251
|
Berchem G, Glondu M, Gleizes M, Brouillet JP, Vignon F, Garcia M, Liaudet-Coopman E. Cathepsin-D affects multiple tumor progression steps in vivo: proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Oncogene 2002; 21:5951-5. [PMID: 12185597 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2002] [Revised: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 06/07/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin-D is an independent marker of poor prognosis in human breast cancer. We previously showed that human wild-type cathepsin-D, as well as its mutated form devoid of proteolytic activity stably transfected in 3Y1-Ad12 cancer cells, stimulated tumor growth. To investigate the mechanisms by which human cathepsin-D and its catalytically-inactive counterpart promoted tumor growth in vivo, we quantified the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, the number of blood vessels and of apoptotic cells in 3Y1-Ad12 tumor xenografts. We first verified that both human wild-type and mutated cathepsin-D were expressed at a high level in cathepsin-D xenografts, whereas no human cathepsin-D was detected in control xenografts. Our immunohistochemical studies then revealed that both wild-type cathepsin-D and catalytically-inactive cathepsin-D, increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and tumor angiogenesis. Interestingly, wild-type cathepsin-D significantly inhibited tumor apoptosis, whereas catalytically-inactive cathepsin-D did not. We therefore propose that human cathepsin-D stimulates tumor growth by acting-directly or indirectly-as a mitogenic factor on both cancer and endothelial cells independently of its catalytic activity. Our overall results provide the first mechanistic evidences on the essential role of cathepsin-D at multiple tumor progression steps, affecting cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Berchem
- Laboratoire d'Hémato-Cancérologie, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg 4, rue Barblé
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
252
|
Glondu M, Liaudet-Coopman E, Derocq D, Platet N, Rochefort H, Garcia M. Down-regulation of cathepsin-D expression by antisense gene transfer inhibits tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:5127-34. [PMID: 12140763 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2001] [Revised: 04/23/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer has been associated with rapid development of clinical metastasis. To investigate the role of this protease in breast cancer growth and progression to metastasis, we stably transfected a highly metastatic human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, with a plasmid containing either the full-length cDNA for cathepsin-D or a 535 bp antisense cathepsin-D cDNA fragment. Clones expressing antisense cathepsin-D cDNA that exhibited a 70-80% reduction in cathepsin-D protein, both intra- and extracellularly compared to controls, were selected for further experiments. These antisense-transfected cells displayed a reduced outgrowth rate when embedded in a Matrigel matrix, formed smaller colonies in soft agar and presented a significantly decreased tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis in nude mice compared with controls. However, manipulating the cathepsin-D level in the antisense cells has no effect on their in vitro invasiveness. These studies demonstrate that cathepsin-D enhances anchorage-independent cell proliferation and subsequently facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Our overall results provide the first evidence on the essential role of cathepsin-D in breast cancer, and support the development of a new cathepsin-D-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Glondu
- INSERM U540 'Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers', Université de Montpellier 1, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
253
|
Rochefort H, Rouayrenc J, Roger P. Cathepsin D in Breast Cancer—20 Years Later. Breast Cancer 2002. [DOI: 10.1201/b14039-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
254
|
Laurent-Matha V, Lucas A, Huttler S, Sandhoff K, Garcia M, Rochefort H. Procathepsin D interacts with prosaposin in cancer cells but its internalization is not mediated by LDL receptor-related protein. Exp Cell Res 2002; 277:210-9. [PMID: 12083803 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2002.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface binding, endocytosis, and lysosomal routing of procathepsin D (procath-D) in cancer cells are mostly independent of the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptors. In an attempt to define the receptor involved, we intracellularly cross-linked procath-D with a 68-kDa protein that we identified with specific antibodies as prosaposin in human breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. In cancer cells, this protein-protein interaction was resistant to ammonium chloride or M6P treatment, indicating that it was independent of the M6P receptors. A similar interaction also occurred in the breast cancer cell culture medium between the secreted prosaposin and procath-D. Since these two precursors can be endocytosed, we then determined whether they were interacting with the same cell surface receptor. In fibroblasts, we confirmed that the endocytosis of these two proteins was different since it was generally mediated by the M6P receptors for procath-D and mostly by LRP (LDL receptor-related protein) for prosaposin. In breast cancer cells, prosaposin endocytosis was not detected, in contrast to procath-D endocytosis, suggesting that the majority of procath-D is not internalized as a complex with prosaposin. Moreover, RAP (receptor-associated protein), a ligand inhibiting LRP-mediated endocytosis, prevented internalization of prosaposin in 49-F rat fibroblasts, but did not affect procath-D M6P-independent internalization in MDA-MB231 cells. We conclude that in breast cancer cells, even though procath-D interacts intracellularly and extracellarly with prosaposin, it is endocytosed independent of prosaposin by a receptor different from the M6P receptors and the LRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Laurent-Matha
- INSERM Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers (U540), University of Montpellier 1, 60, rue de Navacelles, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
255
|
Turk B, Stoka V, Rozman-Pungercar J, Cirman T, Droga-Mazovec G, Oresić K, Turk V. Apoptotic pathways: involvement of lysosomal proteases. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1035-44. [PMID: 12437086 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is the major mechanism used by multicellular organisms to remove infected, excessive and potentially dangerous cells. Cysteine proteases from the caspase family play a crucial role in the process. However, there is increasing evidence that lysosomal proteases are also involved in apoptosis. In this review various lysosomal proteases and their potential contribution to propagation of apoptosis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
256
|
Felbor U, Kessler B, Mothes W, Goebel HH, Ploegh HL, Bronson RT, Olsen BR. Neuronal loss and brain atrophy in mice lacking cathepsins B and L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7883-8. [PMID: 12048238 PMCID: PMC122989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.112632299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins B and L are widely expressed cysteine proteases implicated in both intracellular proteolysis and extracellular matrix remodeling. However, specific roles remain to be validated in vivo. Here we show that combined deficiency of cathepsins B and L in mice is lethal during the second to fourth week of life. Cathepsin B(-/-)/L(-/-) mice reveal a degree of brain atrophy not previously seen in mice. This is because of massive apoptosis of select neurons in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar Purkinje and granule cell layers. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by pronounced reactive astrocytosis and is preceded by an accumulation of ultrastructurally and biochemically unique lysosomal bodies in large cortical neurons and by axonal enlargements. Our data demonstrate a pivotal role for cathepsins B and L in maintenance of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Felbor
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
257
|
Yoshikawa M, Uchida S, Ezaki J, Rai T, Hayama A, Kobayashi K, Kida Y, Noda M, Koike M, Uchiyama Y, Marumo F, Kominami E, Sasaki S. CLC-3 deficiency leads to phenotypes similar to human neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Genes Cells 2002; 7:597-605. [PMID: 12059962 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CLC-3 is a member of the CLC chloride channel family and is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. To determine the physiological role of CLC-3, we generated CLC-3-deficient mice (Clcn3-/- ) by targeted gene disruption. RESULTS Together with developmental retardation and higher mortality, the Clcn3-/- mice showed neurological manifestations such as blindness, motor coordination deficit, and spontaneous hyperlocomotion. In histological analysis, the Clcn3-/- mice showed a pattern of progressive degeneration of the retina, hippocampus and ileal mucosa, which resembled the phenotype observed in cathepsin D knockout mice. The defect of cathepsin D results in a lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin containing the mitochondrial F1F0 ATPase subunit c. In immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, we found that the subunit c was heavily accumulated in the lysosome of Clcn3-/- mice. Furthermore, we detected an elevation in the endosomal pH of the Clcn3-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that the neurodegeneration observed in the Clcn3-/- mice was caused by an abnormality in the machinery which degrades the cellular protein and was associated with the phenotype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). The elevated endosomal pH could be an important factor in the pathogenesis of NCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momono Yoshikawa
- Homeostasis Medicine and Nephrology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
258
|
Abstract
Proteolytic maturation of lysosomal proteinases is initiated after receptor-mediated targeting to prelysosomal compartments, while terminal processing occurs upon delivery to lysosomes. These late processing events are impaired in patients suffering from inherited lysosomal disorders, such as sialic acid storage disease and mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease). Lysosomes in the affected cells display marked changes in their physiological and morphological properties, with features reminiscent of prelysosomal compartments. This indicates that the absence of mature lysosomes interferes with the final processing steps during the biosynthesis of lysosomal proteinases. Thus, impaired proteinase maturation reflects an incompetent lysosomal apparatus and as such can be seen as a hallmark of lysosomal storage diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mach
- Zentrum für Angewandte Genetik, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Shibata M, Koike M, Waguri S, Zhang G, Koga T, Uchiyama Y. Cathepsin D is specifically inhibited by deoxyribonucleic acids. FEBS Lett 2002; 517:281-4. [PMID: 12062453 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cathepsin D (CD) inhibitor was searched using mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for CD. Synthetic DNA fragments specifically inhibited CD activity in a dose-dependent manner, but not the activities of other serine or cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin E activity was also inhibited by DNA fragments when hemoglobin was used as a substrate. CD inhibition by DNA fragments appeared to be electrostatic in nature and dependent on Tm values. Moreover, CD activity was partly inhibited by exogenously ingested DNA fragments, suggesting that DNA fragments with high Tm values are potent inhibitors of CD in vitro and partly in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
260
|
Castino R, Pace D, Démoz M, Gargiulo M, Ariatta C, Raiteri E, Isidoro C. Lysosomal proteases as potential targets for the induction of apoptotic cell death in human neuroblastomas. Int J Cancer 2002; 97:775-9. [PMID: 11857353 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common type of cancer in infants. In children this tumor is particularly aggressive; despite various new therapeutic approaches, it is associated with poor prognosis. Given the importance of endosomal-lysosomal proteolysis in cellular metabolism, we hypothesized that inhibition of lysosomal protease would impact negatively on neuroblastoma cell survival. Treatment with E-64 or CA074Me (2 specific inhibitors of cathepsin B) or with pepstatin A (a specific inhibitor of cathepsin D) was cytotoxic for 2 neuroblastoma cell lines having different degrees of malignancy. Cell death was associated with condensation and fragmentation of chromatin and externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine, 2 hallmarks of apoptosis. Concomitant inhibition of the caspase cascade protected neuroblastoma cells from cathepsin inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity. These data indicate that prolonged inhibition of the lysosomal proteolytic pathway is incompatible with cell survival, leading to apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells, and that the cathepsin-mediated and caspase-mediated proteolytic systems are connected and cooperate in the regulation of such an event. Since modern antitumor chemotherapy is aimed at restoring the normal rate of apoptosis in neoplastic tissues, the demonstration that endosomal-lysosomal cathepsins are involved in this process may constitute a basis for novel strategies that include cathepsin inhibitors in the therapeutic regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Castino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare, Università A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
261
|
Nishioku T, Hashimoto K, Yamashita K, Liou SY, Kagamiishi Y, Maegawa H, Katsube N, Peters C, von Figura K, Saftig P, Katunuma N, Yamamoto K, Nakanishi H. Involvement of cathepsin E in exogenous antigen processing in primary cultured murine microglia. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4816-22. [PMID: 11719510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108382200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have attempted to elucidate an involvement of cathepsin E (CE) in major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation by microglia. In primary cultured murine microglia, CE was localized mainly in early endosomes and its expression level was markedly increased upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. Pepstatin A, a specific inhibitor of aspartic proteases, significantly inhibited interleukin-2 production from an OVA-(266-281)-specific T helper cell hybridomas upon stimulation with native OVA presented by interferon-gamma-treated microglia. However, pepstatin A failed to inhibit the presentation of OVA-(266-281) peptide. The possible involvement of CE in the processing of native OVA into antigenic peptide was further substantiated by that digested fragments of native OVA by CE could be recognized by OVA-specific Th cells. Cathepsin D also degraded native OVA into antigenic peptide, whereas microglia prepared from cathepsin D-deficient mice retained an ability for antigen presentation. On the other hand, the requirement for cysteine proteases such as cathepsins S and B in the processing of invariant chain (Ii) was confirmed by immunoblot analyses in the presence of their specific inhibitors. In conclusion, CE is required for the generation of an antigenic epitope from OVA but not for the processing of Ii in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nishioku
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
262
|
Bryant PW, Lennon-Duménil AM, Fiebiger E, Lagaudrière-Gesbert C, Ploegh HL. Proteolysis and antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules. Adv Immunol 2002; 80:71-114. [PMID: 12078484 PMCID: PMC7130937 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(02)80013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis is the primary mechanism used by all cells not only to dispose of unwanted proteins but also to regulate protein function and maintain cellular homeostasis. Proteases that reside in the endocytic pathway are the principal actors of terminal protein degradation. The proteases contained in the endocytic pathway are classified into four major groups based on the active-site amino acid used by the enzyme to hydrolyze amide bonds of proteins: cysteine, aspartyl, serine, and metalloproteases. The presentation of peptide antigens by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is strictly dependent on the action of proteases. Class II molecules scour the endocytic pathway for antigenic peptides to bind and present at the cell surface for recognition by CD4+ T cells. The specialized cell types that support antigen presentation by class II molecules are commonly referred to as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), which include bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. In addition, the expression of certain endocytic proteases is regulated either at the level of gene transcription or enzyme maturation and their activity is controlled by the presence of endogenous protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Wolf Bryant
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
263
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mueller
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
264
|
Mitchison HM, Mole SE. Neurodegenerative disease: the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease). Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14:795-803. [PMID: 11723391 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200112000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade there have been significant advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of childhood neurodegenerative storage disorders. Recent research progress is reviewed here, to summarize new disease gene identification, diagnostics, treatment, protein functional studies and investigations into the underlying molecular pathogenesis of these devastating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Mitchison
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
265
|
Coombs GH, Goldberg DE, Klemba M, Berry C, Kay J, Mottram JC. Aspartic proteases of Plasmodium falciparum and other parasitic protozoa as drug targets. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17:532-7. [PMID: 11872398 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(01)02037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All parasitic protozoa contain multiple proteases, some of which are attracting attention as drug targets. Aspartic proteases are already the targets of some clinically useful drugs (e.g. chemotherapy of HIV infection) and a variety of factors make these enzymes appealing to those seeking novel antiparasite therapies. This review provides a critical analysis of the current knowledge on Plasmodium aspartic proteases termed plasmepsins, proposes a definitive nomenclature for this group of enzymes, and compares these enzymes with aspartic proteases of humans and other parasitic protozoa. The present status of attempts to obtain specific inhibitors of the parasite enzymes that will be useful as drugs is outlined and suggestions for future research priorities are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H Coombs
- University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
266
|
Nakanishi H, Zhang J, Koike M, Nishioku T, Okamoto Y, Kominami E, von Figura K, Peters C, Yamamoto K, Saftig P, Uchiyama Y. Involvement of nitric oxide released from microglia-macrophages in pathological changes of cathepsin D-deficient mice. J Neurosci 2001; 21:7526-33. [PMID: 11567042 PMCID: PMC6762915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD) deficiency has been shown to induce ceroid-lipofuscin storage in lysosomes of mouse CNS neuron (Koike et al., 2000). To understand the behavior of microglial cells corresponding to these neuronal changes, CD-deficient (CD-/-) mice, which die at approximately postnatal day (P) 25 by intestinal necrosis, were examined using morphological as well as biochemical approaches. Light and electron microscopic observations revealed that microglia showing large round cell bodies with few processes appeared in the cerebral cortex and thalamus after P16. At P24, microglia often encircled neurons that were occupied with autolysosomes, indicating increased phagocytic activity. These morphologically transformed microglia markedly expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which was also detected in the intestine of the mice. To assess the role of microglial nitric oxide (NO) in neuropathological changes in CD-/- mice, l-N(G)-nitro-arginine methylester (l-NAME), a competitive NOS inhibitor, or S-methylisothiourea hemisulfate (SMT), an iNOS inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally for 13 consecutive days. The total number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-positive cells counted in the thalamus was found to be significantly decreased by chronic treatment of l-NAME or SMT, whereas neither the neuronal accumulation of ceroid-lipofuscin nor the microglial phagocytic activity was affected by these treatments. Moreover, the chronic treatment of l-NAME or SMT completely suppressed hemorrhage-necrotic changes in the small intestine of CD-/- mice, resulting in normal growth of the body weight of the mice. These results suggest that NO production via iNOS activity in microglia and peripheral macrophages contributes to secondary tissue damages such as neuronal apoptosis and intestinal necrosis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Oral Aging Science, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
267
|
Uchiyama Y. Autophagic cell death and its execution by lysosomal cathepsins. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2001; 64:233-46. [PMID: 11575420 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.64.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, a major type of active cell death (type I cell death) have largely been clarified in mammalian cells. Particularly, the caspase family of proteinases has been shown to play crucial roles in the execution of apoptosis. Differing from apoptosis, type II cell death is known to be associated with autophagosomes/autolysosomes and appear in the developing nervous system (CLARKE, 1990). We have previously shown that delayed neuronal death occurring in the CA1 pyramidal layer of the gerbil hippocampus after brief forebrain ischemia is apoptotic in nature and autophagosomes/autolysosomes abundantly appear in the neurons before DNA fragmentation. To further understand the roles of autophagosomes/autolysosomes in active cell death, we examined the apoptosis of PC12 cells using morphological and biochemical techniques. PC12 cells are known to undergo apoptosis when cultured in the absence of serum. In such an environment, the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is activated; cytochrome c is released from mitochondria, and caspase-9/caspase-3 are activated. We have first examined morphological features of PC12 cells during the apoptotic process following serum deprivation, and found that autophagy is induced from the early stage of the process in the cells before typical nuclear changes. When autophagy is inhibited in the cells by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, they are largely protected from apoptosis. In relation to the induction of autophagy in PC12 cells following serum deprivation, immunoreactivity, protein amounts, and the proteolytic activity of lysosomal proteinases, particularly cathepsins B and D, are all greatly altered; those of cathepsin B drastically decrease in the cells from the early stage of serum-deprived cultures, whereas those of cathepsin D increase. Moreover, PC12 cells overexpressing cathepsin D undergo apoptosis more rapidly in serum-deprived cultures than wild-type cells, whereas those overexpressing cathepsin B increase the viability. These lines of evidence suggest that autophagy is involved in PC12 cell death following serum deprivation, this type of cell death being regulated by lysosomal proteinases, cathepsins B and D, downstream autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Heinrich M, Wickel M, Winoto-Morbach S, Schneider-Brachert W, Weber T, Brunner J, Saftig P, Peters C, Krönke M, Schütze S. Ceramide as an activator lipid of cathepsin D. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 477:305-15. [PMID: 10849758 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46826-3_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have identified the aspartic protease cathepsin D as a novel intracellular target protein for the lipid second messenger ceramide. Ceramide specifically binds to and induces CTSD proteolytic activity. A-SMase deficient cells derived from Niemann-Pick patients show decreased CTSD activity that was reconstituted by transfection with A-SMase cDNA. Ceramide accumulation in cells derived from A-ceramidase defective Farber patients correlates with enhanced CTSD activity. These findings suggest that A-SMase-derived ceramide targets endolysosomal CTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heinrich
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
269
|
Tyynelä J, Sohar I, Sleat DE, Gin RM, Donnelly RJ, Baumann M, Haltia M, Lobel P. Congenital ovine neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis--a cathepsin D deficiency with increased levels of the inactive enzyme. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2001; 5 Suppl A:43-5. [PMID: 11589006 DOI: 10.1053/ejpn.2000.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that a form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) in white Swedish landrace sheep is caused by a missense mutation in the cathepsin D gene resulting in complete inactivation of the enzyme. Despite the lack of cathepsin D activity, the brains of the cathepsin D deficient sheep showed strongly increased staining for cathepsin D in immunohistochemistry. By Western blotting, a 5-10 fold increase in the level of cathepsin D was confirmed. These results indicate that the missense mutation in congenital NCL sheep results in the synthesis of an inactive yet stable cathepsin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tyynelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, POB8, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
270
|
Beers EP, Woffenden BJ, Zhao C. Plant proteolytic enzymes: possible roles during programmed cell death. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 44:399-415. [PMID: 11199397 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026556928624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are known to be associated with developmentally programmed cell death during organ senescence and tracheary element differentiation. Recent evidence also links proteinases with some types of pathogen- and stress-induced cell suicide. The precise roles of proteinases in these and other plant programmed cell death processes are not understood, however. To provide a framework for consideration of the importance of proteinases during plant cell suicide, characteristics of the best-known proteinases from plants including subtilisin-type and papain-type enzymes, phytepsins, metalloproteinases and the 26S proteasome are summarized. Examples of serine, cysteine, aspartic, metallo- and threonine proteinases linked to animal programmed cell death are cited and the potential for plant proteinases to act as mediators of signal transduction and as effectors of programmed cell death is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E P Beers
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
271
|
Roth W, Deussing J, Botchkarev VA, Pauly-Evers M, Saftig P, Hafner A, Schmidt P, Schmahl W, Scherer J, Anton-Lamprecht I, Von Figura K, Paus R, Peters C. Cathepsin L deficiency as molecular defect of furless: hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and pertubation of hair follicle cycling. FASEB J 2000; 14:2075-86. [PMID: 11023992 DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0970com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine proteinases of the papain family are involved in lysosomal bulk proteolysis, major histocompatibility complex class II mediated antigen presentation, prohormone processing, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a ubiquitously expressed major representative of the papain-like family of cysteine proteinases. To investigate CTSL in vivo functions, the gene was inactivated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. CTSL-deficient mice develop periodic hair loss and epidermal hyperplasia, acanthosis, and hyperkeratosis. The hair loss is due to alterations of hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling, dilatation of hair follicle canals, and disturbed club hair formation. Hyperproliferation of hair follicle epithelial cells and basal epidermal keratinocytes-both of ectodermal origin-are the primary characteristics underlying the mutant phenotype. Pathological inflammatory responses have been excluded as a putative cause of the skin and hair disorder. The phenotype of CTSL-deficient mice is reminiscent of the spontaneous mouse mutant furless (fs). Analyses of the ctsl gene of fs mice revealed a G149R mutation inactivating the proteinase activity. CTSL is the first lysosomal proteinase shown to be essential for epidermal homeostasis and regular hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Roth
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
272
|
Koike M, Nakanishi H, Saftig P, Ezaki J, Isahara K, Ohsawa Y, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Watanabe T, Waguri S, Kametaka S, Shibata M, Yamamoto K, Kominami E, Peters C, von Figura K, Uchiyama Y. Cathepsin D deficiency induces lysosomal storage with ceroid lipofuscin in mouse CNS neurons. J Neurosci 2000; 20:6898-906. [PMID: 10995834 PMCID: PMC6772823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D-deficient (CD-/-) mice have been shown to manifest seizures and become blind near the terminal stage [approximately postnatal day (P) 26]. We therefore examined the morphological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical features of CNS tissues of these mice. By electron microscopy, autophagosome/autolysosome-like bodies containing part of the cytoplasm, granular osmiophilic deposits, and fingerprint profiles were demonstrated in the neuronal perikarya of CD-/- mouse brains after P20. Autophagosomes and granular osmiophilic deposits were detected in neurons at P0 but were few in number, whereas they increased in the neuronal perikarya within days after birth. Some large-sized neurons having autophagosome/autolysosome-like bodies in the perikarya appeared in the CNS tissues, especially in the thalamic region and the cerebral cortex, at P17. These lysosomal bodies occupied the perikarya of almost all neurons in CD-/- mouse brains obtained from P23 until the terminal stage. Because these neurons exhibited autofluorescence, it was considered that ceroid lipofuscin may accumulate in lysosomal structures of CD-/- neurons. Subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase was found to accumulate in the lysosomes of neurons, although the activity of tripeptidyl peptidase-I significantly increased in the brain. Moreover, neurons near the terminal stage were often shrunken and possessed irregular nuclei through which small dense chromatin masses were scattered. These results suggest that the CNS neurons in CD-/- mice show a new form of lysosomal accumulation disease with a phenotype resembling neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
273
|
Halangk W, Lerch MM, Brandt-Nedelev B, Roth W, Ruthenbuerger M, Reinheckel T, Domschke W, Lippert H, Peters C, Deussing J. Role of cathepsin B in intracellular trypsinogen activation and the onset of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:773-81. [PMID: 10995788 PMCID: PMC381392 DOI: 10.1172/jci9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2000] [Accepted: 07/25/2000] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autodigestion of the pancreas by its own prematurely activated digestive proteases is thought to be an important event in the onset of acute pancreatitis. The mechanism responsible for the intrapancreatic activation of digestive zymogens is unknown, but a recent hypothesis predicts that a redistribution of lysosomal cathepsin B (CTSB) into a zymogen-containing subcellular compartment triggers this event. To test this hypothesis, we used CTSB-deficient mice in which the ctsb gene had been deleted by targeted disruption. After induction of experimental secretagogue-induced pancreatitis, the trypsin activity in the pancreas of ctsb(-/-) animals was more than 80% lower than in ctsb(+/+) animals. Pancreatic damage as indicated by serum activities of amylase and lipase, or by the extent of acinar tissue necrosis, was 50% lower in ctsb(-/-) animals. These experiments provide the first conclusive evidence to our knowledge that cathepsin B plays a role in intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation and the onset of acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Halangk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
274
|
Turk B, Turk D, Turk V. Lysosomal cysteine proteases: more than scavengers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:98-111. [PMID: 10708852 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine proteases were believed to be mainly involved in intracellular protein degradation. Under special conditions they have been found outside lysosomes resulting in pathological conditions. With the discovery of a series of new cathepsins with restricted tissue distributions, it has become evident that these enzymes must be involved in a range of specific cellular tasks much broader than as simple housekeeping enzymes. It is therefore timely to review and discuss the various physiological roles of mammalian lysosomal papain-like cysteine proteases as well as their mechanisms of action and the regulation of their activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
275
|
Rochefort H, Garcia M, Glondu M, Laurent V, Liaudet E, Rey JM, Roger P. Cathepsin D in breast cancer: mechanisms and clinical applications, a 1999 overview. Clin Chim Acta 2000; 291:157-70. [PMID: 10675721 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A short review of the literature first confirms the clinical value of cathepsin D as a prognostic marker in breast cancer, when using well standardized assays. We then summarize results of studies, mostly performed in our laboratory, aimed at understanding the effect of cathepsin D overexpression on metastasis and the molecular mechanisms involved. Cathepsin D-cDNA transfection increases tumor cell proliferation in vitro and the metastatic potential of 3Y1-Ad12 embryonic rat tumorigenic cells when injected in vivo into nude mice. The mechanism by which cathepsin D increases the incidence of clinical metastasis involves increased cell growth and decreased contact inhibition rather than escape of cancer cells through the basement membrane. Different mechanisms are considered to explain this mitogenic activity. Cathepsin D could act as a protease following its activation at an acidic pH, or as a ligand of different membrane receptors at a more neutral pH. In this case cathepsin D can displace IGFII from the mannose-6-phosphate/IGFII receptor to the IGFI receptor or activate another membrane receptor to be identified. The nature of the mechanisms involved in vivo may depend on the micro environment of the tumor cells. These studies should guide in the development of new therapies aimed at inhibiting the deleterious effect of overexpressed cathepsin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Rochefort
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier 1, Unité Hormones and Cancer (U 148), 60, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
276
|
|
277
|
Sol-Church K, Shipley J, Beckman DA, Mason RW. Expression of cysteine proteases in extraembryonic tissues during mouse embryogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:375-81. [PMID: 10600178 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cathepsin B- and L-specific mRNAs as well as active forms of the enzymes was determined in mouse placenta and visceral yolk sac from 7.5 through 17.5 days postconception, a period marked by major anatomic transitions in the mouse conceptus. The level of specific mRNA was determined relative to the 28S ribosomal RNA in a series of multiprobe ribonuclease protection assays using high-specific-activity antisense cathepsin B and L riboprobes. The molecular forms of active cysteine proteases present in the tissues at the time of extraction were detected using a membrane-permeant radiolabeled active site-specific inhibitor, Fmoc-[(125)I(2)]Tyr-Ala-CHN(2). The results of this study show that the expression of active cathepsin L relative to active cathepsin B is significantly higher in visceral yolk sac than in placenta, consistent with a higher proteolytic requirement for the former tissue. Active cathepsin L was highest at Day 9.5 in visceral yolk sac, a stage at which it has been shown that proteolysis in this organ is required for production of amino acids for embryonic protein synthesis. Cathepsin L mRNA was also elevated in the Day 9.5 placenta, but paradoxically this did not result in an increase in cellular active enzyme. An unknown protein, termed p14, highly expressed in placenta, also reacted with the inhibitor. Expression of this protein was highest early during gestation in the ectoplacental cone, suggesting that p14 may be important in the implantation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sol-Church
- Department of Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
278
|
Nakagawa TY, Rudensky AY. The role of lysosomal proteinases in MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Immunol Rev 1999; 172:121-9. [PMID: 10631942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent analysis of cathepsin-deficient mice has shed light upon the role of lysosomal proteinases in the MHC class II processing and presentation pathway. Ubiquitous expression and involvement in the terminal degradation of proteins that intersect the endocytic pathway were previously perceived to be the hallmarks of these proteinases. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that several cathepsins are expressed in a tissue-specific fashion and that partial proteolysis of specific biological targets is a key function of cathepsins in antigen processing. Our work has focused on the differential expression of the cysteine proteinases cathepsins L (CL) and S (CS) and its pertinence to the generation of MHC class II: peptide complexes. Analysis of CL-deficient mice revealed a profound defect in invariant chain degradation in thymic cortical epithelial cells but not in bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages). The tissue-specific deficiency reflected the restricted pattern of expression of CL and CS in these cell types--CL is expressed in thymic cortical epithelial cells but not in DC or B cells, while CS exhibits the opposite expression pattern. The differential expression of proteinases by distinct APCs may affect the types of peptides that are presented to T cells and thereby the immune responses that are ultimately generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Nakagawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
279
|
Journet A, Chapel A, Jehan S, Adessi C, Freeze H, Klein G, Garin J. Characterization of Dictyostelium discoideum cathepsin D. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 21):3833-43. [PMID: 10523518 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.21.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies using magnetic purification of Dictyostelium discoideum endocytic vesicles led us to the identification of some major vesicle proteins. Using the same purification procedure, we have now focused our interest on a 44 kDa soluble vesicle protein. Microsequencing of internal peptides and subsequent cloning of the corresponding cDNA identified this protein as the Dictyostelium homolog of mammalian cathepsins D. The only glycosylation detected on Dictyostelium cathepsin D (CatD) is common antigen 1, a cluster of mannose 6-sulfate residues on N-linked oligosaccharide chains. CatD intracellular trafficking has been studied, showing the presence of the protein throughout the entire endocytic pathway. During the differentiation process, the catD gene presents a developmental regulation, which is also observed at the protein level. catD gene disruption does not alter significantly the cell behaviour, either in the vegetative form or the differentiation stage. However, modifications in the SDS-PAGE profiles of proteins bearing common antigen 1 were detected, when comparing parental and catD(-) cells. These modifications point to a possible role of CatD in the maturation of a few Dictyostelium lysosomal proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Journet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Protéines, CEA-Grenoble, rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
280
|
D�moz M, Castino R, Dragonetti A, Raiteri E, Baccino FM, Isidoro C. Transformation by oncogenic ras-p21 alters the processing and subcellular localization of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990601)73:3<370::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
281
|
Isahara K, Ohsawa Y, Kanamori S, Shibata M, Waguri S, Sato N, Gotow T, Watanabe T, Momoi T, Urase K, Kominami E, Uchiyama Y. Regulation of a novel pathway for cell death by lysosomal aspartic and cysteine proteinases. Neuroscience 1999; 91:233-49. [PMID: 10336074 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PC12 cells undergo apoptosis when cultured under conditions of serum deprivation. In this situation, the activity of caspase-3-like proteinases was elevated, and the survival rate could be maintained by treatment with acetyl-DEVD-cho, a specific inhibitor of caspase-3. In a culture of PC12 cells treated with acetyl-DEVD-cho, where caspase-3-like proteinases are not activated, CA074, a specific inhibitor of cathepsin B induced active death of the cells. Cathepsin B antisense oligonucleotides showed a similar effect to CA074 on the induction of active cell death. By double staining of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling and activated caspase-3, the dying cells treated with CA074 were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling staining but negative for activated caspase-3. Ultrastructurally, the cells were relatively large and had nuclei with chromatin condensation. The initiation of cell death by CA074 or the cathepsin B antisense were inhibited by the addition of pepstatin A, a lysosomal aspartic proteinase inhibitor, or by cathepsin D antisense. To examine whether this cell death pathway was present in cell types other than PC12 cells, we analysed dorsal root ganglion neurons obtained from rat embryos on the 15th gestational day, a time when they require nerve growth factor for survival and differentiation in culture. When cultured in the absence of nerve growth factor, the neurons survived in the presence of acetyl-DEVD-cho or acetyl-YVAD-cho. Under these conditions, CA074 reduced the survival rate of the neurons, which was subsequently restored by the further addition of pepstain A. These results suggest that a novel pathway for initiating cell death exists which is regulated by lysosomal cathepsins, and in which cathepsin D acts as a death factor. We speculate that this death-inducing activity is normally suppressed by cathepsin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Isahara
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy I, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
282
|
Turk B, Dolenc I, Lenarcic B, Krizaj I, Turk V, Bieth JG, Björk I. Acidic pH as a physiological regulator of human cathepsin L activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 259:926-32. [PMID: 10092883 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine protease cathepsin L was inactivated at acid pH by a first-order process. The inactivation rate decreased with increasing concentrations of a small synthetic substrate, suggesting that substrates stabilize the active conformation. The substrate-independent inactivation rate constant increased with organic solvent content of the buffer, consistent with internal hydrophobic interactions, disrupted by the organic solvent, also stabilizing the enzyme. Circular dichroism showed that the inactivation is accompanied by large structural changes, a decrease in alpha-helix content being especially pronounced. The high activation energy of the reaction at pH 3.0 (200 kJ.mol-1) supported such a major conformational change occurring. The acid inactivation of cathepsin L was irreversible, consistent with the propeptide being needed for proper folding of the enzyme. Aspartic protease cathepsin D was shown to cleave denatured, but not active cathepsin L, suggesting a potential mechanism for in-vivo regulation and turnover of cathepsin L inside lysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
283
|
Foekens JA, Look MP, Bolt-de Vries J, Meijer-van Gelder ME, van Putten WL, Klijn JG. Cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer: prognostic evaluation involving 2810 patients. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:300-7. [PMID: 9888472 PMCID: PMC2362199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is controversy regarding the prognostic value of cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer. An increased level of cathepsin-D in tumour extracts has been found to be associated with a poor relapse-free and overall survival. Studies performed with immunohistochemistry or Western blotting have produced diverse results. We have analysed 2810 cytosolic extracts obtained from human primary breast tumours for cathepsin-D expression, and have correlated their levels with prognosis. The median follow-up of the patients still alive was 88 months. Patients with high cathepsin-D levels had a significantly worse relapse-free and overall survival, also in multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001). Adjuvant therapy which was associated with an improved prognosis in node-positive patients in univariate analysis, also significantly added to the multivariate models for relapse-free and overall survival. There were no statistically significant interactions between the levels of cathepsin-D and any of the classical prognostic factors in analysis for relapse-free survival, suggesting that the prognostic value of cathepsin-D is not different in the various subgroups of patients. Indeed, multivariate analyses in subgroups of node-negative and -positive patients, pre- and post-menopausal patients, and their combinations, showed that tumours with high cathepsin-D values had a significantly poor relapse-free survival, with relative hazard rates ranging from 1.3 to 1.5, compared with tumours with low cathepsin-D levels. The results presented here on 2810 patients confirm that high cytosolic cathepsin-D values are associated with poor prognosis in human primary breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek), Academic Hospital, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
284
|
Foekens JA, Look MP, Vries JBD, Gelder MEMV, Putten WLJV, Klijn JGM. Cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer: prognostic evaluation involving 2810 patients. Br J Cancer 1999. [PMID: 9888472 PMCID: PMC2362199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6990048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is controversy regarding the prognostic value of cathepsin-D in primary breast cancer. An increased level of cathepsin-D in tumour extracts has been found to be associated with a poor relapse-free and overall survival. Studies performed with immunohistochemistry or Western blotting have produced diverse results. We have analysed 2810 cytosolic extracts obtained from human primary breast tumours for cathepsin-D expression, and have correlated their levels with prognosis. The median follow-up of the patients still alive was 88 months. Patients with high cathepsin-D levels had a significantly worse relapse-free and overall survival, also in multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001). Adjuvant therapy which was associated with an improved prognosis in node-positive patients in univariate analysis, also significantly added to the multivariate models for relapse-free and overall survival. There were no statistically significant interactions between the levels of cathepsin-D and any of the classical prognostic factors in analysis for relapse-free survival, suggesting that the prognostic value of cathepsin-D is not different in the various subgroups of patients. Indeed, multivariate analyses in subgroups of node-negative and -positive patients, pre- and post-menopausal patients, and their combinations, showed that tumours with high cathepsin-D values had a significantly poor relapse-free survival, with relative hazard rates ranging from 1.3 to 1.5, compared with tumours with low cathepsin-D levels. The results presented here on 2810 patients confirm that high cytosolic cathepsin-D values are associated with poor prognosis in human primary breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Foekens
- Division of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Look
- Division of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Bolt-de Vries
- Division of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M E Meijer-van Gelder
- Division of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W L J van Putten
- Department of Statistics, Rotterdam Cancer Institute (Daniel den Hoed Kliniek), Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G M Klijn
- Division of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
285
|
Abstract
Cathepsin D (cath-D) overexpression in breast cancer cells is associated with increased risk of metastasis in patients according to several clinical studies. No alterations of pro-cath-D structure or activation have been demonstrated in cancer cells. However, overexpression and dysrouting of pro-cath-D in illegitimate compartments could have consequences on tumor progression. Transfection of a human cDNA cath-D expression vector increases the metastatic potential of 3Y1-Ad12 embryonic rat tumorigenic cells when intravenously injected into nude mice. The mechanism by which cath-D increases the incidence of clinical metastasis seems to involve increased cell growth and decreased contact inhibition rather than escape of cancer cells through the basement membrane. Different mechanisms are discussed by which cath-D could act as a protease following its activation or as a ligand of different membrane receptors at a more neutral pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Rochefort
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 148 (Hormones and Cancer), University of Montpellier I, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
286
|
Shibata M, Kanamori S, Isahara K, Ohsawa Y, Konishi A, Kametaka S, Watanabe T, Ebisu S, Ishido K, Kominami E, Uchiyama Y. Participation of cathepsins B and D in apoptosis of PC12 cells following serum deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 251:199-203. [PMID: 9790930 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic proteinase, has been shown to induce apoptosis of HeLa cells when overexpressed. To further understand regulatory mechanisms of cathepsin D-induced cell death, we examined whether lysosomal cysteine and aspartic proteinases are involved in apoptosis of PC12 cells following serum deprivation. In serum deprived culture, PC12 cells overexpressing cathepsin D died more rapidly than wild-type cells. When the active forms of cathepsins B and D were examined during the apoptotic process of wild-type cells, the amount of cathepsin B was drastically reduced 24 hr after the onset of culture, whereas that of cathepsin D considerably increased. The viability of PC12 cells overexpressing cathepsin B was significantly higher in serum-deprived culture than wild-type cells. In this situation, the amount of the cathepsin B protein did not decrease. The results suggest that there exists an apoptotic pathway regulated by lysosomal cathepsins B and D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shibata
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy I, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
287
|
Lee AY, Gulnik SV, Erickson JW. Conformational switching in an aspartic proteinase. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1998; 5:866-71. [PMID: 9783744 DOI: 10.1038/2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a catalytically inactive form of cathepsin D (CatDhi) has been obtained at pH 7.5. The N-terminal strand relocates by 30 A from its position in the interdomain beta-sheet and inserts into the active site cleft, effectively blocking substrate access. CatDhi has a five-stranded interdomain beta-sheet and resembles Intermediate 3, a hypothetical structure proposed to be transiently formed during proteolytic activation of the proenzyme precursor. Interconversion between active and inactive forms of CatD is reversible and may be regulated by an ionizable switch involving the carboxylate side chains of Glu 5, Glu 180, and Asp 187. Our findings provide a structural basis for the pH-dependent regulation of aspartic proteinase activity and suggest a novel mechanism for pH-dependent modulation of substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Structural Biochemistry Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
288
|
Carmeliet P, Collen D. Development and disease in proteinase-deficient mice: role of the plasminogen, matrix metalloproteinase and coagulation system. Thromb Res 1998; 91:255-85. [PMID: 9772009 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Carmeliet
- Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
289
|
Lewis2 TA, Hartmann CB, McCoy KL. Gallium Arsenide Modulates Proteolytic Cathepsin Activities and Antigen Processing by Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a semiconductor utilized in the electronics industry. Chemical exposure of animals causes a local inflammatory reaction, but systemic immunosuppression. Mice were administered i.p. 200 mg/kg GaAs crystals or latex beads, or vehicle. Five days after exposure, splenic macrophages were defective, whereas thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages (PEC) were more efficient in processing the Ag, pigeon cytochrome c, than vehicle control macrophages. Various aspects of the MHC class II Ag-processing pathway were examined. Both macrophage populations normally presented a peptide fragment to the CD4+ T cells. Surface MHC class II expression on the PEC was up-regulated, but splenic cells had normal MHC class II expression. PEC had elevated levels of glutathione and cysteine, major physiologic reducing thiols. However, the cysteine content of splenic macrophages was diminished. Proteolytic activities of aspartyl cathepsin D, and thiol cathepsins B and L were decreased significantly in splenic macrophages. On the other hand, thiol cathepsin activities were increased selectively in PEC. Latex bead-exposed PEC were not more potent APC, and their thiol cathepsin activities were unchanged, indicating that phagocytosis and nonspecific irritation were not responsible. The phenotype of PEC directly exposed to GaAs mirrored cytokine-activated macrophages, in contrast to splenic macrophages from a distant site. Therefore, GaAs exposure differentially modulated cathepsin activities in splenic macrophages and PEC, which correlated with their Ag-processing efficiency. Perhaps such distinct alterations may contribute to the local inflammation and systemic immunotoxicity caused by chemical exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Lewis2
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Constance B. Hartmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Kathleen L. McCoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298
| |
Collapse
|
290
|
Batenburg JJ, Haagsman HP. The lipids of pulmonary surfactant: dynamics and interactions with proteins. Prog Lipid Res 1998; 37:235-76. [PMID: 10193527 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(98)00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Batenburg
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Animal Health, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
291
|
Runeberg-Roos P, Saarma M. Phytepsin, a barley vacuolar aspartic proteinase, is highly expressed during autolysis of developing tracheary elements and sieve cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 15:139-145. [PMID: 9744102 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolarisation, formation of autophagocytotic vacuoles and tonoplast disruption have been reported in plant cells undergoing developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD), but little is known about the vacuolar proteins involved. In HeLa cells, cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic proteinase has been shown to mediate PCD. Based on immunohistochemical staining of barley roots, we show here that the previously well characterised barley vacuolar aspartic proteinase (phytepsin), a plant homologue to cathepsin D, is highly expressed both during formation of tracheary elements and during partial autolysis of sieve cells. In serial transverse sections of the vascular cylinder, starting from the root tip, phytepsin is expressed in root cap cells, in the tracheary elements of early and late metaxylem, and in the sieve cells of the protophloem and metaphloem. Aleurain, a barley vacuolar cysteine proteinase, is expressed similarly in root cap cells but differently in the tracheary elements of protoxylem and early metaxylem. This is the first evidence that a vacuolar aspartic proteinase, in analogy to cathepsin D in animals, may play a role in the active autolysis of plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Runeberg-Roos
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
292
|
Tatnell PJ, Roth W, Deussing J, Peters C, Kay J. Mouse procathepsin E gene: molecular organisation and chromosomal localisation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1398:57-66. [PMID: 9602058 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 15.6 kb genomic clone encompassing the mouse procathepsin E gene was isolated and mapped. Sequencing revealed that the gene consists of nine exons followed by a polyadenylation signal at the 3'-end. The 5'-flanking region appears to be a TATA-less promoter but contains a nucleotide sequence that matches perfectly with the consensus motif of an initiator element [S.T. Smale, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1351 (1997) 73-88.] to direct accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase. This overlaps the site that was determined for the start of transcription. The absence of features considered typical of TATA-box regulated or housekeeping types of genes is consistent with the low levels of procathepsin E gene expression that are normally observed and might imply a unique sensitivity to or requirement for tissue-specific transcription factors that would account for the sporadic distribution of this aspartic proteinase in cells and tissues. The single copy of the procathepsin E gene was located on chromosome 1, near to that of mouse prorenin, a closely related aspartic proteinase involved in blood pressure regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Tatnell
- School of Molecular and Medical Biosciences, University of Wales, Cardiff, P.O. Box 911, Cardiff CF1 3US, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
293
|
Morioka K, Toné S, Mukaida M, Takano-Ohmuro H. The apoptotic and nonapoptotic nature of the terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 240:206-17. [PMID: 9596993 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of erythroid cells changes dramatically during the course of their terminal differentiation. According to calculations made with cytospin preparations obtained from Syrian hamster yolk-sac-derived erythroid cells, the area of nuclei at day 10 of gestation ranges from 25 to 85 micron 2 and is reduced to 15-25 micron 2 on day 13 [K. Morioka and R. Minamikawa-Tachino, Dev. Growth Differ. 35, 569-582, 1993]. The DNA and protein contents of each nucleus also decrease during this period. Nonspecific fragmentation of DNA was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis in all samples obtained from day 10 to day 13 of gestation, while distinct ladders of DNA fragments were not detected. DNA fragmentation was also detected by an in situ DNA-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. As the terminal differentiation proceeded, gradual decreases in levels of both histone H1 and most nonhistone proteins were observed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while levels of core histones appeared to be constant. In particular, lamin B2 was almost completely lost from the nuclear matrix fraction on day 11. These results suggest that the terminal differentiation of erythroid cells and apoptosis might have common mechanisms. However, expansion of the cytoplasm during the terminal differentiation distinguishes these processes. In addition, in the erythroid terminal differentiation, nuclei never form lobules or become fragmented; no apoptotic bodies are formed, occurrence of the apoptosis-like cellular change is not sporadic but rather synchronous, and the process is slow, with at least several days being required for cell death. These characteristics are different from those of typical apoptosis. Thus, the terminal differentiation of nucleated embryonic erythroid cells exhibits both apoptotic and nonapoptotic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Morioka
- Department of Tumor Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
294
|
Affiliation(s)
- T T MacDonald
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, St. Bartholomew's, London, England, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
295
|
Sachdev D, Ohsaki Y, Roodman GD, Chirgwin JM. Epitope mapping of recombinant human procathepsin D. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 436:185-9. [PMID: 9561217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5373-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Sachdev
- Audie L. Murphy Veterans Administration Research Service, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7877, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
296
|
Nakagawa T, Roth W, Wong P, Nelson A, Farr A, Deussing J, Villadangos JA, Ploegh H, Peters C, Rudensky AY. Cathepsin L: critical role in Ii degradation and CD4 T cell selection in the thymus. Science 1998; 280:450-3. [PMID: 9545226 DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5362.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of invariant chain (Ii) is a critical step in major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen presentation. Cathepsin L was found to be necessary for Ii degradation in cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs), but not in bone marrow (BM)-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, positive selection of CD4+ T cells was reduced. Because different cysteine proteinases are responsible for specific Ii degradation steps in cTECs and BM-derived APCs, the proteolytic environment in cells mediating positive and negative selection may be distinct. The identification of a protease involved in class II presentation in a tissue-specific manner suggests a potential means of manipulating CD4+ T cell responsiveness in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nakagawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
297
|
Deussing J, Roth W, Saftig P, Peters C, Ploegh HL, Villadangos JA. Cathepsins B and D are dispensable for major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:4516-21. [PMID: 9539769 PMCID: PMC22521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1997] [Accepted: 01/06/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules requires the participation of different proteases in the endocytic route to degrade endocytosed antigens as well as the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). Thus far, only the cysteine protease cathepsin (Cat) S appears essential for complete destruction of Ii. The enzymes involved in degradation of the antigens themselves remain to be identified. Degradation of antigens in vitro and experiments using protease inhibitors have suggested that Cat B and Cat D, two major aspartyl and cysteine proteases, respectively, are involved in antigen degradation. We have analyzed the antigen-presenting properties of cells derived from mice deficient in either Cat B or Cat D. Although the absence of these proteases provoked a modest shift in the efficiency of presentation of some antigenic determinants, the overall capacity of Cat B-/- or Cat D-/- antigen-presenting cells was unaffected. Degradation of Ii proceeded normally in Cat B-/- splenocytes, as it did in Cat D-/- cells. We conclude that neither Cat B nor Cat D are essential for MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Deussing
- Abteilung Innere Medizin I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106 Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
298
|
Rochefort H, Platet N, Hayashido Y, Derocq D, Lucas A, Cunat S, Garcia M. Estrogen receptor mediated inhibition of cancer cell invasion and motility: an overview. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 65:163-8. [PMID: 9699869 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this overview of results from our laboratory, we address the question of the role of estrogens during early steps of metastasis, involving cell invasion through the basement membrane and cell motility. The motility of several estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast (MCF7, T47D) and ovarian (BG-1, SKOV3, PEO4) cancer cell lines was studied using a modified Boyden chamber assay. We observed, in all cases, estradiol induced inhibition of cancer cell invasion and motility. A similar inhibitory effect of estradiol was found when the wild-type ER alpha was stably transfected in the ER-negative MDA-MB231 cells and 3Y1-Ad12 cancer cells. The mechanism of this inhibitory effect is unknown. In ovarian cancer, however, it may involve intermediary proteins such as fibulin-1, an extracellular matrix protein that strongly interacts with fibronectin and which is induced by estrogen and secreted by ovarian cancer cells. We conclude that estrogens in ER-positive breast and ovarian cancers have a dual effect, since they stimulate tumor growth but inhibit invasion and motility. This may be consistent with the good initial prognostic value of ER-positive breast cancers compared to ER negative breast cancers noted in several clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Rochefort
- Unité Hormones et Cancer (U 148) INSERM, Université de Montpellier 1, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
299
|
Abstract
Plasminogen activation has been proposed to play a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. The effects of complete ablation of plasminogen activation in cancer was studied by inoculation of a metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma expressing high levels of plasminogen activator into plasminogen-deficient (Plg−/−) mice and matched control mice. Primary tumors developed in all mice with no difference in the rate of appearance between Plg−/− and control mice. However, the primary tumors in Plg−/− mice were smaller and less hemorrhagic and displayed reduced skin ulceration. In addition, dissemination of the tumor to regional lymph nodes was delayed in Plg−/− mice. Surprisingly, no quantitative differences were observed in lung metastasis between Plg−/− and control mice. In addition, Plg deficiency was compatible with metastasis of the primary tumor to a variety of other organs. Nevertheless, Plg−/− mice displayed a moderately increased survival after primary tumor resection. These findings suggest that plasmin-mediated proteolysis contributes to the morbidity and mortality of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice, but sufficient proteolytic activity is generated in Plg−/− mice for efficient tumor development and metastasis.
Collapse
|
300
|
Abstract
AbstractPlasminogen activation has been proposed to play a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. The effects of complete ablation of plasminogen activation in cancer was studied by inoculation of a metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma expressing high levels of plasminogen activator into plasminogen-deficient (Plg−/−) mice and matched control mice. Primary tumors developed in all mice with no difference in the rate of appearance between Plg−/− and control mice. However, the primary tumors in Plg−/− mice were smaller and less hemorrhagic and displayed reduced skin ulceration. In addition, dissemination of the tumor to regional lymph nodes was delayed in Plg−/− mice. Surprisingly, no quantitative differences were observed in lung metastasis between Plg−/− and control mice. In addition, Plg deficiency was compatible with metastasis of the primary tumor to a variety of other organs. Nevertheless, Plg−/− mice displayed a moderately increased survival after primary tumor resection. These findings suggest that plasmin-mediated proteolysis contributes to the morbidity and mortality of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice, but sufficient proteolytic activity is generated in Plg−/− mice for efficient tumor development and metastasis.
Collapse
|