201
|
Beasley L, Smith L, Antonio J, Gordon D, Johnstone J, Roberts J. The effect of two β-alanine dosing strategies on 30-minute rowing performance: a randomized, controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:59. [PMID: 30563538 PMCID: PMC6299666 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-alanine (βA) supplementation has been shown to increase intramuscular carnosine content and subsequent high-intensity performance in events lasting < 4 minutes (min), which may be dependent on total, as opposed to daily, dose. The ergogenic effect of βA has also been demonstrated for 2000-m rowing performance prompting interest in whether βA may be beneficial for sustained aerobic exercise. This study therefore investigated the effect of two βA dosing strategies on 30-min rowing and subsequent sprint performance. Methods Following University Ethics approval, twenty-seven healthy, male rowers (age: 24 ± 2 years; body-height: 1.81 ± 0.02 m; body-mass: 82.3 ± 2.5 kg; body-fat: 14.2 ± 1.0%) were randomised in a double-blind manner to 4 weeks of: i) βA (2.4 g·d− 1, βA1); ii) matched total βA (4.8 g on alternate days, βA2); or iii) cornflour placebo (2.4 g·d− 1, PL). Participants completed a laboratory 30-min rowing time-trial, followed by 3x30-seconds (s) maximal sprint efforts at days 0, 14 and 28 (T1-T3). Total distance (m), average power (W), relative average power (W·kg− 1), cardio-respiratory measures and perceived exertion were assessed for each 10-min split. Blood lactate ([La-]b mmol·L− 1) was monitored pre-post time-trial and following maximal sprint efforts. A 3-way repeated measures ANOVA was employed for main analyses, with Bonferonni post-hoc assessment (P ≤ 0.05). Results Total 30-min time-trial distance significantly increased from T1-T3 within βA1 only (7397 ± 195 m to 7580 ± 171 m, P = 0.002, ƞp2 = 0.196), including absolute average power (194.8 ± 18.3 W to 204.2 ± 15.5 W, P = 0.04, ƞp2 = 0.115) and relative average power output (2.28 ± 0.15 W·kg− 1 to 2.41 ± 0.12 W·kg− 1, P = 0.031, ƞp2 = 0.122). These findings were potentially explained by within-group significance for the same variables for the first 10 min split (P ≤ 0.01), and for distance covered (P = 0.01) in the second 10-min split. However, no condition x time interactions were observed. No significant effects were found for sprint variables (P > 0.05) with comparable values at T3 for mean distance (βA1: 163.9 ± 3.8 m; βA2: 161.2 ± 3.5 m; PL: 162.7 ± 3.6 m), average power (βA1: 352.7 ± 14.5 W; βA2: 342.2 ± 13.5 W; PL: 348.2 ± 13.9 W) and lactate (βA1: 10.0 ± 0.9 mmol·L− 1; βA2: 9.2 ± 1.1 mmol·L− 1; PL: 8.7 ± 0.9 mmol·L− 1). Conclusions Whilst daily βA may confer individual benefits, these results demonstrate limited impact of βA (irrespective of dosing strategy) on 30-min rowing or subsequent sprint performance. Further investigation of βA dosage > 2.4 g·d− 1 and/or chronic intervention periods (> 4–8 weeks) may be warranted based on within-group observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Beasley
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose Antonio
- College of Health Care Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
| | - Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Johnstone
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Sollie O, Jeppesen PB, Tangen DS, Jernerén F, Nellemann B, Valsdottir D, Madsen K, Turner C, Refsum H, Skålhegg BS, Ivy JL, Jensen J. Protein intake in the early recovery period after exhaustive exercise improves performance the following day. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1731-1742. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01132.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of protein and carbohydrate ingestion during early recovery from exhaustive exercise on performance after 18-h recovery. Eight elite cyclists (V̇o2max: 74.0 ± 1.6 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed two exercise and diet interventions in a double-blinded, randomized, crossover design. Participants cycled first at 73% of V̇o2max (W73%) followed by 1-min intervals at 90% of V̇o2max until exhaustion. During the first 2 h of recovery, participants ingested either 1.2 g carbohydrate·kg−1·h−1 (CHO) or 0.8 g carbohydrate + 0.4 g protein·kg−1·h−1 (CHO + PROT). The diet during the remaining recovery period was similar for both interventions and adjusted to body weight. After an 18-h recovery, cycling performance was assessed with a 10-s sprint test, 30 min of cycling at W73%, and a cycling time trial (TT). The TT was 8.5% faster (41:53 ± 1:51 vs. 45:26 ± 1:32 min; P < 0.03) after CHO + PROT compared with CHO. Mean power output during the sprints was 3.7% higher in CHO + PROT compared with CHO (1,063 ± 54 vs. 1,026 ± 53 W; P = 0.01). Nitrogen balance in the recovery period was negative in CHO and neutral in CHO + PROT (−82.4 ± 11.5 vs. 7.0 ± 15.4 mg/kg; P < 0.01). In conclusion, TT and sprint performances were improved 18 h after exhaustive cycling by CHO + PROT supplementation during the first 2 h of recovery compared with isoenergetic CHO supplementation. Our results indicate that intake of carbohydrate plus protein after exhaustive endurance exercise more rapidly converts the body from a catabolic to an anabolic state than carbohydrate alone, thus speeding recovery and improving subsequent cycling performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prolonged high intensity endurance exercise depends on glycogen utilization and high oxidative capacity. Still, exhaustion develops and effective recovery strategies are required to compete in multiday stage races. We show that coingestion of protein and carbohydrate during the first 2 h of recovery is superior to isoenergetic intake of carbohydrate to stimulate recovery, and improves both endurance time-trial and 10-s sprint performance the following day in elite cyclists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ove Sollie
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per B. Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel S. Tangen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jernerén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ditta Valsdottir
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Sciences, Atlantis Medical University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klavs Madsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health–Sport Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Norway
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Section for Molecular Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn S. Skålhegg
- Department of Nutrition, Section for Molecular Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John L. Ivy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Conte D, Smith MR, Santolamazza F, Favero TG, Tessitore A, Coutts A. Reliability, usefulness and construct validity of the Combined Basketball Skill Test (CBST). J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1205-1211. [PMID: 30499758 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1551046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the reliability, usefulness and construct validity of the newly developed Combined Basketball Skill Test (CBST). Fifteen recreational (age = 22.8 ± 4.2 y, stature = 184.8 ± 6.5 cm, body mass = 81.6 ± 9.6 kg, training experience = 9.8 ± 5.3 y) and fifteen semiprofessional (age = 18.9 ± 3.3 y, stature = 190.5 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 84.2 ± 11.2 kg, training experience = 11.1 ± 3.5 y) players volunteered to participate in this study. Test-retest reliability and usefulness were examined for recreational players, while construct validity was evaluated comparing the two player groups. The CBST is composed of 12 trials and its outcome measures include: completion time (sum of the 12 trial times); penalty time (sum of the times from the 12 trials); performance time (completion time + penalty time) and total number of errors. Relative reliability analysis showed acceptable ICC values (i.e. ≥0.70) in all the studied variables. Absolute reliability analysis showed a CV < 5% for completion (1.6%) and performance (2.0%) time, while a CV >5% is reported for the remaining variables. The usefulness of the test was considered "Marginal" and "Good" when comparing TE values with SWC02 and SWC05, respectively for all the studied variables. Likely and very likely differences were shown between recreational and semiprofessional players in all investigated variables. Results showed that the CBST is reliable, useful to detect moderate changes and valid to assess basketball skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- a Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney (UTS) , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy.,c Institute of Sport Science and Innovations , Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Mitchell Robert Smith
- a Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney (UTS) , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,d Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Science , University of Newcastle , Ourimbah , NSW , Australia
| | | | | | - Antonio Tessitore
- b Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Aaron Coutts
- a Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney (UTS) , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Raymond F, Lussier B, Dugas F, Charbonneau M, Croteau F, Kennedy C, Berryman N. Using Portable Force Plates to Assess Vertical Jump Performance: A Metrological Appraisal. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040149. [PMID: 30463226 PMCID: PMC6316494 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the metrological properties of portable force plates that are used to assess countermovement jump performance. While 88 participants (38 males, 50 females) were included in the agreement analyses, 84 participants (37 males and 47 females) completed the reliability part of the study. This randomized crossover design suggests that portable force plates could be used interchangeably with a reference system. Indeed, the differences between both devices were all considered trivial (effect size (ES) < 0.20), and the mean bias was never greater than 3.41% in comparison to the reference system. In addition, the absolute and relative reliability parameters were found to be acceptable for clinical use, even when used on different floor surfaces. However, it was found that the ratio between flight time and contraction time (FTCT) showed questionable reliability when tests were conducted on different surfaces (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.49; coefficient of variation = 26.72%). Therefore, practitioners should be careful when installing the portable device on different floor surfaces in order to optimize the reliability and the ability to detect real change in the context of a countermovement jump monitoring process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Raymond
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
| | - Benoit Lussier
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
| | - François Dugas
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Charbonneau
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
| | - Félix Croteau
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, 3654 Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada.
| | - Cory Kennedy
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, 4141 Pierre de Coubertin, Montreal, QC H1V 3N7, Canada.
- Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, 2600 College, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Clark IE, Goulding RP, DiMenna FJ, Bailey SJ, Jones MI, Fulford J, McDonagh STJ, Jones AM, Vanhatalo A. Time-trial performance is not impaired in either competitive athletes or untrained individuals following a prolonged cognitive task. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:149-161. [PMID: 30443808 PMCID: PMC6342897 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that mental fatigue decreases exercise performance during high-intensity constant-work-rate exercise (CWR) and self-paced time trials (TT) in recreationally-trained individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether performance is impaired following a prolonged cognitive task in individuals trained for competitive sport. Ten trained competitive athletes (ATH) and ten untrained healthy men (UNT) completed a 6-min severe-intensity CWR followed by a 6-min cycling TT immediately following cognitive tasks designed to either perturb (Stroop colour-word task and N-back task; PCT) or maintain a neutral (documentary watching; CON) mental state. UNT had a higher heart rate (75 ± 9 v. 69 ± 7 bpm; P = 0.002) and a lower positive affect PANAS score (19.9 ± 7.5 v. 24.3 ± 4.6; P = 0.036) for PCT compared to CON. ATH showed no difference in heart rate, but had a higher negative affect score for PCT compared to CON (15.1 ± 3.7 v. 12.2 ± 2.7; P = 0.029). Pulmonary O2 uptake during CWR was not different between PCT and CON for ATH or UNT. Work completed during TT was not different between PCT and CON for ATH (PCT 103 ± 12 kJ; CON 102 ± 12 kJ; P > 0.05) or UNT (PCT 75 ± 11 kJ; CON 74 ± 12 kJ; P > 0.05). Compared to CON, during PCT, UNT showed unchanged psychological stress responses, whereas ATH demonstrated increased psychological stress responses. However, regardless of this distinction, exercise performance was not affected by PCT in either competitive athletes or untrained individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Clark
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Richie P Goulding
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.,School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park Campus, Liverpool, Merseyside, L16 9JD, UK
| | - Fred J DiMenna
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai St. Luke's Hospital, New York, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Martin I Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sinead T J McDonagh
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Foster C, Lucia A, de la Villa P. Is the Functional Threshold Power a Valid Surrogate of the Lactate Threshold? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1293-1298. [PMID: 29745765 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the relationship between functional threshold power (FTP) and the lactate threshold (LT). METHODS A total of 20 male cyclists performed an incremental test in which LT was determined. At least 48 h later, they performed a 20-min time trial, and 95% of the mean power output was defined as FTP. Participants were divided into recreational (peak power output < 4.5 W·kg-1; n = 11) or trained cyclists (peak power output > 4.5 W·kg-1; n = 9) according to their fitness status. RESULTS The FTP (240 [35] W) was overall not significantly different (effect size = 0.20; limits of agreement = -2.4% [11.5%]) from the LT (246 [24] W), and both markers were strongly correlated (r = .95; P < .0001). Accounting for the participants' fitness status, no significant differences were found between FTP and LT (effect size = 0.22; limits of agreement =2.1% [7.8%]) in trained cyclists, but FTP was significantly lower than the LT (P = .0004, effect size = 0.81; limits of agreement =-6.5% [8.3%]) in recreational cyclists. A significant relationship was found between relative peak power output and the bias between FTP and the LT markers (r = .77; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS FTP is a valid field test-based marker for the assessment of endurance fitness. However, caution should be taken when using FTP interchangeably with LT, as the bias between markers seems to depend on the athlete's fitness status. Whereas FTP provides a good estimate of LT in trained cyclists, in recreational cyclists, it may underestimate LT.
Collapse
|
207
|
Williams KA, Bell K, Jacobs RA, Subudhi AW. Supplemental Oxygen Does Not Influence Self-selected Work Rate at Moderate Altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 51:575-581. [PMID: 30299413 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well known that supplemental oxygen can increase aerobic power output during high-intensity and/or maximal efforts at moderate altitude, yet the effects on self-selected work rate during lower-intensity, submaximal exercise are unknown. We reasoned that if the degree of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) influences teleoanticipatory regulation of power output, supplemental oxygen given at moderate altitude would increase average power output during exercise performed at self-selected work rates corresponding to RPE 9 (very light) and 13 (somewhat hard). METHODS Twenty-three subjects (17 males, 6 females) completed one familiarization [fraction of inspired O2 (FIO2) = 0.209] and two blinded, experimental trials (FIO2 = 0.209 and FIO2 = 0.267). In each trial, subjects self-regulated their work rate on a cycle ergometer to maintain RPE 9 for 5 min and RPE 13 for 10 min, before performing an incremental step test to exhaustion (25 W·min). Oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and SaO2 via pulse oximetry (SpO2) were continuously monitored. Subjects were asked to guess the experimental condition after each stage of the protocol. RESULTS Supplemental oxygen increased SpO2 throughout exercise (~4%; P < 0.001) and was associated with greater peak power output (4% ± 4%; P < 0.001) and V˙O2 (5% ± 10%; P = 0.010) during the incremental test, but did not increase average power output selected during exercise at RPE 9 (P = 0.235) or 13 (P = 0.992). Subjects were unable to perceive the difference in FIO2 at any stage (P > 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Small increases in inspired oxygen concentration at moderate altitude are imperceptible and do not appear to influence selection of submaximal work rates at RPE ≤ 13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Williams
- University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Department of Biology, Colorado Springs, CO
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Garnacho-Castaño MV, Palau-Salvà G, Cuenca E, Muñoz-González A, García-Fernández P, Del Carmen Lozano-Estevan M, Veiga-Herreros P, Maté-Muñoz JL, Domínguez R. Effects of a single dose of beetroot juice on cycling time trial performance at ventilatory thresholds intensity in male triathletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:49. [PMID: 30286760 PMCID: PMC6172780 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Beetroot juice (BJ) is classified as a high-level supplement for improving sports performance. There is some controversy over the benefits of BJ supplementation for endurance exercise performance, especially when referring to well-trained athletes. This study examines the effects of acute BJ supplementation on cardioventilatory responses, exercise economy/efficiency, slow component of oxygen uptake, time trial performance, blood lactate, energy consumption, and carbohydrate and fat oxidation. Methods Twelve well-trained, male triathletes (aged 21–47 yr) were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to receive 70 ml of BJ (6.5 mmol NO3−) or placebo (PL). Three hours after taking the supplement, participants completed an endurance test on a cycle ergometer at a constant work rate (W) corresponding to first ventilatory threshold (VT1) (30 min) and second ventilatory threshold (VT2) time trial (~ 15 min). Results Maximal oxygen uptake was 54.78 ± 3.13 mL·min− 1·kg− 1, and gross efficiency was > 22% at each load intensity and experimental condition. No significant interaction effect (supplement*intensity) was observed on any of the cardioventilatory variables, efficiency/economy, VT2 time trial, energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation and fat oxidation (p > 0.05). Conclusion Our findings do not support an improvement in the variables examined in response to acute BJ supplementation. Probably, higher doses are needed for improving time trial performance in male triathletes during a cycle ergometer test conducted at a load intensity equivalent to the first and second ventilatory threshold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño
- Research group in physical activity, performance and health (GRI-AFIRS), School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana) 08302 Mataró, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guillem Palau-Salvà
- Research group in physical activity, performance and health (GRI-AFIRS), School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana) 08302 Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cuenca
- Research group in physical activity, performance and health (GRI-AFIRS), School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus-Pompeu Fabra University, Ernest Lluch, 32 (Porta Laietana) 08302 Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Muñoz-González
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Lozano-Estevan
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Veiga-Herreros
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Santos JFDS, Franchini E. Frequency Speed of Kick Test Performance Comparison Between Female Taekwondo Athletes of Different Competitive Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2934-2938. [PMID: 29489711 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Santos, JFS and Franchini, E. Frequency speed of kick test performance comparison between female taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2934-2938, 2018-Construct validity is a desirable characteristic in any performance test to differentiate athletes. However, no taekwondo-specific test was investigated with this purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare female taekwondo athletes grouped in different competitive levels. Forty-two female taekwondo athletes divided into International/National (median [interquartile range]; n = 21, age: 20 [18-25] years; body mass: 60 [53-72] kg; height: 164 [161-170] cm; and practice time: 8 [5-13] years) and State/Regional group (median [interquartile range]; n = 21; age: 18 [17-25] years; body mass: 57 [52-63] kg; height: 165 [160-172] cm; and practice time: 5 [2-8] years) volunteered to participate in this study. The female taekwondo athletes performed frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) with 10 seconds (FSKT10s) and intermittent 90 seconds (FSKTmult) during the competitive period. Differences between international/national and state/regional group were observed, with superiority to international/national group, for FSKT10s (U = 114.5, p = 0.007, ESr (effect size) = -0.42 [small]), FSKT1 (U = 127.0, p = 0.016, ESr = -0.37 [small]), FSKT2 (U = 108.5, p = 0.004, ESr = -0.45 [small]), FSKT3 (U = 127.0, p = 0.015, ESr = -0.37 [small]), and FSKTtotal (U = 124.0, p = 0.015, ESr = -0.38 [small]). Based on the results of this study, the FSKT seems to be a good tool to discriminate performance of female taekwondo athletes and could be used by coaches and athletes in their evaluation routines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Sport Department, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
da Silva RP, de Oliveira LF, Saunders B, de Andrade Kratz C, de Salles Painelli V, da Eira Silva V, Marins JCB, Franchini E, Gualano B, Artioli GG. Effects of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the estimated energy system contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Amino Acids 2018; 51:83-96. [PMID: 30182286 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of β-alanine (BA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) on energy metabolism during work-matched high-intensity exercise and cycling time-trial performance were examined in 71 male cyclists. They were randomised to receive BA + placebo (BA, n = 18), placebo + SB (SB, n = 17), BA + SB (BASB, n = 19), or placebo + placebo (PLA, n = 18). BA was supplemented for 28 days (6.4 g day-1) and SB (0.3 g kg-1) ingested 60 min before exercise on the post-supplementation trial. Dextrose and calcium carbonate were placebos for BA and SB, respectively. Before (PRE) and after (POST) supplementation, participants performed a high-intensity intermittent cycling test (HICT-110%) consisting of four 60-s bouts at 110% of their maximal power output (60-s rest between bouts). The estimated contribution of the energy systems was calculated for each bout in 39 of the participants (BA: n = 9; SB: n = 10; BASB: n = 10, PLA: n = 10). Ten minutes after HICT-110%, cycling performance was determined in a 30-kJ time-trial test in all participants. Both groups receiving SB increased estimated glycolytic contribution in the overall HICT-110%, which approached significance (SB: + 23%, p = 0.068 vs. PRE; BASB: + 18%, p = 0.059 vs. PRE). No effects of supplementation were observed for the estimated oxidative and ATP-PCr systems. Time to complete 30 kJ was not significantly changed by any of the treatments, although a trend toward significance was shown in the BASB group (p = 0.06). We conclude that SB, but not BA, increases the estimated glycolytic contribution to high-intensity intermittent exercise when total work done is controlled and that BA and SB, either alone or in combination, do not improve short-duration cycling time-trial performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pires da Silva
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Andrade Kratz
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius da Eira Silva
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Rheumatology Division, Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,, Av. Prof Mello Moraes 65 Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Lopes JSS, Micheletti JK, Machado AF, Souto LR, de Lima HP, Vanderlei FM, Junior JN, Pastre CM. Test-retest reliability of knee extensors endurance test with elastic resistance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203259. [PMID: 30169527 PMCID: PMC6118382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable clinical tests capable of measuring resistance are important tools for rehabilitation. One alternative that has recently increased in popularity is the use of elastic tubes, which stand out for being easy to handle, low cost, practical, and feasible. Objective Analyze the test-retest reliability of the knee extensors muscle fatigue resistance test (FRT) with elastic tubes. Methods A total of 116 healthy young males, aged between 18 and 30 years old, participated in the study. Participants performed three pre-test stages: orientation, load presentation, and familiarization with equipment, lasting two weeks. Subsequently, they performed the FRT on two occasions (test and retest), with an interval of seven days. The reliability analyzes were performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval and typical measurement error (TME), also expressed as coefficient of variation (CV%). Results The findings regarding the reliability of the test demonstrated satisfactory values (time: ICC = 0.66; 95%CI [0.50; 0.76]; CV(%) = 9.34; repetition: ICC = 0.61; 95%CI [0.46; 0.73], CV(%) = 13.66; rhythm: ICC = 0.52; 95%CI [0.35; 0.67], CV(%) = 10.29. Conclusion From the findings presented, it is concluded that the proposed clinical test with elastic tubes demonstrates evidence of acceptable values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Santos Silva Lopes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jéssica Kirsch Micheletti
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aryane Flauzino Machado
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Souto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloísa Paes de Lima
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jayme Netto Junior
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences (Department of Physical Therapy), Presidente Prudente São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Okholm Kryger K, Mitchell S, Zhou D, Forrester S. The effect of football boot upper padding on dribbling and passing performance using a test–retest validated protocol. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-018-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
213
|
Duarte JP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Couto P, Costa D, Martinho D, Seabra A, Cyrino ES, Conde J, Rosado J, Gonçalves RS. Reproducibility of isokinetic strength assessment of knee muscle actions in adult athletes: Torques and antagonist-agonist ratios derived at the same angle position. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202261. [PMID: 30110385 PMCID: PMC6093703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the reliability of the conventional and functional ratios derived from peak torques (PTs) and those obtained from the combination of knee flexors torque at the angle of knee extensors PT. Twenty-six male athletes (mean of 24.0±0.7 years) from different sports completed a test-to-test variation in isokinetic strength (Biodex, System 3) within a period of one week. Anthropometry and body composition assessed by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry were also measured. The proposed isokinetic strength ratio measurements appeared to be highly reliable: conventional ratio at PT angle (intra-class correlation, ICC = 0.98; 95% confidence interval; 95%CI: 0.95 to 0.99); functional extension ratio at PT angle (ICC = 0.98; 95%CI: 0.96 to 0.99); and, functional flexion ratio at PT angle (ICC = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.89 to 0.98). Technical error of measurement (TEM) and associated percentage of the coefficient of variation (%CV) were as follows: conventional ratio at PT angle (TEM = 0.02; %CV = 4.1); functional extension ratio at PT angle (TEM = 0.02; %CV = 3.8); and, functional flexion ratio at PT angle (TEM = 0.03; %CV = 3.6). The current study demonstrated that the traditional and new obtained simple and combined isokinetic indicators seem highly reliable to assess muscle strength and function in adult male athletes. A single testing session seems to be sufficiently to obtain these isokinetic strength indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João P. Duarte
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/101083/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Pedro Couto
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Costa
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo Martinho
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/121441/2016), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Seabra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Rosado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui S. Gonçalves
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Multiday Pomegranate Extract Supplementation Decreases Oxygen Uptake During Submaximal Cycling Exercise, but Cosupplementation With N-acetylcysteine Negates the Effect. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:586-592. [PMID: 29431536 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate extract (POMx) has been suggested as an ergogenic aid due to its rich concentration of polyphenols, which are proposed to enhance nitric oxide bioavailability, thereby improving the efficiency of oxygen usage and, consequently, endurance exercise performance. Although acute POMx supplementation improves aerobic exercise performance in untrained individuals, trained athletes appear to require chronic supplementation for a similar effect. Furthermore, the combination of POMx with a thiol antioxidant may prove more effective than POMx alone, due to the protective effects of thiols on nitric oxide. Thus, this study hypothesized that multiday POMx supplementation would decrease the oxygen uptake (VO2) required by trained cyclists to perform submaximal exercise and increase performance during a time trial, and that thiol (N-acetylcysteine [NAC]) cosupplementation would enhance these effects. Eight cyclists completed four 8-day supplementation periods: POMx only, NAC only, POMx + NAC (BOTH), and placebo. Following supplementation, they performed submaximal cycling and a 5-min time trial, with VO2 and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) being recorded. A three-way (POMx × NAC × Intensity) repeated-measures analysis of variance with a Fisher's least significant difference post hoc assessment was performed for dependent variables (p ≤ .05). VO2 during submaximal exercise was reduced with POMx versus placebo (-2.6 ml·min-1·kg-1, p = .009) and BOTH (-2.5 ml·min-1·kg-1, p < .05) and increased with NAC (+1.9 ml·min-1·kg-1, p < .03), despite no main effect of treatment on SmO2 or performance. It appears that POMx's high polyphenol content reduced the VO2 required during submaximal exercise. However, NAC cosupplementation annulled this effect; thus, NAC may interact with nitric oxide to reduce its bioavailability.
Collapse
|
215
|
Early Adaptations to a Two-Week Uphill Run Sprint Interval Training and Cycle Sprint Interval Training. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030072. [PMID: 30060478 PMCID: PMC6162401 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to compare early physiological and performance adaptations between a two-week cycle sprint interval training (SIT) and uphill run sprint training (UST) programs. Seventeen recreationally active adult males (age = 28 ± 5 years; body mass (BM) = 78 ± 9 kg) were assigned to either a control (n = 5), SIT (n = 6), or UST (n = 6) group. A discrete group of participants (n = 6, age = 33 ± 6 years, and body mass = 80 ± 9 kg) completed both training protocols to determine acute physiological responses. Intervention groups completed either a run or cycle peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) test (intervention type dependent) prior to and following two weeks of training. Training comprised of three sessions per week of 4 × 30-s “all-out” sprints with a four-minute active recovery between bouts on a cycle ergometer against 7.5% of body mass in the SIT group and on a 10% slope in the UST group. The VO2peak values remained unchanged in both training groups, but time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was significantly increased only in the UST group (pre—495 ± 40 s, post—551 ± 15 s; p = 0.014) and not in the SIT group (pre—613 ± 130 s, post—634 ± 118 s, p = 0.07). Ventilatory threshold (VT) was significantly increased in both training groups (SIT group: pre—1.94 ± 0.45 L·min−1, post—2.23 ± 0.42 L·min−1; p < 0.005, UST group: pre—2.04 ± 0.40 L·min−1, post—2.33 ± 0.34 L·min−1, p < 0.005). These results indicate that UST may be an effective alternative to SIT in healthy individuals.
Collapse
|
216
|
Hecksteden A, Faude O, Meyer T, Donath L. How to Construct, Conduct and Analyze an Exercise Training Study? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1007. [PMID: 30140237 PMCID: PMC6094975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can be regarded as gold standard in investigating dose-response and causal relationships in exercise science. Recommendations for exercise training routines and efficacy analyses of certain training regimen require valid data derived from robust RCTs. Moreover, meta-analyses rely on RCTs and both RCTs and meta-analyses are considered the highest level of scientific evidence. Beyond general study design a variety of methodological aspects and notable pitfalls has to be considered. Therefore, exercise training studies should be carefully constructed focusing on the consistency of the whole design "package" from an explicit hypothesis or research question over study design and methodology to data analysis and interpretation. The present scoping review covers all main aspects of planning, conducting, and analyzing exercise based RCTs. We aim to focus on relevant aspects regarding study design, statistical power, training planning and documentation as well as traditional and recent statistical approaches. We intend to provide a comprehensive hands-on paper for conceptualizing future exercise training studies and hope to stimulate and encourage researchers to conduct sound and valid RCTs in the field of exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Abstract
Context: Caffeine, often in the form of coffee, is frequently used as a supplement by athletes in an attempt to facilitate improved performance during exercise. Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of coffee ingestion as an ergogenic aid prior to a 1-mile (1609 m) race. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over, and placebo-controlled design, 13 trained male runners completed a 1-mile race 60 minutes following the ingestion of 0.09 g·kg−1 coffee (COF), 0.09 g·kg−1 decaffeinated coffee (DEC), or a placebo (PLA). All trials were dissolved in 300 mL of hot water. Results: The race completion time was 1.3% faster following the ingestion of COF (04:35.37 [00:10.51] min:s.ms) compared with DEC (04:39.14 [00:11.21] min:s.ms; P = .018; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.11 to −0.01; d = 0.32) and 1.9% faster compared with PLA (04:41.00 [00:09.57] min:s.ms; P = .006; 95% CI, −0.15 to −0.03; d = 0.51). A large trial and time interaction for salivary caffeine concentration was observed (P < .001; ), with a very large increase (6.40 [1.57] μg·mL−1; 95% CI, 5.5–7.3; d = 3.86) following the ingestion of COF. However, only a trivial difference between DEC and PLA was observed (P = .602; 95% CI, −0.09 to 0.03; d = 0.17). Furthermore, only trivial differences were observed for blood glucose (P = .839; ) and lactate (P = .096; ) and maximal heart rate (P = .286; ) between trials. Conclusions: The results of this study show that 60 minutes after ingesting 0.09 g·kg−1 of caffeinated coffee, 1-mile race performance was enhanced by 1.9% and 1.3% compared with placebo and decaffeinated coffee, respectively, in trained male runners.
Collapse
|
218
|
Rhodes KM, Baker DF, Smith BT, Braakhuis AJ. Acute Effect of Oral N-Acetylcysteine on Muscle Soreness and Exercise Performance in Semi-Elite Rugby Players. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:443-453. [PMID: 29958049 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1470129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation may enhance performance and reduce soreness from acute, repeated-sprint, high-intensity exercise. Our aim was to investigate whether semi-elite rugby union athletes may benefit. In a randomized block design, 17 semi-elite male rugby players were assigned to receive either 1 g oral NAC (n = 8) or placebo (n = 9) for six days. The mean percentage effect of NAC on exercise performance was assessed through completion of a broken bronco exercise test on days 5 and 6 of supplementation. Players self-reported muscle soreness and tolerability to supplements using a modified Muscle Pain and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire throughout the supplement duration. NAC produced a likely beneficial performance effect on maximum shuttle sprint time (2.4%; 90% confidence limit ± 4.8%) but was unclear on total time during back-to-back broken bronco tests compared to placebo. NAC had a likely protective effect on subjective muscle soreness during days 1-4 of supplementation (-19% ± 27%) but a very likely harmful effect on days 5 and 6 of supplementation (71% ± 59%). Daily supplementation with 1 g of oral NAC for six days produced no adverse side effects, reduced muscle soreness after one bout of damaging exercise, but increased soreness following the second bout. The performance effects were generally unclear apart from maximal sprint time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Rhodes
- a The University of Auckland, Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Dane F Baker
- b Chiefs Rugby Franchise, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Brett T Smith
- b Chiefs Rugby Franchise, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton , New Zealand.,c Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement Studies, University of Waikato , Hamilton , New Zealand
| | - Andrea J Braakhuis
- a The University of Auckland, Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences , Auckland , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Areta JL, Austarheim I, Wangensteen H, Capelli C. Response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1526. [PMID: 29912144 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L Areta
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo, NORWAY Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo Oslo, NORWAY Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOslo, NORWAY
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Soccer Players: Is Test Specificity the Issue?-A Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:28. [PMID: 29923108 PMCID: PMC6008274 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is important that players and coaches have access to objective information on soccer player’s physical status for team selection and training purposes. Physiological tests can provide this information. Physiological testing in laboratories and field settings are very common, but both methods have been questioned because of their specificity and accuracy respectively. Currently, football players have their direct aerobic fitness assessed in laboratories using treadmills or cycle ergometers, whilst indirect measures (using estimation of aerobic performance) are performed in the field, typically comprising multiple shuttle runs back and forth over a set distance. The purpose of this review is to discuss the applied techniques and technologies used for evaluating soccer players’ health and fitness variables with a specific focus on cardiorespiratory testing. A clear distinction of the functionality and the specificity between the field tests and laboratory tests is well established in the literature. The review findings prioritize field tests over laboratory tests, not only for commodity purpose but also for motivational and specificity reasons. Moreover, the research literature suggests a combination of various tests to provide a comprehensive assessment of the players. Finally, more research needs to be conducted to develop a specific and comprehensive test model through the combination of various exercise modes for soccer players.
Collapse
|
221
|
Rhodes K, Braakhuis A. Performance and Side Effects of Supplementation with N-Acetylcysteine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:1619-1636. [PMID: 28102488 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a promising antioxidant supplement with potential as an acute strategy to enhance performance in elite sport, but there are concerns about its side effects with high doses. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature and evaluate the effects of NAC supplementation on sport performance and the risk of adverse effects. METHODS The literature up to May 2016 was searched on MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar and Scopus databases to identify all studies investigating the effects of NAC supplementation on exercise performance and/or side effects experienced. Performance outcomes from each study were converted to the percent effect equivalent to mean power output in a time trial. All pooled analyses were based on random-effects models generated by Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program], version 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, 2014). RESULTS A total of seven studies met criteria for inclusion in the sport performance meta-analysis, and 17 for inclusion in the side effects meta-analysis. The typical daily dose of NAC reported was 5.8 g·d-1; with a range between 1.2 and 20.0 g·d-1. The mean increase in performance was 0.29% (95% confidence interval -0.67 to 1.25). The difference in the odds ratio of side effects on NAC compared with placebo was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 0.88-1.39). The sub-analysis of NAC dose suggested an increase in side effects as the dosage of NAC increased; however, this observation requires further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Despite initial research publications reporting positive performance effects with NAC, at this stage it cannot be recommended further. The risk of side effects from NAC supplementation also remains unclear owing to significant variations in effects. Suboptimal reporting and documentation in the literature creates difficulties when meta-analysing outcomes and generating conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Rhodes
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Andrea Braakhuis
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
McMahon NF, Leveritt MD, Pavey TG. The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:735-756. [PMID: 27600147 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research into the use of dietary nitrates and their role in vascular function has led to it becoming progressively more popular amongst athletes attempting to enhance performance. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the effect of dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation on endurance exercise performance. An additional aim was to determine whether the performance outcomes are affected by potential moderator variables. DATA SOURCES Relevant databases such as Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for the following search terms 'nitrates OR nitrate OR beetroot OR table beet OR garden beet OR red beet AND exercise AND performance' from inception to October 2015. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if a placebo versus dietary nitrate-only supplementation protocol was able to be compared, and if a quantifiable measure of exercise performance was ≥30 s (for a single bout of exercise or the combined total for multiple bouts). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS The literature search identified 1038 studies, with 47 (76 trials) meeting the inclusion criteria. Data from the 76 trials were extracted for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A fixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted for time trial (TT) (n = 28), time to exhaustion (TTE) (n = 22) and graded-exercise test (GXT) (n = 8) protocols. Univariate meta-regression was used to assess potential moderator variables (exercise type, dose duration, NO3- type, study quality, fitness level and percentage nitrite change). RESULTS Pooled analysis identified a trivial but non-significant effect in favour of dietary NO3- supplementation [effect size (ES) = -0.10, 95 % Cl = -0.27 to 0.06, p > 0.05]. TTE trials had a small to moderate statistically significant effect in favour of dietary NO3- supplementation (ES = 0.33, 95 % Cl = 0.15-0.50, p < 0.01). GXT trials had a small but non-significant effect in favour of dietary NO3- supplementation in GXT performance measures (ES = 0.25, 95 % Cl = -0.06 to 0.56, p > 0.05). No significant heterogeneity was detected in the meta-analysis. No statistically significant effects were observed from the meta-regression analysis. CONCLUSION Dietary NO3- supplementation is likely to elicit a positive outcome when testing endurance exercise capacity, whereas dietary NO3- supplementation is less likely to be effective for time-trial performance. Further work is needed to understand the optimal dosing strategies, which population is most likely to benefit, and under which conditions dietary nitrates are likely to be most effective for performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F McMahon
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Toby G Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Ruddock A, Robbins B, Tew G, Bourke L, Purvis A. Practical Cooling Strategies During Continuous Exercise in Hot Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:517-532. [PMID: 27480762 PMCID: PMC5309298 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Performing exercise in thermally stressful environments impairs exercise capacity and performance. Cooling during exercise has the potential to attenuate detrimental increases in body temperature and improve exercise capacity and performance. Objective The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of practical cooling strategies applied during continuous exercise in hot environments on body temperature, heart rate, whole body sweat production, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal perception and exercise performance. Methods Electronic database searches of MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were conducted using medical subject headings, indexing terms and keywords. Studies were eligible if participants were defined as ‘healthy’, the exercise task was conducted in an environment ≥25 °C, it used a cooling strategy that would be practical for athletes to use during competition, cooling was applied during a self-paced or fixed-intensity trial, participants exercised continuously, and the study was a randomised controlled trial with the comparator either a thermoneutral equivalent or no cooling. Data for experimental and comparator groups were meta-analysed and expressed as a standardised mean difference and 95 % confidence interval. Results Fourteen studies including 135 participants met the eligibility criteria. Confidence intervals for meta-analysed data included beneficial and detrimental effects for cooling during exercise on core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate and sweat production during fixed-intensity exercise. Cooling benefited RPE and thermal perception during fixed-intensity exercise and improved self-paced exercise performance. Conclusion Cooling during fixed-intensity exercise, particularly before a self-paced exercise trial, improves endurance performance in hot environments by benefiting RPE and thermal perception, but does not appear to attenuate increases in body temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ruddock
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, A016 Collegiate Hall, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
| | - Brent Robbins
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, A016 Collegiate Hall, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Garry Tew
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Room 244 Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Liam Bourke
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Sheffield Hallam University, A121 Collegiate Hall, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Alison Purvis
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, F616 Robert Winston Building, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Puchowicz MJ, Mizelman E, Yogev A, Koehle MS, Townsend NE, Clarke DC. The Critical Power Model as a Potential Tool for Anti-doping. Front Physiol 2018; 9:643. [PMID: 29928234 PMCID: PMC5997808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing doping detection strategies rely on direct and indirect biochemical measurement methods focused on detecting banned substances, their metabolites, or biomarkers related to their use. However, the goal of doping is to improve performance, and yet evidence from performance data is not considered by these strategies. The emergence of portable sensors for measuring exercise intensities and of player tracking technologies may enable the widespread collection of performance data. How these data should be used for doping detection is an open question. Herein, we review the basis by which performance models could be used for doping detection, followed by critically reviewing the potential of the critical power (CP) model as a prototypical performance model that could be used in this regard. Performance models are mathematical representations of performance data specific to the athlete. Some models feature parameters with physiological interpretations, changes to which may provide clues regarding the specific doping method. The CP model is a simple model of the power-duration curve and features two physiologically interpretable parameters, CP and W′. We argue that the CP model could be useful for doping detection mainly based on the predictable sensitivities of its parameters to ergogenic aids and other performance-enhancing interventions. However, our argument is counterbalanced by the existence of important limitations and unresolved questions that need to be addressed before the model is used for doping detection. We conclude by providing a simple worked example showing how it could be used and propose recommendations for its implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Puchowicz
- Department of Health Services, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Eliran Mizelman
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Sports Analytics Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Assaf Yogev
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan E Townsend
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - David C Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Sports Analytics Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Acute Ingestion of Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Repeated Sprint Performance of Team Sport Athletes With Low Habitual Caffeine Consumption. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:221-227. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute ingestion of caffeine on short-duration high-intensity performance are equivocal, while studies of novel modes of delivery and the efficacy of low doses of caffeine are warranted. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum on repeated sprint performance (RSP) in team sport athletes, and whether habitual caffeine consumption alters the ergogenic effect, if any, on RSP. A total of 18 male team sport athletes undertook four RSP trials using a 40-m maximum shuttle run test, which incorporates 10 × 40-m sprints with 30 s between the start of each sprint. Each participant completed two familiarization sessions, followed by caffeine (CAF; caffeinated chewing gum; 200 mg caffeine) and placebo (PLA; noncaffeinated chewing gum) trials in a randomized, double-blind manner. RSP, assessed by sprint performance decrement (%), did not differ (p = .209; effect size = 0.16; N = 18) between CAF (5.00 ± 2.84%) and PLA (5.43 ± 2.68%). Secondary analysis revealed that low habitual caffeine consumers (<40 mg/day, n = 10) experienced an attenuation of sprint performance decrement during CAF relative to PLA (5.53 ± 3.12% vs. 6.53 ± 2.91%, respectively; p = .049; effect size =0.33); an effect not observed in moderate/high habitual caffeine consumers (>130 mg/day, n = 6; 3.98 ± 2.57% vs. 3.80 ± 1.79%, respectively; p = .684; effect size = 0.08). The data suggest that a low dose of caffeine in the form of caffeinated chewing gum attenuates the sprint performance decrement during RSP by team sport athletes with low, but not moderate-to-high, habitual consumption of caffeine.
Collapse
|
226
|
Düking P, Fuss FK, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B. Recommendations for Assessment of the Reliability, Sensitivity, and Validity of Data Provided by Wearable Sensors Designed for Monitoring Physical Activity. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e102. [PMID: 29712629 PMCID: PMC5952119 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.9341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is becoming increasingly popular to monitor parameters related to training, recovery, and health with wearable sensor technology (wearables), scientific evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of such data is limited and, where available, has involved a wide variety of approaches. To improve the trustworthiness of data collected by wearables and facilitate comparisons, we have outlined recommendations for standardized evaluation. We discuss the wearable devices themselves, as well as experimental and statistical considerations. Adherence to these recommendations should be beneficial not only for the individual, but also for regulatory organizations and insurance companies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Franz Konstantin Fuss
- Smart Equipment Engineering and Wearable Technology Research Program, Centre for Design Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Relationships between performance test and match-related physical performance parameters. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-018-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
228
|
Chaabene H, Negra Y, Bouguezzi R, Capranica L, Franchini E, Prieske O, Hbacha H, Granacher U. Tests for the Assessment of Sport-Specific Performance in Olympic Combat Sports: A Systematic Review With Practical Recommendations. Front Physiol 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29692739 PMCID: PMC5902544 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular monitoring of physical fitness and sport-specific performance is important in elite sports to increase the likelihood of success in competition. This study aimed to systematically review and to critically appraise the methodological quality, validation data, and feasibility of the sport-specific performance assessment in Olympic combat sports like amateur boxing, fencing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling. A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Google-Scholar, and Science-Direct up to October 2017. Studies in combat sports were included that reported validation data (e.g., reliability, validity, sensitivity) of sport-specific tests. Overall, 39 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The majority of studies (74%) contained sample sizes <30 subjects. Nearly, 1/3 of the reviewed studies lacked a sufficient description (e.g., anthropometrics, age, expertise level) of the included participants. Seventy-two percent of studies did not sufficiently report inclusion/exclusion criteria of their participants. In 62% of the included studies, the description and/or inclusion of a familiarization session (s) was either incomplete or not existent. Sixty-percent of studies did not report any details about the stability of testing conditions. Approximately half of the studies examined reliability measures of the included sport-specific tests (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.43–1.00). Content validity was addressed in all included studies, criterion validity (only the concurrent aspect of it) in approximately half of the studies with correlation coefficients ranging from r = −0.41 to 0.90. Construct validity was reported in 31% of the included studies and predictive validity in only one. Test sensitivity was addressed in 13% of the included studies. The majority of studies (64%) ignored and/or provided incomplete information on test feasibility and methodological limitations of the sport-specific test. In 28% of the included studies, insufficient information or a complete lack of information was provided in the respective field of the test application. Several methodological gaps exist in studies that used sport-specific performance tests in Olympic combat sports. Additional research should adopt more rigorous validation procedures in the application and description of sport-specific performance tests in Olympic combat sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance & Health" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance & Health" Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hamdi Hbacha
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8242, Paris, France.,Cesam, EA 4260, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UNICAEN, Paris, France
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Association between vitamin D status and testosterone and cortisol in ice hockey players. Biol Sport 2018; 35:207-213. [PMID: 30449937 PMCID: PMC6224848 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.74631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the vitamin D receptor in tissues related to testosterone and cortisol production, in conjunction with the observed correlations between vitamin D levels and these hormones in the general population, suggest vitamin D may influence testosterone and cortisol concentrations in athletes. A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate the association between 25(OH)D and testosterone and cortisol concentrations in young male ice hockey players (n = 50). All athletes were recruited during October from the Sosnowiec area, Poland (50° N). Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine total serum 25(OH)D, testosterone and cortisol concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was analyzed as both a continuous and dichotomous variable, binned at the criteria for deficiency (< 20 ng·ml-1), to investigate a threshold effect. Neither continuous (r = 0.18, p = 0.20) nor dichotomous (r = 0.16, p = 0.27) 25(OH)D concentration was significantly correlated with testosterone concentration. A small, inverse correlation (r = -0.30, p = 0.04) was detected between 25(OH)D and cortisol concentrations when analyzed as a dichotomous variable only. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was neither associated with testosterone (p = 0.09) nor cortisol concentrations (p = 0.11) after adjusting for age, fat free mass and fat mass in sequential linear regression. The inability of vitamin D status to independently predict testosterone and cortisol concentrations suggests that any performance-enhancing effects of vitamin D in athletes are unlikely to be mediated primarily through these hormones, at least amongst young male ice-hockey players.
Collapse
|
230
|
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements is widespread among athletes in all sports and at all levels of competition, as it is in the general population. For the athlete training at the limits of what is sustainable, or for those seeking a shortcut to achieving their aims, supplements offer the prospect of bridging the gap between success and failure. Surveys show, however, that this is often not an informed choice and that the knowledge level among consumers is often low and that they are often influenced in their decisions by individuals with an equally inadequate understanding of the issues at stake. Supplement use may do more harm than good, unless it is based on a sound analysis of the evidence. Where a deficiency of an essential nutrient has been established by appropriate investigations, supplementation can provide a rapid and effective correction of the problem. Supplements can also provide a convenient and time-efficient solution to achieving the necessary intake of key nutrients such as protein and carbohydrate. Athletes contemplating the use of supplements should consider the potential for both positive and negative outcomes. Some ergogenic supplements may be of benefit to some athletes in some specific contexts, but many are less effective than is claimed. Some may be harmful to health of performance and some may contain agents prohibited by anti-doping regulations. Athletes should make informed choices that maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks.
Collapse
|
231
|
Finger D, Lanferdini FJ, Farinha JB, Brusco CM, Helal L, Boeno FP, Cadore EL, Pinto RS. Ingestion of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus protein does not enhance performance during endurance exercise: a randomized crossover placebo-controlled clinical trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:937-944. [PMID: 29544062 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A beverage containing protein (PRO) and carbohydrate (CHO) may have an ergogenic effect on endurance performance. However, evidence regarding its efficacy on similar conditions to athletes' race day is still lacking. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different nutritional supplementation strategies on performance and muscle recovery in a duathlon protocol. Thirteen male athletes (29.7 ± 7.7 years) participated in 3 simulated Olympic-distance duathlon trials (SDTs) under 3 different, randomly assigned supplementation regimens: CHO drink (75 g CHO), isocaloric CHO plus PRO drink (60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO), and placebo drink (PLA). Supplements were offered during the cycling bout. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 24 h after each SDT for creatine kinase (CK) analysis. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured before and 24 h after each SDT. The primary outcome measure was the time to complete the 5-km running section (t5km) at a self-selected pace. There was no difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 s), CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 s), and PLA (1275.4 ± 120 s); p = 0.87, effect size (ES) ≤ 0.1. Pre-post changes for PT and CK were not significant for any of the 3 conditions (PT: p = 0.24, ES ≤ 0.4; CK: p = 0.32, ES = 0.3-1.04). For endurance sports lasting up to 2 h, with a pre-exercise meal containing CHO at 1.5 g·kg-1, supplementation with CHO or CHO+PRO does not offer additional benefits for performance and muscle recovery when compared with PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Finger
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,b Physical Education Course, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Av. Universidade das Missões, 464 - Universitário, CEP: 98802-470, Santo Ângelo, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Müller Brusco
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Helal
- c Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Largo Eduardo Zaccaro Faraco, CEP: 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francesco Pinto Boeno
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Burdon CA, Park J, Tagami K, Groeller H, Sampson JA. Effect of Practice on Performance and Pacing Strategies During an Exercise Circuit Involving Load Carriage. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:700-707. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
233
|
Abstract
Many expert sporting bodies now support a pragmatic acceptance of the use of performance supplements which have passed a risk:benefit analysis of being safe, effective, and permitted for use, while also being appropriate to the athlete's age and maturation in their sport. However, gaining evidence of the performance benefits of these supplements is a process challenged by the scarcity of research in relation to the number of available products, and the limitations of the poor quality of some studies. While meta-analyses and systematic reviews can help to provide information about the general use of performance supplements, the controlled scientific trial provides the basis on which these reviews are undertaken, as well as an opportunity to address more specific questions about supplement applications. Guidelines for the design of studies include the choice of well-trained athletes who are familiarized with performance tasks that have been chosen on their basis of their known reliability and validity. Supplement protocols should be chosen to maximize the likely benefits, and researchers should also make efforts to control confounding variables, while keeping conditions similar to real-life practices. Performance changes should be interpreted in light of what is meaningful to the outcomes of sporting competition. Issues that have been poorly addressed to date include the use of several supplements in combination and the use of the same supplement over successive events, both within a single, and across multiple competition days. Strategies to isolate and explain the variability of benefits to individuals are also a topic for future investigation.
Collapse
|
234
|
Doeven SH, Brink MS, Kosse SJ, Lemmink KAPM. Postmatch recovery of physical performance and biochemical markers in team ball sports: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018. [PMID: 29527320 PMCID: PMC5841509 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insufficient postmatch recovery in elite players may cause an increased risk of injuries, illnesses and non-functional over-reaching. Objective To evaluate postmatch recovery time courses of physical performance and biochemical markers in team ball sport players. Study design Systematic review. Data sources PubMed and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies was used to evaluate quality. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) original research evaluated players’ physical recovery postmatch; (2) team/intermittent sports; and (3) at least two postmeasurements were compared with baseline values. Results Twenty-eight studies were eligible. Mean methodological quality was 11.2±1.11. Most used performance tests and biochemical markers were the countermovement jump test, sprint tests and creatine kinase (CK), cortisol (C) and testosterone (T), respectively. Summary/conclusions The current evidence demonstrates that underlying mechanisms of muscle recovery are still in progress while performance recovery is already reached. CK recovery time courses are up to ≥72 hours. Soccer and rugby players need more time to recover for sprint performance, CK and C in comparison to other team ball sports. There are more high-quality studies needed regarding recovery in various team sports and recovery strategies on an individual level should be evaluated. Clinical relevance Ongoing insufficient recovery can be prevented by the use of the presented recovery time courses as specific practical recovery guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Doeven
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Sport Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel S Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke J Kosse
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen A P M Lemmink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Ahrend MD, Schneeweiss P, Martus P, Niess AM, Krauss I. Predictive ability of a comprehensive incremental test in mountain bike marathon. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000293. [PMID: 29387445 PMCID: PMC5786905 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Traditional performance tests in mountain bike marathon (XCM) primarily quantify aerobic metabolism and may not describe the relevant capacities in XCM. We aimed to validate a comprehensive test protocol quantifying its intermittent demands. Methods Forty-nine athletes (38.8±9.1 years; 38 male; 11 female) performed a laboratory performance test, including an incremental test, to determine individual anaerobic threshold (IAT), peak power output (PPO) and three maximal efforts (10 s all-out sprint, 1 min maximal effort and 5 min maximal effort). Within 2 weeks, the athletes participated in one of three XCM races (n=15, n=9 and n=25). Correlations between test variables and race times were calculated separately. In addition, multiple regression models of the predictive value of laboratory outcomes were calculated for race 3 and across all races (z-transformed data). Results All variables were correlated with race times 1, 2 and 3: 10 s all-out sprint (r=−0.72; r=−0.59; r=−0.61), 1 min maximal effort (r=−0.85; r=−0.84; r=−0.82), 5 min maximal effort (r=−0.57; r=−0.85; r=−0.76), PPO (r=−0.77; r=−0.73; r=−0.76) and IAT (r=−0.71; r=−0.67; r=−0.68). The best-fitting multiple regression models for race 3 (r2=0.868) and across all races (r2=0.757) comprised 1 min maximal effort, IAT and body weight. Conclusion Aerobic and intermittent variables correlated least strongly with race times. Their use in a multiple regression model confirmed additional explanatory power to predict XCM performance. These findings underline the usefulness of the comprehensive incremental test to predict performance in that sport more precisely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Daniel Ahrend
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schneeweiss
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Inga Krauss
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Brownlee TE, Murtagh CF, Naughton RJ, Whitworth-Turner CM, O’Boyle A, Morgans R, Morton JP, Erskine RM, Drust B. Isometric maximal voluntary force evaluated using an isometric mid-thigh pull differentiates English Premier League youth soccer players from a maturity-matched control group. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1432886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Craig M Whitworth-Turner
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andy O’Boyle
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Premier League, London, UK
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
The Reliability and Sensitivity of Performance Measures in a Novel Pace-Bowling Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:151-155. [PMID: 28530507 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of performance measures in a novel pace-bowling test. METHODS Thirteen male amateur-club fast bowlers completed a novel pace-bowling test on 2 separate occasions, 4-7 d apart. Participants delivered 48 balls (8 overs) at 5 targets on a suspended sheet situated behind a live batter, who stood in a right-handed and left-handed stance for an equal number of deliveries. Delivery instruction was frequently changed, with all deliveries executed in a preplanned sequence. Data on ball-release speed were captured by radar gun. A high-speed camera captured the moment of ball impact on the target sheet for assessment of radial error and bivariate variable error. Delivery rating of perceived exertion (0-100%) was collected as a measure of intensity. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation revealed excellent reliability for peak and mean ball-release speed, acceptable reliability for delivery rating of perceived exertion, and poor reliability for mean radial error, bivariate variable error, and variability of ball-release speed. The smallest worthwhile change indicated high sensitivity with peak and mean ball-release speed and lower sensitivity with mean radial error and bivariate variable error. CONCLUSIONS The novel pace-bowling test incorporates improvements in ecological validity compared with its predecessors and can be used to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of pace-bowling performance. Data on the smallest worthwhile change can improve interpretation of pace-bowling research findings and may therefore influence recommendations for applied practice.
Collapse
|
238
|
Time Trials Versus Time-to-Exhaustion Tests: Effects on Critical Power, W′, and Oxygen-Uptake Kinetics. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:183-188. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
239
|
Wagner DR, Clark NW. Effects of ambient particulate matter on aerobic exercise performance. J Exerc Sci Fit 2018; 16:12-15. [PMID: 30662486 PMCID: PMC6323157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Wintertime thermal inversions in narrow mountain valleys create a ceiling effect, increasing concentration of small particulate matter (PM2.5). Despite potential health risks, many people continue to exercise outdoors in thermal inversions. This study measured the effects of ambient PM2.5 exposure associated with a typical thermal inversion on exercise performance, pulmonary function, and biological markers of inflammation. Methods Healthy, active adults (5 males, 11 females) performed two cycle ergometer time trials outdoors in a counterbalanced design: 1) low ambient PM2.5 concentrations (<12 μg/m3), and 2) an air quality index (AQI) ranking of “yellow.” Variables of interest were exercise performance, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), c-reactive protein (CRP), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Results Despite a significant difference in mean PM2.5 concentration of 9.3 ± 3.0 μg/m3 between trials (p < .001), there was no significant difference (p = .424) in the distance covered during low PM2.5 conditions (9.9 ± 1.7 km) compared to high PM2.5 conditions (10.1 ± 1.5 km). There were no clinically significant differences across time or between trials for eNO, CRP, FVC, or FEV1. Additionally, there were no dose-response relationships (p > .05) for PM2.5 concentration and the measured variables. Conclusion An acute bout of vigorous exercise during an AQI of “yellow” did not diminish exercise performance in healthy adults, nor did it have a negative effect on pulmonary function or biological health markers. These variables might not be sensitive to small changes from acute, mild PM2.5 exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Wagner
- Kinesiology & Health Science Department, Utah State University, USA
| | - Nicolas W Clark
- Kinesiology & Health Science Department, Utah State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Wen D, Robertson S, Hu G, Song B, Chen H. Measurement properties and feasibility of the Loughborough soccer passing test: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1682-1694. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1409611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daizong Wen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guopeng Hu
- Department of Physical Education, HuaQiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Benhao Song
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haichun Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Gauthier C, Arel J, Brosseau R, Hicks AL, Gagnon DH. Reliability and minimal detectable change of a new treadmill-based progressive workload incremental test to measure cardiorespiratory fitness in manual wheelchair users. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:759-767. [PMID: 28903627 PMCID: PMC5778939 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2017.1369213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness training is commonly provided to manual wheelchair users (MWUs) in rehabilitation and physical activity programs, emphasizing the need for a reliable task-specific incremental wheelchair propulsion test. OBJECTIVE Quantifying test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of key cardiorespiratory fitness measures following performance of a newly developed continuous treadmill-based wheelchair propulsion test (WPTTreadmill). METHODS Twenty-five MWUs completed the WPTTreadmill on two separate occasions within one week. During these tests, participants continuously propelled their wheelchair on a motorized treadmill while the exercise intensity was gradually increased every minute until exhaustion by changing the slope and/or speed according to a standardized protocol. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), carbon dioxide production (VCO2peak), respiratory exchange ratio (RERpeak), minute ventilation (VEpeak) and heart rate (HRpeak) were computed. Time to exhaustion (TTE) and number of increments completed were also measured. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine test-retest reliability. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and MDC90% values were calculated. RESULTS Excellent test-retest reliability was reached for almost all outcome measures (ICC=0.91-0.76), except for RERpeak (ICC=0.58), which reached good reliability. TTE (ICC=0.89) and number of increments (ICC=0.91) also reached excellent test-retest reliability. For the main outcome measures (VO2peak and TTE), absolute SEM was 2.27 mL/kg/min and 0.76 minutes, respectively and absolute MDC90% was 5.30 mL/kg/min and 1.77 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION The WPTTreadmill is a reliable test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness among MWUs. TTE and number of increments could be used as reliable outcome measures when VO2 measurement is not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gauthier
- School of Rehabilitation (www.umontreal.readap.ca), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Pathokinesiology Laboratory (www.pathokin.ca), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal-Installation Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jasmine Arel
- School of Rehabilitation (www.umontreal.readap.ca), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Pathokinesiology Laboratory (www.pathokin.ca), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal-Installation Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Brosseau
- School of Rehabilitation (www.umontreal.readap.ca), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey L. Hicks
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dany H. Gagnon
- School of Rehabilitation (www.umontreal.readap.ca), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Pathokinesiology Laboratory (www.pathokin.ca), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal-Installation Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Correspondence to: Dany H. Gagnon, Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal-Installation Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, 6300 Avenue Darlington, Montreal, QC, H3S 2J4 Canada, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Bay J, Bojsen-Møller J, Nordsborg NB. Reliable and sensitive physical testing of elite trapeze sailors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:919-927. [PMID: 29027266 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It was investigated whether a newly developed discipline-specific test for elite-level trapeze sailors is reliable and sensitive. Furthermore, the physical demands of trapeze sailing were examined. In part 1, 9 national team athletes were accustomed to a simulated sailing test, which subsequently was completed on 4 occasions to determine test reliability and sensitivity to manipulations in body weight. Rope-pulling mean power output (MPO), oxygen consumption (VO2 ), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate values were acquired in all trials. In part 2, 6 sailors completed on-water racing with concurrent measurements of VO2 , HR, and blood lactate. VO2max was determined during an incremental treadmill running test. Typical error, minimal difference, and ICC for average MPO in the test were 1.3%, 1.7%, and 0.99%, respectively. Adding 4 kg of external body weight caused a decrease in average MPO (270 ± 45W vs 265 ± 45W, P < .05) and an increase in VO2 (2.44 ± 0.23 L·min-1 vs 2.55 ± 0.26 L·min-1 , P < .01). VO2 , HR, and blood lactate during on-water sailing were 54.5% ± 7.2% VO2max , 75.1% ± 3.1% HRmax , and 5.8 ± 2.7 mmol·L-1 , respectively. However, VO2 and HR were substantially higher for periods of the race as peak values were 83.5% ± 11.4% and 89.9% ± 1.7% of max, respectively. In conclusion, the present test is reliable and sensitive, thus providing a sailing-specific alternative to traditional physical testing of elite trapeze sailors. Additionally, on-water racing requires moderate aerobic energy production, although oxygen consumption can approach maximal levels for short periods of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bay
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - N B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Nuccio RP, Barnes KA, Carter JM, Baker LB. Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance. Sports Med 2017; 47:1951-1982. [PMID: 28508338 PMCID: PMC5603646 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat losses in team sports can be significant due to repeated bursts of high-intensity activity, as well as the large body size of athletes, equipment and uniform requirements, and environmental heat stress often present during training and competition. In this paper we aimed to: (1) describe sweat losses and fluid balance changes reported in team sport athletes, (2) review the literature assessing the impact of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance in sports-specific studies, (3) briefly review the potential mechanisms by which hypohydration may impact team sport performance, and (4) discuss considerations for future directions. Significant hypohydration (mean body mass loss (BML) >2%) has been reported most consistently in soccer. Although American Football, rugby, basketball, tennis, and ice hockey have reported high sweating rates, fluid balance disturbances have generally been mild (mean BML <2%), suggesting that drinking opportunities were sufficient for most athletes to offset significant fluid losses. The effect of hydration status on team sport performance has been studied mostly in soccer, basketball, cricket, and baseball, with mixed results. Hypohydration typically impaired performance at higher levels of BML (3-4%) and when the method of dehydration involved heat stress. Increased subjective ratings of fatigue and perceived exertion consistently accompanied hypohydration and could explain, in part, the performance impairments reported in some studies. More research is needed to develop valid, reliable, and sensitive sport-specific protocols and should be used in future studies to determine the effects of hypohydration and modifying factors (e.g., age, sex, athlete caliber) on team sport performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Nuccio
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA.
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Vesterinen V, Nummela A, Heikura I, Laine T, Hynynen E, Botella J, Häkkinen K. Individual Endurance Training Prescription with Heart Rate Variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1347-54. [PMID: 26909534 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measures of HR variability (HRV) have shown potential to be of use in training prescription. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using HRV in endurance training prescription. METHODS Forty recreational endurance runners were divided into the HRV-guided experimental training group (EXP) and traditional predefined training group (TRAD). After a 4-wk preparation training period, TRAD trained according to a predefined training program including two to three moderate- (MOD) and high-intensity training (HIT) sessions per week during an 8-wk intensive training period. The timing of MOD and HIT sessions in EXP was based on HRV, measured every morning. The MOD/HIT session was programmed if HRV was within an individually determined smallest worthwhile change. Otherwise, low-intensity training was performed. Maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) and 3000-m running performance (RS3000m) were measured before and after both training periods. RESULTS The number of MOD and HIT sessions was significantly lower (P = 0.021, effect size = 0.98) in EXP (13.2 ± 6.0 sessions) compared with TRAD (17.7 ± 2.5 sessions). No other differences in training were found between the groups. RS3000m improved in EXP (2.1% ± 2.0%, P = 0.004) but not in TRAD (1.1% ± 2.7%, P = 0.118) during the intensive training period. A small between-group difference (effect size = 0.42) was found in the change in RS3000m. V˙O2max improved in both groups (EXP: 3.7% ± 4.6%, P = 0.027; TRAD: 5.0% ± 5.2%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest the potential of resting HRV to prescribe endurance training by individualizing the timing of vigorous training sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Vesterinen
- 1KIHU-Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; and 2Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Petrakos G, Tynan NC, Vallely-Farrell AM, Kiely C, Boudhar A, Egan B. Reliability of the Maximal Resisted Sprint Load Test and Relationships With Performance Measures and Anthropometric Profile in Female Field Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:1703-1713. [PMID: 28902107 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Petrakos, G, Tynan, NC, Vallely-Farrell, AM, Kiely, C, Boudhar, A, and Egan, B. Reliability of the maximal resisted sprint load test and relationships with performance measures and anthropometric profile in female field sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1704-1714, 2019-Resisted sled sprint (RSS) training is an effective modality for the improvement of linear sprint speed. Previous methods of RSS load prescription, e.g., an absolute load or as a percentage of body mass (%BM), do not account for interindividual differences in strength, power, or speed characteristics, although the "maximum resisted sled load" (MRSL) method of RSS load prescription may provide a solution. Maximum resisted sled load is defined as the final RSS load before an athlete can no longer accelerate between 2 phases (10-15 and 15-20 m) of a 20-m linear sprint. However, the MRSL test has not been analyzed for reliability. In addition, MRSL performance has not been compared with the outcome of other performance tests. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of the MRSL testing protocol in female field sport athletes. Participants (age, 20.8 ± 1.9 years; body mass, 64.3 ± 8.4 kg; height, 1.66 ± 0.65 m) tested for anthropometric measurements, strength and power performance testing, and twice for MRSL. Maximum resisted sled load values ranged from 20.7 to 58.9% BM. Maximum resisted sled load test-retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficient, confidence intervals, and coefficient of variations were 0.95, 0.85-0.98, and 7.6%, respectively. Maximum resisted sled load was"moderately" and "strongly" correlated with a number of anthropometric and performance tests (p ≤ 0.05), including percentage fat free mass, countermovement jump, loaded countermovement jump, rate of force development, horizontal jump, and horizontal bound performance. Maximum resisted sled load is a reliable measure for determining the RSS load at which an individual can no longer accelerate during a single RSS effort over 0-20 m. Maximum resisted sled load also accounts for interindividual variation in body composition, power, and speed characteristics of female field sport players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Petrakos
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Glasgow Warriors, Scotstoun Stadium, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Tynan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam M Vallely-Farrell
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cillian Kiely
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abdelhak Boudhar
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Gonçalves LDS, Painelli VDS, Yamaguchi G, Oliveira LFD, Saunders B, da Silva RP, Maciel E, Artioli GG, Roschel H, Gualano B. Dispelling the myth that habitual caffeine consumption influences the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:213-220. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of habitual caffeine intake on aerobic exercise-performance responses to acute caffeine supplementation. A double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced study was performed. Forty male endurance-trained cyclists were allocated into tertiles, according to their daily caffeine intake: low (58 ± 29 mg/d), moderate (143 ± 25 mg/d), and high (351 ± 139 mg/d) consumers. Participants completed three trials in which they performed simulated cycling time trials (TTs) in the fastest time possible following ingestion of the following: caffeine (CAF: 6 mg/kg body mass), placebo (PLA), and no supplement (CON). A mixed-model analysis revealed that TT performance was significantly improved in CAF compared with PLA and CON (29.92 ± 2.18 vs. 30.81 ± 2.67 and 31.14 ± 2.71 min, respectively; P = 0.0002). Analysis of covariance revealed no influence of habitual caffeine intake as a covariate on exercise performance ( P = 0.47). TT performance was not significantly different among tertiles ( P = 0.75). No correlation was observed between habitual caffeine intake and absolute changes (CAF − CON) in TT performance with caffeine ( P = 0.524). Individual analysis showed that eight, seven, and five individuals improved above the variation of the test in CAF in the low, moderate, and high tertiles, respectively. A Fisher’s exact test did not show any significant differences in the number of individuals who improved in CAF among the tertiles ( P > 0.05). Blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were not different between trials and tertiles ( P > 0.05). Performance effects of acute caffeine supplementation during an ~30-min cycling TT performance were not influenced by the level of habitual caffeine consumption. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There has been a long-standing paradigm that habitual caffeine intake may influence the ergogenicity of caffeine supplementation. Low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers showed similar absolute and relative improvements in cycling time-trial performance following acute supplementation of 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine. Performance effects of acute caffeine were not influenced by the level of habitual caffeine consumption, suggesting that high habitual caffeine intake does not negate the benefits of acute caffeine supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia de Souza Gonçalves
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | - Guilherme Yamaguchi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Maciel
- Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M. Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during high-intensity interval training. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:934-949. [PMID: 28560751 DOI: 10.1113/ep086352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? By manipulating recovery intensity and exercise duration during high-intensity interval training (HIIT), we tested the hypothesis that fast inputs contribute more than metabolic stimuli to respiratory frequency (fR ) regulation. What is the main finding and its importance? Respiratory frequency, but not tidal volume, responded rapidly and in proportion to changes in workload during HIIT, and was dissociated from some markers of metabolic stimuli in response to both experimental manipulations, suggesting that fast inputs contribute more than metabolic stimuli to fR regulation. Differentiating between fR and tidal volume may help to unravel the mechanisms underlying exercise hyperpnoea. Given that respiratory frequency (fR ) has been proposed as a good marker of physical effort, furthering the understanding of how fR is regulated during exercise is of great importance. We manipulated recovery intensity and exercise duration during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to test the hypothesis that fast inputs (including central command) contribute more than metabolic stimuli to fR regulation. Seven male cyclists performed an incremental test, a 10 and a 20 min continuous time trial (TT) as preliminary tests. Subsequently, recovery intensity and exercise duration were manipulated during HIIT (30 s work and 30 s active recovery) by performing four 10 min and one 20 min trial (recovery intensities of 85, 70, 55 and 30% of the 10 min TT mean workload; and 85% of the 20 min TT mean workload). The work intensity of the HIIT sessions was self-paced by participants to achieve the best performance possible. When manipulating recovery intensity, fR , but not tidal volume (VT ), showed a fast response to the alternation of the work and recovery phases, proportional to the extent of workload variations. No association between fR and gas exchange responses was observed. When manipulating exercise duration, fR and rating of perceived exertion were dissociated from VT , carbon dioxide output and oxygen uptake responses. Overall, the rating of perceived exertion was strongly correlated with fR (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) but not with VT . These findings may reveal a differential control of fR and VT during HIIT, with fast inputs appearing to contribute more than metabolic stimuli to fR regulation. Differentiating between fR and VT may help to unravel the mechanisms underlying exercise hyperpnoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Ilenia Bazzucchi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
James LP, Roberts LA, Haff GG, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. Validity and Reliability of a Portable Isometric Mid-Thigh Clean Pull. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1378-1386. [PMID: 28415068 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
James, LP, Roberts, LA, Haff, GG, Kelly, VG, and Beckman, EM. Validity and reliability of a portable isometric mid-thigh clean pull. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1378-1386, 2017-This study investigated the test-retest reliability and criterion validity of force-time curve variables collected through a portable isometric mid-thigh clean pull (IMTP) device equipped with a single-axial load cell. Fifteen males with ≥6 months of resistance training experience attended two testing sessions. In each session, participants performed an IMTP in 2 separate conditions in a randomized counterbalanced manner. The criterion condition consisted of a closed-chain IMTP configured with a force plate (IMTPf), whereas the experimental test was undertaken using a portable IMTP with data acquired through a single-axial load cell (IMTPl). A very high reliability (coefficient of variation [CV] = 3.10, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4-4.6%; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.96, 90% CI: 0.90-0.98) and acceptable validity (CV = 9.2, 90% CI: 7-14%; ICC = 0.88, 90% CI: 0.71-0.95) were found in the experimental condition for the measure of peak force. However, significant differences were present between the IMTPf and IMTPl (p < 0.0001). Alternate force-time curve variables did not reach acceptable levels of validity or reliability in the experimental condition. The IMTPl is a valid and highly reliable method for assessing peak force. This provides evidence supporting the use of an IMTPl as a cost-effective and portable alternative for those who wish to assess maximal force production in a similar fashion to a traditional IMTP. However, practitioners should be aware that these are slightly different tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan P James
- 1School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia;2Center for Sport and Exercise Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; and3Brisbane Broncos Rugby League Football Club, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Hitzschke B, Wiewelhove T, Raeder C, Ferrauti A, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Kellmann M, Kölling S. Evaluation of psychological measures for the assessment of recovery and stress during a shock-microcycle in strength and high-intensity interval training. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
250
|
Garzon M, Gayda M, Nigam A, Comtois AS, Juneau M. Immersible ergocycle prescription as a function of relative exercise intensity. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:219-224. [PMID: 30356614 PMCID: PMC6189006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between various expressions of relative exercise intensity percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax), %VO2 reserve (%VO2R), and %HR reserve (%HRR)) in order to obtain the more appropriate method for exercise intensity prescription when using an immersible ergocycle (IE) and to propose a prediction equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO2) based on IE pedaling rate (rpm) for an individualized exercise training prescription. METHODS Thirty-three healthy participants performed incremental exercise tests on IE and dryland ergocycle (DE) at equal external power output (Pext). Exercise on IE began at 40 rpm and was increased by 10 rpm until exhaustion. Exercise on DE began with an initial load of 25 W and increased by 25 W/min until exhaustion. VO2 was measured with a portable gas analyzer (COSMED K4b2) during both incremental tests. On IE and DE, %VO2R, %HRmax, and %HRR at equal Pext did not differ (p > 0.05). RESULTS The %HRR vs. %VO2R regression for both IE and DE did not differ from the identity line %VO2R IE = 0.99 × HRR IE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.91, SEE = 11%); %VO2R DE = 0.94 × HRR DE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.94, SEE = 8%). Similar mean values for %HRmax, %VO2R, and %HRR at equal Pext were observed on IE and DE. Predicted VO2 obtained according to rpm on IE is represented by: VO2 (L/min) = 0.000542 × rpm2 - 0.026 × rpm + 0.739 (r = 0.91, SEE = 0.319 L/min). CONCLUSION The %HRR-%VO2R relationship appears to be the most accurate for exercise training prescription on IE. This study offers new tools to better prescribe, control, and individualize exercise intensity on IE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Garzon
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gayda
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alain-Steve Comtois
- Kinanthropology Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Martin Juneau
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|