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Gabandé-Rodríguez E, Pérez-Cañamás A, Soto-Huelin B, Mitroi DN, Sánchez-Redondo S, Martínez-Sáez E, Venero C, Peinado H, Ledesma MD. Lipid-induced lysosomal damage after demyelination corrupts microglia protective function in lysosomal storage disorders. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201899553. [PMID: 30530526 PMCID: PMC6331723 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) present with activated pro‐inflammatory microglia. However, anti‐inflammatory treatment failed to improve disease pathology. We characterise the mechanisms underlying microglia activation in Niemann–Pick disease type A (NPA). We establish that an NPA patient and the acid sphingomyelinase knockout (ASMko) mouse model show amoeboid microglia in neurodegeneration‐prone areas. In vivo microglia ablation worsens disease progression in ASMko mice. We demonstrate the coexistence of different microglia phenotypes in ASMko brains that produce cytokines or counteract neuronal death by clearing myelin debris. Overloading microglial lysosomes through myelin debris accumulation and sphingomyelin build‐up induces lysosomal damage and cathepsin B extracellular release by lysosomal exocytosis. Inhibition of cathepsin B prevents neuronal death and behavioural anomalies in ASMko mice. Similar microglia phenotypes occur in a Niemann–Pick disease type C mouse model and patient. Our results show a protective function for microglia in LSDs and how this is corrupted by lipid lysosomal overload. Data indicate cathepsin B as a key molecule mediating neurodegeneration, opening research pathways for therapeutic targeting of LSDs and other demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gabandé-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain .,Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Cancer & Inflammation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Azucena Pérez-Cañamás
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Soto-Huelin
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel N Mitroi
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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202
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The gut microbiota mediates reward and sensory responses associated with regimen-selective morphine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2606-2614. [PMID: 30258112 PMCID: PMC6224506 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use for long-term pain management is limited by adverse side effects, such as hyperalgesia and negative affect. Neuroinflammation in the brain and spinal cord is a contributing factor to the development of symptoms associated with chronic opioid use. Recent studies have described a link between neuroinflammation and behavior that is mediated by a gut-brain signaling axis, where alterations in indigenous gut bacteria contribute to several inflammation-related psychopathologies. As opioid receptors are highly expressed within the digestive tract and opioids influence gut motility, we hypothesized that systemic opioid treatment will impact the composition of the gut microbiota. Here, we explored how opioid treatments, and cessation, impacts the mouse gut microbiome and whether opioid-induced changes in the gut microbiota influences inflammation-driven hyperalgesia and impaired reward behavior. Male C57Bl6/J mice were treated with either intermittent or sustained morphine. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, we describe changes in gut microbiota composition following different morphine regimens. Manipulation of the gut microbiome was used to assess the causal relationship between the gut microbiome and opioid-dependent behaviors. Intermittent, but not sustained, morphine treatment was associated with microglial activation, hyperalgesia, and impaired reward response. Depletion of the gut microbiota via antibiotic treatment surprisingly recapitulated neuroinflammation and sequelae, including reduced opioid analgesic potency and impaired cocaine reward following intermittent morphine treatment. Colonization of antibiotic-treated mice with a control microbiota restored microglial activation state and behaviors. Our findings suggest that differing opioid regimens uniquely influence the gut microbiome that is causally related to behaviors associated with opioid dependence.
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203
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Schmitt F, Gold M, Rothemund M, Andronache I, Biersack B, Schobert R, Mueller T. New naphthopyran analogues of LY290181 as potential tumor vascular-disrupting agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:160-168. [PMID: 30503940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 19 analogues of the antiproliferative naphthopyran LY290181 were prepared for structure-activity relationship studies. We found the best activities for test compounds bearing small substituents at the meta position of the phenyl ring. The mode of action of LY290181 and eight new analogues was studied in detail. The compounds were highly anti-proliferative with IC50 values in the sub-nanomolar to triple-digit nanomolar range. The new analogues led to G2/M arrest due to interruption of the microtubule dynamics. In 518A2 melanoma cells they caused a mitotic catastrophe which eventually led to apoptosis. The naphthopyrans also induced a disruption of the vasculature in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized chicken eggs as well as in xenograft tumors in mice. In a preliminary therapy trial, the difluoro derivative 2b retarded the growth of resistant xenograft tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Madeleine Gold
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Rothemund
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ion Andronache
- University of Bucharest, Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management, 4-12, Regina Elisabeta Avenue, Bucharest, 3rd District, 030018, Romania
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120, Halle, Germany
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204
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Hammond TR, Dufort C, Dissing-Olesen L, Giera S, Young A, Wysoker A, Walker AJ, Gergits F, Segel M, Nemesh J, Marsh SE, Saunders A, Macosko E, Ginhoux F, Chen J, Franklin RJM, Piao X, McCarroll SA, Stevens B. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Microglia throughout the Mouse Lifespan and in the Injured Brain Reveals Complex Cell-State Changes. Immunity 2018; 50:253-271.e6. [PMID: 30471926 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1139] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, rapidly change states in response to their environment, but we lack molecular and functional signatures of different microglial populations. Here, we analyzed the RNA expression patterns of more than 76,000 individual microglia in mice during development, in old age, and after brain injury. Our analysis uncovered at least nine transcriptionally distinct microglial states, which expressed unique sets of genes and were localized in the brain using specific markers. The greatest microglial heterogeneity was found at young ages; however, several states-including chemokine-enriched inflammatory microglia-persisted throughout the lifespan or increased in the aged brain. Multiple reactive microglial subtypes were also found following demyelinating injury in mice, at least one of which was also found in human multiple sclerosis lesions. These distinct microglia signatures can be used to better understand microglia function and to identify and manipulate specific subpopulations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Connor Dufort
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Young
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alec Wysoker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alec J Walker
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Gergits
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Segel
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Nemesh
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arpiar Saunders
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Macosko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Beth Stevens
- Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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205
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Studlack PE, Keledjian K, Farooq T, Akintola T, Gerzanich V, Simard JM, Keller A. Blast-induced brain injury in rats leads to transient vestibulomotor deficits and persistent orofacial pain. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1866-1878. [PMID: 30346868 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1536282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (blast-TBI) is associated with vestibulomotor dysfunction, persistent post-traumatic headaches and post-traumatic stress disorder, requiring extensive treatments and reducing quality-of-life. Treatment and prevention of these devastating outcomes require an understanding of their underlying pathophysiology through studies that take advantage of animal models. Here, we report that cranium-directed blast-TBI in rats results in signs of pain that last at least 8 weeks after injury. These occur without significantly elevated behavioural markers of anxiety-like conditions and are not associated with glial up-regulation in sensory thalamic nuclei. These injuries also produce transient vestibulomotor abnormalities that resolve within 3 weeks of injury. Thus, blast-TBI in rats recapitulates aspects of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Studlack
- a Program in Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Kaspar Keledjian
- b Department of Neurosurgery , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Tayyiaba Farooq
- a Program in Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Titilola Akintola
- a Program in Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- b Department of Neurosurgery , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- b Department of Neurosurgery , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Asaf Keller
- a Program in Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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206
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Santos-Galdiano M, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Anuncibay-Soto B, Font-Belmonte E, Ugidos IF, Pérez-García CC, Fernández-López A. Celecoxib Treatment Improves Neurologic Deficit and Reduces Selective Neuronal Loss and Glial Response in Rats after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:528-542. [PMID: 30291174 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.251264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas of selective neuronal loss (SNL) represent the first morphologic signs of damage in the penumbra region and are considered putative targets for ischemic stroke therapy. We performed a novel assessment of measuring the effects of the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib by analyzing simultaneously the different neural populations (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia cells) in SNL and non-SNL areas. Rats were subjected to 1 hour of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with celecoxib 1 and 24 hours after ischemia. Infarct volume measurements and triple immunostaining of neurons (neuronal nuclear antigen), microglia (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1), and astroglia were performed after 12 and 48 hours of reperfusion. Motor response was tested by standard behavioral assays at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Confocal analysis revealed that the percentage of SNL areas, microglia densities, and glial activation increased at 48 hours of reperfusion. Celecoxib treatment improved the neurologic deficit, reduced the infarct volume by 50% after 48 hours of reperfusion, and resulted in a reduced percentage of SNL areas and microglia and astroglia reactivity after 48 hours of reperfusion. This study proves, for the first time, that celecoxib presents postischemic neuroprotective effects in a transient MCAO model, prevents or delays the presence of SNL areas, and reduces glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Santos-Galdiano
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
| | - Diego Pérez-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
| | - Berta Anuncibay-Soto
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
| | - Enrique Font-Belmonte
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
| | - Irene F Ugidos
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
| | - Carlos César Pérez-García
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
| | - Arsenio Fernández-López
- Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina (M.S.-G., D.P.-R., B.A.-S., E.F.-B., I.F.U., A.F.-L.) and Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Anatomía Veterinaria (C.C.P.-G.), Universidad de León and Neural Therapies SL, Edificio Institutos de Investigación (B.A.-S.), León, Spain
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207
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Corwin C, Nikolopoulou A, Pan AL, Nunez-Santos M, Vallabhajosula S, Serrano P, Babich J, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Prostaglandin D2/J2 signaling pathway in a rat model of neuroinflammation displaying progressive parkinsonian-like pathology: potential novel therapeutic targets. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:272. [PMID: 30236122 PMCID: PMC6146649 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited knowledge is available on mechanisms by which prostaglandins contribute to PD neurodegeneration. To address this gap, we focused on the prostaglandin PGD2/J2 signaling pathway, because PGD2 is the most abundant prostaglandin in the brain, and the one that increases the most under pathological conditions. Moreover, PGJ2 is spontaneously derived from PGD2. METHODS In this study, we determined in rats the impact of unilateral nigral PGJ2-microinfusions on COX-2, lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase (L-PGDS), PGD2/J2 receptor 2 (DP2), and 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). Nigral dopaminergic (DA) and microglial distribution and expression levels of these key factors of the prostaglandin D2/J2 pathway were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. PGJ2-induced motor deficits were assessed with the cylinder test. We also determined whether oral treatment with ibuprofen improved the PD-like pathology induced by PGJ2. RESULTS PGJ2 treatment induced progressive PD-like pathology in the rats. Concomitant with DA neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), PGJ2-treated rats exhibited microglia and astrocyte activation and motor deficits. In DA neurons, COX-2, L-PGDS, and 15-PGDH levels increased significantly in PGJ2-treated rats compared to controls, while DP2 receptor levels were unchanged. In microglia, DP2 receptors were basically non-detectable, while COX-2 and L-PGDS levels increased upon PGJ2-treatment, and 15-PGDH remained unchanged. 15-PGDH was also detected in oligodendrocytes. Notably, ibuprofen prevented most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology. CONCLUSIONS The PGJ2-induced rat model develops progressive PD pathology, which is a hard-to-mimic aspect of this disorder. Moreover, prevention of most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology with ibuprofen suggests a positive feedback mechanism between PGJ2 and COX-2 that could lead to chronic neuroinflammation. Notably, this is the first study that analyzes the nigral dopaminergic and microglial distribution and levels of factors of the PGD2/J2 signaling pathway in rodents. Our findings support the notions that upregulation of COX-2 and L-PGDS may be important in the PGJ2 evoked PD-like pathology, and that neuronal DP2 receptor antagonists and L-PGDS inhibitors may be novel pharmacotherapeutics to relieve neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration in PD, circumventing the adverse side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Allen L Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mariela Nunez-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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208
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Gupta N, Shyamasundar S, Patnala R, Karthikeyan A, Arumugam TV, Ling EA, Dheen ST. Recent progress in therapeutic strategies for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neuropathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:765-781. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1515917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Gupta
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sukanya Shyamasundar
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Radhika Patnala
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aparna Karthikeyan
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S. Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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209
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Low Oxygen Post Conditioning as an Efficient Non-pharmacological Strategy to Promote Motor Function After Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:402-412. [PMID: 30155643 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low oxygen post conditioning (LOPC) has shown promising results in terms of neuroprotection after stroke, but the effects on motor function have not been considered. Cortical stroke targeting the motor and sensory cortex was induced by photothrombotic occlusion and after 48 h allocated to LOPC (11% O2) for 2 weeks. Motor impairment was assessed using the cylinder and grid walk tests during the exposure period and for two further weeks upon completion of the intervention. Neuroprotection was evaluated by histological and molecular analysis at two time points. Two weeks of LOPC was sufficient to significantly reduce motor deficits and tissue loss after stroke. This functional improvement was associated with increased capillary density, enhanced levels of BDNF, decreased neuronal loss and decreased microglia activation. These improvements, in most instances, were maintained up to 2 weeks after the end of the treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that LOPC induces a persistent improvement in motor function and neuroprotection after stroke, and in doing so provides evidence to support a case for considering taking LOPC forward to early stage clinical research.
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210
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Schwann Cell Transplantation Subdues the Pro-Inflammatory Innate Immune Cell Response after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092550. [PMID: 30154346 PMCID: PMC6163303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) has been shown to provide tissue preservation and support axon growth and remyelination as well as improve functional recovery across a diverse range of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) paradigms. The autologous use of SCs has progressed to Phase 1 SCI clinical trials in humans where their use has been shown to be both feasible and safe. The contribution of immune modulation to the protective and reparative actions of SCs within the injured spinal cord remains largely unknown. In the current investigation, the ability of SC transplants to alter the innate immune response after contusive SCI in the rat was examined. SCs were intraspinally transplanted into the lesion site at 1 week following a thoracic (T8) contusive SCI. Multicolor flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis of specific phenotypic markers of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia and macrophages as well as cytokines at 1 week after SC transplantation was employed. The introduction of SCs significantly attenuated the numbers of cluster of differentiation molecule 11B (CD11b)+, cluster of differentiation molecule 68 (CD68)+, and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)+ immune cells within the lesion implant site, particularly those immunoreactive for the pro-inflammatory marker, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Whereas numbers of anti-inflammatory CD68+ Arginase-1 (Arg1+) iNOS− cells were not altered by SC transplantation, CD68+ cells of an intermediate, Arg1+ iNOS+ phenotype were increased by the introduction of SCs into the injured spinal cord. The morphology of Iba1+ immune cells was also markedly altered in the SC implant, being elongated and in alignment with SCs and in-growing axons versus their amoeboid form after SCI alone. Examination of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), by multicolor flow cytometry analysis showed that their production in CD11b+ cells was unaltered by SC transplantation at 1 week post-transplantation. The ability of SCs to subdue the pro-inflammatory iNOS+ microglia and macrophage phenotype after intraspinal transplantation may provide an important contribution to the neuroprotective effects of SCs within the sub-acute SCI setting.
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211
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Hammond TR, Robinton D, Stevens B. Microglia and the Brain: Complementary Partners in Development and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:523-544. [PMID: 30089221 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An explosion of findings driven by powerful new technologies has expanded our understanding of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). This wave of discoveries has fueled a growing interest in the roles that these cells play in the development of the CNS and in the neuropathology of a diverse array of disorders. In this review, we discuss the crucial roles that microglia play in shaping the brain-from their influence on neurons and glia within the developing CNS to their roles in synaptic maturation and brain wiring-as well as some of the obstacles to overcome when assessing their contributions to normal brain development. Furthermore, we examine how normal developmental functions of microglia are perturbed or remerge in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Daisy Robinton
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Beth Stevens
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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212
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Flygt J, Ruscher K, Norberg A, Mir A, Gram H, Clausen F, Marklund N. Neutralization of Interleukin-1β following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Mouse Attenuates the Loss of Mature Oligodendrocytes. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2837-2849. [PMID: 29690837 PMCID: PMC6247990 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly results in injury to the components of the white matter tracts, causing post-injury cognitive deficits. The myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) are vulnerable to TBI, although may potentially be replaced by proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key mediator of the complex inflammatory response, and when neutralized in experimental TBI, behavioral outcome was improved. To evaluate the role of IL-1β on oligodendrocyte cell death and OPC proliferation, 116 adult male mice subjected to sham injury or the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) model of traumatic axonal injury, were analyzed at two, seven, and 14 days post-injury. At 30 min post-injury, mice were randomly administered an IL-1β neutralizing or a control antibody. OPC proliferation (5-ethynyl 2'- deoxyuridine (EdU)/Olig2 co-labeling) and mature oligodendrocyte cell loss was evaluated in injured white matter tracts. Microglia/macrophages immunohistochemistry and ramification using Sholl analysis were also evaluated. Neutralizing IL-1β resulted in attenuated cell death, indicated by cleaved caspase-3 expression, and attenuated loss of mature OLs from two to seven days post-injury in brain-injured animals. IL-1β neutralization also attenuated the early, two day post-injury increase of microglia/macrophage immunoreactivity and altered their ramification. The proliferation of OPCs in brain-injured animals was not altered, however. Our data suggest that IL-1β is involved in the TBI-induced loss of OLs and early microglia/macrophage activation, although not the OPC proliferation. Attenuated oligodendrocyte cell loss may contribute to the improved behavioral outcome observed by IL-1β neutralization in this mouse model of diffuse TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Flygt
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- 2 Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Norberg
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anis Mir
- 3 Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hermann Gram
- 3 Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .,3 Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
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213
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Perea JR, Llorens-Martín M, Ávila J, Bolós M. The Role of Microglia in the Spread of Tau: Relevance for Tauopathies. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:172. [PMID: 30042659 PMCID: PMC6048186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases which course with the accumulation of Tau, mainly in neurons. In addition, Tau accumulates in a hyperphosphorylated and aggregated form. This protein is released into the extracellular space and spreads following a stereotypical pattern, inducing the development of the disease through connected regions of the brain. Microglia-the macrophages of the brain-are involved in maintaining brain homeostasis. They perform a variety of functions related to the surveillance and clearance of pathological proteins, among other dead cells and debris, from the extracellular space that could compromise brain equilibrium. This review focuses on the role played by microglia in tauopathies, specifically in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and how the uncoupling of activation/phagocytosis functions can have fatal consequences leading to the development of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Perea
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CBMSO, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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214
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Koo BB, Calderazzo S, Bowley BGE, Kolli A, Moss MB, Rosene DL, Moore TL. Long-term effects of curcumin in the non-human primate brain. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:88-95. [PMID: 29981358 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has recently been shown to be a potential treatment for slowing or ameloriating cognitive decline during aging in our nonhuman primate model of normal aging. In these same monkeys, we studied for the first time the neurological impacts of long-term curcumin treatments using longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sixteen rhesus monkeys received curcumin or a vehicle control for 14-18 months. We applied a combination of structural and diffusion MRI to determine whether the curcumin resulted in structural or functional changes in focal regions of the brain. The longitudinal imaging revealed decreased microscale diffusivity (mD) measurements mainly in the hippocampus and basal forebrain structures of curcumin treated animals. Changes in generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) and grey matter density (GMd) measurements indicated an increased grey matter density in cortical ROIs with improved white matter integrity in limbic, cerebellar, and brain stem regions. These findings suggest that noticeable changes in the neuronal environment could be induced from long-term curcumin treatments. Results may provide a neurological basis on the recent findings demonstrating improved spatial working memory and motor function in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Bon Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Samantha Calderazzo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alekha Kolli
- BA/MD Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark B Moss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; BA/MD Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; BA/MD Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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215
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Granado N, Ares-Santos S, Tizabi Y, Moratalla R. Striatal Reinnervation Process after Acute Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Degeneration in Mice. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:627-639. [PMID: 29934756 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), an amphetamine derivate, may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Human and animal studies have shown that METH produces persistent dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal pathway, despite initial partial recovery. To determine the processes leading to early compensation, we studied the detailed morphology and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers (TH-ir) classified by their thickness (types I-IV) before and after METH. Applying three established neurotoxic regimens of METH: single high dose (1 × 30 mg/kg), multiple lower doses (3 × 5 mg/kg) or (3 × 10 mg/kg), we show that METH primarily damages type I fibers (the thinner ones), and to a much lesser extend types II-IV fibers including sterile axons. The striatal TH terminal partial recovery process, consisting of a progressive regrowth increases in types II, III, and IV fibers, demonstrated by co-localization of GAP-43, a sprouting marker, was observed 3 days post-METH treatment. In addition, we demonstrate the presence of growth-cone-like TH-ir structures, indicative of new terminal generation as well as improvement in motor functions after 3 days. A temporal relationship was observed between decreases in TH-expression and increases in silver staining, a marker of degeneration. Striatal regeneration was associated with an increase in astroglia and decrease in microglia expression, suggesting a possible role for the neuroimmune system in regenerative processes. Identification of regenerative compensatory mechanisms in response to neurotoxic agents could point to novel mechanisms in countering the neurotoxicity and/or enhancing the regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Granado
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ares-Santos
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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216
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Pallottie A, Ratnayake A, Ni L, Acioglu C, Li L, Mirabelli E, Heary RF, Elkabes S. A toll-like receptor 9 antagonist restores below-level glial glutamate transporter expression in the dorsal horn following spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8723. [PMID: 29880832 PMCID: PMC5992189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord (SC) trauma elicits pathological changes at the primary lesion and in regions distant from the injury epicenter. Therapeutic agents that target mechanisms at the injury site are likely to exert additional effects in these remote regions. We previously reported that a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) antagonist, oligodeoxynucleotide 2088 (ODN 2088), improves functional deficits and modulates the milieu at the epicenter in mice sustaining a mid-thoracic contusion. The present investigations use the same paradigm to assess ODN 2088-elicited alterations in the lumbar dorsal horn (LDH), a region remote from the injury site where SCI-induced molecular alterations have been well defined. We report that ODN 2088 counteracts the SCI-elicited decrease in glial glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) levels, whereas the levels of the neuronal glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) and astroglial GABA transporter 3 (GAT3) were unaffected. The restoration of GLAST and GLT1 was neither paralleled by a global effect on astrocyte and microglia activation nor by changes in the expression of cytokines and growth factors reported to regulate these transporters. We conclude that the effects of intrathecal ODN 2088 treatment extend to loci beyond the epicenter by selectively targeting glial glutamate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pallottie
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,The School of Graduate Studies, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ayomi Ratnayake
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Li Ni
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Lun Li
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,The School of Graduate Studies, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ersilia Mirabelli
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,The School of Graduate Studies, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Robert F Heary
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,The School of Graduate Studies, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,The School of Graduate Studies, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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217
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Young K, Morrison H. Quantifying Microglia Morphology from Photomicrographs of Immunohistochemistry Prepared Tissue Using ImageJ. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29939190 PMCID: PMC6103256 DOI: 10.3791/57648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain phagocytes that participate in brain homeostasis and
continuously survey their environment for dysfunction, injury, and disease. As
the first responders, microglia have important functions to mitigate neuron and
glia dysfunction, and in this process, they undergo a broad range of morphologic
changes. Microglia morphologies can be categorized descriptively or,
alternatively, can be quantified as a continuous variable for parameters such as
cell ramification, complexity, and shape. While methods for quantifying
microglia are applied to single cells, few techniques apply to multiple
microglia in an entire photomicrograph. The purpose of this method is to
quantify multiple and single cells using readily available ImageJ protocols.
This protocol is a summary of the steps and ImageJ plugins recommended to
convert fluorescence and bright-field photomicrographs into representative
binary and skeletonized images and to analyze them using software plugins
AnalyzeSkeleton (2D/3D) and FracLac for morphology data collection. The outputs
of these plugins summarize cell morphology in terms of process endpoints,
junctions, and length as well as complexity, cell shape, and size descriptors.
The skeleton analysis protocol described herein is well suited for a regional
analysis of multiple microglia within an entire photomicrograph or region of
interest (ROI) whereas FracLac provides a complementary individual cell
analysis. Combined, the protocol provides an objective, sensitive, and
comprehensive assessment tool that can be used to stratify between diverse
microglia morphologies present in the healthy and injured brain.
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218
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Intracellular S1P Levels Dictate Fate of Different Regions of the Hippocampus following Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia. Neuroscience 2018; 384:188-202. [PMID: 29782904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid molecule produced by the action of sphingosine kinases (SphK) on sphingosine. It possesses various intracellular functions through its interactions with intracellular proteins or via its action on five G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptors. Following transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI), only the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus undergoes apoptosis. In this study, we evaluated S1P levels and S1P-processing enzyme expression in different hippocampal areas following tGCI in rats. We found that S1P was upregulated earlier in CA3 than in CA1. This was associated with upregulation of SphK1 in both regions; however, SphK2 was downregulated quickly in CA3. S1P lyase was also downregulated in CA3, but not in CA1. Spinster 2, the S1P exporter, was upregulated early in both regions, but was quickly downregulated in CA3. Together, these effects explain the variable levels of S1P in the CA1 and CA3 areas and indicate that S1P levels play a role in the preferential resistance of the CA3 subregion to tGCI-induced ischemia. FTY720 did not improve neuronal survival in the CA1 subregion, indicating that these effects were due to intracellular S1P accumulation. In conclusion, the findings suggest that intracellular S1P levels affect neuronal cell fate following tGCI.
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219
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Salehi A, Jullienne A, Wendel KM, Hamer M, Tang J, Zhang JH, Pearce WJ, DeFazio RA, Vexler ZS, Obenaus A. A Novel Technique for Visualizing and Analyzing the Cerebral Vasculature in Rodents. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:10.1007/s12975-018-0632-0. [PMID: 29766452 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel protocol to stain, visualize, and analyze blood vessels from the rat and mouse cerebrum. This technique utilizes the fluorescent dye, DiI, to label the lumen of the vasculature followed by perfusion fixation. Following brain extraction, the labeled vasculature is then imaged using wide-field fluorescence microscopy for axial and coronal images and can be followed by regional confocal microscopy. Axial and coronal images can be analyzed using classical angiographic methods for vessel density, length, and other features. We also have developed a novel fractal analysis to assess vascular complexity. Our protocol has been optimized for adult rat, adult mouse, and neonatal mouse studies. The protocol is efficient, can be rapidly completed, stains cerebral vessels with a bright fluorescence, and provides valuable quantitative data. This method has a broad range of applications, and we demonstrate its use to study the vasculature in assorted models of acquired brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjang Salehi
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, 1140 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Kara M Wendel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA
| | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - William J Pearce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Richard A DeFazio
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48101, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, 1140 Bachelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4475, USA.
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220
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Chen YH, Huang EYK, Kuo TT, Miller J, Chiang YH, Hoffer BJ. Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Dopaminergic Transmission. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1156-1168. [PMID: 28933212 PMCID: PMC5657731 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717714105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain trauma is often associated with severe morbidity and is a major public health concern. Even when injury is mild and no obvious anatomic disruption is seen, many individuals suffer disabling neuropsychological impairments such as memory loss, mood dysfunction, substance abuse, and adjustment disorder. These changes may be related to subtle disruption of neural circuits as well as functional changes at the neurotransmitter level. In particular, there is considerable evidence that dopamine (DA) physiology in the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways might be impaired after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Alterations in DA levels can lead to oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction, and DA plays an important role in central nervous system inflammation. Therapeutic targeting of DA pathways may offer benefits for both neuronal survival and functional outcome after TBI. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of DA pathology in acute TBI and the potential impact of therapies that target these systems for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Yuan-Hao Chen, Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 4F, No. 325, 2nd Sec., Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei City, 114 Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Tai Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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221
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Jullienne A, Salehi A, Affeldt B, Baghchechi M, Haddad E, Avitua A, Walsworth M, Enjalric I, Hamer M, Bhakta S, Tang J, Zhang JH, Pearce WJ, Obenaus A. Male and Female Mice Exhibit Divergent Responses of the Cortical Vasculature to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1646-1658. [PMID: 29648973 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that traumatic brain injuries (TBI) alter the cerebrovasculature near the injury site in rats, followed by revascularization over a 2-week period. Here, we tested our hypothesis that male and female adult mice have differential cerebrovascular responses following a moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI). Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a new technique called vessel painting, and immunohistochemistry, we found no differences between males and females in lesion volume, neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) alteration, and microglia activation. However, females exhibited more astrocytic hypertrophy and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction at 1 day post-injury (dpi), whereas males presented with increased endothelial activation and expression of β-catenin, shown to be involved in angiogenesis. At 7 dpi, we observed an increase in the number of vessels and an enhancement in vessel complexity in the injured cortex of males compared with females. Cerebrovasculature recovers differently after CCI, suggesting biological sex should be considered when designing new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Arjang Salehi
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Bethann Affeldt
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Mohsen Baghchechi
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Elizabeth Haddad
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Angela Avitua
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Mark Walsworth
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Isabelle Enjalric
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Mary Hamer
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Sonali Bhakta
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Jiping Tang
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - John H Zhang
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,3 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,4 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - William J Pearce
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,5 Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - André Obenaus
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,6 Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
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Litvin DG, Dick TE, Smith CB, Jacono FJ. Lung-injury depresses glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii via discrete age-dependent mechanisms in neonatal rats. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:398-422. [PMID: 29601943 PMCID: PMC6075724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition periods (TPs) are brief stages in CNS development where neural circuits can exhibit heightened vulnerability to pathologic conditions such as injury or infection. This susceptibility is due in part to specialized mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, which may become activated by inflammatory mediators released under pathologic conditions. Thus, we hypothesized that the immune response to lung injury (LI) mediated synaptic changes through plasticity-like mechanisms that depended on whether LI occurred just before or after a TP. We studied the impact of LI on brainstem 2nd-order viscerosensory neurons located in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) during a TP for respiratory control spanning (postnatal day (P) 11-15). We injured the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats by intratracheal instillation of Bleomycin (or saline) just before (P9-11) or after (P17-19) the TP. A week later, we prepared horizontal slices of the medulla and recorded spontaneous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs/eEPSCs) in vitro from neurons in the nTS that received monosynaptic glutamatergic input from the tractus solitarii (TS). In rats injured before the TP (pre-TP), neurons exhibited blunted sEPSCs and TS-eEPSCs compared to controls. The decreased TS-eEPSCs were mediated by differences in postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic-acid receptors (AMPAR). Specifically, compared to controls, LI rats had more Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs (CI-AMPARs) as indicated by: 1) the absence of current-rectification, 2) decreased sensitivity to polyamine, 1-Naphthyl-acetyl-spermine-trihydrochloride (NASPM) and 3) augmented immunoreactive staining for the CI-AMPAR GluA2. Thus, pre-TP-LI acts postsynaptically to blunt glutamatergic transmission. The neuroimmune response to pre-TP-LI included microglia hyper-ramification throughout the nTS. Daily intraperitoneal administration of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial/macrophage function prevented hyper-ramification and abolished the pre-TP-LI evoked synaptic changes. In contrast, rat-pups injured after the TP (post-TP) exhibited microglia hypo-ramification in the nTS and had increased sEPSC amplitudes/frequencies, and decreased TS-eEPSC amplitudes compared to controls. These synaptic changes were not associated with changes in CI-AMPARs, and instead involved greater TS-evoked use-dependent depression (reduced paired pulse ratio), which is a hallmark of presynaptic plasticity. Thus we conclude that LI regulates the efficacy of TS → nTS synapses through discrete plasticity-like mechanisms that are immune-mediated and depend on whether the injury occurs before or after the TP for respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Litvin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Thomas E Dick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Corey B Smith
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Frank J Jacono
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Heindl S, Gesierich B, Benakis C, Llovera G, Duering M, Liesz A. Automated Morphological Analysis of Microglia After Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 29725290 PMCID: PMC5917008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and react quickly to changes in their environment with transcriptional regulation and morphological changes. Brain tissue injury such as ischemic stroke induces a local inflammatory response encompassing microglial activation. The change in activation status of a microglia is reflected in its gradual morphological transformation from a highly ramified into a less ramified or amoeboid cell shape. For this reason, the morphological changes of microglia are widely utilized to quantify microglial activation and studying their involvement in virtually all brain diseases. However, the currently available methods, which are mainly based on manual rating of immunofluorescent microscopic images, are often inaccurate, rater biased, and highly time consuming. To address these issues, we created a fully automated image analysis tool, which enables the analysis of microglia morphology from a confocal Z-stack and providing up to 59 morphological features. We developed the algorithm on an exploratory dataset of microglial cells from a stroke mouse model and validated the findings on an independent data set. In both datasets, we could demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to sensitively discriminate between the microglia morphology in the peri-infarct and the contralateral, unaffected cortex. Dimensionality reduction by principal component analysis allowed to generate a highly sensitive compound score for microglial shape analysis. Finally, we tested for concordance of results between the novel automated analysis tool and the conventional manual analysis and found a high degree of correlation. In conclusion, our novel method for the fully automatized analysis of microglia morphology shows excellent accuracy and time efficacy compared to traditional analysis methods. This tool, which we make openly available, could find application to study microglia morphology using fluorescence imaging in a wide range of brain disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benno Gesierich
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Cusumano D, Dinapoli N, Boldrini L, Chiloiro G, Gatta R, Masciocchi C, Lenkowicz J, Casà C, Damiani A, Azario L, Van Soest J, Dekker A, Lambin P, De Spirito M, Valentini V. Fractal-based radiomic approach to predict complete pathological response after chemo-radiotherapy in rectal cancer. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2018; 123:286-295. [PMID: 29230678 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-017-0838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to propose a methodology to investigate the tumour heterogeneity and evaluate its ability to predict pathologically complete response (pCR) after chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This approach consisted in normalising the pixel intensities of the tumour and identifying the different sub-regions using an intensity-based thresholding. The spatial organisation of these subpopulations was quantified using the fractal dimension (FD). This approach was implemented in a radiomic workflow and applied to 198 T2-weighted pre-treatment magnetic resonance (MR) images of LARC patients. Three types of features were extracted from the gross tumour volume (GTV): morphological, statistical and fractal features. Feature selection was performed using the Wilcoxon test and a logistic regression model was calculated to predict the pCR probability after CRT. The model was elaborated considering the patients treated in two institutions: Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" of Rome (173 cases, training set) and University Medical Centre of Maastricht (25 cases, validation set). The results obtained showed that the fractal parameters of the subpopulations have the highest performance in predicting pCR. The predictive model elaborated had an area under the curve (AUC) equal to 0.77 ± 0.07. The model reliability was confirmed by the validation set (AUC = 0.79 ± 0.09). This study suggests that the fractal analysis can play an important role in radiomics, providing valuable information not only about the GTV structure, but also about its inner subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cusumano
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio e infettivologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Dinapoli
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Boldrini
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuditta Chiloiro
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Gatta
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Masciocchi
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lenkowicz
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Calogero Casà
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Damiani
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Azario
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio e infettivologiche, Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Johan Van Soest
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Dekker
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio e infettivologiche, Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Polo Scienze Oncologiche ed Ematologiche, Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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225
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Chen YH, Kuo TT, Kao JH, Huang EYK, Hsieh TH, Chou YC, Hoffer BJ. Exercise Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Improves Dopaminergic Functions in the Rat Hemi-Parkinson's Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3973. [PMID: 29507426 PMCID: PMC5838260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the influences of exercise on motor deficits and dopaminergic transmission in a hemiparkinson animal model, we measured the effects of exercise on the ambulatory system by estimating spatio-temporal parameters during walking, striatal dopamine (DA) release and reuptake and synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway after unilateral 6-OHDA lesions. 6-OHDA lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats were exercised on a fixed speed treadmill for 30 minutes per day. Controls received the same lesion but no exercise. Animals were subsequently analyzed for behavior including gait analysis, rotarod performance and apomorphine induced rotation. Subsequently, in vitro striatal dopamine release was analyzed by using FSCV and activity-dependent plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway was measured in each group. Our data indicated that exercise could improve motor walking speed and increase the apomorphine-induced rotation threshold. Exercise also ameliorated spatiotemporal impairments in gait in PD animals. Exercise increased the parameters of synaptic plasticity formation in the corticostriatal pathway of PD animals as well as the dynamics of dopamine transmission in PD animals. Fixed speed treadmill training 30 minutes per day could ameliorate spatial-temporal gait impairment, improve walking speed, dopamine transmission as well as corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in the unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Tung-Tai Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Hsin Kao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Graduate Program on Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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226
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Chia K, Mazzolini J, Mione M, Sieger D. Tumor initiating cells induce Cxcr4-mediated infiltration of pro-tumoral macrophages into the brain. eLife 2018; 7:e31918. [PMID: 29465400 PMCID: PMC5821457 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that microglia and macrophages are present in brain tumors, but whether or how they affect initiation and development of tumors is not known. Exploiting the advantages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, we showed that macrophages and microglia respond immediately upon oncogene activation in the brain. Overexpression of human AKT1 within neural cells of larval zebrafish led to a significant increase in the macrophage and microglia populations. By using a combination of transgenic and mutant zebrafish lines, we showed that this increase was caused by the infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the brain mediated via Sdf1b-Cxcr4b signaling. Intriguingly, confocal live imaging reveals highly dynamic interactions between macrophages/microglia and pre-neoplastic cells, which do not result in phagocytosis of pre-neoplastic cells. Finally, depletion of macrophages and microglia resulted in a significant reduction of oncogenic cell proliferation. Thus, macrophages and microglia show tumor promoting functions already during the earliest stages of the developing tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelda Chia
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Julie Mazzolini
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Marina Mione
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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227
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Truettner JS, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Hyperthermia and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Effects on Inflammation and the Cerebral Vasculature. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:940-952. [PMID: 29108477 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion represents the majority of brain trauma in the United States. The pathophysiology of mTBI is complex and may include both focal and diffuse injury patterns. In addition to altered circuit dysfunction and traumatic axonal injury (TAI), chronic neuroinflammation has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of mTBI. Recently, our laboratory has reported the detrimental effects of mild hyperthermic mTBI in terms of worsening histopathological and behavioral outcomes. To clarify the role of temperature-sensitive neuroinflammatory processes on these consequences, we evaluated the effects of elevated brain temperature (39°C) on altered microglia/macrophage phenotype patterns after mTBI, changes in leukocyte recruitment, and TAI. Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent mild parasagittal fluid-percussion injury under normothermic (37°C) or hyperthermic (39°C) conditions. Cortical and hippocampal regions were analyzed using several cellular and molecular outcome measures. At 24 h, the ratio of iNOS-positive (M1 type phenotype) to arginase-positive (M2 type phenotype) cells after hyperthermic mTBI showed an increase compared with normothermia by flow cytometry. Inflammatory response gene arrays also demonstrated a significant increase in several classes of pro-inflammatory genes with hyperthermia treatment over normothermia. The injury-induced expression of chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) and alpha-2-macroglobulin were also increased with hyperthermic mTBI. With western blot analysis, an increase in CD18 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) with hyperthermia and a significant increase in Iba1 reactive microglia are reported in the cerebral cortex. Together, these results demonstrate significant differences in the cellular and molecular consequences of raised brain temperature at the time of mTBI. The observed polarization toward a M1-phenotype with mild hyperthermia would be expected to augment chronic inflammatory cascades, sustained functional deficits, and increased vulnerability to secondary insults. Mild elevations in brain temperature may contribute to the more severe and longer lasting consequences of mTBI or concussion reported in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie S Truettner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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228
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Progranulin Gene Therapy Improves Lysosomal Dysfunction and Microglial Pathology Associated with Frontotemporal Dementia and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2341-2358. [PMID: 29378861 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3081-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin, a lysosomal glycoprotein, cause neurodegenerative disease. Progranulin haploinsufficiency causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and complete progranulin deficiency causes CLN11 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Progranulin replacement is a rational therapeutic strategy for these disorders, but there are critical unresolved mechanistic questions about a progranulin gene therapy approach, including its potential to reverse existing pathology. Here, we address these issues using an AAV vector (AAV-Grn) to deliver progranulin in Grn-/- mice (both male and female), which model aspects of NCL and FTD pathology, developing lysosomal dysfunction, lipofuscinosis, and microgliosis. We first tested whether AAV-Grn could improve preexisting pathology. Even with treatment after onset of pathology, AAV-Grn reduced lipofuscinosis in several brain regions of Grn-/- mice. AAV-Grn also reduced microgliosis in brain regions distant from the injection site. AAV-expressed progranulin was only detected in neurons, not in microglia, indicating that the microglial activation in progranulin deficiency can be improved by targeting neurons and thus may be driven at least in part by neuronal dysfunction. Even areas with sparse transduction and almost undetectable progranulin showed improvement, indicating that low-level replacement may be sufficiently effective. The beneficial effects of AAV-Grn did not require progranulin binding to sortilin. Finally, we tested whether AAV-Grn improved lysosomal function. AAV-derived progranulin was delivered to the lysosome, ameliorated the accumulation of LAMP-1 in Grn-/- mice, and corrected abnormal cathepsin D activity. These data shed light on progranulin biology and support progranulin-boosting therapies for NCL and FTD due to GRN mutations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Heterozygous loss-of-function progranulin (GRN) mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and homozygous mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Here, we address several mechanistic questions about the potential of progranulin gene therapy for these disorders. GRN mutation carriers with NCL or FTD exhibit lipofuscinosis and Grn-/- mouse models develop a similar pathology. AAV-mediated progranulin delivery reduced lipofuscinosis in Grn-/- mice even after the onset of pathology. AAV delivered progranulin only to neurons, not microglia, but improved microgliosis in several brain regions, indicating cross talk between neuronal and microglial pathology. Its beneficial effects were sortilin independent. AAV-derived progranulin was delivered to lysosomes and corrected lysosomal abnormalities. These data provide in vivo support for the efficacy of progranulin-boosting therapies for FTD and NCL.
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229
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Manera M, Sayyaf Dezfuli B, DePasquale JA, Giari L. Pigmented macrophages and related aggregates in the spleen of european sea bass dosed with heavy metals: Ultrastructure and explorative morphometric analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:351-364. [PMID: 29318746 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure and morphometrics of pigmented macrophages (PMs) were assessed in the spleen of European sea bass experimentally dosed with Cd and Hg. PMs occurred either as solitary cells or as variably structured aggregations, defined as macrophage aggregates (MAs). Light microscopy revealed a high degree of morphological heterogeneity amongst MAs of all experimental groups. At the ultrastructural level, MAs showed a heterogeneous pigment content that was not influenced by the treatment. Cytoplasm rarefaction/vacuolation and euchromatic nuclei, were observed in PMs of dosed fish. Undosed and Cd-dosed samples differ significantly with regard to the following morphometric features: the Minor axis of the best fitting ellipse, Aspect Ratio, and Roundness. In Cd-dosed fish, MAs showed reduced size and complexity. Lacunarity showed significant differences between undosed and both Cd and Hg-dosed samples. These results suggest that heavy metals, and especially Cd, may influence the dynamics of PM aggregation/disaggregation. Variability in splenic MAs was observed both by light and electron microscopy. However, only the morphometric techniques adequately and objectively described the phenomenon, allowing a quantitative/statistical comparison of morphology among experimental groups. These morphometric analyses could be usefully applied in toxicological and ecotoxicological, as well as morpho-functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, I-64100, Italy
| | - Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
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230
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Cáez-Ramírez G, Alamilla-Beltrán L, Gutiérrez-López GF. Morphometric analysis and tissue structural continuity evaluation of senescence progression in fresh cut papaya ( Carica papaya L.). J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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231
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Liu J, Allender E, Wang J, Simpson EH, Loeb JA, Song F. Slowing disease progression in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS by blocking neuregulin-induced microglial activation. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 111:118-126. [PMID: 29278738 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no effective treatments to slow disease progression in ALS. We previously reported that neuregulin (NRG) receptors are constitutively activated on microglia in the ventral horns in both ALS patients and SOD1 mice and in the corticospinal tracts of ALS patients, and that NRG receptor activation occurs prior to significant clinical disease onset in SOD1 mice. Here, we hypothesize that blocking NRG signaling on microglia would slow disease progression in SOD1 mice using a targeted NRG antagonist (HBD-S-H4). Recombinant HBD-S-H4 directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS) through implanted intracerebroventricular cannulas showed no signs of toxicity and significantly inhibited NRG receptor activation on microglia resulting in reduced microglial activation and motor neuron loss. The treatment also resulted in a delay in disease onset and an increase in survival. The therapeutic effect was dose-dependent that varied as a function of genetic background in two different strains of SOD1 mice. As a complementary drug delivery approach, transgenic mice expressing HBD-S-H4 driven by an astrocytic promoter (GFAP) had slower disease progression in a dose dependent manner, based on the level of HBD-S-H4 expression. These studies provide mechanistic insights into how NRG signaling on microglia may lead to disease progression and demonstrate the utility of a humanized fusion protein that blocks NRG as a novel therapeutic for human ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Liu
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Elise Allender
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Eleanor H Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Loeb
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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232
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Veinhard M, Bonville O, Courchinoux R, Parreault R, Natoli JY, Lamaignère L. Quantification of laser-induced damage growth using fractal analysis. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:5078-5081. [PMID: 29240141 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lateral and longitudinal laser damage growth under subsequent irradiations at 351 nm in the nanosecond range from micrometric to millimetric scales is presented herein. Atypical behavior has been observed, showing the growth in the longitudinal direction, whereas the lateral growth does not evolve. We propose the use of fractal analysis to describe the evolution of the bulk damage morphology. The results indicate first a dependence between the damage fractal dimension and the laser parameters, such as the fluence and the pulse duration. Next, it seems from observations that the damage morphology modifications drive the growth rate changes.
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233
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Eggen BJL, Boddeke EWGM, Kooistra SM. Regulation of Microglia Identity from an Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Point of View. Neuroscience 2017; 405:3-13. [PMID: 29247774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have long been recognized as the endogenous innate immune elements in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Besides fulfilling local immune-related functions, they provide cross-talk between the CNS and the immune system at large. In the adult CNS, microglia are involved in maintaining brain homeostasis, modulating synaptic transmission and clearance of apoptotic cells. During embryonic development, microglia are responsible for the removal of supernumerary synapses and neurons, and neuronal network formation. The full scale of their potential abilities has been highlighted by improvements in microglia isolation methods, the development of genetically tagged mouse models, advanced imaging technologies and the application of next-generation sequencing in recent years. Genome-wide expression analysis of relatively pure microglia populations from both mouse and human CNS tissues has thereby greatly contributed to our knowledge of their biology; what defines them under homeostatic conditions and how microglia respond to processes like aging and CNS disease? How and to what degree beneficial functions of microglia can be restored in the aged or diseased brain will be the key issue to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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234
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Clayton KA, Van Enoo AA, Ikezu T. Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Microglia in Brain Homeostasis and Proteopathy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:680. [PMID: 29311768 PMCID: PMC5733046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is central to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), although the mechanisms by which it occurs at protein or cellular levels are not fully understood. Alzheimer's disease is the most common proteopathy and is characterized by two unique pathologies: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the former accumulating earlier than the latter. Aging alters the proteostasis of amyloid-β peptides and microtubule-associated protein tau, which are regulated in both autonomous and non-autonomous manners. Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system, play a major role in the non-autonomous clearance of protein aggregates. Their function is significantly altered by aging and neurodegeneration. This is genetically supported by the association of microglia-specific genes, TREM2 and CD33, and late onset Alzheimer's disease. Here, we propose that the functional characterization of microglia, and their contribution to proteopathy, will lead to a new therapeutic direction in Alzheimer's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Clayton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia A Van Enoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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235
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Sominsky L, De Luca S, Spencer SJ. Microglia: Key players in neurodevelopment and neuronal plasticity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 94:56-60. [PMID: 29197626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune cells in the CNS. Since their initial discovery and characterization, decades of research have revealed their unique roles not only in maintaining immune homeostasis, but also being indispensable to brain development and cognitive function. As such, microglia drive synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, neurogenesis and neuronal activity. Microglia-specific mutations are implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders, and dysregulation of microglial function is strongly linked to several pathologies, including cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Importantly, developmental insults can lead to long-term changes in microglial function that may compromise the ability of the adult brain to fight infections and process cognitive information. Adult lifestyle or injury can also lastingly influence microglial morphology and function. Here we highlight key research on microglia's role in neuronal plasticity across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., 3083, Australia
| | - Simone De Luca
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., 3083, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., 3083, Australia.
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236
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DeWalt GJ, Mahajan B, Foster AR, Thompson LDE, Marttini AA, Schmidt EV, Mansuri S, D'Souza D, Patel SB, Tenenbaum M, Brandao-Viruet KI, Thompson D, Duong B, Smith DH, Blute TA, Eldred WD. Region-specific alterations in astrocyte and microglia morphology following exposure to blasts in the mouse hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2017; 664:160-166. [PMID: 29133177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health concern, especially injuries from repetitive insults. The main objective of this study was to immunocytochemically examine morphological alterations in astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus 48h following a single blast versus multiple blasts in adult C57BL/6 mice. The effects of ketamine and xylazine (KX), two common anesthetic agents used in TBI research, were also evaluated due to the confounding effect of anesthetics on injury outcome. Results showed a significant increase in hypertrophic microglia that was limited to the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, but only in the absence of KX. Although the presence or absence of KX had no effect on astrocytes following a single blast, a significant decrease in astrocytic immunoreactivity was observed in the stratum lacunosum moleculare following multiple blasts in the absence of KX. The morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia reported in this study reveal region-specific differences in the absence of KX that could have significant implications for our interpretation of glial alterations in animal models of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Mansuri
- Boston University, Department of Biology, United States
| | | | - Shama B Patel
- Boston University, Department of Biology, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bryan Duong
- Boston University, Department of Biology, United States
| | | | - Todd A Blute
- Boston University, Department of Biology, United States
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237
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Ding Y, Pardon MC, Agostini A, Faas H, Duan J, Ward WOC, Easton F, Auer D, Bai L. Novel Methods for Microglia Segmentation, Feature Extraction, and Classification. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 14:1366-1377. [PMID: 27429441 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2016.2591520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Segmentation and analysis of histological images provides a valuable tool to gain insight into the biology and function of microglial cells in health and disease. Common image segmentation methods are not suitable for inhomogeneous histology image analysis and accurate classification of microglial activation states has remained a challenge. In this paper, we introduce an automated image analysis framework capable of efficiently segmenting microglial cells from histology images and analyzing their morphology. The framework makes use of variational methods and the fast-split Bregman algorithm for image denoising and segmentation, and of multifractal analysis for feature extraction to classify microglia by their activation states. Experiments show that the proposed framework is accurate and scalable to large datasets and provides a useful tool for the study of microglial biology.
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238
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De Luca SN, Ziko I, Dhuna K, Sominsky L, Tolcos M, Stokes L, Spencer SJ. Neonatal overfeeding by small-litter rearing sensitises hippocampal microglial responses to immune challenge: Reversal with neonatal repeated injections of saline or minocycline. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28983991 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The early-life period is extremely vulnerable to programming effects from the environment, many of which persist into adulthood. We have previously demonstrated that adult rats overfed as neonates have hypothalamic microglia that are hyper-responsive to an immune challenge, as well as hippocampal microglia that respond less efficiently to learning. We therefore hypothesised that neonatal overfeeding would alter the ability of hippocampal microglia to respond to an immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and that concomitant minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic that suppresses microglial activity, could restore these responses. We induced neonatal overfeeding by manipulating the litter sizes in which Wistar rat pups were raised, so the pups were suckled in litters of four (neonatally overfed) or 12 (control-fed). We then examined the hippocampal microglial profiles 24 hour after an immune challenge with LPS and found that the neonatally overfed rats had dramatically increased microglial numbers in the hippocampus after immune challenge compared to control-fed rats. Attempts to reverse these effects with minocycline revealed repeated that neonatal injections, whether with minocycline or with saline, markedly suppressed microglial number and density throughout the hippocampus and abolished the difference between the groups in their responses to LPS. These data suggest that neonatal overfeeding not only can have lasting effects on hippocampal immune responses, but also that neonatal exposure to a protocol of repeated injections, irrespective of treatment, has a pronounced long-term impact, highlighting the importance of considering these effects when interpreting experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N De Luca
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - I Ziko
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K Dhuna
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L Stokes
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - S J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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239
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Djuričić GJ, Radulovic M, Sopta JP, Nikitović M, Milošević NT. Fractal and Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix Computational Analysis of Primary Osteosarcoma Magnetic Resonance Images Predicts the Chemotherapy Response. Front Oncol 2017; 7:246. [PMID: 29098142 PMCID: PMC5653945 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The prediction of induction chemotherapy response at the time of diagnosis may improve outcomes in osteosarcoma by allowing for personalized tailoring of therapy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the predictive potential of the so far unexploited computational analysis of osteosarcoma magnetic resonance (MR) images. Fractal and gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithms were employed in retrospective analysis of MR images of primary osteosarcoma localized in distal femur prior to the OsteoSa induction chemotherapy. The predicted and actual chemotherapy response outcomes were then compared by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and accuracy calculation. Dbin, Λ, and SCN were the standard fractal and GLCM features which significantly associated with the chemotherapy outcome, but only in one of the analyzed planes. Our newly developed normalized fractal dimension, called the space-filling ratio (SFR) exerted an independent and much better predictive value with the prediction significance accomplished in two of the three imaging planes, with accuracy of 82% and area under the ROC curve of 0.20 (95% confidence interval 0-0.41). In conclusion, SFR as the newly designed fractal coefficient provided superior predictive performance in comparison to standard image analysis features, presumably by compensating for the tumor size variation in MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran J Djuričić
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Radulovic
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena P Sopta
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nebojša T Milošević
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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240
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Quantitative microglia analyses reveal diverse morphologic responses in the rat cortex after diffuse brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13211. [PMID: 29038483 PMCID: PMC5643511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining regions of altered brain physiology after diffuse brain injury is challenging. Microglia, brain immune cells with ramified and dynamically moving processes, constantly surveil the parenchyma for dysfunction which, when present, results in a changed morphology. Our purpose was to define the spatiotemporal changes in microglia morphology over 28 days following rat midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) as a first step in exploiting microglia morphology to reflect altered brain physiology. Microglia morphology was quantified from histological sections using Image J skeleton and fractal analysis procedures at three time points and in three regions post-mFPI: impact site, primary somatosensory cortex barrel field (S1BF), and a remote region. Microglia ramification (process length/cell and endpoints/cell) decreased in the impact and S1BF but not the remote region (p < 0.05). Microglia complexity was decreased in the S1BF (p = 0.003) and increased in the remote region (p < 0.02). Rod-shaped microglia were present in the S1BF and had a 1.8:1.0 length:width ratio. An in-depth quantitative morphologic analysis revealed diverse and widespread changes to microglia morphology in the cortex post-mFPI. Due to their close link to neuronal function, changes in microglia morphology, summarized in this study, likely reflect altered physiology with diverse and widespread impact on neuronal and circuit function.
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241
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Perez-Urrutia N, Mendoza C, Alvarez-Ricartes N, Oliveros-Matus P, Echeverria F, Grizzell JA, Barreto GE, Iarkov A, Echeverria V. Intranasal cotinine improves memory, and reduces depressive-like behavior, and GFAP + cells loss induced by restraint stress in mice. Exp Neurol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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242
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Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Activation of Microglyocytes in the Anterior Horns of Rat Spinal Cord after Administration of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:515-518. [PMID: 28853070 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the reaction of the microglia of the anterior horns of the rat spinal cord to intraperitoneal administration of bacterial LPS. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that acute systemic inflammation leads to activation of more than half of microglial cells as soon as in 24 h after LPS injection, while the total number of microglial cells does not change significantly. It was hypothesized that activated microglial cells are involved in the reorganization of synaptic connections, but do not have a neurotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kolos
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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243
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Anderson WD, Greenhalgh AD, Takwale A, David S, Vadigepalli R. Novel Influences of IL-10 on CNS Inflammation Revealed by Integrated Analyses of Cytokine Networks and Microglial Morphology. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:233. [PMID: 28855862 PMCID: PMC5557777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated interactions between cytokine signaling and morphological dynamics of microglial cells regulate neuroinflammation in CNS injury and disease. We found that pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in vivo showed a pronounced recovery following systemic LPS. We performed a novel multivariate analysis of microglial morphology and identified changes in specific morphological properties of microglia that matched the expression dynamics of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. The adaptive recovery kinetics of TNFα expression and microglial soma size showed comparable profiles and dependence on anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 expression. The recovery of cytokine variations and microglial morphology responses to inflammation were negatively regulated by IL-10. Our novel morphological analysis of microglia is able to detect subtle changes and can be used widely. We implemented in silico simulations of cytokine network dynamics which showed—counter-intuitively, but in line with our experimental observations—that negative feedback from IL-10 was sufficient to impede the adaptive recovery of TNFα-mediated inflammation. Our integrative approach is a powerful tool to study changes in specific components of microglial morphology for insights into their functional states, in relation to cytokine network dynamics, during CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Anderson
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics/Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew D Greenhalgh
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aditya Takwale
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel David
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health CenterMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics/Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, United States
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244
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Fernández-Arjona MDM, Grondona JM, Granados-Durán P, Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD. Microglia Morphological Categorization in a Rat Model of Neuroinflammation by Hierarchical Cluster and Principal Components Analysis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:235. [PMID: 28848398 PMCID: PMC5550745 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that microglia morphology and function are closely related, but only few studies have objectively described different morphological subtypes. To address this issue, morphological parameters of microglial cells were analyzed in a rat model of aseptic neuroinflammation. After the injection of a single dose of the enzyme neuraminidase (NA) within the lateral ventricle (LV) an acute inflammatory process occurs. Sections from NA-injected animals and sham controls were immunolabeled with the microglial marker IBA1, which highlights ramifications and features of the cell shape. Using images obtained by section scanning, individual microglial cells were sampled from various regions (septofimbrial nucleus, hippocampus and hypothalamus) at different times post-injection (2, 4 and 12 h). Each cell yielded a set of 15 morphological parameters by means of image analysis software. Five initial parameters (including fractal measures) were statistically different in cells from NA-injected rats (most of them IL-1β positive, i.e., M1-state) compared to those from control animals (none of them IL-1β positive, i.e., surveillant state). However, additional multimodal parameters were revealed more suitable for hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). This method pointed out the classification of microglia population in four clusters. Furthermore, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) suggested three specific parameters to objectively classify any microglia by a decision tree. In addition, a principal components analysis (PCA) revealed two extra valuable variables that allowed to further classifying microglia in a total of eight sub-clusters or types. The spatio-temporal distribution of these different morphotypes in our rat inflammation model allowed to relate specific morphotypes with microglial activation status and brain location. An objective method for microglia classification based on morphological parameters is proposed. Main pointsMicroglia undergo a quantifiable morphological change upon neuraminidase induced inflammation. Hierarchical cluster and principal components analysis allow morphological classification of microglia. Brain location of microglia is a relevant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Granados-Durán
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llebrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - María D López-Ávalos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
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245
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Davis BM, Salinas-Navarro M, Cordeiro MF, Moons L, De Groef L. Characterizing microglia activation: a spatial statistics approach to maximize information extraction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1576. [PMID: 28484229 PMCID: PMC5431479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the pathology of CNS disorders, however, there remains significant uncertainty about the neuroprotective/degenerative role of these cells due to a lack of techniques to adequately assess their complex behaviour in response to injury. Advancing microscopy techniques, transgenic lines and well-characterized molecular markers, have made histological assessment of microglia populations more accessible. However, there is a distinct lack of tools to adequately extract information from these images to fully characterise microglia behaviour. This, combined with growing economic pressures and the ethical need to minimise the use of laboratory animals, led us to develop tools to maximise the amount of information obtained. This study describes a novel approach, combining image analysis with spatial statistical techniques. In addition to monitoring morphological parameters and global changes in microglia density, nearest neighbour distance, and regularity index, we used cluster analyses based on changes in soma size and roundness to yield novel insights into the behaviour of different microglia phenotypes in a murine optic nerve injury model. These methods should be considered a generic tool to quantitatively assess microglia activation, to profile phenotypic changes into microglia subpopulations, and to map spatial distributions in virtually every CNS region and disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Davis
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Manual Salinas-Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom.,Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, 171 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom. .,Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 61 box 2464, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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246
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Au NPB, Ma CHE. Recent Advances in the Study of Bipolar/Rod-Shaped Microglia and their Roles in Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:128. [PMID: 28522972 PMCID: PMC5415568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and they contribute to primary inflammatory responses following CNS injuries. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. Most previous research efforts have attempted to delineate the role of ramified and amoeboid microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to ramified and amoeboid microglia, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia were first described by Franz Nissl in 1899 and their presence in the brain was closely associated with the pathology of infectious diseases and sleeping disorders. However, studies relating to bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are very limited, largely due to the lack of appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Recent studies have reported the formation of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia trains in in vivo models of CNS injury, including diffuse brain injury, focal transient ischemia, optic nerve transection and laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). These bipolar/rod-shaped microglia formed end-to-end alignments in close proximity to the adjacent injured axons, but they showed no interactions with blood vessels or other types of glial cell. Recent studies have also reported on a highly reproducible in vitro culture model system to enrich bipolar/rod-shaped microglia that acts as a powerful tool with which to characterize this form of microglia. The molecular aspects of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are of great interest in the field of CNS repair. This review article focuses on studies relating to the morphology and transformation of microglia into the bipolar/rod-shaped form, along with the differential gene expression and spatial distribution of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia in normal and pathological CNSs. The spatial arrangement of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia is crucial in the reorganization and remodeling of neuronal and synaptic circuitry following CNS injuries. Finally, we discuss the potential neuroprotective roles of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia, and the possibility of transforming ramified/amoeboid microglia into bipolar/rod-shaped microglia. This will be of considerable clinical benefit in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating various neurodegenerative diseases and promoting CNS repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Pan Bennett Au
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong KongKowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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247
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Diaz MF, Vaidya AB, Evans SM, Lee HJ, Aertker BM, Alexander AJ, Price KM, Ozuna JA, Liao GP, Aroom KR, Xue H, Gu L, Omichi R, Bedi S, Olson SD, Cox CS, Wenzel PL. Biomechanical Forces Promote Immune Regulatory Function of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1259-1272. [PMID: 28181347 PMCID: PMC5405000 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are believed to mobilize from the bone marrow in response to inflammation and injury, yet the effects of egress into the vasculature on MSC function are largely unknown. Here we show that wall shear stress (WSS) typical of fluid frictional forces present on the vascular lumen stimulates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as chemokines capable of immune cell recruitment. WSS specifically promotes signaling through NFκB-COX2-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) to suppress tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production by activated immune cells. Ex vivo conditioning of MSCs by WSS improved therapeutic efficacy in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, as evidenced by decreased apoptotic and M1-type activated microglia in the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that force provides critical cues to MSCs residing at the vascular interface which influence immunomodulatory and paracrine activity, and suggest the potential therapeutic use of force for MSC functional enhancement. Stem Cells 2017;35:1259-1272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F. Diaz
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Abishek B. Vaidya
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Siobahn M. Evans
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hyun J. Lee
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Aertker
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander J. Alexander
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katherine M. Price
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joyce A. Ozuna
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George P. Liao
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R. Aroom
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hasen Xue
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liang Gu
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rui Omichi
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott D. Olson
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pamela L. Wenzel
- Children’s Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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248
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Shobin E, Bowley MP, Estrada LI, Heyworth NC, Orczykowski ME, Eldridge SA, Calderazzo SM, Mortazavi F, Moore TL, Rosene DL. Microglia activation and phagocytosis: relationship with aging and cognitive impairment in the rhesus monkey. GeroScience 2017; 39:199-220. [PMID: 28238188 PMCID: PMC5411373 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While cognitive decline is observed in the normal aging monkey, neurons are not lost with age. Instead, frontal white matter is lost as myelin degenerates and both correlate with age-related cognitive decline. As age-related myelin damage increases, there should be an increase in clearance of damaged myelin by microglial phagocytosis. In this study, brains of behaviorally tested rhesus monkeys were assessed using unbiased stereology to quantify the density of activated microglia (LN3 antibody positive) and phagocytic microglia (galectin-3 (Gal-3) antibody positive) in three white matter regions: the corpus callosum, cingulum bundle (CGB), and frontal white matter (FWM). LN3 cell density was significantly increased in the CGB, whereas Gal-3 cell density was significantly increased in all regions. Increases in Gal-3 cell density in the FWM were associated with cognitive impairment. In the FWM of old animals, Gal-3-positive microglia were classified by morphological subtype as ramified, hypertrophic, or amoeboid. The densities of hypertrophic and amoeboid microglia significantly correlated with cognitive impairment. Finally, microglia were double-labeled with LN3 and Gal-3 showing that 91% of Gal-3 cells were also LN3 positive, thus expressing an "activated" phenotype. Furthermore, 15% of all double-labeled cells formed phagocytic cups. Overall, these results suggest that microglia become activated in white matter with age where the majority express a phagocytic phenotype. We hypothesize that age-related phagocytic activation of microglia is a response to accumulating myelin pathology. The association of Gal-3 in the FWM with cognitive impairment may reflect regional differences in damage or dysfunction of normal clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Shobin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Michael P Bowley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02144, USA
| | - Larissa I Estrada
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Nadine C Heyworth
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mary E Orczykowski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sherri A Eldridge
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | | | - Farzad Mortazavi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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249
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Wang Y, Zhou K, Li T, Xu Y, Xie C, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Rodriguez J, Blomgren K, Zhu C. Inhibition of autophagy prevents irradiation-induced neural stem and progenitor cell death in the juvenile mouse brain. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2694. [PMID: 28333139 PMCID: PMC5386526 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective tool in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. However, damage to brain stem and progenitor cells constitutes a major problem and is associated with long-term side effects. Autophagy has been shown to be involved in cell death, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of autophagy inhibition on neural stem and progenitor cell death in the juvenile brain. Ten-day-old selective Atg7 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to a single 6Gy dose of whole-brain irradiation. Cell death and proliferation as well as microglia activation and inflammation were evaluated in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the cerebellum at 6 h after irradiation. We found that cell death was reduced in Atg7 KO compared with WT mice at 6 h after irradiation. The number of activated microglia increased significantly in both the dentate gyrus and the cerebellum of WT mice after irradiation, but the increase was lower in the Atg7 KO mice. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines decreased, especially in the cerebellum, in the Atg7 KO group. These results suggest that autophagy might be a potential target for preventing radiotherapy-induced neural stem and progenitor cell death and its associated long-term side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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250
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Obenaus A, Ng M, Orantes AM, Kinney-Lang E, Rashid F, Hamer M, DeFazio RA, Tang J, Zhang JH, Pearce WJ. Traumatic brain injury results in acute rarefication of the vascular network. Sci Rep 2017; 7:239. [PMID: 28331228 PMCID: PMC5427893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the cerebrovascular network and its acute response to TBI is poorly defined and emerging evidence suggests that cerebrovascular reactivity is altered. We explored how cortical vessels are physically altered following TBI using a newly developed technique, vessel painting. We tested our hypothesis that a focal moderate TBI results in global decrements to structural aspects of the vasculature. Rats (naïve, sham-operated, TBI) underwent a moderate controlled cortical impact. Animals underwent vessel painting perfusion to label the entire cortex at 1 day post TBI followed by whole brain axial and coronal images using a wide-field fluorescence microscope. Cortical vessel network characteristics were analyzed for classical angiographic features (junctions, lengths) wherein we observed significant global (both hemispheres) reductions in vessel junctions and vessel lengths of 33% and 22%, respectively. Biological complexity can be quantified using fractal geometric features where we observed that fractal measures were also reduced significantly by 33%, 16% and 13% for kurtosis, peak value frequency and skewness, respectively. Acutely after TBI there is a reduction in vascular network and vascular complexity that are exacerbated at the lesion site and provide structural evidence for the bilateral hemodynamic alterations that have been reported in patients after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Michelle Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Amanda M Orantes
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Eli Kinney-Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Faisal Rashid
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | | | - Jiping Tang
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - William J Pearce
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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