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Mizoi K, Takahashi M, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Synthesis and evaluation of atorvastatin esters as prodrugs metabolically activated by human carboxylesterases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:921-923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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202
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Shi J, Wang X, Nguyen J, Wu AH, Bleske BE, Zhu HJ. Sacubitril Is Selectively Activated by Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in the Liver and the Activation Is Affected by CES1 Genetic Variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:554-9. [PMID: 26817948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sacubitril was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in combination with valsartan for the treatment of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. As a prodrug, sacubitril must be metabolized (hydrolyzed) to its active metabolite sacubitrilat (LBQ657) to exert its intended therapeutic effects. Thus, understanding the determinants of sacubitril activation will lead to the improvement of sacubitril pharmacotherapy. The objective of this study was to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for the activation of sacubitril, and determine the impact of genetic variation on sacubitril activation. First, an incubation study of sacubitril with human plasma and the S9 fractions of human liver, intestine, and kidney was conducted. Sacubitril was found to be activated by human liver S9 fractions only. Moreover, sacubitril activation was significantly inhibited by the carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) inhibitor bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate in human liver S9. Further incubation studies with recombinant human CES1 and carboxylesterase 2 confirmed that sacubitril is a selective CES1 substrate. The in vitro study of cell lines transfected with wild-type CES1 and the CES1 variant G143E (rs71647871) demonstrated that G143E is a loss-of-function variant for sacubitril activation. Importantly, sacubitril activation was significantly impaired in human livers carrying the G143E variant. In conclusion, sacubitril is selectively activated by CES1 in human liver. The CES1 genetic variant G143E can significantly impair sacubitril activation. Therefore, CES1 genetic variants appear to be an important contributing factor to interindividual variability in sacubitril activation, and have the potential to serve as biomarkers to optimize sacubitril pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Audrey H Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Barry E Bleske
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy (J.S., X.W., H.-J.Z.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.N.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.H.W.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico (B.E.B.)
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203
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Fu J, Pacyniak E, Leed MGD, Sadgrove MP, Marson L, Jay M. Interspecies Differences in the Metabolism of a Multiester Prodrug by Carboxylesterases. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:989-995. [PMID: 26344572 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pentaethyl ester prodrug of the chelating agent diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) referred to as C2E5 is being developed as an orally bioavailable radionuclide decorporation agent. The predicted human efficacy obtained in these experimental animals is confounded by interspecies variations of metabolism. Therefore, in the present study, carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism of [(14)C]-C2E5 was compared in the S9 intestinal and hepatic fractions of human, dog, and rat and their respective plasma. Intestinal hydrolysis of C2E5, resulting in the formation of the tetraethyl ester of DTPA (C2E4), was only detected in human and rat. The primary metabolite in human and dog hepatic fractions was C2E4, whereas the predominant species identified in rat hepatic fractions was the triethyl ester (C2E3). Hepatic hydrolysis of C2E5 causes the formation of C2E4 in human, dog, and rat and C2E3 in rat only. Minimal C2E5 hydrolysis was observed in human and dog plasma, whereas in rat plasma C2E5 converted to C2E3 rapidly, followed by slower further metabolism. Both recombinant CES1 and CES2 play roles in C2E5 metabolism. Together, these data suggest that dogs may be the most appropriate species for predicting human C2E5 metabolism, whereas rats might be useful for clarifying the potential toxicity of C2E5 metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Erik Pacyniak
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Marina G D Leed
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Matthew P Sadgrove
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Lesley Marson
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Michael Jay
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360.
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204
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Wang DD, Jin Q, Hou J, Feng L, Li N, Li SY, Zhou Q, Zou LW, Ge GB, Wang JG, Yang L. Highly sensitive and selective detection of human carboxylesterase 1 activity by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1008:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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205
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Wang DD, Jin Q, Zou LW, Hou J, Lv X, Lei W, Cheng HL, Ge GB, Yang L. A bioluminescent sensor for highly selective and sensitive detection of human carboxylesterase 1 in complex biological samples. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3183-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective and sensitive bioluminescent sensor (DME) for real-time monitoring of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) activities in complex biological samples and bio-imaging of endogenous hCE1 in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Wei Lei
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Hai-Ling Cheng
- Cancer Institute
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ling Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
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206
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Jin Q, Feng L, Wang DD, Dai ZR, Wang P, Zou LW, Liu ZH, Wang JY, Yu Y, Ge GB, Cui JN, Yang L. A Two-Photon Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Carboxylesterase 2 in Living Cells and Tissues. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:28474-28481. [PMID: 26641926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a two-photon ratiometric fluorescent probe NCEN has been designed and developed for highly selective and sensitive sensing of human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) based on the catalytic properties and substrate preference of hCE2. Upon addition of hCE2, the probe could be readily hydrolyzed to release 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide (NAH), which brings remarkable red-shift in fluorescence (90 nm) spectrum. The newly developed probe exhibits good specificity, ultrahigh sensitivity, and has been successfully applied to determine the real activities of hCE2 in complex biological samples such as cell and tissue preparations. NCEN has also been used for two-photon imaging of intracellular hCE2 in living cells as well as in deep-tissues for the first time, and the results showed that the probe exhibited high ratiometric imaging resolution and deep-tissue imaging depth. All these findings suggested that this probe holds great promise for applications in bioimaging of endogenous hCE2 in living cells and in exploring the biological functions of hCE2 in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116012, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zi-Ru Dai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia-Yue Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116012, China
| | - Jing-Nan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116012, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
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207
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Arena de Souza V, Scott DJ, Nettleship JE, Rahman N, Charlton MH, Walsh MA, Owens RJ. Comparison of the Structure and Activity of Glycosylated and Aglycosylated Human Carboxylesterase 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143919. [PMID: 26657071 PMCID: PMC4676782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1) is the key liver microsomal enzyme responsible for detoxification and metabolism of a variety of clinical drugs. To analyse the role of the single N-linked glycan on the structure and activity of the enzyme, authentically glycosylated and aglycosylated hCES1, generated by mutating asparagine 79 to glutamine, were produced in human embryonic kidney cells. Purified enzymes were shown to be predominantly trimeric in solution by analytical ultracentrifugation. The purified aglycosylated enzyme was found to be more active than glycosylated hCES1 and analysis of enzyme kinetics revealed that both enzymes exhibit positive cooperativity. Crystal structures of hCES1 a catalytically inactive mutant (S221A) and the aglycosylated enzyme were determined in the absence of any ligand or substrate to high resolutions (1.86 Å, 1.48 Å and 2.01 Å, respectively). Superposition of all three structures showed only minor conformational differences with a root mean square deviations of around 0.5 Å over all Cα positions. Comparison of the active sites of these un-liganded enzymes with the structures of hCES1-ligand complexes showed that side-chains of the catalytic triad were pre-disposed for substrate binding. Overall the results indicate that preventing N-glycosylation of hCES1 does not significantly affect the structure or activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Arena de Souza
- UK OPPF-UK, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Scott
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E. Nettleship
- UK OPPF-UK, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nahid Rahman
- UK OPPF-UK, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Charlton
- Chroma Therapeutics Ltd., 93 Innovation Drive Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Walsh
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MAW); (RJO)
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- UK OPPF-UK, The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MAW); (RJO)
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208
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Tamura Y, Fujino C, Watanabe Y, Uramaru N, Sone T, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Hydrolytic metabolism of phenyl and benzyl salicylates, fragrances and flavoring agents in foods, by microsomes of rat and human tissues. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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209
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MBL-II-141, a chromone derivative, enhances irinotecan (CPT-11) anticancer efficiency in ABCG2-positive xenografts. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11957-70. [PMID: 25474134 PMCID: PMC4323000 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 is responsible for the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, and strongly modulates cancer outcomes. Its high expression at a number of physiological barriers, including blood-brain and intestinal barriers, impacts on drug pharmacokinetics parameters. We characterized MBL-II-141, a specific and potent ABCG2 inhibitor. Combination of 10 mg/kg MBL-II-141 with the anticancer agent CPT-11 completely blocked the growth of 90% freshly implanted ABCG2-positive tumors. Moreover, the same combination slowed the growth of already established tumors. As required for preclinical development, we defined the main pharmacokinetics parameters of MBL-II-141 and its influence on the kinetics of CPT-11 and its active metabolite SN-38 in mice. MBL-II-141 distribution into the brain occurred at a low, but detectable, level. Interestingly, preliminary data suggested that MBL-II-141 is well tolerated (at 50 mg/kg) and absorbed upon force-feeding. MBL-II-141 induced a potent sensitization of ABCG2-positive xenografts to CPT-11 through in vivo ABCG2 inhibition. MBL-II-141 strongly increased CPT-11 levels in the brain, and therefore would be a valuable agent to improve drug distribution into the brain to efficiently treat aggressive gliomas. Safety and other pharmacological data strongly support the reglementary preclinical development of MBL-II-141.
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210
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Malagnoux L, Capowiez Y, Rault M. Impact of insecticide exposure on the predation activity of the European earwig Forficula auricularia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14116-26. [PMID: 25963069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The European earwig Forficula auricularia is an effective predator in apple orchards. It is therefore crucial to study whether insecticides affect this natural pest control agent. Predation activity, i.e., the number of aphids eaten in 24 h, was determined under laboratory conditions after exposure of fourth-instar nymphs and adult earwigs to widely used insecticides (acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, deltamethrin, and spinosad), which were applied at the normal application rates. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities were also measured as indicators of pesticide exposure. Predation activity decreased significantly in nymphs exposed to spinosad (62%) and chlorpyrifos-ethyl (98%) compared with controls. A similar response was found for both esterase activities. Spinosad had a stronger effect on AChE (-33%) whereas chlorpyrifos-ethyl affected CbE activity preferentially (-59%). Spinosad (20% of controls), acetamiprid (28%), and chlorpyrifos-ethyl (66%) also significantly decreased the predation behavior of adult male but not female (5 to 40%) earwigs. Adult AChE and CbE activities were also significantly reduced (28 to 67% of controls) in pesticide-exposed earwigs. Our results suggest that earwigs should be included in the environmental risk assessment framework for authorization of newly marketed plant protection products. Their predation behavior appears to be a sensitive and complementary biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Malagnoux
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie (IMBE), Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse UMR 7263 CNRS-IRD, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP21239, F-84916, Avignon Cedex 09, France
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211
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Xu H, Majmudar JD, Davda D, Ghanakota P, Kim KH, Carlson HA, Showalter HD, Martin BR, Amidon GL. Substrate-Competitive Activity-Based Profiling of Ester Prodrug Activating Enzymes. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3399-407. [PMID: 26262434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanistic basis of prodrug delivery and activation is critical for establishing species-specific prodrug sensitivities necessary for evaluating preclinical animal models and potential drug-drug interactions. Despite significant adoption of prodrug methodologies for enhanced pharmacokinetics, functional annotation of prodrug activating enzymes is laborious and often unaddressed. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) describes an emerging chemoproteomic approach to assay active site occupancy within a mechanistically similar enzyme class in native proteomes. The serine hydrolase enzyme family is broadly reactive with reporter-linked fluorophosphonates, which have shown to provide a mechanism-based covalent labeling strategy to assay the activation state and active site occupancy of cellular serine amidases, esterases, and thioesterases. Here we describe a modified ABPP approach using direct substrate competition to identify activating enzymes for an ethyl ester prodrug, the influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. Substrate-competitive ABPP analysis identified carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) as an oseltamivir-activating enzyme in intestinal cell homogenates. Saturating concentrations of oseltamivir lead to a four-fold reduction in the observed rate constant for CES1 inactivation by fluorophosphonates. WWL50, a reported carbamate inhibitor of mouse CES1, blocked oseltamivir hydrolysis activity in human cell homogenates, confirming CES1 is the primary prodrug activating enzyme for oseltamivir in human liver and intestinal cell lines. The related carbamate inhibitor WWL79 inhibited mouse but not human CES1, providing a series of probes for analyzing prodrug activation mechanisms in different preclinical models. Overall, we present a substrate-competitive activity-based profiling approach for broadly surveying candidate prodrug hydrolyzing enzymes and outline the kinetic parameters for activating enzyme discovery, ester prodrug design, and preclinical development of ester prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jaimeen D Majmudar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Dahvid Davda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phani Ghanakota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ki H Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Heather A Carlson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brent R Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, §Department of Chemistry, and ⊥Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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212
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Comparison of in vitro methods for carboxylesterase activity determination in immortalized cells representative of the intestine, liver and kidney. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:215-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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213
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Holenarsipur VK, Gaud N, Sinha J, Sivaprasad S, Bhutani P, Subramanian M, Singh SP, Arla R, Paruchury S, Sharma T, Marathe P, Mandlekar S. Absorption and cleavage of enalapril, a carboxyl ester prodrug, in the rat intestine: in vitro, in situ intestinal perfusion and portal vein cannulation models. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:385-397. [PMID: 25832562 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years prodrug strategy has been used extensively to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds exhibiting poor bioavailability. Mechanistic understanding of the absorption and the role of intestine and liver in the activation of oral prodrugs is crucial. Enalapril, a carboxyl ester prodrug, is reported to be metabolized by human carboxylesterase-1 (CES1) but not by carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) to its active metabolite enalaprilat. Further, it has been reported that the small intestines of both rat and human contain mainly CES2. The objective of this work was to understand whether enalapril remains unchanged as it is absorbed through the intestine into the portal circulation. This was evaluated using different intestinal preparations, an in situ intestinal perfusion experiment and a portal vein cannulated rat model. No turnover of enalapril was seen with commercial rat intestinal S9 and microsomes, but reasonable turnover was observed with freshly prepared rat intestinal and mucosal homogenate and S9. In the intestinal perfusion study, both enalapril and enalaprilat were observed in the mesenteric plasma with the data suggesting 32% hydrolysis of enalapril in the intestine. In the portal vein cannulated rat, about 51% of enalapril absorbed into intestine was converted to enalaprilat. Overall, it was demonstrated that even though enalapril has been shown to be a specific substrate for CES1, it is converted to enalaprilat to a significant extent in the intestine. Such experimental techniques can be applied by other scientific groups who are working on prodrugs to determine the region and extent of activation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Nilesh Gaud
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Jaydeep Sinha
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Sankara Sivaprasad
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Priyadeep Bhutani
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Murali Subramanian
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | | | - Rambabu Arla
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Sundeep Paruchury
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Tarun Sharma
- Sai Life Sciences Ltd, Plot No. 2, Chrysalis Enclave, TCG International, Biotech Park, Pune, 411057, India
| | - Punit Marathe
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India.,Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb India Pvt Ltd, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore, 560099, India
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214
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Rasmussen HB, Bjerre D, Linnet K, Jürgens G, Dalhoff K, Stefansson H, Hankemeier T, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Taboureau O, Brunak S, Houmann T, Jeppesen P, Pagsberg AK, Plessen K, Dyrborg J, Hansen PR, Hansen PE, Hughes T, Werge T. Individualization of treatments with drugs metabolized by CES1: combining genetics and metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:649-65. [PMID: 25896426 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CES1 is involved in the hydrolysis of ester group-containing xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds including several essential and commonly used drugs. The individual variation in the efficacy and tolerability of many drugs metabolized by CES1 is considerable. Hence, there is a large interest in individualizing the treatment with these drugs. The present review addresses the issue of individualized treatment with drugs metabolized by CES1. It describes the composition of the gene encoding CES1, reports variants of this gene with focus upon those with a potential effect on drug metabolism and provides an overview of the protein structure of this enzyme bringing notice to mechanisms involved in the regulation of enzyme activity. Subsequently, the review highlights drugs metabolized by CES1 and argues that individual differences in the pharmacokinetics of these drugs play an important role in determining drug response and tolerability suggesting prospects for individualized drug therapies. Our review also discusses endogenous substrates of CES1 and assesses the potential of using metabolomic profiling of blood to identify proxies for the hepatic activity of CES1 that predict the rate of drug metabolism. Finally, the combination of genetics and metabolomics to obtain an accurate prediction of the individual response to CES1-dependent drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2 Boserupvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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215
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Ogura K, Ishii Y. Significance of non-cytochrome P450 (non-P450) enzymes in basic science, clinical field and drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:1-2. [PMID: 25760526 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ogura
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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216
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Chen R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tang S, Zhan S. Key factors of susceptibility to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:883-97. [PMID: 25693865 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) is one of the leading adverse drug reactions during the course of tuberculosis treatment and poses a considerable challenge to clinicians and researchers. Previous studies have revealed the important contribution of drug metabolism and transporter enzymes to the complexity of ATDH. The emerging roles of immune response and oxidative stress resulting from reactive metabolite in the development of ATDH have also gained attention recently. Both non-genetic and genetic factors can have a significant impact on the susceptibility to ATDH, consequently altering the risk of hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals. Non-genetic risk factors associated with ATDH include host factors, environment factors and drug-related factors. Genetic factors contributing to the susceptibility of ATDH involve genetic variations in bioactivation/toxification pathways via the cytochrome P450 enzymes (phase I), detoxification reactions by N-acetyl transferase 2, glutathione S-transferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (phase II) and hepatic transport (phase III), together with immunological factors and antioxidant response. Better understanding of these factors may help to predict and prevent the occurrence of ATDH and develop more effective treatments. This review focuses on the mechanisms of ATDH and the key factors of susceptibility associated with drug metabolism, hepatic transport, immune response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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217
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Uno Y, Hosokawa M, Imai T. Isolation and characterization of arylacetamide deacetylase in cynomolgus macaques. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:721-4. [PMID: 25715734 PMCID: PMC4488411 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), a microsomal serine esterase, hydrolyzes drugs, such as flutamide, phenacetin and rifampicin. Because AADAC has not been fully investigated at molecular levels in cynomolgus macaques, the non-human primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies, cynomolgus AADAC cDNA was isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence, highly homologous (92%) to human AADAC, was more closely clustered with human AADAC than the dog, rat or mouse ortholog in a phylogenetic tree. AADAC was flanked by AADACL2 and SUCNR1 in the cynomolgus and human genomes. Moreover, relatively abundant expression of AADAC mRNA was found in liver and jejunum, the drug-metabolizing organs, in cynomolgus macaques, similar to humans. The results suggest molecular similarities of AADAC between cynomolgus macaques and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
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218
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Fructus Psoraleae contains natural compounds with potent inhibitory effects towards human carboxylesterase 2. Fitoterapia 2015; 101:99-106. [PMID: 25596095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructus Psoraleae (FP) is an edible Chinese herbal which is widely used in Asia for the treatment of various diseases including asthma, diarrhea, and osteoporosis. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of the crude ethanol extract from FP on human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2), as well as to identity and characterize the naturally occurring inhibitors of hCE2 in FP. Our results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of FP displayed potent inhibitory effects towards hCE2, while five major bioactive constitutes in FP were efficiently identified by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, with the aid of LC-based activity profiling. The identified bioactive compounds including neobavaisoflavone, isobavachalcone, bavachinin, corylifol A and bakuchiol were found to be naturally occurring potent inhibitors of hCE2, with low Ki values ranging from 0.62μM to 3.89μM. This is the first report of the chemical constitutes in FP as potent inhibitors of hCE2.
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219
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Steiger S, Perez-Fons L, Cutting SM, Fraser PD, Sandmann G. Annotation and functional assignment of the genes for the C30 carotenoid pathways from the genomes of two bacteria: Bacillus indicus and Bacillus firmus. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:194-202. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.083519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Steiger
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon M. Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Paul D. Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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220
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of dabigatran etexilate, intermediate metabolite and dabigatran in 50μL rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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221
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Hosokawa M, Imai T. Systematic Identification and Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Cynomolgus Macaques. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2002-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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222
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Aranda J, Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Roca M, Tuñon I, Ramos MJ. The catalytic mechanism of carboxylesterases: a computational study. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5820-9. [PMID: 25101647 DOI: 10.1021/bi500934j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic mechanism of carboxylesterases (CEs, EC 3.1.1.1) is explored by computational means. CEs hydrolyze ester, amide, and carbamate bonds found in xenobiotics and endobiotics. They can also perform transesterification, a reaction important, for instance, in cholesterol homeostasis. The catalytic mechanisms with three different substrates (ester, thioester, and amide) have been established at the M06-2X/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. It was found that the reactions proceed through a mechanism involving four steps instead of two as is generally proposed: (i) nucleophilic attack of serine to the substrate, forming the first tetrahedral intermediate, (ii) formation of the acyl-enzyme complex concomitant with the release of the alcohol product, (iii) nucleophilic attack of a water or alcohol molecule forming the second tetrahedral intermediate, and (iv) the release of the second product of the reaction. The results agree very well with the available experimental data and show that the hydrolytic and the transesterification reactions are competitive processes when the substrate is an ester. In all the other studied substrates (thioester or amide), the hydrolytic and transesterification process are less favorable and some of them might not even take place under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aranda
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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223
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Jensen PR, Serra SC, Miragoli L, Karlsson M, Cabella C, Poggi L, Venturi L, Tedoldi F, Lerche MH. Hyperpolarized [1,3-13C2]ethyl acetoacetate is a novel diagnostic metabolic marker of liver cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E117-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luigi Miragoli
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cabella
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Luisa Poggi
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Luca Venturi
- Center of Preclinical Imaging; University of Torino (Italy); Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
| | - Fabio Tedoldi
- Centro Ricerche Bracco; Bracco Imaging Spa; Colleretto Giacosa (TO) Italy
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224
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Yang X, Morris SM, Gearhart JM, Ruark CD, Paule MG, Slikker W, Mattison DR, Vitiello B, Twaddle NC, Doerge DR, Young JF, Fisher JW. Development of a physiologically based model to describe the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in juvenile and adult humans and nonhuman primates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106101. [PMID: 25184666 PMCID: PMC4153582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread usage of methylphenidate (MPH) in the pediatric population has received considerable attention due to its potential effect on child development. For the first time a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed in juvenile and adult humans and nonhuman primates to quantitatively evaluate species- and age-dependent enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics of MPH and its primary metabolite ritalinic acid. The PBPK model was first calibrated in adult humans using in vitro enzyme kinetic data of MPH enantiomers, together with plasma and urine pharmacokinetic data with MPH in adult humans. Metabolism of MPH in the small intestine was assumed to account for the low oral bioavailability of MPH. Due to lack of information, model development for children and juvenile and adult nonhuman primates primarily relied on intra- and interspecies extrapolation using allometric scaling. The juvenile monkeys appear to metabolize MPH more rapidly than adult monkeys and humans, both adults and children. Model prediction performance is comparable between juvenile monkeys and children, with average root mean squared error values of 4.1 and 2.1, providing scientific basis for interspecies extrapolation of toxicity findings. Model estimated human equivalent doses in children that achieve similar internal dose metrics to those associated with pubertal delays in juvenile monkeys were found to be close to the therapeutic doses of MPH used in pediatric patients. This computational analysis suggests that continued pharmacovigilance assessment is prudent for the safe use of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Suzanne M. Morris
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jeffery M. Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Ruark
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Merle G. Paule
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - William Slikker
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Mattison
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Twaddle
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - John F. Young
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Fisher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
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225
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Nishimuta H, Houston JB, Galetin A. Hepatic, intestinal, renal, and plasma hydrolysis of prodrugs in human, cynomolgus monkey, dog, and rat: implications for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of clearance of prodrugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1522-31. [PMID: 24994071 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis plays an important role in metabolic activation of prodrugs. In the current study, species and in vitro system differences in hepatic and extrahepatic hydrolysis were investigated for 11 prodrugs. Ten prodrugs in the data set are predominantly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases (CES), whereas olmesartan medoxomil is also metabolized by carboxymethylenebutenolidase (CMBL) and paraoxonase. Metabolic stabilities were assessed in cryopreserved hepatocytes, liver S9 (LS9), intestinal S9 (IS9), kidney S9 (KS9), and plasma from human, monkey, dog, and rat. Of all the preclinical species investigated, monkey intrinsic hydrolysis clearance obtained in hepatocytes (CLint,hepatocytes) were the most comparable to human hepatocyte data. Perindopril and candesartan cilexetil showed the lowest and highest CLint,hepatocytes, respectively, regardless of the species investigated. Scaled intrinsic hydrolysis clearance obtained in LS9 were generally higher than CLint,hepatocytes in all species investigated, with the exception of dog. In the case of human and dog intestinal S9, hydrolysis intrinsic clearance could not be obtained for CES1 substrates, but hydrolysis for CES2 and CMBL substrates was detected in IS9 and KS9 from all species. Pronounced species differences were observed in plasma; hydrolysis of CES substrates was only evident in rat. Predictability of human hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint,h) was assessed for eight CES1 substrates using hepatocytes and LS9; extrahepatic hydrolysis was not considered due to high stability of these prodrugs in intestinal and kidney S9. On average, predicted oral CLint,h from hepatocyte data represented 20% of the observed value; the underprediction was pronounced for high-clearance prodrugs, consistent with the predictability of cytochrome P450/conjugation clearance from this system. Prediction bias was less apparent with LS9, in particular for high-clearance prodrugs, highlighting the application of this in vitro system for investigation of prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Nishimuta
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.N., J.B.H., A.G.); and Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (H.N.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.N., J.B.H., A.G.); and Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (H.N.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (H.N., J.B.H., A.G.); and Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (H.N.)
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226
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Irinotecan and temozolomide brain distribution: a focus on ABCB1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:185-93. [PMID: 24867782 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is usually rapidly fatal with median survival duration of only 15 months and a 3-year survival rate of <7 %. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the only anticancer drug that has improved survival in GBM when administered with concomitant radiotherapy. Irinotecan (CPT-11) has also shown efficacy in recurrent gliomas monotherapy with moderate response. As the efficacy of GBM treatments relies on their brain distribution through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the aim of the present work was to study, on an in vivo model, the brain distribution of TMZ, CPT-11 and its active metabolite, SN-38. We have focussed on the role of ABCB1, the main efflux transporter at the BBB level, through pharmacokinetics studies in CF1 mdr1a(+/+) and mdr1a(-/-) mice. Our results show that TMZ, CPT-11 and SN-38 are transported by ABCB1 at the BBB level with brain/plasma ratios of 1.1, 2.1 and 2.3, respectively.
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227
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Hakamata W, Tamura S, Hirano T, Nishio T. Multicolor imaging of endoplasmic reticulum-located esterase as a prodrug activation enzyme. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:321-5. [PMID: 24900834 DOI: 10.1021/ml400398t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The carboxylesterase families of enzymes are key participants in phase I drug metabolism processes. Carboxylesterase families 1 and 2 are of particular clinical relevance. These enzymes produce endoplasmic reticulum localization signals, are primarily localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and hydrolyze a wide range of ester-containing prodrugs into an activated form. In order to detect enzymes belonging to both families, we developed an optical multicolor imaging technique, which provides a distinct color window for multicolor imaging. This technique required the design and synthesis of three new mechanistic colored probes that fluoresce red, green, or blue and are based on the quinone methide cleavage process. These activity-based probes allow rapid and clear visualization with high specificity against the endoplasmic reticulum in cultured cells based on endoplasmic reticulum localized esterases including both families of carboxylesterase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hakamata
- Department of Chemistry and
Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866
Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Saori Tamura
- Department of Chemistry and
Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866
Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takako Hirano
- Department of Chemistry and
Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866
Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Chemistry and
Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866
Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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228
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Shesterenko Y, Romanovska I, Sevastyanov O, Andronati S, Pavlovsky V, Yurpalova T, Wicher B, Kravtsov V, Krysko A. Enantioselective hydrolysis of 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one esters by pig liver microsomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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229
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Marnett LJ, Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Hecht SS, Rietjens IM, Smith RL, Adams TB, Bastaki M, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Taylor SV. GRASr2 Evaluation of Aliphatic Acyclic and Alicyclic Terpenoid Tertiary Alcohols and Structurally Related Substances Used as Flavoring Ingredients. J Food Sci 2014; 79:R428-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J. Marnett
- Dept. of Biochemistry; Center in Molecular Toxicology; Vanderbilt University; School of Medicine; Nashville TN 37232-0146 U.S.A
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology; Univ of Nebraska Medical Center; 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198-3135 U.S.A
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center; 2445 Hirasawa Hadano Kanagawa 257-0015 Japan
| | - Nigel J. Gooderham
- Dept. of Surgery and Cancer; Biomolecular Medicine; Imperial College of Science; Sir Alexander Fleming Building London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Univ of Minnesota; Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE Minneapolis MN 55455 U.S.A
| | | | - Robert L. Smith
- Molecular Toxicology; Imperial College School of Medicine; 18 Guildown Avenue, Woodside Park London N12 7DQ United Kingdom
| | - Timothy B. Adams
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Assn; 1101 17th St NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 U.S.A
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Assn; 1101 17th St NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 U.S.A
| | - Christie L. Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Assn; 1101 17th St NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 U.S.A
| | - Margaret M. McGowen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Assn; 1101 17th St NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 U.S.A
| | - Sean V. Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Assn; 1101 17th St NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 U.S.A
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230
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Sueda K, Sadgrove MP, Huckle JE, Leed MGD, Weber WM, Doyle-Eisele M, Guilmette RA, Jay M. Orally administered DTPA penta-ethyl ester for the decorporation of inhaled (241)Am. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1563-71. [PMID: 24619514 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is an effective decorporation agent to facilitate the elimination of radionuclides from the body, but its permeability-limited oral bioavailability limits its utility in mass-casualty emergencies. To overcome this limitation, a prodrug strategy using the penta-ethyl ester form of DTPA is under investigation. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were conducted in rats by orally administering [(14) C]DTPA penta-ethyl ester, and this prodrug and its hydrolysis products were analyzed as a single entity. Compared with a previous reporting of intravenously administered DTPA, the oral administration of this prodrug resulted in a sustained plasma concentration profile with higher plasma exposure and lower clearance. An assessment of the urine composition revealed that the bioactivation was extensive but incomplete, with no detectable levels of the penta- or tetra-ester forms. Tissue distribution at 12 h was limited, with approximately 73% of the administered dose being associated with the gastrointestinal tract. In the efficacy study, rats were exposed to aerosols of (241) Am nitrate before receiving a single oral treatment of the prodrug. The urinary excretion of (241) Am was found to be 19% higher than with the control. Consistent with prior reports of DTPA, the prodrug was most effective when the treatment delays were minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Sueda
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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231
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Wang X, Liu H, Li J, Ding K, Lv Z, Yang Y, Chen H, Li X. A Fluorogenic Probe with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Carboxylesterase Assay through Formation of Supramolecular Microfibers. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:784-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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232
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Feng L, Liu ZM, Xu L, Lv X, Ning J, Hou J, Ge GB, Cui JN, Yang L. A highly selective long-wavelength fluorescent probe for the detection of human carboxylesterase 2 and its biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14519-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective long-wavelength fluorescent probe for the detection of human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) has been developed and well characterized. The probe can be used for measuring the real activities of hCE2 in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhao-Ming Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian, China
| | - Jing Ning
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jing-Nan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian, China
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233
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Ohura K, Tasaka K, Hashimoto M, Imai T. Distinct Patterns of Aging Effects on the Expression and Activity of Carboxylesterases in Rat Liver and Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:264-73. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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234
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Chanteux H, Rosa M, Delatour C, Prakash C, Smith S, Nicolas JM. In Vitro Hydrolysis and Transesterification of CDP323, an α4β1/α4β7 Integrin Antagonist Ester Prodrug. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:153-61. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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235
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Laizure SC, Herring V, Hu Z, Witbrodt K, Parker RB. The role of human carboxylesterases in drug metabolism: have we overlooked their importance? Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:210-22. [PMID: 23386599 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are a multigene family of mammalian enzymes widely distributed throughout the body that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters, amides, thioesters, and carbamates. In humans, two carboxylesterases, hCE1 and hCE2, are important mediators of drug metabolism. Both are expressed in the liver, but hCE1 greatly exceeds hCE2. In the intestine, only hCE2 is present and highly expressed. The most common drug substrates of these enzymes are ester prodrugs specifically designed to enhance oral bioavailability by hydrolysis to the active carboxylic acid after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Carboxylesterases also play an important role in the hydrolysis of some drugs to inactive metabolites. It has been widely believed that drugs undergoing hydrolysis by hCE1 and hCE2 are not subject to clinically significant alterations in their disposition, but evidence exists that genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions and other factors are important determinants of the variability in the therapeutic response to carboxylesterase-substrate drugs. The implications for drug therapy are far-reaching, as substrate drugs include numerous examples from widely prescribed therapeutic classes. Representative drugs include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, antiplatelet drugs, statins, antivirals, and central nervous system agents. As research interest increases in the carboxylesterases, evidence is accumulating of their important role in drug metabolism and, therefore, the outcomes of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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236
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Contributions of Intestine and Plasma to the Presystemic Bioconversion of Vicagrel, an Acetate of Clopidogrel. Pharm Res 2013; 31:238-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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237
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Ait-Tihyaty M, Rachid Z, Larroque-Lombard AL, Jean-Claude BJ. ZRX1, the first EGFR inhibitor-capecitabine based combi-molecule, requires carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis for optimal activity. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1409-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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238
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Ishizuka T, Yoshigae Y, Murayama N, Izumi T. Different hydrolases involved in bioactivation of prodrug-type angiotensin receptor blockers: carboxymethylenebutenolidase and carboxylesterase 1. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1888-95. [PMID: 23946449 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is a prodrug-type angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB). We recently identified carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog (CMBL) as the responsible enzyme for OM bioactivation in humans. In the present study, we compared the bioactivating properties of OM with those of other prodrug-type ARBs, candesartan cilexetil (CC) and azilsartan medoxomil (AM), by focusing on interspecies differences and tissue specificity. In in-vitro experiments with pooled tissue subcellular fractions of mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans, substantial OM-hydrolase activities were observed in cytosols of the liver, intestine, and kidney in all the species tested except for dog intestine, which showed negligible activity, whereas lung cytosols showed relatively low activities compared with the other tissues. AM-hydrolase activities were well correlated with the OM-hydrolase activities. In contrast, liver microsomes exhibited the highest CC-hydrolase activity among various tissue subcellular fractions in all the species tested. As a result of Western blot analysis with the tissue subcellular fractions, the band intensities stained with anti-human CMBL and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) antibodies well reflected OM- and AM-hydrolase activities and CC-hydrolase activity, respectively, in animals and humans. Recombinant human CMBL and CES1 showed significant AM- and CC-hydrolase activities, respectively, whereas CC hydrolysis was hardly catalyzed with recombinant carboxylesterase 2 (CES2). In conclusion, OM is bioactivated mainly via intestinal and additionally hepatic CMBL not only in humans but also in mice, rats, and monkeys, while CC is bioactivated via hepatic CES1 rather than intestinal enzymes, including CES2. AM is a substrate for CMBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ishizuka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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239
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Fujino C, Uramaru N, Sone T, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Comparative study of the hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl- and dodecylparaben by microsomes of various rat and human tissues. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:1064-72. [PMID: 23742084 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.802059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl- and dodecylparaben by various tissue microsomes and plasma of rats, as well as human liver and small-intestinal microsomes, was investigated and the structure-metabolic activity relationship was examined. Rat liver microsomes showed the highest activity toward parabens, followed by small-intestinal and lung microsomes. Butylparaben was most effectively hydrolyzed by the liver microsomes, which showed relatively low hydrolytic activity towards parabens with shorter and longer alkyl side chains. In contrast, small-intestinal microsomes exhibited relatively higher activity toward longer-side-chain parabens, and showed the highest activity towards heptylparaben. Rat lung and skin microsomes showed liver-type substrate specificity. Kidney and pancreas microsomes and plasma of rats showed small-intestinal-type substrate specificity. Liver and small-intestinal microsomal hydrolase activity was completely inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate, and could be extracted with Triton X-100. Ces1e and Ces1d isoforms were identified as carboxylesterase isozymes catalyzing paraben hydrolysis by anion exchange column chromatography of Triton X-100 extract from liver microsomes. Ces1e and Ces1d expressed in COS cells exhibited significant hydrolase activities with the same substrate specificity pattern as that of liver microsomes. Small-intestinal carboxylesterase isozymes Ces2a and Ces2c expressed in COS cells showed the same substrate specificity as small-intestinal microsomes, being more active toward longer-alkyl-side-chain parabens. Human liver microsomes showed the highest hydrolytic activity toward methylparaben, while human small-intestinal microsomes showed a broadly similar substrate specificity to rat small-intestinal microsomes. Human CES1 and CES2 isozymes showed the same substrate specificity patterns as human liver and small-intestinal microsomes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Minami-ku, Hiroshima , Japan
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240
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Liu C, Lin G, Wang X, Wang T, Wu G, Li D, Wang J. Intrauterine growth restriction alters the hepatic proteome in fetal pigs. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:954-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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241
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Löser R, Fischer S, Hiller A, Köckerling M, Funke U, Maisonial A, Brust P, Steinbach J. Use of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride as a prosthetic agent for the radiolabelling of amines: Investigation of precursor molecules, labelling conditions and enzymatic stability of the corresponding sulfonamides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1002-11. [PMID: 23766817 PMCID: PMC3678395 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3-[(18)F]Fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride, a recently proposed prosthetic agent for fluorine-18 labelling, was prepared in a two-step radiosynthesis via 3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thiocyanate as an intermediate. Two benzenesulfonate-based radiolabelling precursors were prepared by various routes. Comparing the reactivities of 3-thiocyanatopropyl nosylate and the corresponding tosylate towards [(18)F]fluoride the former proved to be superior accounting for labelling yields of up to 85%. Conditions for a reliable transformation of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thiocyanate to the corresponding sulfonyl chloride with the potential for automation have been identified. The reaction of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride with eight different aliphatic and aromatic amines was investigated and the identity of the resulting (18)F-labelled sulfonamides was confirmed chromatographically by comparison with their nonradioactive counterparts. Even for weakly nucleophilic amines such as 4-nitroaniline the desired radiolabelled sulfonamides were accessible in satisfactory yields owing to systematic variation of the reaction conditions. With respect to the application of the (18)F-fluoropropansulfonyl group to the labelling of compounds relevant as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET), the stability of N-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoropropanesulfonamide against degradation catalysed by carboxylesterase was investigated and compared to that of the analogous fluoroacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research (formerly Institute of Radiopharmacy), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66c, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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242
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Rudakova EV, Makhaeva GF, Galenko TG, Aksinenko AY, Sokolov VB, Martynov IV. A new selective inhibitor of mouse blood plasma carboxylesterase. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2013; 449:87-9. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672913020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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243
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Cheng KW, Wong CC, Alston N, Mackenzie GG, Huang L, Ouyang N, Xie G, Wiedmann T, Rigas B. Aerosol administration of phospho-sulindac inhibits lung tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1417-28. [PMID: 23645590 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0006-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-sulindac is a sulindac derivative with promising anticancer activity in lung cancer, but its limited metabolic stability presents a major challenge for systemic therapy. We reasoned that inhalation delivery of phospho-sulindac might overcome first-pass metabolism and produce high levels of intact drug in lung tumors. Here, we developed a system for aerosolization of phospho-sulindac and evaluated the antitumor efficacy of inhaled phospho-sulindac in an orthotopic model of human non-small cell lung cancer (A549 cells). We found that administration by inhalation delivered high levels of phospho-sulindac to the lungs and minimized its hydrolysis to less active metabolites. Consequently, inhaled phospho-sulindac (6.5 mg/kg) was highly effective in inhibiting lung tumorigenesis (75%; P < 0.01) and significantly improved the survival of mice bearing orthotopic A549 xenografts. Mechanistically, phospho-sulindac suppressed lung tumorigenesis by (i) inhibiting EGF receptor (EGFR) activation, leading to profound inhibition of Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR survival cascades; (ii) inducing oxidative stress, which provokes the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria-dependent cell death; and (iii) inducing autophagic cell death. Our data establish that inhalation delivery of phospho-sulindac is an efficacious approach to the control of lung cancer, which merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wing Cheng
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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244
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Multiple dosing of simvastatin inhibits airway mucus production of epithelial cells: implications in the treatment of chronic obstructive airway pathologies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:566-72. [PMID: 23474382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by mucus hyper-production. This pathology, together with other inflammatory contributions, leads to airway obstruction and breathing complications. Newer therapeutic approaches are of increased interest, including the use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Retrospective studies have shown that statins are effective in reducing patient mortality and blood cytokines levels. These findings suggest statins may also provide a new therapeutic approach in COPD treatment. PURPOSE The aim of the present work was to study the transport of simvastatin (SV) across Calu-3 epithelial cells and to investigate its pharmacological action with respect to reduction in mucus production. METHODS Calu-3 cells were grown under liquid covered culture (LCC) conditions for transport studies in order to demonstrate the ability of SV to transport across the monolayer. For mucus detection, cells were grown under air interface culture (AIC) conditions. Samples collected for microscope analysis were stained with alcian blue; images of the stained cell surface were acquired and the mucus was quantified as the RGBB ratio. RESULTS SV was transported through the cell monolayer and 'retained' inside the Calu-3 cells. Colour analysis of stained Calu-3 monolayers microscope-images showed that chronic administration of SV for 14 days caused a significant inhibition in mucus production. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that local delivery of SV directly to the lungs may provide a promising treatment and potential disease management approach of COPD, with significant effects on mucus reduction.
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245
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Xie G, Zhou D, Cheng KW, Wong CC, Rigas B. Comparative in vitro metabolism of phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin by mice, rats and humans. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1195-202. [PMID: 23399640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Phospho-tyrosol-indomethacin (PTI; MPI 621), a novel anti-cancer agent, is more potent and safer than conventional indomethacin. Here, we show that PTI was extensively metabolized in vitro and in vivo. PTI was rapidly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases to generate indomethacin as its major metabolite in the liver microsomes and rats. PTI additionally undergoes cytochromes P450 (CYP)-mediated hydroxylation at its tyrosol moiety and O-demethylation at its indomethacin moiety. Of the five major human CYPs, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 catalyze the hydroxylation and O-demethylation reactions of PTI, respectively; whereas CYP1A2, 2C9 and 2C19 are inactive towards PTI. In contrast to PTI, indomethacin is primarily O-demethylated by CYP2C9, which prefers acidic substrates. The hydrolyzed and O-demethylated metabolites of PTI are further glucuronidated and sulfated, facilitating drug elimination and detoxification. We observed substantial inter-species differences in the metabolic rates of PTI. Among the liver microsomes from various species, PTI was the most rapidly hydrolyzed, hydroxylated and O-demethylated in mouse, human and rat liver microsomes, respectively. These results reflect the differential expression patterns of carboxylesterase and CYP isoforms among these species. Of the human microsomes from various tissues, PTI underwent more rapid carboxylesterase- and CYP-catalyzed reactions in liver and intestine microsomes than in kidney and lung microsomes. Together, our results establish the metabolic pathways of PTI, reveal significant inter-species differences in its metabolism, and provide insights into the underlying biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xie
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC, T17-080, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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246
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Lester HA, Miwa JM, Srinivasan R. Psychiatric drugs bind to classical targets within early exocytotic pathways: therapeutic effects. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:907-15. [PMID: 22771239 PMCID: PMC6167061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classical targets for antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs are G protein-coupled receptors and neurotransmitter transporters, respectively. Full therapeutic actions of these drugs require several weeks. We show how therapeutic effects may eventually accrue after existing therapeutic ligands bind to these classical targets, not on the plasma membrane but rather within endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis-Golgi. Consequences of such binding may include pharmacological chaperoning: the nascent drug targets are stabilized against degradation and can therefore exit the ER more readily. Another effect may be matchmaking: heterodimers and homodimers of the target form and can more readily exit the ER. Summarizing recent data for nicotinic receptors, we explain how such effects could lead to reduced ER stress and to a decreased unfolded protein response, including changes in gene activation and protein synthesis. In effects not directly related to cellular stress, escorting would allow increased ER exit and trafficking of known associated proteins, as well as other proteins such as growth factors and their receptors, producing both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects. Axonal transport of relevant proteins may underlie the several weeks required for full therapy. In contrast, the antidepressant effects of ketamine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands, which occur within <2 hours, could arise from dendritically localized intracellular binding, followed by chaperoning, matchmaking, escorting, and reduced ER stress. Thus, the effects of intracellular binding extend beyond proteostasis of the targets themselves and involve pathways distinct from ion channel and G protein activation. We propose experimental tests and note pathophysiological correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
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247
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Synthesis and biological activity of O-carbamoylated 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanols as new specific inhibitors of carboxylesterase. Pharm Chem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-012-0825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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248
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Hanioka N, Takahara Y, Takahara Y, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H, Narimatsu S. Hydrolysis of di-n-butyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human liver microsomes. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:1112-1117. [PMID: 22739543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diester phthalates are industrial chemicals used primarily as plasticizers to import flexibility to polyvinylchloride plastics. In this study, we examined the hydrolysis of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in human liver microsomes. These diester phthalates were hydrolyzed to monoester phthalates (mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) from DBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) from BBzP, and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP)) by human liver microsomes. DBP, BBzP and DEHP hydrolysis showed sigmoidal kinetics in V-[S] plots, and the Hill coefficient (n) ranged 1.37-1.96. The S(50), V(max) and CL(max) values for DBP hydrolysis to MBP were 99.7 μM, 17.2nmolmin(-1)mg(-1) protein and 85.6 μL min(-1)mg(-1) protein, respectively. In BBzP hydrolysis, the values of S(50) (71.7 μM), V(max) (13.0nmolmin(-1)mg(-1) protein) and CL(max) (91.3 μL min(-1)mg(-1) protein) for MBzP formation were comparable to those of DBP hydrolysis. Although the S(50) value for MBP formation was comparable to that of MBzP formation, the V(max) and CL(max) values were markedly lower (<3%) than those for MBzP formation. The S(50), V(max) and CL(max) values for DEHP hydrolysis were 8.40 μM, 0.43 nmol min(-1)mg(-1) protein and 27.5 μL min(-1)mg(-1) protein, respectively. The S(50) value was about 10% of DBP and BBzP hydrolysis, and the V(max) value was also markedly lower (<3%) than those for DBP hydrolysis and MBzP formation for BBzP hydrolysis. The ranking order of CL(max) values for monoester phthalate formation in DBP, BBzP and DEHP hydrolysis was BBzP to MBzP≥DBP to MBP>DEHP to MEHP>BBzP to MBP. These findings suggest that the hydrolysis activities of diester phthalates by human liver microsomes depend on the chemical structure, and that the metabolism profile may relate to diester phthalate toxicities, such as hormone disruption and reproductive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Hanioka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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249
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Tornero-Velez R, Davis J, Scollon EJ, Starr JM, Setzer RW, Goldsmith MR, Chang DT, Xue J, Zartarian V, DeVito MJ, Hughes MF. A pharmacokinetic model of cis- and trans-permethrin disposition in rats and humans with aggregate exposure application. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:33-47. [PMID: 22859315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Permethrin is a broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticide and among the most widely used insecticides in homes and crops. Managing the risks for pesticides such as permethrin depends on the ability to consider diverse exposure scenarios and their relative risks. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of delta methrin disposition were modified to describe permethrin kinetics in the rat and human. Unlike formulated deltamethrin which consists of a single stereoisomer, permethrin is formulated as a blend of cis- and trans-diastereomers. We assessed time courses for cis-permethrin and trans-permethrin in several tissues (brain, blood, liver, and fat) in the rat following oral administration of 1 and 10mg/kg permethrin (cis/trans: 40/60). Accurate simulation of permethrin in the rat suggests that a generic model structure is promising for modeling pyrethroids. Human in vitro data and appropriate anatomical information were used to develop a provisional model of permethrin disposition with structures for managing oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure. The human permethrin model was used to evaluate dietary and residential exposures in the U.S. population as estimated by EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation model. Simulated cis- and trans-DCCA, metabolites of permethrin, were consistent with measured values in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, indicating that the model holds promise for assessing population exposures and quantifying dose metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Tornero-Velez
- NERL/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Bahar FG, Ohura K, Ogihara T, Imai T. Species difference of esterase expression and hydrolase activity in plasma. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3979-88. [PMID: 22833171 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Differences in esterase expression among human, rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey, dog, minipig, rabbit, rat, and mouse plasma were identified using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Paraoxonase (PON) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were ubiquitous in all species, but were highly expressed in primates and dogs, whereas carboxylesterase (CES) was only abundant in rabbits, mice, and rats. Several unknown esterases were observed in minipig and mouse plasma. These differences in plasma esterases and their expression levels result in species differences with respect to hydrolase activity. These differences were characterized using several different substrates. In contrast to the high hydrolase activity found for p-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA), a substrate of several hydrolase enzymes, irinotecan, a carbamate compound, was resistant to all plasma esterases. Oseltamivir, temocapril, and propranolol (PL) derivatives were rapidly hydrolyzed in mouse and rat plasma by their highly active CES enzyme, but rabbit plasma CES hydrolyzed only the PL derivatives. Interestingly, PL derivatives were highly hydrolyzed by monkey plasma BChE, whereas BChE from human, dog, and minipig plasma showed negligible activity. In conclusion, the esterase expression and hydrolyzing pattern of dog plasma were found to be closest to that of human plasma. These differences should be considered when selecting model animals for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Goksin Bahar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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