMCID: PMC3247643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study is to understand the probable molecular mechanism of toxicities and the associated pathways related to observed pathophysiology in high PCB-exposed populations. We have performed a microarray-based differential gene expression analysis of children (mean age 46.1 months) of Central European descent from Slovak Republic in a well-defined study cohort. The subset of children having high blood PCB concentrations (>75 percentile) were compared against their low PCB counterparts (<25 percentile), with mean lipid-adjusted PCB values of 3.02±1.3 and 0.06±0.03 ng/mg of serum lipid, for the two groups, respectively (18.1±4.4 and 0.3±0.1 ng/ml of serum). The microarray was conducted with the total RNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the children using an Affymetrix platform (GeneChip Human genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array) and was analyzed by Gene Spring (GX 10.0). A highly significant set of 162 differentially expressed genes between high and low PCB groups (p value <0.00001) were identified and subsequently analyzed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool. The results indicate that Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction, Cellular Movement, Cell Signaling, Molecular Transport, and Vitamin and Mineral Metabolism were the major molecular and cellular functions associated with the differentially altered gene set in high PCB-exposed children. The differential gene expressions appeared to play a pivotal role in the development of probable diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, in the PCB-exposed population. The analyses also pointed out possible organ-specific effects, e.g., cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, in high PCB-exposed subjects. A few notable genes, such as BCL2, PON1, and ITGB1, were significantly altered in our study, and the related pathway analysis explained their plausible involvement in the respective disease processes, as mentioned. Our results provided insight into understanding the associated molecular mechanisms of complex gene-environment interactions in a PCB-exposed population. Future endeavors of supervised genotyping of pathway-specific molecular epidemiological studies and population biomarker validations are already underway to reveal individual risk factors in these PCB-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisir K Dutta
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Partha S Mitra
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Somiranjan Ghosh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shizhu Zang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dean Sonneborn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Eva Sovcikova
- Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Svetlana Ghimbovschi
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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203
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Zanaroli G, Balloi A, Negroni A, Borruso L, Daffonchio D, Fava F. A Chloroflexi bacterium dechlorinates polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments under in situ-like biogeochemical conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 209-210:449-457. [PMID: 22325634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the reductive dechlorination of Aroclor 1254 PCBs by a coplanar PCB-dechlorinating microbial community enriched from an actual site contaminated marine sediment of the Venice lagoon in sterile slurry microcosms of the same sediment suspended in its site water, i.e., under biogeochemical conditions that closely mime those occurring in situ. The culture dechlorinated more than 75% of the penta- through hepta-chlorinated biphenyls to tri- and tetra-chlorinated congeners in 30 weeks. The dechlorination rate was reduced by the addition of H(2) and short chain fatty acids, which stimulated sulfate-reduction and methane production, and markedly increased by the presence of vancomycin or ampicillin. DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes on PCB-spiked and PCB-free cultures ruled out sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria and revealed the presence of a single Chloroflexi phylotype closely related to the uncultured bacteria m-1 and SF1 associated to PCB dechlorination. These findings suggest that a single dechlorinator is responsible for the observed extensive dechlorination of Aroclor 1254 and that a Chloroflexi species similar to those already detected in freshwater and estuarine contaminated sediments mediates PCB dechlorination in the marine sediment adopted in this study under biogeochemical conditions resembling those occurring in situ in the Brentella Canal of Venice Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Zanaroli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy.
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204
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Baumgartner A, Kurzawa-Zegota M, Laubenthal J, Cemeli E, Anderson D. Comet-assay parameters as rapid biomarkers of exposure to dietary/environmental compounds—An in vitro feasibility study on spermatozoa and lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 743:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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205
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Bourez S, Le Lay S, Van den Daelen C, Louis C, Larondelle Y, Thomé JP, Schneider YJ, Dugail I, Debier C. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in adipocytes: selective targeting to lipid droplets and role of caveolin-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31834. [PMID: 22363745 PMCID: PMC3282759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that preferentially accumulate in lipid-rich tissues of contaminated organisms. Although the adipose tissue constitutes a major intern reservoir of PCBs and recent epidemiological studies associate PCBs to the development of obesity and its related disorders, little is known about the mechanisms involved in their uptake by the adipose tissue and their intracellular localization in fat cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We have examined the intracellular distribution of PCBs in mouse cultured adipocytes and tested the potential involvement of caveolin-1, an abundant adipocyte membrane protein, in the uptake of these compounds by fat cells. We show that 2,4,4′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-28), 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-118) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) congeners rapidly and extensively accumulate in 3T3-L1 or mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) derived cultured adipocytes. The dynamics of accumulation differed between the 3 congeners tested. By subcellular fractionation of primary adipocytes, we demonstrate that these pollutants were almost exclusively recovered within the lipid droplet fraction and practically not associated to cell membranes. The absence of caveolin-1 expression in primary adipocytes from cav-1 deficient mice did not modify lipid droplet selective targeting of PCBs. In cav-1 KO MEF differentiated adipocytes, PCB accumulation was decreased, which correlated with reduced cell triglyceride content. Conversely, adenoviral mediated cav-1 overexpressing in 3T3-L1 cells, which had no impact on total cell lipid content, did not change PCB accumulation. Conclusion/Significance Our data indicate that caveolin-1 per se is not required for selective PCB accumulation, but rather point out a primary dependence on adipocyte triglyceride content. If the crucial role of lipid droplets in energy homeostasis is considered, the almost exclusive accumulation of PCBs in these organelles warrants future attention as the impairment of their function could be linked to the worldwide obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bourez
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Soazig Le Lay
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, UMR S 872, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Louis
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie animale et d'Ecotoxicologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Isabelle Dugail
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, UMR S 872, Paris, France
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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206
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Knobeloch L, Turyk M, Imm P, Anderson H. Polychlorinated biphenyls in vacuum dust and blood of residents in 20 Wisconsin households. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:735-740. [PMID: 22104335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to PCBs is nearly universal in North America. While most exposure can be linked to consumption of contaminated fish, detection of PCBs in non-fish eating populations suggests that other routes of exposure including inhalation of PCB-laden particles or volatile congeners, ingestion of contaminated soil or dust, or dermal absorption following direct contact are also important. In an effort to assess the role of the residential environment as a source of exposure, vacuum dust was collected from the homes of 26 Wisconsin residents whose serum PCB levels had been measured approximately 2 years earlier. More than 60 congeners were detected in dust with all of the samples containing congeners 101, 110, 138 and 153. Total PCB levels ranged from 8.8 to 1186 ng g(-1) with levels being highest in vacuum dust from homes built between 1959 and 1970. Total PCB levels ranged from 0.05 to 8.34 μg L(-1) in serum collected from the adults living in these households, with congeners 138, 153 and 180 predominating. Hexa- and hepta-chlorinated biphenyls comprised 73% of the total residues detected in serum. However, most of the residues found in dust were lower chlorinated congeners with tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyls being dominant. Following log transformation, a positive association was found between serum and house dust PCB levels. This association was stronger among infrequent consumers of Great Lake fish, but of borderline statistical significance. This exploratory study suggests that house dust may be a significant source of exposure to PCBs and supports the need for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Knobeloch
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson, Madison, WI 53703, United States.
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207
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Schwartz AW, Landrigan PJ. Bisphenol A in thermal paper receipts: an opportunity for evidence-based prevention. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:A14-5; author reply A15. [PMID: 22214814 PMCID: PMC3261950 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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208
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Liao C, Lv J, Fu J, Zhao Z, Liu F, Xue Q, Jiang G. Occurrence and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils from a typical e-waste recycling area in Southeast China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 22:317-330. [PMID: 22098496 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2011.634392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface soils collected from Taizhou, a typical e-waste recycling area in Southeast China, were analyzed for the residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by using microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in US EPA's priority list (ΣPAHs), six indicator PCBs (ΣPCBs), 15 OCPs widely used in China (ΣOCPs) in soils ranged from 125 to 4737 ng/g (average: 854 ng/g), from not detected to 55.4 ng/g (3.16 ng/g), and from 47.9 to 820 ng/g (276 ng/g), respectively. Individual PAHs were ubiquitously found in soil samples with detected ratio of 96% and their residual levels were comparable with those of serious polluted sites. Principal component analysis in combination with diagnostic ratios suggested that the combustion of coal, wood, and plastic wastes that are closely associated with illegal and unsafe recycling operations of e-wastes was the main source of PAHs in this area. Compared with other polluted sites, the PCBs residues in soils were generally low except for those in the major recycling site. The residual levels of OCPs in this region were also relatively higher and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite forms including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dicofol were dominant species. The composition analysis indicated that the HCHs residues in soils might originate from the application of lindane (pure γ-HCH) and parts of DDTs possibly from the wide use of dicofol with high impurity of DDT compounds in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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209
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van Thriel C, Westerink RHS, Beste C, Bale AS, Lein PJ, Leist M. Translating neurobehavioural endpoints of developmental neurotoxicity tests into in vitro assays and readouts. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:911-24. [PMID: 22008243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to chemical insults. Exposure to chemicals can result in neurobehavioural alterations, and these have been used as sensitive readouts to assess neurotoxicity in animals and man. Deconstructing neurobehaviour into relevant cellular and molecular components may allow for detection of specific neurotoxic effects in cell-based systems, which in turn may allow an easier examination of neurotoxic pathways and modes of actions and eventually inform the regulatory assessment of chemicals with potential developmental neurotoxicity. Here, current developments towards these goals are reviewed. Imaging genetics (CB) provides new insights into the neurobiological correlates of cognitive function that are being used to delineate neurotoxic mechanisms. The gaps between in vivo neurobehaviour and real-time in vitro measurements of neuronal function are being bridged by ex vivo measurements of synaptic plasticity (RW). An example of solvent neurotoxicity demonstrates how an in vivo neurological defect can be linked via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-glutamate receptor as a common target to in vitro readouts (AB). Axonal and dendritic morphology in vitro proved to be good correlates of neuronal connectivity and neurobehaviour in animals exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and organophosphorus pesticides (PJL). Similarly, chemically induced changes in neuronal morphology affected the formation of neuronal networks on structured surfaces. Such network formation may become an important readout for developmental neurotoxicity in vitro (CvT), especially when combined with human neurons derived from embryonic stem cells (ML). We envision that future in vitro test systems for developmental neurotoxicity will combine the above approaches with exposure information, and we suggest a strategy for test system development and cell-based risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph van Thriel
- Neurobehavioural Toxicology and Chemosensation, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
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210
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Brucker-Davis F, Ferrari P, Boda-Buccino M, Wagner-Mahler K, Pacini P, Gal J, Azuar P, Fenichel P. Cord blood thyroid tests in boys born with and without cryptorchidism: correlations with birth parameters and in utero xenobiotics exposure. Thyroid 2011; 21:1133-41. [PMID: 21875366 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero exposure to environmental chemicals can result in reproductive toxicity via endocrine disruption mechanisms. Whether some of those contaminants also have an impact on fetal thyroid function or pathways, and, thus, potentially on neuropsychological development, is still debated. METHODS We used samples from a cord blood (CB) and milk bank, established for a research on cryptorchidism and xenobiotic exposure to compounds known for their anti-androgenic and/or estrogenic activity, to study CB thyroid tests and their correlation with CB and milk xenobiotics concentrations in boys born in Nice area. RESULTS No difference was found in thyroid tests between 60 cryptorchid boys and 76 matched controls (median thyroid stimulating hormone 5.97 vs. 6.55 mUI/L, free thyroxine [fT4] 13.1 vs. 12.9 pmol/L, free triiodothyronine [fT3] 1.9 vs. 2.1 pmol/L), with no influence of season of birth, gestational age, maternal smoking, or mode of delivery (except for higher fT4 in control boys born vaginally). FT4 was correlated with fetal growth only in cryptorchid boys. Since we had previously shown differences between cryptorchid and controls exposure, we studied correlations of thyroid tests with xenobiotics in control boys only. All tested CB or maternal milk was contaminated by one or more selected xenobiotics, mainly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichloro diphenyl dichloroethylène (DDE), dibutylphthalate, hexachlorobenzene, and bisphenol A. We found a significant negative correlation between fT4 and concentrations of PCB118, PC180, and DDE in milk (respectively r = -0.342, p < 0.03, r = -0.296, p = 0.031, r = -0.315, p = 0.016), persisting after adjustment for mode of delivery. There was a significant positive correlation of fT3 with milk concentrations of PCB138, PCB153, ΣPCB, and dibutylphthalate (respectively r = 0.31, p = 0.016, r = 0.28, p = 0.029; r = 0.34, p = 0.0079 and r = 0.272, p = 0.0295), with a trend for PCB180 (r = 0.259, p = 0.061). There was no correlation of thyroid stimulating hormone with any of the measured xenobiotics, except for a weak negative trend with CB bisphenol A (r = -0.25, p = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS CB thyroid tests are within normal range in cryptorchid boys, similar to controls. Our data in controls suggest a possible weak correlation between in utero exposure to some xenobiotics (PCBs, DDE) and fT3 and fT4 CB concentrations, with usually negative correlations with fT4 and positive with fT3 concentrations, which we speculate could suggest an impact on deiodinases.
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211
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212
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Meeker JD, Maity A, Missmer SA, Williams PL, Mahalingaiah S, Ehrlich S, Berry KF, Altshul L, Perry MJ, Cramer DW, Hauser R. Serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in relation to in vitro fertilization outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1010-6. [PMID: 21345762 PMCID: PMC3222973 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remains widespread. PCBs have been associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes including reduced fecundability and increased risk of pregnancy loss, although the human data remain largely inconclusive. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to explore the relationship between serum PCB concentrations and early pregnancy loss among a large cohort of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) between 1994 and 2003. METHODS Concentrations of 57 PCB congeners were measured in serum samples collected during 827 IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles from 765 women. Joint statistical models that accommodate multiple outcomes and multiple cycles per woman were used to assess the relationship between serum PCB quartiles and implantation failure, chemical pregnancies (human chorionic gonadotropin level > 5.0 mIU/mL) that did not result in clinical pregnancy, or spontaneous abortion, while also adjusting for confounders. RESULTS PCB-153 was the congener present in the highest concentration (median, 46.2 ng/g lipid). Increasing quartiles of PCB-153 and the sum of all measured PCB congeners (ΣPCBs) were associated with significantly elevated dose-dependent odds of failed implantation. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for highest versus lowest quartile were 2.0 (1.2-3.4) for PCB-153 and 1.7 (1.0-2.9) for ΣPCBs. There were suggestive trends for increased odds of implantation failure for PCB-118 and cytochrome P450-inducing congeners (p-values for trend = 0.06). No statistically significant associations between PCBs and chemical pregnancy or spontaneous abortion were found. CONCLUSIONS Serum PCB concentrations at levels similar to the U.S. general population were associated with failed implantation among women undergoing IVF. These findings may help explain previous reports of reduced fecundability among women exposed to PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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213
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Bellelis P, Podgaec S, Abrão MS. Fatores ambientais e endometriose. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2011; 57:448-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302011000400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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214
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Montaño M, Zimmer KE, Dahl E, Berg V, Olsaker I, Skaare JU, Murk AJ, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. Effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) derived from cod liver oil on H295R steroidogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2328-35. [PMID: 21722693 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Crude cod liver oil and liver oil supplements are consumed as a source of vitamin A, D and polyunsaturated fatty acids; during winter and early pregnancy. Crude cod liver oil however constitutes a considerable source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This paper aimed at characterizing and quantifying the influence of POP mixtures extracted from three different steps in the cod liver oil industrial process on hormone production and the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in H295R cells. Exposure to extracts from crude cod liver oil and from its industrial waste increased progesterone (P4), cortisol (Cort), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) production; and among others, the expression of MC2R, CYP11B1 and HSD3B2 genes. Observed effects after exposure to pharmaceutical cod liver oil extract were considerably lower. The type of effects on gene expression and hormone production were similar to those induced by forskolin and PCBs, the latter being the major contaminants within the extracts. Additional research is required to further unveil the mechanisms behind the observed steroidogenic effects and to assess whether the potential risk might outweigh the potential benefits of crude and processed cod liver oil consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montaño
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue de Brill, L4422 Belvaux, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Formisano L, Guida N, Cocco S, Secondo A, Sirabella R, Ulianich L, Paturzo F, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LMT. The Repressor Element 1-Silencing Transcription Factor Is a Novel Molecular Target for the Neurotoxic Effect of the Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Aroclor 1254 in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:997-1003. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.181289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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216
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Sholtz RI, McLaughlin KR, Cirillo PM, Petreas M, Park JS, Wolff MS, Factor-Litvak P, Eskenazi B, Krigbaum N, Cohn BA. Assaying organochlorines in archived serum for a large, long-term cohort: implications of combining assay results from multiple laboratories over time. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:709-14. [PMID: 21333355 PMCID: PMC3257216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conserving irreplaceable, archived serum samples may sometimes conflict with the objective of minimizing measurement error due to laboratory effects. We sought to determine whether we could successfully combine assay results for DDT-related compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in serum from the same birth cohort obtained from different laboratories over time. Using the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) serum archive, we compared variability for assays of a quality control pool to variability for assays of subject serum. The quality control pool was created from native archived serum samples that were pooled, then aliquoted, blinded and inserted pair-wise into assay batches along with the subject serum for 5 studies using CHDS samples conducted over a 13year period by three different laboratories. We found that the variability between laboratory and over time within laboratory was small relative to inter-individual variability for p,p'-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane), p,p'-DDE (1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) and o,p'-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-ethane). Results were also consistent for most PCB congeners which were detectable in 85% or more of samples. Our results suggest that it is possible to combine assays for DDT and PCB congeners measured at positive levels as they are accumulated for cohort subjects without risking meaningful misclassification due to variation stemming from laboratory or time period. This has significant implications for future study costs, conservation of irreplaceable archived samples and for leveraging past investments for future research. For PCB congeners with very low levels, findings caution against pooling of assays without further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I. Sholtz
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Piera M. Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research in Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nickilou Krigbaum
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Barbara A. Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
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217
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Persistent organic pollutants in serum and several different fat compartments in humans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 2011:417980. [PMID: 21647350 PMCID: PMC3103883 DOI: 10.1155/2011/417980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Chemicals that store in lipid-rich compartments have the potential for long-term disruption of metabolic and endocrine processes. Given the evidence that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) also alter systemic metabolic, endocrine, and immune system functions, it follows that elevated chemical concentrations in intra-abdominal fat may alter function, through local chemical signaling, of visceral organs. Despite this potential, there has been little study defining POP concentrations in live human intra-abdominal fat. It is at present uncertain whether POPs distribute equally to all fat compartments, including fat in serum. Methods. Seven human subjects scheduled for elective surgery for benign lesions or cancer provided consent for removal of samples of subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat and/or cancerous tissue. These samples were analyzed for 22 chlorinated pesticides and 10 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners by GC/ECD plus GC/MS. Results. In only two subjects were the patterns and relative concentrations of PCBs and pesticides about the same in all fat compartments. In the other subjects, there were major differences in levels in subcutaneous as compared to other compartments, but with some higher and some lower. While the pattern of PCBs in the various compartments matched that of the pesticides in some, it was opposite in others. Interpretation. These results demonstrate a complicated distribution of PCB congeners and pesticides in various lipid compartments. The difference may reflect various Kows, different rates of metabolism, and/or different lengths of exposure. But the results suggest that contaminant levels in serum or even subcutaneous fat do not necessarily indicate concentrations and patterns in other kinds of adipose tissue.
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218
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Saha S, Tieng A, Pepeljugoski KP, Zandamn-Goddard G, Peeva E. Prolactin, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoreactive B cells: lessons learnt from murine models. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:8-15. [PMID: 19937157 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The predominant prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women of reproductive age has led to the investigation of the effects of sex hormones on immune regulation and in autoimmune diseases, in particular the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease lupus. The female hormone prolactin has receptors beyond the reproductive axis including immune cells, and it is thought to promote autoimmunity in human and murine lupus. Induced hyperprolactinemia in experimental lupus models, regardless of gender, exacerbates disease activity and leads to premature death. Prolactin treatment in mice that are not prone to develop lupus leads to the development of a lupus-like phenotype. Persistent mild-moderate hyperprolactinemia alters the selection of the naïve B cell repertoire. Recent studies demonstrate that prolactin impairs all three mechanisms of B cell tolerance induction (negative selection, receptor editing, and anergy) and thereby contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The effects of prolactin are genetically determined as shown by the differential response to the hormone in the different mice strains. Bromocriptine, a drug that inhibits prolactin secretion, abrogates some of the immune effects of this hormone. Further research is required to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in immune effects of prolactin and to develop novel targeted treatments for SLE patients with prolactin-responsive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Saha
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, DTC Bldg 440, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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219
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Sergeev AV, Carpenter DO. Increase in metabolic syndrome-related hospitalizations in relation to environmental sources of persistent organic pollutants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:762-76. [PMID: 21556177 PMCID: PMC3083668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from cell studies indicates that persistent organic pollutants (POP) can induce insulin resistance, an essential component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We hypothesized that residential proximity to environmental sources of POP would be associated with the MetS in the population. The present study examined the association between residency in a zip code containing or abutting environmental sources of POP and MetS-related hospitalization rates. Hospitalization data were obtained from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Relative risks (RR) were calculated as hospitalization rate ratios. Adjusted RR and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariable Poisson regression. A higher proportion of African Americans resided in POP zip codes compared to Caucasians (25.9% and 24.3%, respectively, p < 0.01). Residence in POP zip codes was associated with a statistically significant 39.2% increase in MetS-related hospitalization rates, adjusted for race, gender, and age (adjusted RR = 1.392, 95% CI: 1.032-1.879, p = 0.030). Increase in age was independently associated with higher MetS-related hospitalization rates (p for trend < 0.001). Our findings contribute to the body of evidence supporting the hypothesis of POP constituting an environmental risk factor for the MetS. Further studies investigating exposure to POP and insulin resistance are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Sergeev
- Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Grover Center W343, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Five University Place, A217, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; E-Mail:
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220
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Ta TA, Koenig CM, Golub MS, Pessah IN, Qi L, Aronov PA, Berman RF. Bioaccumulation and behavioral effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in perinatally exposed mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:393-404. [PMID: 21334437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardants that have become pervasive environmental contaminants and may contribute to adverse health outcomes. We evaluated in mice the developmental neurotoxicity of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners detected in animal and human tissues. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to daily doses of 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 1mg/kg beginning 4 weeks prior to conception, continuing through gestation and lactation, and ending at weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Levels of BDE-47 in blood, brain, liver and adipose tissues of dams were markedly increased after 4 weeks of exposure, around the time of mating, and continued to increase through the time of parturition. Blood levels of BDE-47 in the dosed dams were within the range reported in humans. BDE-47 tissue levels in the dams decreased between parturition and weaning, possibly reflecting mobilization during lactation. Brain BDE-47 levels in the offspring at PND 1 approached those of the dams at parturition. Perinatal exposure to BDE-47 resulted in significant dose dependent growth retardation, slower motor performance in several behavioral tests, and mice exposed to 1mg/kg/day BDE-47 showed altered performance in the Morris water maze. There were no differences between groups in the numbers of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1. These results document accumulation of BDE-47 in several organ systems following exposure to low-levels of BDE-47, and provide evidence that such exposure is associated with early behavioral deficits in exposed neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Anh Ta
- Center for Children's Environmental Health, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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221
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Landry CR, Aubin-Horth N. Gene network architecture as a canvas for the interpretation of ecological genomics investigations. Mol Ecol 2011; 19:5084-5. [PMID: 21091660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New technologies promise to revolutionize the field of molecular ecology. This technological progress comes with its own set of challenges. Among the most important ones is the analysis and interpretation of the data in a way that tells us about the molecular causes of the phenotype of interest and its consequences. In this issue, Whitehead et al. (2010) reveal part of the mechanistic basis of evolved pollution tolerance by studying the developmental and transcriptional response of tolerant and sensitive fish embryos to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a pollutant commonly found in coastal waters of the United States. By integrating their gene expression profiling data with phenotypic data on individuals along with what is known about pathways by which this pollutant acts in zebrafish and mammals, they are able to suggest detailed mechanisms that have evolved to allow a fish population to adapt to a very damaging pollutant and develop normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Landry
- Department of Biology, Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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222
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Carpenter DO. Health effects of persistent organic pollutants: the challenge for the Pacific Basin and for the world. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2011; 26:61-69. [PMID: 21714383 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2011.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants include some organo-metals, such as methylmercury; lipophilic halogenated organics, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and polybrominated flame retardants; and perfluorinated compounds used as repellants. These compounds are resistant to degradation both in the environment and in the human body and tend to bioaccumulate within the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants cause a variety of adverse health effects, including cancer, immune system suppression, decrements in cognitive and neurobehavioral function, disruption of sex steroid and thyroid function, and at least some of them increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Some compounds are byproducts of industry and combustion. Although the manufacture and use of most man-made chemicals has been reduced in recent years, the levels currently present in the population are still associated with an elevated risk of human disease. Others are still manufactured and used. These are dangerous chemicals that have contaminated even areas remote from the industrialized world, such as the polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University of Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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223
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Everett CJ, Frithsen I, Player M. Relationship of polychlorinated biphenyls with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 13:241-51. [PMID: 21127808 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and hypertension are important contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Both of these conditions are caused by some combination of genetic and environmental factors which may include exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Studies have shown an association between elevated serum PCBs and the metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Cross-sectional studies have shown associations between diabetes or hypertension and certain PCB congeners or classes, while those same studies show no association between diabetes or hypertension and several other PCB congeners. In animal and human cell studies, various PCBs and dioxins appear to alter glucose and insulin metabolism. These studies specifically show effects on the glucose transporter (GLUT-4) gene and protein; insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1); nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB); tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); and insulin production. There are a few longitudinal studies examining the association of diabetes or hypertension and PCBs with no consensus conclusion. Some longitudinal studies have found there to be an association, others have not and a gender difference has also been noted. Prospective studies are needed to determine if PCBs and other POPs contribute to development of diabetes and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Jay Everett
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 295 Calhoun Street, MSC 192, Charleston, SC 29425-1920, USA.
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224
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Dasary SSR, Saloni J, Fletcher A, Anjaneyulu Y, Yu H. Photodegradation of selected PCBs in the presence of Nano-TiO2 as catalyst and H2O2 as an oxidant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3987-4001. [PMID: 21139872 PMCID: PMC2996220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation of five strategically selected PCBs was carried out in acetonitrile/water 80:20. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that PCBs without any chlorine on ortho-positions are closer to be planar, while PCBs with at least one chlorine atoms at the ortho-positions causes the two benzene rings to be nearly perpendicular. Light-induced degradation of planar PCBs is much slower than the perpendicular ones. The use of nano-TiO2 speeds up the degradation of the planar PCBs, but slows down the degradation of the non-planar ones. The use of H2O2 speeds up the degradation of planar PCBs greatly (by >20 times), but has little effect on non-planar ones except 2,3,5,6-TCB. The relative photodegradation rate is: 2,2′,4,4′-TCB > 2,3,5,6-TCB > 2,6-DCB ≈ 3,3′,4,4′-TCB > 3,4′,5-TCB. The use of H2O2 in combination with sunlight irradiation could be an efficient and “green” technology for PCB remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S R Dasary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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225
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Ravoori S, Srinivasan C, Pereg D, Robertson LW, Ayotte P, Gupta RC. Protective effects of selenium against DNA adduct formation in Inuit environmentally exposed to PCBs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:980-6. [PMID: 19735942 PMCID: PMC3354714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits that expose populations to potential toxicants as well as protective agents simultaneously are a realistic scenario where a meaningful assessment of the interactions and net benefit or damage can be made. A group of Inuit from Salluit, Northern Canada are exposed to high levels of PCBs and selenium, both present in the Inuit traditional foods such as blubber from sea mammals and fatty fish. Blood samples were collected from 83 Inuit, 22-70 years old. Blood selenium and PCB levels were determined previously and ranged from 227 to 2069µg/L and 1.7 to 143µg/L, respectively. DNA isolated from white blood cells were analyzed by modified (32)P-postlabeling adductomics technology that detects a multitude of highly polar to lipophilic adducts. The levels of 8-oxodG adducts ranged from 470 to 7400 adducts/10(9) nucleotides. Other as yet unidentified polar adducts showed a 30 to 800-fold inter-individual variability. Adduct levels were negatively associated with PCB and selenium levels. The subjects were classified into high and low ratio groups, with respect to selenium/PCB. In the high ratio group, the coefficient of selenium is significantly negatively correlated with 8-oxodG (r = -0.38, p = 0.014) and total adducts (r = -0.41, p = 0.009) while there was no correlation within the low selenium/PCB group. This study suggests that increasing selenium has mitigating effect in reducing DNA adducts and therefore, possible negative effects of PCB were not seen. A protective effect of selenium is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivani Ravoori
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Cidambi Srinivasan
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Daria Pereg
- Laval University Medical Research Center, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Ayotte
- Laval University Medical Research Center, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- To whom correspondence should be sent at 304E Baxter II Research Building, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Phone: 502-852-3682; Fax: 502-852-3662;
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226
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Hendriks HS, Antunes Fernandes EC, Bergman A, van den Berg M, Westerink RHS. PCB-47, PBDE-47, and 6-OH-PBDE-47 differentially modulate human GABAA and alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:635-42. [PMID: 20861069 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the structurally related polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are abundant persistent organic pollutants that exert several comparable neurotoxic effects. Importantly, hydroxylated metabolites of PCBs and PBDEs have an increased neurotoxic potency. Recently, we demonstrated that PCBs can act as (partial) agonist on GABA(A) neurotransmitter receptors, with PCB-47 being the most potent congener. It is, however, unknown whether PBDE-47 and its metabolite 6-OH-PBDE-47 exert similar effects and if these effects are limited to GABA(A) receptors only. We therefore investigated effects of PCB-47, PBDE-47, and 6-OH-PBDE-47 on the inhibitory GABA(A) and excitatory α(4)β(2) nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Since human exposure is generally not limited to individual compounds, experiments with binary mixtures were also performed. The results demonstrate that PCB-47 and 6-OH-PBDE-47 act as full and partial agonist on the GABA(A) receptor. However, both congeners act as antagonist on the nACh receptor. PBDE-47 does not affect either type of receptor. Binary mixtures of PCB-47 and 6-OH-PBDE-47 induced an additive activation as well as potentiation of GABA(A) receptors, whereas this mixture resulted in an additive inhibition of nACh receptors. Binary mixtures of PBDE-47 and 6-OH-PBDE-47 yielded similar effects as 6-OH-PBDE-47 alone. These findings demonstrate that GABA(A) and nACh receptors are affected differently by PCB-47 and 6-OH-PBDE-47, with inhibitory GABA(A)-mediated signaling being potentiated and excitatory α(4)β(2) nACh-mediated signaling being inhibited. Considering these opposite actions and the additive interaction of the congeners, these effects are likely to be augmented in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester S Hendriks
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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227
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Hardell E, Carlberg M, Nordström M, van Bavel B. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in Sweden during 1993-2007 and relation to age, gender, body mass index, breast-feeding and parity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4412-9. [PMID: 20643475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are lipophilic chemicals that bioaccumulate. Most of them were resticted or banned in the 1970s and 1980s to protect human health and the environment. The main source for humans is dietary intake of dairy products, meat and fish. Little data exist on changes of the concentration of POPs in the Swedish population over time. OBJECTIVE To study if the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDE, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlordanes have changed in the Swedish population during 1993-2007, and certain factors that may influence the concentrations. METHODS During 1993-2007 samples from 537 controls in different human cancer studies were collected and analysed. Background information such as body mass index, breast-feeding and parity was assessed by questionaires. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyse the explanatory factors specimen (blood or adipose tissue), gender, BMI, total breast-feeding and parity in relation to POPs. Time trends for POPs were analysed using linear regression analysis, adjusted for specimen, gender, BMI and age. RESULTS The concentration decreased for all POPs during 1993-2007. The annual change was statistically significant for the sum of PCBs -7.2%, HCB -8.8%, DDE -13.5% and the sum of chlordanes -10.3%. BMI and age were determinants of the concentrations. Cumulative breast-feeding >8 months gave statistically significantly lower concentrations for the sum of PCBs, DDE and the sum of chlordanes. Parity with >2 children yielded statistically significantly lower sum of PCBs. CONCLUSIONS All the studied POPs decreased during the time period, probably due to restrictions of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hardell
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Orebro, Sweden.
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228
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Jolous-Jamshidi B, Cromwell HC, McFarland AM, Meserve LA. Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alters social behaviors in rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:136-43. [PMID: 20813172 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) leads to significant alterations of neural and hormonal systems. These alterations have been shown to impair motor and sensory development. Less is known about the influence of PCB exposure on developing emotional and motivational systems involved in social interactions and social learning. The present study examined the impact of perinatal PCB exposure (mixture of congeners 47 and 77) on social recognition in juvenile animals, conspecific-directed investigation in adults and on neural and hormonal systems involved in social functions. We used a standard habituation-dishabituation paradigm to evaluate juvenile recognition and a social port paradigm to monitor adult social investigation. Areal measures of the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus were obtained to provide correlations with related hormone and brain systems. PCB exposed rats were significantly impaired in social recognition as indicated by persistent conspecific-directed exploration by juvenile animals regardless of social experience. As adults, PCB exposure led to a dampening of the isolation-induced enhancement of social investigation. There was not a concomitant alteration of social investigation in pair-housed PCB exposed animals at this stage of development. Interestingly, PVN area was significantly decreased in juvenile animals exposed to PCB during the perinatal period. Shifts in hypothalamic regulation of hormones involved in social behavior and stress could be involved in the behavioral changes observed. Overall, the results suggest that PCB exposure impairs context or experience-dependent modulation of social approach and investigation. These types of social-context deficits are similar to behavioral deficits observed in social disorders such as autism and other pervasive developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Jolous-Jamshidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0208, USA
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229
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Hardell S, Tilander H, Welfinger-Smith G, Burger J, Carpenter DO. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and three organochlorine pesticides in fish from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12396. [PMID: 20811633 PMCID: PMC2928280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, have been shown to have many adverse human health effects. These contaminants therefore may pose a risk to Alaska Natives that follow a traditional diet high in marine mammals and fish, in which POPs bioaccumulate. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study examined the levels of PCBs and three pesticides [p, p'-DDE, mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)] in muscle tissue from nine fish species from several locations around the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. The highest median PCB level was found in rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata, 285 ppb, wet weight), while the lowest level was found in rock greenling (Hexagrammos lagocephalus, 104 ppb, wet weight). Lipid adjusted PCB values were also calculated and significant interspecies differences were found. Again, rock sole had the highest level (68,536 ppb, lipid weight). Concerning the PCB congener patterns, the more highly chlorinated congeners were most common as would be expected due to their greater persistence. Among the pesticides, p, p'-DDE generally dominated, and the highest level was found in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, 6.9 ppb, wet weight). The methodology developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was used to calculate risk-based consumption limits for the analyzed fish species. For cancer health endpoints for PCBs, all species would trigger strict advisories of between two and six meals per year, depending upon species. For noncancer effects by PCBs, advisories of between seven and twenty-two meals per year were triggered. None of the pesticides triggered consumption limits. CONCLUSION The fish analyzed, mainly from Adak, contain significant concentrations of POPs, in particular PCBs, which raises the question whether these fish are safe to eat, particularly for sensitive populations. However when assessing any risk of the traditional diet, one must also consider the many health and cultural benefits from eating fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hardell
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Hanna Tilander
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Gretchen Welfinger-Smith
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanna Burger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, United States of America
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Hochstenbach K, van Leeuwen DM, Gmuender H, Stølevik SB, Nygaard UC, Løvik M, Granum B, Namork E, van Delft JHM, van Loveren H. Transcriptomic profile indicative of immunotoxic exposure: in vitro studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:19-30. [PMID: 20702593 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the immunotoxic effects of exposure to chemicals usually comprises evaluation of weight and histopathology of lymphoid tissues, various lymphocyte parameters in the circulation, and immune function. Immunotoxicity assessment is time consuming in humans or requires a high number of animals, making it expensive. Furthermore, reducing the use of animals in research is an important ethical and political issue. Immunotoxicogenomics represents a novel approach to investigate immunotoxicity able of overcoming these limitations. The current research, embedded in the European Union project NewGeneris, aimed to retrieve gene expression profiles that are indicative of exposure to immunotoxicants. To this end, whole-genome gene expression was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to in vitro exposure to a range of immunotoxic chemicals (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]pyrene, deoxynivalenol, ethanol, malondialdehyde, polychlorinated biphenyl 153, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and nonimmunotoxic chemicals (acrylamide, dimethylnitrosamine, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-F]quinoline, and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine). Using Agilent oligonucleotide microarrays, whole-genome gene expression profiles were generated, which were analyzed using Genedata's Expressionist software. Using Recursive Feature Elimination and Support Vector Machine, a set of 48 genes was identified that distinguishes the immunotoxic from the nonimmunotoxic compounds. Analysis for enrichment of biological processes showed the gene set to be highly biologically and immunologically relevant. We conclude that we have identified a promising transcriptomic profile indicative of immunotoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hochstenbach
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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231
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Ashley J, Ward J, Schafer M, Stapleton H, Velinsky D. Evaluating daily exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish oil supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1177-85. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003793298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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232
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Sergeev AV, Carpenter DO. Increased hospitalizations for ischemic stroke with comorbid diabetes and residential proximity to sources of organic pollutants: a 12-year population-based study. Neuroepidemiology 2010; 35:196-201. [PMID: 20664210 PMCID: PMC2945264 DOI: 10.1159/000316874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is emerging that exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POP) is a risk factor for atherosclerosis-related diseases and for diabetes mellitus (DM). We hypothesized that residential proximity to sources of POP will be associated with an increase in hospitalization rates for ischemic stroke (IS) with comorbid DM (IS-DM). METHODS We examined IS-DM hospitalization rates in the New York State (exclusive of New York City) during a 12-year period. POP exposure status was assessed based on residency in a zip code containing or abutting environmental sources of POP. Adjusted relative risks (RR) of IS-DM hospitalization were estimated by multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS A statistically significant 10% increase in IS-DM hospitalization rates was observed in populations environmentally exposed to POP (adjusted RR 1.10, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.01-1.20; p = 0.031). IS-DM hospitalization rates were also higher in males (adjusted RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.30-1.39; p < 0.001), in blacks (adjusted RR 4.54, 95% CI 4.16-4.94; p < 0.001) and in older age groups (p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Residential proximity to sources of POP is associated with an increase in RR of IS-DM hospitalization. Our findings support the hypothesis of POP being a risk factor for IS. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sergeev
- School of Public Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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233
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Bushkin-Bedient S, Carpenter DO. Benefits versus risks associated with consumption of fish and other seafood. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2010; 25:161-191. [PMID: 21038755 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2010.25.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fish provide nutrition for much of the world's population, and when not contaminated with chemicals, fish is a very good food. A major benefit of fish is that they are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), low in saturated fat, and they contain other critical nutrients. Much of the benefit of fish consumption derives from their high levels of long chain omega-3 PUFAs, which are produced by aquatic microorganisms and bioconcentrate in the aquatic food supply. The PUFAs are essential, in that humans and other vertebrates are not able to synthesize them and therefore must obtain them from the diet. The PUFAs particularly concentrate in the nervous system, alter immune system function reduce serum triglyceride levels and have been reported to reduce the risk of sudden death after a myocardial infarction. But the problem is that most fish have at least some degree of chemical contamination with methylmercury, (which binds to muscle) and/or with persistent organic pollutants such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, chlorinated pesticides (which concentrate in fish fat). These chemicals have adverse effects on nervous system function, modulate the immune system, and are associated with elevations in risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus the question of benefits and risk from fish consumption is complex but very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Bushkin-Bedient
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, NY 12144-3429, USA
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234
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Abstract
A recent survey in the United States identified 287 different chemicals in human cord blood, demonstrating the significant exposure of women and their children to a wide array of environmental toxicants. While reducing contamination and exposure should be an international priority, it is equally appropriate to develop an understanding of the health consequences of increasing world-wide industrialization. Endometriosis, a disease of the female reproductive tract, has emerged as a disease potentially related to environmental exposures. While a number of population-based studies have suggested that a woman's exposure to dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls may affect her risk of developing this disease, other studies have failed to find such evidence. In the current manuscript, we will review the limited data regarding polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and endometriosis with a focus on dioxin-like toxicants. We will also discuss the potential importance of early life exposures to these toxicants on the subsequent development of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylon L Bruner-Tran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2519, USA
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235
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Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that were widely used in the mid-20th century. Though their production and use was banned by most countries several decades ago, the general population continues to be exposed due to the persistence and bioaccumulation of PCBs. A number of human epidemiological studies have assessed the relationship between environmental PCB exposure and markers of male reproductive health, namely semen quality parameters (sperm concentration, motility, and morphology), sperm DNA integrity (DNA damage or chromatin fragmentation), and circulating reproductive hormone levels. Despite a wide range of study designs and locations, measurement methods, and PCB exposure levels, reports of inverse associations between PCBs and sperm motility have been consistent which may suggest a lack of exposure threshold for a PCB-related effect on sperm motility. Several studies have also reported inverse associations between PCBs and circulating testosterone levels in men, though the specific form of testosterone (i.e. total, bound, or free testosterone) associated with exposure has not been fully consistent between studies. In conclusion, although PCBs are no longer used and can be considered a legacy chemical, concerns regarding altered male fertility in relation to PCBs remain due to the existing human data demonstrating inverse associations with markers of male reproductive function coupled with recent evidence for continued population exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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236
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Liu S, Li S, Du Y. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enhance metastatic properties of breast cancer cells by activating Rho-associated kinase (ROCK). PLoS One 2010; 5:e11272. [PMID: 20585605 PMCID: PMC2890589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of structurally related chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Numerous studies have documented a wide spectrum of biological effects of PCBs on human health, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxocity, estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity, and carcinogensis. The role of PCBs as etiologic agents for breast cancer has been intensively explored in a variety of in vivo, animal and epidemiologic studies. A number of investigations indicated that higher levels of PCBs in mammary tissues or sera correlated to breast cancer risk, and PCBs might be implicated in advancing breast cancer progression. Methodology/Principal Findings In the current study, we for the first time report that PCBs greatly promote the ROCK activity and therefore increase cell motility for both non-metastatic and metastatic human breast cancer cells in vitro. In the in vivo study, PCBs significantly advance disease progression, leading to enhanced capability of metastatic breast cancer cells to metastasize to bone, lung and liver. Additionally, PCBs robustly induce the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in breast cancer cells; ROS mechanistically elevate ROCK activity. Conclusions/Significance PCBs enhance the metastatic propensity of breast cancer cells by activating the ROCK signaling, which is dependent on ROS induced by PCBs. Inhibition of ROCK may stand for a unique way to restrain metastases in breast cancer upon PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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237
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Zanaroli G, Balloi A, Negroni A, Daffonchio D, Young LY, Fava F. Characterization of the microbial community from the marine sediment of the Venice lagoon capable of reductive dechlorination of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:417-426. [PMID: 20153926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The native microbial community of a contaminated sediment from Brentella Canal (Venice Lagoon, Italy) was enriched in slurry microcosms consisting of sterile sediment suspended in sterile site water in the presence of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4',5- and 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyls, 3,3',4,4',5,5'- and 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyls. The enrichment cultures were characterized at each subculturing step by 16S rRNA gene Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. About 90% of spiked polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were stoichiometrically converted into di- and tri-chlorinated congeners by each enriched culture via dechlorination of flanked para chlorines and ortho-flanked meta chlorines. A 2-fold increase in PCB-dechlorination rate, the disappearance of lag phase, as well as a remarkable increase of sulfate consumption and a decline of methanogenic activity, were observed throughout subculturing. A reduction of complexity of the archaeal community, which was composed by Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales, was also observed as a result of culture enrichment. The bacterial community included members of the Alpha, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon divisions of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi. Two sequence phylotypes related to the genus Sulforovum and the species Desulfococcus multivorans and two Chloroflexi enriched throughout subculturing, thus suggesting that these bacteria were involved in PCB dechlorination in the marine sediments of Brentella canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Zanaroli
- DICASM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, Bologna 40131, Italy.
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238
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The associations between the environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer risk and progression. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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239
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Hermanson MH, Jackson DS, Johnson GW. History of Inuit community excretion of polychlorinated biphenyls recorded in sewage lake sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1322-1328. [PMID: 20138643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is high among the Inuit resulting from ingestion of contaminated wild "country" foods. These contaminants originate in urban/industrial areas and reach the Arctic by long-range atmospheric transport. Ingested PCBs eventually equilibrate into various body components, including feces, which become an indication of body burden. Bulk domestic sewage residue from a community will accumulate PCBs from feces; long-term accumulated sediments from a sewage treatment system are a historical indicator of changes in community-wide PCB excretion. In this study, sediment cores were collected from the domestic sewage treatment lake, known as Annak, for the Inuit Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, Canada (established 1967), and were dated (Pb-210, Cs-137) and analyzed for 127 PCB congeners. We focused our attention on the 47 congeners that were observed consistently. Atmospheric and local inputs to a nearby lake accounted for local background. PCB inputs from sewage grew rapidly from the late 1960s until 1990. The maximum 47 congener SigmaPCB excretion occurred in approximately 1989 (11116 ng person(-1)d(-1)); all sewage PCB inputs were dominated by PCB 153, PCB 138 and PCB 180. PCB ingestion from a Sanikiluaq food survey in 1989 for 11 of the most highly concentrated PCB congeners (7270 ng person(-1)d(-1)) was the same as our excretion estimate for the same congeners (7348 ng person(-1)d(-1)) that year, suggesting that by the late 1980s, the ingested amount of PCB was similar to what was excreted every day, although the latter is a reflection of body burden and not short-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Hermanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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240
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Pessah IN, Cherednichenko G, Lein PJ. Minding the calcium store: Ryanodine receptor activation as a convergent mechanism of PCB toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:260-85. [PMID: 19931307 PMCID: PMC2823855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-level polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures remain a significant public health concern since results from epidemiological studies indicate that PCB burden is associated with immune system dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and impairment of the developing nervous system. Of these various adverse health effects, developmental neurotoxicity has emerged as a particularly vulnerable endpoint in PCB toxicity. Arguably the most pervasive biological effects of PCBs could be mediated by their ability to alter the spatial and temporal fidelity of Ca2+ signals through one or more receptor-mediated processes. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the structure and function of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in muscle and nerve cells and how PCBs and related non-coplanar structures alter these functions. The molecular and cellular mechanisms by which non-coplanar PCBs and related structures alter local and global Ca2+ signaling properties and the possible short and long-term consequences of these perturbations on neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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241
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Lyche JL, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Almaas C, Stavik B, Berg V, Skåre JU, Alestrøm P, Ropstad E. Natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POP) increase weight gain, advance puberty, and induce changes in gene expression associated with steroid hormones and obesity in female zebrafish. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1032-1057. [PMID: 20526952 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.481618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, developmental and reproductive effects of lifelong exposure to environmental relevant concentrations of two natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POP) were investigated using classical and molecular methods in a controlled zebrafish model. The mixtures used were extracted from burbot (Lota lota) liver originating from freshwater systems in Norway: one mixture with high levels and one mixture with background levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDT). The concentration of POP measured in the zebrafish ranged from levels detected in wild fish from Lake Mjøsa to concentrations reported in human and wildlife populations, indicating that the experimental fish were exposed to concentrations comparable with wild fish. Phenotypic effects observed in both exposure groups included earlier onset of puberty, increased male/female sex ratio, and differences in body weight at 5 mo of age. Interestingly, genome-wide transcription profiling showed changes in regulation of genes involved in endocrine signaling and growth. The transcriptomics changes include key regulator genes for steroid hormone functions (ncoa3), and growth (c/ebp, ncoa3). The effects observed in the experimental zebrafish model raise the question whether chemical pollution represents a risk to reproductive health of wild fish inhabitating the freshwater system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan L Lyche
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, POB 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Yang JM, Salmon AG, Marty MA. Development of TEFs for PCB congeners by using an alternative biomarker--thyroid hormone levels. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:225-36. [PMID: 20043972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous toxic contaminants. Health risk assessment for this class of chemicals is complex: the current toxic equivalency factor (TEF) method covers dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs, dibenzofurans, and dioxins, but excludes non-DL-PCBs. To address this deficiency, we evaluated published data for several PCB congeners to determine common biomarkers of effect. We found that the most sensitive biomarkers for DL-non-ortho-PCB 77 and PCB 126 are liver enzyme (e.g., ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD) induction, circulating thyroxine (T4) decrease, and brain dopamine (DA) elevation. For DL-ortho-PCB 118 and non-DL-ortho-PCB 28 and PCB 153, the most sensitive biomarkers are brain DA decrease and circulating T4 decrease. The only consistent biomarker for both DL- and non-DL-PCBs is circulating T4 decrease. The calculated TEF-(TH), based on the effective dose to decrease T4 by 30% (ED(30)) with reference to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is identical to both TEF-(WHO98) and TEF-(WHO05) for TCDD and DL-PCBs (correlation coefficients are r=1.00, P<0.001; and r=0.99, P<0.001, respectively). We conclude that T4 decrease is a prospective biomarker for generating a new TEF scheme which includes some non-DL-congeners. The new TEF-(TH) parallels the TEF-(WHO) for DL-PCBs and, most importantly, is useful for non-DL-PCBs in risk assessment to address thyroid endocrine disruption and potentially the neurotoxic effects of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Yang
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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243
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Swedenborg E, Pongratz I, Gustafsson JA. Endocrine disruptors targeting ERbeta function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:288-97. [PMID: 20050941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) circulating in the environment constitute a risk to ecosystems, wildlife and human health. Oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta are targeted by various kinds of EDCs but the molecular mechanisms and long-term consequences of exposure are largely unknown. Some biological effects of EDCs are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is a key player in the cellular defence against xenobiotic substances. Adding complexity to the picture, there is also accumulating evidence that AhR-ER pathways have an intricate interplay at multiple levels. In this review, we discuss some EDCs that affect the oestrogen pathway by targeting ERbeta. Furthermore, we describe some effects of AhR activities on the oestrogen system. Mechanisms as well as potential adverse effects on human health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Swedenborg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet at Novum, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Impact of adopting a vegan diet or an olestra supplementation on plasma organochlorine concentrations: results from two pilot studies. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:1433-41. [PMID: 20030906 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450999331x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of these studies was to evaluate the potential of some nutritional approaches to prevent or reduce the body load of organochlorines (OC) in humans. Study 1 compared plasma OC concentrations between vegans and omnivores while study 2 verified if the dietary fat substitute olestra could prevent the increase in OC concentrations that is generally observed in response to a weight-reducing programme. In study 1, nine vegans and fifteen omnivores were recruited and the concentrations of twenty-six OC (beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), p, p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p, p'-DDE), p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene, mirex, aldrin, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane, oxychlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) nos. 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 118, 128, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 183 and 187, and aroclor 1260) were determined. In study 2, the concentrations of these twenty-six OC were measured before and after weight loss over 3 months in thirty-seven obese men assigned to one of the following treatments: standard group (33 % fat diet; n 13), fat-reduced group (25 % fat diet; n 14) or fat-substituted group (1/3 of dietary lipids substituted by olestra; n 10). In study 1, plasma concentrations of five OC compounds (aroclor 1260 and PCB 99, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) were significantly lower in vegans compared with omnivores. In study 2, beta-HCH was the only OC which decreased in the fat-substituted group while increasing in the other two groups (P = 0.045). In conclusion, there was a trend toward lesser contamination in vegans than in omnivores, and olestra had a favourable influence on beta-HCH but did not prevent plasma hyperconcentration of the other OC during ongoing weight loss.
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245
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Early developmental effects of separate or combined perinatal exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) in the rat. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2009; 22:89-105. [PMID: 19617190 DOI: 10.2478/v10001-009-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methylmercury (MeHg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental pollutants and food contaminants. Both are neurotoxic, especially for the developing nervous system. MATERIAL AND METHODS Female rats were exposed from day 7 of pregnancy up to day 21 after the delivery to MeHg in drinking water, PCB 153 per os or MeHg+PCB 153. Assessment of the exposure effects in mothers included food and water intake, body weight and reproduction success. Assessment of the progeny comprised determination of body weight, time of pinna detachment, eye opening, incisor eruption, and the negative geotaxis, grip strength and righting reflex. RESULTS The following effects of the exposures were observed: A) MeHg: 0.5 mg/kg/day - no effect on maternal health status and reproduction. In the progeny: faster incisor eruption and hastened negative geotaxis development. MeHg 2.0 mg/kg/day: In mothers: signs of MeHg toxicity (reduced food intake and body weight, ataxia) during lactation. In the progeny: reduced rate of body weight increase, accelerated incisor eruption but delayed development of the righting reflex. B) PCB 153 exposure: 1.0 mg/kg/day: no effect on maternal health status, reproduction success or morphological and physical development of the progeny; 5.0 mg/kg/day: no effect on maternal health status and reproduction. In the progeny: accelerated growth in females, faster pinna detachment and incisor eruption but delayed development of the grip strength. C) MeHg+PCB153 exposure: none overt effect was noted in mothers or in their progeny. CONCLUSION The results confirm the ability of a low level perinatal exposure to MeHg or PCB 153 to affect the early development in the rat. They have not provided, however, an evidence of a synergistic interaction of these contaminants. To the contrary, the results suggest that, at least under the conditions prevailing in the present study, MeHg and PCB 153 interact antagonistically.
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246
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Swedenborg E, Power KA, Cai W, Pongratz I, Rüegg J. Regulation of estrogen receptor beta activity and implications in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3873-94. [PMID: 19669093 PMCID: PMC11115682 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Together with the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, estrogen receptor beta (ER beta ) mediates many of the physiological effects of estrogens. As ER beta is crucially involved in a variety of important physiological processes, its activity should be tightly regulated. ER beta regulation is achieved by hormone binding as well as by posttranslational modifications of the receptor. Furthermore, ER beta expression levels are under circadian control and can be regulated by DNA methylation of the ER beta promoter region. There are also a number of factors that can interfere with ER beta activity, such as phytoestrogens, endocrine disruptive chemicals, and growth factors. In this article, we outline different mechanisms of ER beta regulation and how they are implicated in various diseases. We also discuss how these insights might help to specifically target ER beta in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Swedenborg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Krista A. Power
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Pongratz
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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Pacios LF, Campos VM, Merino I, Gómez L. Structures and thermodynamics of biphenyl dihydrodiol stereoisomers and their metabolites in the enzymatic degradation of arene xenobiotics. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:2420-32. [PMID: 19360792 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A key step in the metabolic degradation of biphenyl xenobiotics is catechol formation upon dehydrogenation of cis- and trans-dihydrodiols in prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways, respectively. Structure and thermodynamics of stereoisomers of cis-, trans-2,3-biphenyl-dihydrodiols (I) and their dehydrogenation products (hydroxyketones, II), as well as final catechol (2,3-biphenyldiol, III) are studied by means of ab initio MP2/6-311++G(2df,2p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p) calculations. Formation of stereoisomers I and II is exothermic and endergonic, whereas III is enthalpically and entropically driven. Dehydrogenations are endothermic (DeltaHR0 approximately 1.5-4 kcal mol(-1)) and exergonic (DeltaGR0 approximately -5 to -7.5 kcal mol(-1)) without noticeable differences between cis and trans pathways, although the same keto stereoisomer II-(2S) is found to be the more favored product from both cis- and trans-I. The final II --> III tautomerization is thermodynamically enhanced (DeltaHR0 approximately -27, DeltaGR0 approximately -28 kcal mol(-1)) but the process is shown to have a large activation energy if it had to occur via unimolecular path. Although this tautomerization is generally assumed to be a nonenzymatic process as it involves rearomatization of an oxygenated ring, proton transfer with an anionic intermediate might be a more probable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Pacios
- Unidad de Química y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biotecnología, E. T. S. Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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248
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Yoshizawa K, Brix AE, Sells DM, Jokinen MP, Wyde M, Orzech DP, Kissling GE, Walker NJ, Nyska A. Reproductive Lesions in Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Two-Year Oral Treatment with Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:921-37. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623309351721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Results from previously published animal studies suggest that prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) may profoundly affect the reproductive system of both sexes via endocrine disruption. In the present work, we evaluate the toxicity and carcinogenicity of various DLCs, with an emphasis on their effect on the reproductive organs, induced by chronic exposure of female adult Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats. This investigation represents part of an initiative of the National Toxicology Program to determine the relative potency of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls. For fourteen, thirty-one, or fifty-three weeks or for two years, animals were administered by gavage 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD); 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126); 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF); 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153); 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118); a tertiary mixture of TCDD, PCB126, and PeCDF; a binary mixture of PCB126 and 153; or a binary mixture of PCB126 and PCB118. The ranges of treatment-related changes in the reproductive system included chronic active inflammation in the ovary that occurred in the 1,000 and 3,000 μg/kg core groups (two-year exposure) of PCB153 and in the 300 ng/3,000 μg/kg core group of binary mixture of PCB126 and PCB153. Increases in the incidence of acute and/or chronic active inflammation of the uterus were observed in all dosed groups, including the stop-exposure group (withdrawal after thirty-week exposure) of PeCDF and the 1,000 μg/kg and/or higher group dosed with PCB153. The incidence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia was marginally increased in the 92 PeCDF ng/kg group at two years. The incidence of squamous metaplasia was significantly increased in the 44 ng/kg and higher dose group, including the stop-exposure group. The incidence of uterine squamous cell carcinoma was significantly or marginally increased in the 6 ng/kg core and 100 ng/kg stop-exposure groups of TCDD and in the 300 ng/300 μg/kg core group that received the binary mixture of PCB126 and 153. The incidence of uterine carcinoma was marginally increased in the 92 ng/kg PeCDF group at two years and clearly increased in the 1,000 and 4,600 μg/kg PCB118 core group and the 4,600 μg/kg stop group. In the studies of PCB 126, the tertiary mixture, and the binary mixture of PCB126 and PCB118, no increased incidence of any change occurred in the reproductive systems. The range of changes seen with the different compounds suggests that more than one mechanism may have been involved in promoting the female reproductive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy E. Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Micheal P. Jokinen
- Pathology Associates, Inc., A Charles River Company, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Wyde
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Denis P. Orzech
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Toxicologic Pathologist, Haharuv, Timrat, Israel
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249
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Eum SY, Andras I, Hennig B, Toborek M. NADPH oxidase and lipid raft-associated redox signaling are required for PCB153-induced upregulation of cell adhesion molecules in human brain endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:299-305. [PMID: 19632255 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can lead to chronic inflammation and the development of vascular diseases. Because cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the cerebrovascular endothelium regulate infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain, we have explored the molecular mechanisms by which ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), such as PCB153, can upregulate CAMs in brain endothelial cells. Exposure to PCB153 increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as well as elevated adhesion of leukocytes to brain endothelial cells. These effects were impeded by inhibitors of EGFR, JAKs, or Src activity. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase or disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depleting agents blocked PCB153-induced phosphorylation of JAK and Src kinases and upregulation of CAMs. In contrast, silencing of caveolin-1 by siRNA interference did not affect upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in brain endothelial cells stimulated by PCB153. Results of the present study indicate that lipid raft-dependent NADPH oxidase/JAK/EGFR signaling mechanisms regulate the expression of CAMs in brain endothelial cells and adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial monolayers. Due to its role in leukocyte infiltration, induction of CAMs may contribute to PCB-induced cerebrovascular disorders and neurotoxic effects in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Eum
- Molecular Neuroscience and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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250
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Abstract
Animal sentinel surveillance is a key component of public health risk assessment. While many species serve as animal sentinels, companion animals have an especially valuable role as sentinels because of their unique place in people's lives, with exposure to similar household and recreational risk factors as those for the people who own them. Dogs and cats can help in early identification of food contamination, infectious disease transmission, environmental contamination, and even bioterrorism or chemical terrorism events. Early detection, leading to early intervention, can minimize the impact of these adverse events on both animal and human health.
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