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Enhanced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells in 3D culture by inhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 33198821 PMCID: PMC7667734 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generation of insulin-producing cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro would be useful for drug discovery and cell therapy in diabetes. Three-dimensional (3D) culture is important for the acquisition of mature insulin-producing cells from hPSCs, but the mechanism by which it promotes β cell maturation is poorly understood. Methods We established a stepwise method to induce high-efficiency differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into mature monohormonal pancreatic endocrine cells (PECs), with the last maturation stage in 3D culture. To comprehensively compare two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultures, we examined gene expression, pancreas-specific markers, and functional characteristics in 2D culture-induced PECs and 3D culture-induced PECs. The mechanisms were considered from the perspectives of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions which are fundamentally different between 2D and 3D cultures. Results The expression of the pancreatic endocrine-specific transcription factors PDX1, NKX6.1, NGN3, ISL1, and PAX6 and the hormones INS, GCG, and SST was significantly increased in 3D culture-induced PECs. 3D culture yielded monohormonal endocrine cells, while 2D culture-induced PECs co-expressed INS and GCG or INS and SST or even expressed all three hormones. We found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation was significantly downregulated in 3D culture-induced PECs, and treatment with the selective FAK inhibitor PF-228 improved the expression of β cell-specific transcription factors in 2D culture-induced PECs. We further demonstrated that 3D culture may promote endocrine commitment by limiting FAK-dependent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway. Moreover, the expression of the gap junction protein Connexin 36 was much higher in 3D culture-induced PECs than in 2D culture-induced PECs, and inhibition of the FAK pathway in 2D culture increased Connexin 36 expression. Conclusion We developed a strategy to induce differentiation of monohormonal mature PECs from hPSCs and found limited FAK-dependent activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway and unregulated expression of Connexin 36 in 3D culture-induced PECs. This study has important implications for the generation of mature, functional β cells for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapy for diabetes and sheds new light on the signaling events that regulate endocrine specification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02003-z.
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Insulin/Glucose-Responsive Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Disease Modeling and Treatment of Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112465. [PMID: 33198288 PMCID: PMC7696367 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance in peripheral organs, accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes. Despite current developments of new drugs and strategies to prevent/treat diabetes, there is no ideal therapy targeting all aspects of the disease. Restoration, however, of insulin-producing β-cells, as well as insulin-responsive cells, would be a logical strategy for the treatment of diabetes. In recent years, generation of transplantable cells derived from stem cells in vitro has emerged as an important research area. Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced, are alternative and feasible sources of insulin-secreting and glucose-responsive cells. This notwithstanding, consistent generation of robust glucose/insulin-responsive cells remains challenging. In this review, we describe basic concepts of the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and subsequent differentiation of these into pancreatic β-like cells, myotubes, as well as adipocyte- and hepatocyte-like cells. Use of these for modeling of human disease is now feasible, while development of replacement therapies requires continued efforts.
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203
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Trott J, Alpagu Y, Tan EK, Shboul M, Dawood Y, Elsy M, Wollmann H, Tano V, Bonnard C, Eng S, Narayanan G, Junnarkar S, Wearne S, Strutt J, Kumar A, Tomaz LB, Goy PA, Mzoughi S, Jennings R, Hagoort J, Eskin A, Lee H, Nelson SF, Al-Kazaleh F, El-Khateeb M, Fathallah R, Shah H, Goeke J, Langley SR, Guccione E, Hanley N, De Bakker BS, Reversade B, Dunn NR. Mitchell-Riley syndrome iPSCs exhibit reduced pancreatic endoderm differentiation due to a mutation in RFX6. Development 2020; 147:dev194878. [PMID: 33033118 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitchell-Riley syndrome (MRS) is caused by recessive mutations in the regulatory factor X6 gene (RFX6) and is characterised by pancreatic hypoplasia and neonatal diabetes. To determine why individuals with MRS specifically lack pancreatic endocrine cells, we micro-CT imaged a 12-week-old foetus homozygous for the nonsense mutation RFX6 c.1129C>T, which revealed loss of the pancreas body and tail. From this foetus, we derived iPSCs and show that differentiation of these cells in vitro proceeds normally until generation of pancreatic endoderm, which is significantly reduced. We additionally generated an RFX6HA reporter allele by gene targeting in wild-type H9 cells to precisely define RFX6 expression and in parallel performed in situ hybridisation for RFX6 in the dorsal pancreatic bud of a Carnegie stage 14 human embryo. Both in vitro and in vivo, we find that RFX6 specifically labels a subset of PDX1-expressing pancreatic endoderm. In summary, RFX6 is essential for efficient differentiation of pancreatic endoderm, and its absence in individuals with MRS specifically impairs formation of endocrine cells of the pancreas head and tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Trott
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yunus Alpagu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Ee Kim Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan
| | - Yousif Dawood
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Elsy
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Heike Wollmann
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tano
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Shermaine Eng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Gunaseelan Narayanan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Seetanshu Junnarkar
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Stephen Wearne
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - James Strutt
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Aakash Kumar
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Lucian B Tomaz
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Pierre-Alexis Goy
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Slim Mzoughi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Rachel Jennings
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Endocrinology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9WU, UK
| | - Jaco Hagoort
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fawaz Al-Kazaleh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jordan, Amman 19241, Jordan
| | - Mohammad El-Khateeb
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman 19241, Jordan
| | - Rajaa Fathallah
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman 19241, Jordan
| | - Harsha Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jonathan Goeke
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Sarah R Langley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
| | - Neil Hanley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Endocrinology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9WU, UK
| | - Bernadette S De Bakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 119228, Singapore
- Koç University School of Medicine, Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - N Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
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Nagaya M, Hasegawa K, Watanabe M, Nakano K, Okamoto K, Yamada T, Uchikura A, Osafune K, Yokota H, Nagaoka T, Matsunari H, Umeyama K, Kobayashi E, Nakauchi H, Nagashima H. Genetically engineered pigs manifesting pancreatic agenesis with severe diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/2/e001792. [PMID: 33257422 PMCID: PMC7705540 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic duodenum homeobox 1 (Pdx1) expression is crucial for pancreatic organogenesis and is a key regulator of insulin gene expression. Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) controls tissue morphogenesis by maintaining undifferentiated cells. Hes1 encodes a basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressor and functionally antagonizes positive bHLH genes, such as the endocrine determination gene neurogenin-3. Here, we generated a new pig model for diabetes by genetic engineering Pdx1 and Hes1 genes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A transgenic (Tg) chimera pig with germ cells carrying a construct expressing Hes1 under the control of the Pdx1 promoter was used to mate with wild-type gilts to obtain Tg piglets. RESULTS The Tg pigs showed perinatal death; however, this phenotype could be rescued by insulin treatment. The duodenal and splenic lobes of the Tg pigs were slender and did not fully develop, whereas the connective lobe was absent. β cells were not detected, even in the adult pancreas, although other endocrine cells were detected, and exocrine cells functioned normally. The pigs showed no irregularities in any organs, except diabetes-associated pathological alterations, such as retinopathy and renal damage. CONCLUSION Pdx1-Hes1 Tg pigs were an attractive model for the analysis of pancreatic development and testing of novel treatment strategies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nagaya
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koki Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ayuko Uchikura
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Harumasa Yokota
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiji Nagaoka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Fabrication, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University - Ikuta Campus, Kawasaki, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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205
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Kimura A, Toyoda T, Iwasaki M, Hirama R, Osafune K. Combined Omics Approaches Reveal the Roles of Non-canonical WNT7B Signaling and YY1 in the Proliferation of Human Pancreatic Progenitor Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1561-1572.e7. [PMID: 33125912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of human pancreatic progenitor cells (PPCs) is critical for developing cell therapies for diabetes. Here, using transcriptome analysis combined with small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening, we revealed that WNT7B is a downstream growth factor of AT7867, a compound known to promote the proliferation of PPCs generated from human pluripotent stem cells. Feeder cell lines stably expressing mouse Wnt7a or Wnt7b, but not other Wnts, enhanced PPC proliferation in the absence of AT7867. Importantly, Wnt7a/b ligands did not activate the canonical Wnt pathway, and PPC proliferation depended on the non-canonical Wnt/PKC pathway. A comparison of the phosphoproteome in response to AT7867 or a newly synthesized AT7867 derivative uncovered the function of YY1 as a transcriptional regulator of WNT7B. Overall, our data highlight unknown roles of non-canonical WNT7B/PKC signaling and YY1 in human PPC proliferation and will contribute to the stable supply of a cell source for pancreatic disease modeling and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuma Kimura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mio Iwasaki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hirama
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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206
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Cozzitorto C, Mueller L, Ruzittu S, Mah N, Willnow D, Darrigrand JF, Wilson H, Khosravinia D, Mahmoud AA, Risolino M, Selleri L, Spagnoli FM. A Specialized Niche in the Pancreatic Microenvironment Promotes Endocrine Differentiation. Dev Cell 2020; 55:150-162.e6. [PMID: 32857951 PMCID: PMC7720791 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between pancreatic epithelium and the surrounding microenvironment is pivotal for pancreas formation and differentiation as well as adult organ homeostasis. The mesenchyme is the main component of the embryonic pancreatic microenvironment, yet its cellular identity is broadly defined, and whether it comprises functionally distinct cell subsets is not known. Using genetic lineage tracing, transcriptome, and functional studies, we identified mesenchymal populations with different roles during pancreatic development. Moreover, we showed that Pbx transcription factors act within the mouse pancreatic mesenchyme to define a pro-endocrine specialized niche. Pbx directs differentiation of endocrine progenitors into insulin- and glucagon-positive cells through non-cell-autonomous regulation of ECM-integrin interactions and soluble molecules. Next, we measured functional conservation between mouse and human pancreatic mesenchyme by testing identified mesenchymal factors in an iPSC-based differentiation model. Our findings provide insights into how lineage-specific crosstalk between epithelium and neighboring mesenchymal cells underpin the generation of different pancreatic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Cozzitorto
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology & Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura Mueller
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia Ruzittu
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nancy Mah
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Darrigrand
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Khosravinia
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Amir-Ala Mahmoud
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maurizio Risolino
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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207
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Li X, Yang KY, Chan VW, Leung KT, Zhang XB, Wong AS, Chong CCN, Wang CC, Ku M, Lui KO. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals that CD9 Is a Negative Marker of Glucose-Responsive Pancreatic β-like Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:1111-1126. [PMID: 33096048 PMCID: PMC7663789 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, it remains unclear if there are specific cell-surface markers for purifying glucose-responsive pancreatic β-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In searching for this, we generated an efficient protocol for differentiating β-like cells from human embryonic stem cells. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing and found that CD9 is a negative cell-surface marker of β-like cells, as most INS+ cells are CD9−. We purified β-like cells for spontaneous formation of islet-like organoids against CD9, and found significantly more NKX6.1+MAFA+C-PEPTIDE+ β-like cells in the CD9− than in the CD9+ population. CD9− cells also demonstrate better glucose responsiveness than CD9+ cells. In humans, we observe more CD9+C-PEPTIDE+ β cells in the fetal than in the adult cadaveric islets and more Ki67+ proliferating cells among CD9+ fetal β cells. Taken together, our experiments show that CD9 is a cell-surface marker for negative enrichment of glucose-responsive β-like cells differentiated from hPSCs. scRNA-seq reveals the heterogeneity of hPSC-derived β-like cells CD9 is preferentially expressed by immature and proliferating human β cells CD9 may not have a functional role in human β-like cell differentiation CD9 is a negative cell-surface marker for enrichment of GSIS+ human β-like cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y Yang
- Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vicken W Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, U.S.A
| | - Alan S Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charing C N Chong
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Manching Ku
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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208
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Li L, Tan D, Liu S, Jiao R, Yang X, Li F, Wu H, Huang W. Optimization of Factor Combinations for Stem Cell Differentiations on a Design-of-Experiment Microfluidic Chip. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14228-14235. [PMID: 33017151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of stem cells plays a vital role in cell replacement therapy. Many activators and inhibitors targeting different signaling pathways have been identified to contribute to each step of differentiation. Most studies relied on empirically optimizing the combinations of the aforementioned factors for each step to optimize the efficiency of differentiation, which are time-consuming and nonsystematic. Design-of-experiment (DOE) is a powerful strategy to identify the critical combinations from multiple factors systematically. However, it is prohibitively complicated for typical laboratories, given a large number of potential combinations. Here, we develop a multilayer polymethyl methacrylate-based, reusable microfluidic chip to directly facilitate the DOE in the differentiation of stem cells. The chip consists of an inlet layer and multiple disperse layers. Different solutions are injected simultaneously to the chip through the inlet layer. Subsequently, the channels in the disperse layers split and recombine the flow streams to generate solution combinations based on hard-wired DOE designs. We demonstrated that it is in quantitative agreement with the designs using fluorescent dyes. Moreover, we constructed a human-induced pluripotent stem reporter cell line to improve the consistency of the cellular state measurements and use the chip to identify critical factors for cell differentiation to definitive endoderm (DE). We found that the differentiation efficiencies under various factor combinations are significantly different, and CHIR99201 and GDF8 are the most critical factors for differentiation to DE. Our method is potentially applicable to the optimization of factor combinations for multi-step stem cell differentiation and combinatorial drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Deng Tan
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, China
| | - Ruifeng Jiao
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Furong Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020 Guangdong, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, 1 Panfu Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510180 Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, China
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209
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Hu M, Cherkaoui I, Misra S, Rutter GA. Functional Genomics in Pancreatic β Cells: Recent Advances in Gene Deletion and Genome Editing Technologies for Diabetes Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:576632. [PMID: 33162936 PMCID: PMC7580382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.576632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of variants that lead to coding changes in, or the mis-expression of, genes critical to pancreatic beta cell function can lead to alterations in insulin secretion and increase the risk of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing tools provide a powerful means of understanding the impact of identified variants on cell function, growth, and survival and might ultimately provide a means, most likely after the transplantation of genetically "corrected" cells, of treating the disease. Here, we review some of the disease-associated genes and variants whose roles have been probed up to now. Next, we survey recent exciting developments in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and their possible exploitation for β cell functional genomics. Finally, we will provide a perspective as to how CRISPR/Cas9 technology may find clinical application in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Cherkaoui
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shivani Misra
- Metabolic Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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210
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Frappart PO, Hofmann TG. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Organoids: The Shining Light at the End of the Tunnel for Drug Response Prediction and Personalized Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2750. [PMID: 32987786 PMCID: PMC7598647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents 90% of pancreatic malignancies. In contrast to many other tumor entities, the prognosis of PDAC has not significantly improved during the past thirty years. Patients are often diagnosed too late, leading to an overall five-year survival rate below 10%. More dramatically, PDAC cases are on the rise and it is expected to become the second leading cause of death by cancer in western countries by 2030. Currently, the use of gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel or FOLFIRINOX remains the standard chemotherapy treatment but still with limited efficiency. There is an urgent need for the development of early diagnostic and therapeutic tools. To this point, in the past 5 years, organoid technology has emerged as a revolution in the field of PDAC personalized medicine. Here, we are reviewing and discussing the current technical and scientific knowledge on PDAC organoids, their future perspectives, and how they can represent a game change in the fight against PDAC by improving both diagnosis and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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211
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Ma H, Jeppesen JF, Jaenisch R. Human T Cells Expressing a CD19 CAR-T Receptor Provide Insights into Mechanisms of Human CD19-Positive β Cell Destruction. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100097. [PMID: 33205073 PMCID: PMC7659530 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells underlies type 1 diabetes (T1D). To understand T cell-mediated immune effects on human pancreatic β cells, we combine β cell-specific expression of a model antigen, CD19, and anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Coculturing CD19-expressing β-like cells and CD19 CAR-T cells results in T cell-mediated β-like cell death with release of activated T cell cytokines. Transcriptome analysis of β-like cells and human islets treated with conditioned medium of the immune reaction identifies upregulation of immune reaction genes and the pyroptosis mediator GSDMD as well as its activator CASP4. Caspase-4-mediated cleaved GSDMD is detected in β-like cells under inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Among immune-regulatory genes, PDL1 is one of the most upregulated, and PDL1 overexpression partially protects human β-like cells transplanted into mice. This experimental platform identifies potential mechanisms of β cell destruction and may allow testing of therapeutic strategies. CD19-expressing β-like cells differentiated from human ES cells are functional Tractable in vitro and in vivo killing of CD19-expressing β-like cells by CAR-T cells Upregulation of pyroptosis factors GSDMD and CAPS4 during β-like cell inflammation PDL1-overexpressing in β-like cells partially protects against reactive T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Ma
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jacob F Jeppesen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
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212
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Davis JC, Helman A, Rivera-Feliciano J, Langston CM, Engquist EN, Melton DA. Live Cell Monitoring and Enrichment of Stem Cell-Derived β Cells Using Intracellular Zinc Content as a Population Marker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 51:e99. [PMID: 31756031 PMCID: PMC6876704 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory and others have developed protocols to generate glucose‐responsive stem cell–derived β cells in vitro. The cells resulting from these protocols could supplement or replace the use of human cadaveric islets for cell‐based therapy for diabetes. The combination of an unlimited supply of pluripotent stem cell–derived β cells and gene‐editing approaches will facilitate numerous in vitro studies not possible with cadaveric islets. Here, we describe a protocol for fluorescent labeling and isolation of stem cell–derived β cells. This purification of SC‐β cells is based on intracellular zinc content and is a simple method to complement other approaches for generating and assaying these cells. © 2019 The Authors. Basic Protocol: Fluorescent labeling and isolation of stem cell‐derived β cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Davis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aharon Helman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - José Rivera-Feliciano
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christine M Langston
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elise N Engquist
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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213
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Nair GG, Tzanakakis ES, Hebrok M. Emerging routes to the generation of functional β-cells for diabetes mellitus cell therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:506-518. [PMID: 32587391 PMCID: PMC9188823 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, which affects more than 463 million people globally, is caused by the autoimmune ablation or functional loss of insulin-producing β-cells, and prevalence is projected to continue rising over the next decades. Generating β-cells to mitigate the aberrant glucose homeostasis manifested in the disease has remained elusive. Substantial advances have been made in producing mature β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells that respond appropriately to dynamic changes in glucose concentrations in vitro and rapidly function in vivo following transplantation in mice. Other potential avenues to produce functional β-cells include: transdifferentiation of closely related cell types (for example, other pancreatic islet cells such as α-cells, or other cells derived from endoderm); the engineering of non-β-cells that are capable of modulating blood sugar; and the construction of synthetic 'cells' or particles mimicking functional aspects of β-cells. This Review focuses on the current status of generating β-cells via these diverse routes, highlighting the unique advantages and challenges of each approach. Given the remarkable progress in this field, scalable bioengineering processes are also discussed for the realization of the therapeutic potential of derived β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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214
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Yoshihara E, O'Connor C, Gasser E, Wei Z, Oh TG, Tseng TW, Wang D, Cayabyab F, Dai Y, Yu RT, Liddle C, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. Immune-evasive human islet-like organoids ameliorate diabetes. Nature 2020; 586:606-611. [PMID: 32814902 PMCID: PMC7872080 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While stem cell-derived islets hold promise as a therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes, challenges remain in achieving this goal1–6. Here we generate human islet-like organoids (HILOs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and show that non-canonical WNT4 signaling drives the metabolic maturation necessary for robust ex vivo glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These functionally mature HILOs contain endocrine-like cell types that, upon transplantation, rapidly re-establish glucose homeostasis in diabetic NOD-SCID mice. Overexpression of the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 protected HILO xenografts such that they were able to restore glucose homeostasis in immune-competent diabetic mice for 50 days. Furthermore, ex vivo interferon gamma stimulation induced endogenous PD-L1 expression and restricted T cell activation and graft rejection. The generation of glucose-responsive islet-like organoids able to avoid immune detection provides a promising alternative to cadaveric and device-dependent therapies in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zong Wei
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany W Tseng
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fritz Cayabyab
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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215
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Huang H, Bader TN, Jin S. Signaling Molecules Regulating Pancreatic Endocrine Development from Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5867. [PMID: 32824212 PMCID: PMC7461594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death globally. Currently, the donor pancreas is the only source of human islets, placing extreme constraints on supply. Hence, it is imperative to develop renewable islets for diabetes research and treatment. To date, extensive efforts have been made to derive insulin-secreting cells from human pluripotent stem cells with substantial success. However, the in vitro generation of functional islet organoids remains a challenge due in part to our poor understanding of the signaling molecules indispensable for controlling differentiation pathways towards the self-assembly of functional islets from stem cells. Since this process relies on a variety of signaling molecules to guide the differentiation pathways, as well as the culture microenvironments that mimic in vivo physiological conditions, this review highlights extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, signaling molecules, and microenvironments facilitating the generation of biologically functional pancreatic endocrine cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Signaling pathways involved in stepwise differentiation that guide the progression of stem cells into the endocrine lineage are also discussed. The development of protocols enabling the generation of islet organoids with hormone release capacities equivalent to native adult islets for clinical applications, disease modeling, and diabetes research are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (H.H.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Taylor N. Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (H.H.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (H.H.); (T.N.B.)
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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216
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Navarro-Tableros V, Gai C, Gomez Y, Giunti S, Pasquino C, Deregibus MC, Tapparo M, Pitino A, Tetta C, Brizzi MF, Ricordi C, Camussi G. Islet-Like Structures Generated In Vitro from Adult Human Liver Stem Cells Revert Hyperglycemia in Diabetic SCID Mice. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:93-111. [PMID: 30191384 PMCID: PMC6510809 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A potential therapeutic strategy for diabetes is the transplantation of induced-insulin secreting cells. Based on the common embryonic origin of liver and pancreas, we studied the potential of adult human liver stem-like cells (HLSC) to generate in vitro insulin-producing 3D spheroid structures (HLSC-ILS). HLSC-ILS were generated by a one-step protocol based on charge dependent aggregation of HLSC induced by protamine. 3D aggregation promoted the spontaneous differentiation into cells expressing insulin and several key markers of pancreatic β cells. HLSC-ILS showed endocrine granules similar to those seen in human β cells. In static and dynamic in vitro conditions, such structures produced C-peptide after stimulation with high glucose. HLSC-ILS significantly reduced hyperglycemia and restored a normo-glycemic profile when implanted in streptozotocin-diabetic SCID mice. Diabetic mice expressed human C-peptide and very low or undetectable levels of murine C-peptide. Hyperglycemia and a diabetic profile were restored after HLSC-ISL explant. The gene expression profile of in vitro generated HLSC-ILS showed a differentiation from HLSC profile and an endocrine commitment with the enhanced expression of several markers of β cell differentiation. The comparative analysis of gene expression profiles after 2 and 4 weeks of in vivo implantation showed a further β-cell differentiation, with a genetic profile still immature but closer to that of human islets. In conclusion, protamine-induced spheroid aggregation of HLSC triggers a spontaneous differentiation to an endocrine phenotype. Although the in vitro differentiated HLSC-ILS were immature, they responded to high glucose with insulin secretion and in vivo reversed hyperglycemia in diabetic SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Navarro-Tableros
- 2i3T - Scarl.-Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Gai
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Yonathan Gomez
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Giunti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, MBC, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T - Scarl.-Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriana Pitino
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, MBC, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maria Felice Brizzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy. .,Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica-ONLUS, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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217
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Sharon N, Vanderhooft J, Straubhaar J, Mueller J, Chawla R, Zhou Q, Engquist EN, Trapnell C, Gifford DK, Melton DA. Wnt Signaling Separates the Progenitor and Endocrine Compartments during Pancreas Development. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2281-2291.e5. [PMID: 31116975 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of pluripotent cells into β cells is a promising alternative to cadaveric-islet transplantation as a cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D). During the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCS) by exogenous factors, numerous genes that affect the differentiation process are turned on and off autonomously. Manipulating these reactions could increase the efficiency of differentiation and provide a more complete control over the final composition of cell populations. To uncover in vitro autonomous responses, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on hESCs as they differentiate in spherical clusters. We observed that endocrine cells and their progenitors exist beside one another in separate compartments that activate distinct genetic pathways. WNT pathway inhibition in the endocrine domain of the differentiating clusters reveals a necessary role for the WNT inhibitor APC during islet formation in vivo. Accordingly, WNT inhibition in vitro causes an increase in the proportion of differentiated endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Sharon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jordan Vanderhooft
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Jonas Mueller
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Raghav Chawla
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elise N Engquist
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David K Gifford
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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218
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Zhou Z, Ma X, Zhu S. Recent advances and potential applications of human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic β cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:708-715. [PMID: 32445468 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic high blood glucose levels resulted from deficiency and/or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Generation of large amounts of functional pancreatic β cells is critical for the study of pancreatic biology and treatment of diabetes. Recent advances in directed differentiation of pancreatic β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide patient-specific and disease-relevant target cells. With the improved differentiation protocols, it is now possible to generate large amounts of functional human pancreatic β-like cells that can response to high level of glucose both in vitro and in vivo. Combined with precise genomic editing, biomedical engineering, high throughput profiling, bioinformatics, and high throughput genetic and chemical screening, these hPSC-derived pancreatic β-like cells will hold great potentials in disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell-based therapies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in human pancreatic β-like cells derived from hPSCs and discuss their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhou
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Saiyong Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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219
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Velazco-Cruz L, Goedegebuure MM, Millman JR. Advances Toward Engineering Functionally Mature Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived β Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:786. [PMID: 32733873 PMCID: PMC7363766 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived β (SC-β) cells have the potential to revolutionize diabetes treatment through disease modeling, drug screening, and cellular therapy. SC-β cells are likely to represent an early clinical translation of differentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). In 2014, two groups generated the first in vitro-differentiated glucose-responsive SC-β cells, but their functional maturation at the time was low. This review will discuss recent advances in the engineering of SC-β cells to understand and improve SC-β cell differentiation and functional maturation, particularly new differentiation strategies achieving dynamic glucose-responsive insulin secretion with rapid correction to normoglycemia when transplanted into diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Velazco-Cruz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Madeleine M Goedegebuure
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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220
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Chen S, Du K, Zou C. Current progress in stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:275. [PMID: 32641151 PMCID: PMC7346484 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease in young patients and is characterized by the loss of pancreatic β cells; as a result, the body becomes insulin deficient and hyperglycemic. Administration or injection of exogenous insulin cannot mimic the endogenous insulin secreted by a healthy pancreas. Pancreas and islet transplantation have emerged as promising treatments for reconstructing the normal regulation of blood glucose in T1DM patients. However, a critical shortage of pancreases and islets derived from human organ donors, complications associated with transplantations, high cost, and limited procedural availability remain bottlenecks in the widespread application of these strategies. Attempts have been directed to accommodate the increasing population of patients with T1DM. Stem cell therapy holds great potential for curing patients with T1DM. With the advent of research on stem cell therapy for various diseases, breakthroughs in stem cell-based therapy for T1DM have been reported. However, many unsolved issues need to be addressed before stem cell therapy will be clinically feasible for diabetic patients. In this review, we discuss the current research advances in strategies to obtain insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from different precursor cells and in stem cell-based therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Kechen Du
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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221
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New insights into human beta cell biology using human pluripotent stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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222
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Huang JL, Lee S, Hoek P, van der Meulen T, Van R, Huising MO. Genetic deletion of Urocortin 3 does not prevent functional maturation of beta cells. J Endocrinol 2020; 246:69-78. [PMID: 32369775 PMCID: PMC7286360 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in generating functionally mature beta cells from stem cells, as loss of functional beta cell mass contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Identifying markers of beta cell maturity is therefore very helpful for distinguishing stem cells that have been successfully differentiated into fully mature beta cells from stem cells that did not. Urocortin 3 (UCN3) is a peptide hormone whose expression is associated with the acquisition of functional maturity in beta cells. The onset of its expression occurs after other beta cell maturity markers are already expressed and its loss marks the beginning of beta cell dedifferentiation. Its expression pattern is therefore tightly correlated with beta cell maturity. While this makes UCN3 an excellent marker of beta cell maturity, it is not established whether UCN3 is required for beta cell maturation. Here, we compared gene expression and function of beta cells from Ucn3-null mice relative to WT mice to determine whether beta cells are functionally mature in the absence of UCN3. Our results show that genetic deletion of Ucn3 does not cause a loss of beta cell maturity or an increase in beta cell dedifferentiation. Furthermore, virgin beta cells, first identified as insulin-expressing, UCN3-negative beta cells, can still be detected at the islet periphery in Ucn3-null mice. Beta cells from Ucn3-null mice also exhibit normal calcium response when exposed to high glucose. Collectively, these observations indicate that UCN3 is an excellent mature beta cell marker that is nevertheless not necessary for beta cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Pelle Hoek
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mark O. Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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223
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Kong CM, Arjunan S, Gan SU, Biswas A, Bongso A, Fong CY. Tissues derived from reprogrammed Wharton's jelly stem cells of the umbilical cord as a platform to study gestational diabetes mellitus. Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101880. [PMID: 32622342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been strongly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in later child and adulthood. The human umbilical cord and its contents are of fetal origin and represent the fetus genetically and physiologically. Since it is not possible to obtain tissues from the fetus and newborn to investigate the association between GDM and later T2DM, we reprogrammed the stem cells from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords (hWJSCs) of GDM and non-GDM mothers into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and then differentiated the iPSCs into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) to provide pancreatic tissues that represent the fetus of GDM and normal mothers. These tissues are an attractive model to study the effects of glucose on the fetus. Interestingly, GDM-iPSCs had a decreased potential towards differentiation into IPCs. IPCs differentiated from GDM-iPSCs also had lower total insulin content and a lower capacity for insulin secretion to glucose stimulation compared to their normal-iPSC counterparts. This abnormal pathogenesis in GDM-iPSCs pancreatic differentiation recapitulates the pathology that may be observed in the infants of the diabetic mother (IDM) and while indicating adaptive mechanisms for fetal survival, may lead to the development of T2DM later in life. (199 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou Mee Kong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Subramanian Arjunan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Shu Uin Gan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Ariff Bongso
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Chui-Yee Fong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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224
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Li N, Jiang D, He Q, He F, Li Y, Deng C, Li F. microRNA-181c-5p promotes the formation of insulin-producing cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells by targeting smad7 and TGIF2. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:462. [PMID: 32541687 PMCID: PMC7295798 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Generating insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells is a promising method for studying the molecular mechanism underlying pancreas development and a potential treatment source for type 1 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that miR-181c-5p is highly enriched in adult islets; however, its role in pancreatic β cell differentiation is poorly understood. In this study, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into IPCs in a stepwise process that recapitulated pancreas organogenesis and observed that miR-181c-5p continuously accumulated throughout the entire differentiation process. hiPSCs were transduced with lentiviral vectors containing human miR-181c-5p precursor, which significantly increased the endodermal markers SOX17, FOXA2, CXCR4 and GATA4 and pancreatic endocrine-specific gene expression, including PDX1, NKX6.1, MAFA and Insulin. miR-181c-5p overexpression exerted little effect on the efficiency of definitive endoderm, whereas it promoted the differentiation of pancreatic progenitors and IPCs, especially for NKX6.1-positive and insulin-positive cells differentiation. Transplanted these cells exhibit glucose-stimulated C-peptide secretion in vivo and protect mice from chemically induced diabetes. It was found that miR-181c-5p directly targets the 3'UTR of smad7 and TGIF2 mRNA, which are known to be endogenous repressors of TGF-β-smad2/3 signaling, to decrease their mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, overexpressed miR-181c-5p led to an elevation of the smad2/3 phosphorylation levels in hiPSC-derived cells, while treatment with smad2/3 inhibitors following miR-181c-5p overexpression had opposite effects on IPC formation. These results suggest that miR-181c-5p is critically involved in pancreatic lineage commitment through direct repression of smad7 and TGIF2 and that it modulates TGF-β-smad2/3 signaling activation and increases the feasibility of using patient-specific hiPSCs for β cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Doukou Jiang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian He
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei He
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Furong Li
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China. .,Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China. .,Shenzhen key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
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225
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Bi H, Karanth SS, Ye K, Stein R, Jin S. Decellularized Tissue Matrix Enhances Self-Assembly of Islet Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4155-4165. [PMID: 33463310 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating human islet organoids from stem cells remains a significant challenge because of our limited knowledge on cues essential for developing the endocrine organoids in vitro. In this study, we discovered that a natural material prepared from a decellularized rat pancreatic extracellular matrix (dpECM) induces the self-assembly of human islet organoids during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pancreatic differentiation. For the first time, we demonstrated that the iPSC-derived islet organoids formed in the presence of the dpECM are capable of glucose-responsive secretion of both insulin and glucagon, two major hormones that maintain blood glucose homeostasis. The characterization of the organoids revealed that the organoids consisted of all major endocrine cell types, including α, β, δ, and pancreatic polypeptide cells, that were assembled into a tissue architecture similar to that of human islets. The exposure of iPSCs to the dpECM during differentiation resulted in considerably elevated expression of key pancreatic transcription factors such as PDX-1, MAFA, and NKX6.1 and the production of all major hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide from stem cell-derived organoids. This study highlights the importance of natural, bioactive biomaterials for building microenvironments crucial to regenerating islet organoids from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjing Bi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Soujanya S Karanth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Kaiming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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226
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Russell R, Carnese PP, Hennings TG, Walker EM, Russ HA, Liu JS, Giacometti S, Stein R, Hebrok M. Loss of the transcription factor MAFB limits β-cell derivation from human PSCs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2742. [PMID: 32488111 PMCID: PMC7265500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing studies have highlighted discrepancies in β-cells which exist between mice and men. Numerous reports have identified MAF BZIP Transcription Factor B (MAFB) to be present in human β-cells postnatally, while its expression is restricted to embryonic and neo-natal β-cells in mice. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, coupled with endocrine cell differentiation strategies, we dissect the contribution of MAFB to β-cell development and function specifically in humans. Here we report that MAFB knockout hPSCs have normal pancreatic differentiation capacity up to the progenitor stage, but favor somatostatin- and pancreatic polypeptide–positive cells at the expense of insulin- and glucagon-producing cells during endocrine cell development. Our results describe a requirement for MAFB late in the human pancreatic developmental program and identify it as a distinguishing transcription factor within islet cell subtype specification. We propose that hPSCs represent a powerful tool to model human pancreatic endocrine development and associated disease pathophysiology. The MAF bZIP transcription factor B (MAFB) is present in postnatal human beta cells but its role is unclear. Here, the authors show that MAFB regulates endocrine pancreatic cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Russell
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Phichitpol P Carnese
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Thomas G Hennings
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer S Liu
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Simone Giacometti
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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227
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Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most challenging health concerns facing society. Available drugs treat the symptoms but there is no cure. This presents an urgent need to better understand human diabetes in order to develop improved treatments or target remission. New disease models need to be developed that more accurately describe the pathology of diabetes. Organoid technology provides an opportunity to fill this knowledge gap. Organoids are 3D structures, established from pluripotent stem cells or adult stem/progenitor cells, that recapitulate key aspects of the in vivo tissues they mimic. In this review we briefly introduce organoids and their benefits; we focus on organoids generated from tissues important for glucose homeostasis and tissues associated with diabetic complications. We hope this review serves as a touchstone to demonstrate how organoid technology extends the research toolbox and can deliver a step change of discovery in the field of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patricia Fonseca Pedro
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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228
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Hudish LI, Bubak A, Triolo TM, Niemeyer CS, Lorberbaum DS, Sussel L, Nagel M, Taliaferro JM, Russ HA. Modeling Hypoxia-Induced Neuropathies Using a Fast and Scalable Human Motor Neuron Differentiation System. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:1033-1043. [PMID: 32386561 PMCID: PMC7355142 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human motor neuron (MN) diseases encompass a spectrum of disorders. A critical barrier to dissecting disease mechanisms is the lack of appropriate human MN models. Here, we describe a scalable, suspension-based differentiation system to generate functional human MN diseases in 3 weeks. Using this model, we translated recent findings that mRNA mis-localization plays a role in disease development to the human context by establishing a membrane-based system that allows efficient fractionation of MN cell soma and neurites. In response to hypoxia, used to mimic diabetic neuropathies, MNs upregulated mitochondrial transcripts in neurites; however, mitochondria were decreased. These data suggest that hypoxia may disrupt translation of mitochondrial mRNA, potentially leading to neurite damage and development of neuropathies. We report the development of a novel human MN model system to investigate mechanisms of disease affecting soma and/or neurites that facilitates the rapid generation and testing of patient-specific MN diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Hudish
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Bubak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Taylor M Triolo
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christy S Niemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David S Lorberbaum
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maria Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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229
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A method for the generation of human stem cell-derived alpha cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2241. [PMID: 32382023 PMCID: PMC7205884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of pancreatic cell types from renewable cell sources holds promise for cell replacement therapies for diabetes. Although most effort has focused on generating pancreatic beta cells, considerable evidence indicates that glucagon secreting alpha cells are critically involved in disease progression and proper glucose control. Here we report on the generation of stem cell-derived human pancreatic alpha (SC-alpha) cells from pluripotent stem cells via a transient pre-alpha cell intermediate. These pre-alpha cells exhibit a transcriptional profile similar to mature alpha cells and although they produce proinsulin protein, they do not secrete significant amounts of processed insulin. Compound screening identified a protein kinase c activator that promotes maturation of pre-alpha cells into SC-alpha cells. The resulting SC-alpha cells do not express insulin, share an ultrastructure similar to cadaveric alpha cells, express and secrete glucagon in response to glucose and some glucagon secretagogues, and elevate blood glucose upon transplantation in mice.
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230
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Helman A, Cangelosi AL, Davis JC, Pham Q, Rothman A, Faust AL, Straubhaar JR, Sabatini DM, Melton DA. A Nutrient-Sensing Transition at Birth Triggers Glucose-Responsive Insulin Secretion. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1004-1016.e5. [PMID: 32375022 PMCID: PMC7480404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A drastic transition at birth, from constant maternal nutrient supply in utero to intermittent postnatal feeding, requires changes in the metabolic system of the neonate. Despite their central role in metabolic homeostasis, little is known about how pancreatic β cells adjust to the new nutritional challenge. Here, we find that after birth β cell function shifts from amino acid- to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in correlation with the change in the nutritional environment. This adaptation is mediated by a transition in nutrient sensitivity of the mTORC1 pathway, which leads to intermittent mTORC1 activity. Disrupting nutrient sensitivity of mTORC1 in mature β cells reverts insulin secretion to a functionally immature state. Finally, manipulating nutrient sensitivity of mTORC1 in stem cell-derived β cells in vitro strongly enhances their glucose-responsive insulin secretion. These results reveal a mechanism by which nutrients regulate β cell function, thereby enabling a metabolic adaptation for the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Helman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Andrew L Cangelosi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Davis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Quan Pham
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Arielle Rothman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aubrey L Faust
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juerg R Straubhaar
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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231
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Amini N, Paluh JL, Xie Y, Saxena V, Sharfstein ST. Insulin production from hiPSC-derived pancreatic cells in a novel wicking matrix bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2247-2261. [PMID: 32314809 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical use of pancreatic β islets for regenerative medicine applications requires mass production of functional cells. Current technologies are insufficient for large-scale production in a cost-efficient manner. Here, we evaluate advantages of a porous cellulose scaffold and demonstrate scale-up to a wicking matrix bioreactor as a platform for culture of human endocrine cells. Scaffold modifications were evaluated in a multiwell platform to find the optimum surface condition for pancreatic cell expansion followed by bioreactor culture to confirm suitability. Preceding scale-up, cell morphology, viability, and proliferation of primary pancreatic cells were evaluated. Two optimal surface modifications were chosen and evaluated further for insulin secretion, cell morphology, and viable cell density for human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic cells at different stages of differentiation. Scale-up was accomplished with uncoated, amine-modified cellulose in a miniature bioreactor, and insulin secretion and cell metabolic profiles were determined for 13 days. We achieved 10-fold cell expansion in the bioreactor along with a significant increase in insulin secretion compared with cultures on tissue culture plastic. Our findings define a new method for expansion of pancreatic cells a on wicking matrix cellulose platform to advance cell therapy biomanufacturing for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Amini
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York
| | - Janet L Paluh
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York
| | - Yubing Xie
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York
| | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York
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232
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Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Lickert H. Pharmacological Targeting of the Actin Cytoskeleton to Drive Endocrinogenesis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:384-386. [PMID: 32340752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro generation of insulin-secreting beta cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) opens new avenues for treating and modeling diabetes. Hogrebe and colleaguesestablished a new 2D differentiation protocol where they targeted the cytoskeleton pharmacologically for controlled endocrine induction and generation of hPSC-derived beta cells with improved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of β-Cell Biology Technische Universität München, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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233
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Mahaddalkar PU, Scheibner K, Pfluger S, Ansarullah, Sterr M, Beckenbauer J, Irmler M, Beckers J, Knöbel S, Lickert H. Generation of pancreatic β cells from CD177 + anterior definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:1061-1072. [PMID: 32341565 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methods for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells to pancreatic and liver lineages in vitro have been limited by the inability to identify and isolate distinct endodermal subpopulations specific to these two organs. Here we report that pancreatic and hepatic progenitors can be isolated using the surface markers CD177/NB1 glycoprotein and inducible T-cell costimulatory ligand CD275/ICOSL, respectively, from seemingly homogeneous definitive endoderm derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Anterior definitive endoderm (ADE) subpopulations identified by CD177 and CD275 show inverse activation of canonical and noncanonical WNT signaling. CD177+ ADE expresses and synthesizes the secreted WNT, NODAL and BMP antagonist CERBERUS1 and is specified toward the pancreatic fate. CD275+ ADE receives canonical Wnt signaling and is specified toward the liver fate. Isolated CD177+ ADE differentiates more homogeneously into pancreatic progenitors and into more functionally mature and glucose-responsive β-like cells in vitro compared with cells from unsorted differentiation cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi U Mahaddalkar
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pfluger
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ansarullah
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Beckenbauer
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. .,β-Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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234
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Lorberbaum DS, Docherty FM, Sussel L. Animal Models of Pancreas Development, Developmental Disorders, and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:65-85. [PMID: 32304069 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas is a glandular organ responsible for diverse homeostatic functions, including hormone production from the endocrine islet cells to regulate blood sugar levels and enzyme secretion from the exocrine acinar cells to facilitate food digestion. These pancreatic functions are essential for life; therefore, preserving pancreatic function is of utmost importance. Pancreas dysfunction can arise either from developmental disorders or adult onset disease, both of which are caused by defects in shared molecular pathways. In this chapter, we discuss what is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling pancreas development, how disruption of these mechanisms can lead to developmental defects and disease, and how essential pancreas functions can be modeled using human pluripotent stem cells. At the core of understanding of these molecular processes are animal model studies that continue to be essential for elucidating the mechanisms underlying human pancreatic functions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lorberbaum
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fiona M Docherty
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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235
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Mimicking nature-made beta cells: recent advances towards stem cell-derived islets. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 24:574-581. [PMID: 31433306 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell-derived islets are likely to be useful as a future treatment for diabetes. However, the field has been limited in the ability to generate β-like cells with both phenotypic maturation and functional glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that is similar to primary human islets. The field must also establish a reliable method of delivering the cells to patients while promoting rapid in-vivo engraftment and function. Overcoming these barriers to β cell differentiation and transplantation will be key to bring this therapy to the clinic. RECENT FINDINGS The ability to generate stem cell-derived β-like cells capable of dynamic glucose-responsive insulin secretion, as well as β-like cells expressing key maturation genes has recently been demonstrated by several groups. Other groups have explored the potential of vascularized subcutaneous transplant sites, as well as endothelial cell co-transplant to support β cell survival and function following transplantation. SUMMARY The generation of stem cell-derived islets with dynamic glucose-responsive insulin secretion has brought the field closer to clinical translation, but there is still need for improving insulin content and secretory capacity, as well as understanding the factors affecting variable consistency and heterogeneity of the islet-like clusters. Other questions remain regarding how to address safety, immunogenicity and transplantation site moving forward.
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236
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Loretelli C, Assi E, Seelam AJ, Ben Nasr M, Fiorina P. Cell therapy for type 1 diabetes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:887-897. [PMID: 32299257 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1748596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a lifelong condition resulting from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Islet or whole-pancreas transplantation is limited by the shortage of donors and need for chronic immune suppression. Novel strategies are needed to prevent β-cell loss and to rescue production of endogenous insulin. AREAS COVERED This review covers the latest advances in cell-based therapies for the treatment and prevention of T1D. Topics include adoptive transfer of cells with increased immunoregulatory potential for β-cell protection, and β-cell replacement strategies such as generation of insulin-producing β-like cells from unlimited sources. EXPERT OPINION Cell therapy provides an opportunity to prevent or reverse T1D. Adoptive transfer of autologous cells having enhanced immunomodulatory properties can suppress autoimmunity and preserve β-cells. Such therapies have been made possible by a combination of genome-editing techniques and transplantation of tolerogenic cells. In-vitro modified autologous hematopoietic stem cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells may protect endogenous and newly generated β-cells from a patient's autoimmune response without hampering immune surveillance for infectious agents and malignant cellular transformations. However, methods to generate cells that meet quality and safety standards for clinical applications require further refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Loretelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, Università Degli Studi Di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Assi
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, Università Degli Studi Di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, Università Degli Studi Di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, Università Degli Studi Di Milano , Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, Università Degli Studi Di Milano , Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco , Milan, Italy
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237
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Yu XX, Xu CR. Understanding generation and regeneration of pancreatic β cells from a single-cell perspective. Development 2020; 147:147/7/dev179051. [PMID: 32280064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the generation and regeneration of β cells is crucial for developing treatments for diabetes. However, traditional research methods, which are based on populations of cells, have limitations for defining the precise processes of β-cell differentiation and trans-differentiation, and the associated regulatory mechanisms. The recent development of single-cell technologies has enabled re-examination of these processes at a single-cell resolution to uncover intermediate cell states, cellular heterogeneity and molecular trajectories of cell fate specification. Here, we review recent advances in understanding β-cell generation and regeneration, in vivo and in vitro, from single-cell technologies, which could provide insights for optimization of diabetes therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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238
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Hogrebe NJ, Augsornworawat P, Maxwell KG, Velazco-Cruz L, Millman JR. Targeting the cytoskeleton to direct pancreatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:460-470. [PMID: 32094658 PMCID: PMC7274216 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Generation of pancreatic β cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds promise as a cell replacement therapy for diabetes. In this study, we establish a link between the state of the actin cytoskeleton and the expression of pancreatic transcription factors that drive pancreatic lineage specification. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that different degrees of actin polymerization biased cells toward various endodermal lineages and that conditions favoring a polymerized cytoskeleton strongly inhibited neurogenin 3-induced endocrine differentiation. Using latrunculin A to depolymerize the cytoskeleton during endocrine induction, we developed a two-dimensional differentiation protocol for generating human pluripotent stem-cell-derived β (SC-β) cells with improved in vitro and in vivo function. SC-β cells differentiated from four hPSC lines exhibited first- and second-phase dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Transplantation of islet-sized aggregates of these cells rapidly reversed severe preexisting diabetes in mice at a rate close to that of human islets and maintained normoglycemia for at least 9 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Hogrebe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Punn Augsornworawat
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristina G Maxwell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leonardo Velazco-Cruz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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239
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Mochida T, Ueno H, Tsubooka-Yamazoe N, Hiyoshi H, Ito R, Matsumoto H, Toyoda T. Insulin-Deficient Diabetic Condition Upregulates the Insulin-Secreting Capacity of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Endocrine Progenitor Cells After Implantation in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:634-646. [PMID: 32005704 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The host environment is a crucial factor for considering the transplant of stem cell-derived immature pancreatic cells in patients with type 1 diabetes. Here, we investigated the effect of insulin (INS)-deficient diabetes on the fate of immature pancreatic endocrine cell grafts and the underlying mechanisms. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells (EPCs), which contained a high proportion of chromogranin A+ NK6 homeobox 1+ cells and very few INS+ cells, were used. When the EPCs were implanted under the kidney capsule in immunodeficient mice, INS-deficient diabetes accelerated increase in plasma human C-peptide, a marker of graft-derived INS secretion. The acceleration was suppressed by INS infusion but not affected by partial attenuation of hyperglycemia by dapagliflozin, an INS-independent glucose-lowering agent. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the grafts from diabetic mice contained more endocrine cells including proliferative INS-producing cells compared with that from nondiabetic mice, despite no difference in whole graft mass between the two groups. These data suggest that INS-deficient diabetes upregulates the INS-secreting capacity of EPC grafts by increasing the number of endocrine cells including INS-producing cells without changing the graft mass. These findings provide useful insights into postoperative diabetic care for cell therapy using stem cell-derived pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Mochida
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ueno
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Tsubooka-Yamazoe
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hiyoshi
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsumoto
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program for iPS Cell Applications (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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240
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Krentz NAJ, Gloyn AL. Insights into pancreatic islet cell dysfunction from type 2 diabetes mellitus genetics. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:202-212. [PMID: 32099086 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an increasingly prevalent multifactorial disease that has both genetic and environmental risk factors, resulting in impaired glucose homeostasis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 400 genetic signals that are associated with altered risk of T2DM. Human physiology and epigenomic data support a central role for the pancreatic islet in the pathogenesis of T2DM. This Review focuses on the promises and challenges of moving from genetic associations to molecular mechanisms and highlights efforts to identify the causal variant and effector transcripts at T2DM GWAS susceptibility loci. In addition, we examine current human models that are used to study both β-cell development and function, including EndoC-β cell lines and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived β-like cells. We use examples of four T2DM susceptibility loci (CDKAL1, MTNR1B, SLC30A8 and PAM) to emphasize how a holistic approach involving genetics, physiology, and cellular and developmental biology can disentangle disease mechanisms at T2DM GWAS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A J Krentz
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Centre, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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241
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Thakur G, Lee HJ, Jeon RH, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Small Molecule-Induced Pancreatic β-Like Cell Development: Mechanistic Approaches and Available Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2388. [PMID: 32235681 PMCID: PMC7178115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease which affects not only glucose metabolism but also lipid and protein metabolism. It encompasses two major types: type 1 and 2 diabetes. Despite the different etiologies of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively), the defining features of the two forms are insulin deficiency and resistance, respectively. Stem cell therapy is an efficient method for the treatment of diabetes, which can be achieved by differentiating pancreatic β-like cells. The consistent generation of glucose-responsive insulin releasing cells remains challenging. In this review article, we present basic concepts of pancreatic organogenesis, which intermittently provides a basis for engineering differentiation procedures, mainly based on the use of small molecules. Small molecules are more auspicious than any other growth factors, as they have unique, valuable properties like cell-permeability, as well as a nonimmunogenic nature; furthermore, they offer immense benefits in terms of generating efficient functional beta-like cells. We also summarize advances in the generation of stem cell-derived pancreatic cell lineages, especially endocrine β-like cells or islet organoids. The successful induction of stem cells depends on the quantity and quality of available stem cells and the efficient use of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitika Thakur
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Ryoung-Hoon Jeon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Sung-Lim Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
| | - Gyu-Jin Rho
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (G.T.); (H.-J.L.); (S.-L.L.)
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242
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Kim S, Whitener RL, Peiris H, Gu X, Chang CA, Lam JY, Camunas-Soler J, Park I, Bevacqua RJ, Tellez K, Quake SR, Lakey JRT, Bottino R, Ross PJ, Kim SK. Molecular and genetic regulation of pig pancreatic islet cell development. Development 2020; 147:dev186213. [PMID: 32108026 PMCID: PMC7132804 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reliance on rodents for understanding pancreatic genetics, development and islet function could limit progress in developing interventions for human diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Similarities of pancreas morphology and function suggest that porcine and human pancreas developmental biology may have useful homologies. However, little is known about pig pancreas development. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated fetal and neonatal pig pancreas at multiple, crucial developmental stages using modern experimental approaches. Purification of islet β-, α- and δ-cells followed by transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) and immunohistology identified cell- and stage-specific regulation, and revealed that pig and human islet cells share characteristic features that are not observed in mice. Morphometric analysis also revealed endocrine cell allocation and architectural similarities between pig and human islets. Our analysis unveiled scores of signaling pathways linked to native islet β-cell functional maturation, including evidence of fetal α-cell GLP-1 production and signaling to β-cells. Thus, the findings and resources detailed here show how pig pancreatic islet studies complement other systems for understanding the developmental programs that generate functional islet cells, and that are relevant to human pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokho Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert L Whitener
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heshan Peiris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles A Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Lam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joan Camunas-Soler
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Insung Park
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Romina J Bevacqua
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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243
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Tanaka A, Watanabe A, Nakano Y, Matsumoto M, Okazaki Y, Miyajima A. Reversible expansion of pancreatic islet progenitors derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Genes Cells 2020; 25:302-311. [PMID: 32065490 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets is an effective therapy for severe type 1 diabetes. As donor shortage is a major problem for this therapy, attempts have been made to produce a large number of pancreatic islets from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, as the differentiation of hPSCs to pancreatic islets requires multiple and lengthy processes using various expensive cytokines, the process is variable, low efficiency and costly. Therefore, it would be beneficial if islet progenitors could be expanded. Neurogenin3 (NGN3)-expressing pancreatic endocrine progenitor (EP) cells derived from hPSCs exhibited the ability to differentiate into pancreatic islets while their cell cycle was arrested. By using a lentivirus vector, we introduced several growth-promoting genes into NGN3-expressing EP cells. We found that SV40LT expression induced proliferation of the EP cells but reduced the expression of endocrine lineage-commitment factors, NGN3, NEUROD1 and NKX2.2, resulting in the suppression of islet differentiation. By using the Cre-loxP system, we removed SV40LT after the expansion, leading to re-expression of endocrine-lineage commitment genes and differentiation into functional pancreatic islets. Thus, our findings will pave a way to generate a large quantity of functional pancreatic islets through the expansion of EP cells from hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tanaka
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Matsumoto
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioenginnering, Tokyo Medical University and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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244
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Mattis KK, Gloyn AL. From Genetic Association to Molecular Mechanisms for Islet-cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1551-1578. [PMID: 31945378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 400 signals robustly associated with risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). At the vast majority of these loci, the lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reside in noncoding regions of the genome, which hampers biological inference and translation of genetic discoveries into disease mechanisms. The study of these T2D risk variants in normoglycemic individuals has revealed that a significant proportion are exerting their disease risk through islet-cell dysfunction. The central role of the islet is also demonstrated by numerous studies, which have shown an enrichment of these signals in islet-specific epigenomic annotations. In recent years the emergence of authentic human beta-cell lines, and advances in genome-editing technologies coupled with improved protocols differentiating human pluripotent stem cells into beta-like cells has opened up new opportunities for T2D disease modeling. Here we review the current understanding on the genetic basis of T2D focusing on approaches, which have facilitated the identification of causal variants and their effector transcripts in human islets. We will present examples of functional studies based on animal and conventional cellular systems and highlight the potential of novel stem cell-based T2D disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia K Mattis
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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245
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Kuncorojakti S, Srisuwatanasagul S, Kradangnga K, Sawangmake C. Insulin-Producing Cell Transplantation Platform for Veterinary Practice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 32118053 PMCID: PMC7028771 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a global concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Type I DM requires prolonged and consistent exogenous insulin administration to address hyperglycemia, which can increase the risk of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and heart disorders. Cell-based therapies have been successful in human medicine using the Edmonton protocol. These therapies help maintain the production of endogenous insulin and stabilize blood glucose levels and may possibly be adapted to veterinary clinical practice. The limited number of cadaveric pancreas donors and the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents are the main obstacles for this protocol. Over the past decade, the development of potential therapies for DM has mainly focused on the generation of effective insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from various sources of stem cells that can be transplanted into the body. Another successful application of stem cells in type I DM therapies is transplanting generated IPCs. Encapsulation can be an alternative strategy to protect IPCs from rejection by the body due to their immunoisolation properties. This review summarizes current concepts of IPCs and encapsulation technology for veterinary clinical application and proposes a potential stem-cell-based platform for veterinary diabetic regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Kuncorojakti
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krishaporn Kradangnga
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chenphop Sawangmake
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Clinical Stem Cell and Bioengineering Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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246
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Alessandra G, Algerta M, Paola M, Carsten S, Cristina L, Paolo M, Elisa M, Gabriella T, Carla P. Shaping Pancreatic β-Cell Differentiation and Functioning: The Influence of Mechanotransduction. Cells 2020; 9:E413. [PMID: 32053947 PMCID: PMC7072458 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic and pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in generating β-cells for both replacing medicine and novel therapeutic discoveries in diabetes mellitus. However, their differentiation in vitro is still inefficient, and functional studies reveal that most of these β-like cells still fail to fully mirror the adult β-cell physiology. For their proper growth and functioning, β-cells require a very specific environment, the islet niche, which provides a myriad of chemical and physical signals. While the nature and effects of chemical stimuli have been widely characterized, less is known about the mechanical signals. We here review the current status of knowledge of biophysical cues provided by the niche where β-cells normally live and differentiate, and we underline the possible machinery designated for mechanotransduction in β-cells. Although the regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood, the analysis reveals that β-cells are equipped with all mechanosensors and signaling proteins actively involved in mechanotransduction in other cell types, and they respond to mechanical cues by changing their behavior. By engineering microenvironments mirroring the biophysical niche properties it is possible to elucidate the β-cell mechanotransductive-regulatory mechanisms and to harness them for the promotion of β-cell differentiation capacity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galli Alessandra
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Marku Algerta
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Marciani Paola
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Schulte Carsten
- CIMAINA, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lenardi Cristina
- CIMAINA, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Milani Paolo
- CIMAINA, Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maffioli Elisa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tedeschi Gabriella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Perego Carla
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
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247
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Memon B, Abdelalim EM. Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes: Beta Cells versus Pancreatic Progenitors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020283. [PMID: 31979403 PMCID: PMC7072676 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders. In order to replace the function of the destroyed pancreatic beta cells in diabetes, islet transplantation is the most widely practiced treatment. However, it has several limitations. As an alternative approach, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide an unlimited source of pancreatic cells that have the ability to secrete insulin in response to a high blood glucose level. However, the determination of the appropriate pancreatic lineage candidate for the purpose of cell therapy for the treatment of diabetes is still debated. While hPSC-derived beta cells are perceived as the ultimate candidate, their efficiency needs further improvement in order to obtain a sufficient number of glucose responsive beta cells for transplantation therapy. On the other hand, hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors can be efficiently generated in vitro and can further mature into glucose responsive beta cells in vivo after transplantation. Herein, we discuss the advantages and predicted challenges associated with the use of each of the two pancreatic lineage products for diabetes cell therapy. Furthermore, we address the co-generation of functionally relevant islet cell subpopulations and structural properties contributing to the glucose responsiveness of beta cells, as well as the available encapsulation technology for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Memon
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O。 Box 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 34110 Doha, Qatar
| | - Essam M. Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O。 Box 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 34110 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-44-4546-432; Fax: +97-44-4541-770
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248
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Legøy TA, Vethe H, Abadpour S, Strand BL, Scholz H, Paulo JA, Ræder H, Ghila L, Chera S. Encapsulation boosts islet-cell signature in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells via integrin signalling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:414. [PMID: 31942009 PMCID: PMC6962451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies hold great therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the mechanisms governing the developmental processes is limited, impeding the quality of differentiation protocols. Generating insulin-expressing cells in vitro is no exception, with the guided series of differentiation events producing heterogeneous cell populations that display mixed pancreatic islet phenotypes and immaturity. The achievement of terminal differentiation ultimately requires the in vivo transplantation of, usually, encapsulated cells. Here we show the impact of cell confinement on the pancreatic islet signature during the guided differentiation of alginate encapsulated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Our results show that encapsulation improves differentiation by significantly reshaping the proteome landscape of the cells towards an islet-like signature. Pathway analysis is suggestive of integrins transducing the encapsulation effect into intracellular signalling cascades promoting differentiation. These analyses provide a molecular framework for understanding the confinement effects on hiPSCs differentiation while confirming its importance for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aga Legøy
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidrun Vethe
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shadab Abadpour
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit L Strand
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanne Scholz
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Transplant Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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249
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In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Diabetes: A Focus on Pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1307:553-576. [PMID: 32504388 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poor outcomes, both for the mother and her offspring. Although clinical and epidemiological studies are invaluable to assess these outcomes and the effectiveness of potential treatments, there are certain ethical and practical limitations to what can be assessed in human studies.Thus, both in vivo and in vitro models can aid us in the understanding of the mechanisms behind these complications and, in the long run, towards their prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the existing animal and cell models used to mimic diabetes, with a specific focus on the intrauterine environment. Summary of this review.
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250
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Zhou X, Nair GG, Russ HA, Belair CD, Li ML, Shveygert M, Hebrok M, Blelloch R. LIN28B Impairs the Transition of hESC-Derived β Cells from the Juvenile to Adult State. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 14:9-20. [PMID: 31883920 PMCID: PMC6962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic β cells holds great promise for the treatment of diabetes. Recent advances have led to the production of glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vitro, but resulting cells remain less mature than their adult primary β cell counterparts. The barrier(s) to in vitro β cell maturation are unclear. Here, we evaluated a potential role for microRNAs. MicroRNA profiling showed high expression of let-7 family microRNAs in vivo, but not in in vitro differentiated β cells. Reduced levels of let-7 in vitro were associated with increased levels of the RNA binding protein LIN28B, a negative regulator of let-7 biogenesis. Ablation of LIN28B during human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation toward β cells led to a more mature glucose-stimulated insulin secretion profile and the suppression of juvenile-specific genes. However, let-7 overexpression had little effect. These results uncover LIN28B as a modulator of β cell maturation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cassandra D Belair
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mayya Shveygert
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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