251
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Aaes TL, Vandenabeele P. The intrinsic immunogenic properties of cancer cell lines, immunogenic cell death, and how these influence host antitumor immune responses. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:843-860. [PMID: 33214663 PMCID: PMC7937679 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern cancer therapies often involve the combination of tumor-directed cytotoxic strategies and generation of a host antitumor immune response. The latter is unleashed by immunotherapies that activate the immune system generating a more immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment and a stronger tumor antigen-specific immune response. Studying the interaction between antitumor cytotoxic therapies, dying cancer cells, and the innate and adaptive immune system requires appropriate experimental tumor models in mice. In this review, we discuss the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties of cancer cell lines commonly used in immunogenic cell death (ICD) studies being apoptosis or necroptosis. We will especially focus on the antigenic component of immunogenicity. While in several cancer cell lines the epitopes of endogenously expressed tumor antigens are known, these intrinsic epitopes are rarely determined in experimental apoptotic or necroptotic ICD settings. Instead by far the most ICD research studies investigate the antigenic response against exogenously expressed model antigens such as ovalbumin or retroviral epitopes (e.g., AH1). In this review, we will argue that the immune response against endogenous tumor antigens and the immunopeptidome profile of cancer cell lines affect the eventual biological readouts in the typical prophylactic tumor vaccination type of experiments used in ICD research, and we will propose additional methods involving immunopeptidome profiling, major histocompatibility complex molecule expression, and identification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells to document intrinsic immunogenicity following different cell death modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Løve Aaes
- grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Unit for Cell Clearance in Health and Disease, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Unit of Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
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252
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Yang J, Wen Z, Li W, Sun X, Ma J, She X, Zhang H, Tu C, Wang G, Huang D, Shen X, Dong J, Zhang H. Immune Microenvironment: New Insight for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:570241. [PMID: 33628741 PMCID: PMC7897671 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.570241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the main treatment for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is surgery, however, surgery is far from ideal as there are many complications such as uncontrollable bowel movements, pouch inflammation, anastomotic stricture, and secondary fibroids. Therefore, it is necessary to further expand the understanding of FAP and develop new treatments for FAP. The immune microenvironment including immune cells and cytokines, plays an important role in FAP and the progression of FAP to adenocarcinoma, thus it may be a promising treatment for FAP. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the immune microenvironment of FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengqi Wen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianghua Sun
- Department of Cadre Recuperation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Junrui Ma
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueke She
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Changling Tu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Depei Huang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Shen
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Hushan Zhang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
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253
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Yang H, Yang YL, Li GQ, Yu Q, Yang J. Identifications of immune-responsive genes for adaptative traits by comparative transcriptome analysis of spleen tissue from Kazakh and Suffolk sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3157. [PMID: 33542475 PMCID: PMC7862382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aridity and heat are significant environmental stressors that affect sheep adaptation and adaptability, thus influencing immunity, growth, reproduction, production performance, and profitability. The aim of this study was to profile mRNA expression levels in the spleen of indigenous Kazakh sheep breed for comparative analysis with the exotic Suffolk breed. Spleen histomorphology was observed in indigenous Kazakh sheep and exotic Suffolk sheep raised in Xinjiang China. Transcriptome sequencing of spleen tissue from the two breeds were performed via Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology and validated by RT-qPCR. Blood cytokine and IgG levels differed between the two breeds and IgG and IL-1β were significantly higher in Kazakh sheep than in Suffolk sheep (p < 0.05), though spleen tissue morphology was the same. A total of 52.04 Gb clean reads were obtained and the clean reads were assembled into 67,271 unigenes using bioinformatics analysis. Profiling analysis of differential gene expression showed that 1158 differentially expressed genes were found when comparing Suffolk with Kazakh sheep, including 246 up-regulated genes and 912 down-regulated genes. Utilizing gene ontology annotation and pathway analysis, 21 immune- responsive genes were identified as spleen-specific genes associated with adaptive traits and were significantly enriched in hematopoietic cell lineage, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement and coagulation cascades, and in the intestinal immune network for IgA production. Four pathways and up-regulated genes associated with immune responses in indigenous sheep played indispensable and promoting roles in arid and hot environments. Overall, this study provides valuable transcriptome data on the immunological mechanisms related to adaptive traits in indigenous and exotic sheep and offers a foundation for research into adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Shihezi, 832000, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yong-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Shihezi, 832000, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Shihezi, 832000, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Shihezi, 832000, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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254
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Arsenite suppresses IL-2-dependent tumoricidal activities of natural killer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 412:115353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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255
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Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Other Pathogen Glycoprotein Interactions with NK Cell Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020156. [PMID: 33494528 PMCID: PMC7911750 DOI: 10.3390/v13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immunity repertoire, and function in the recognition and destruction of tumorigenic and pathogen-infected cells. Engagement of NK cell activating receptors can lead to functional activation of NK cells, resulting in lysis of target cells. NK cell activating receptors specific for non-major histocompatibility complex ligands are NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, NKG2D, and CD16 (also known as FcγRIII). The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, have been implicated in functional activation of NK cells following influenza virus infection via binding with influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In this review we describe NK cell and influenza A virus biology, and the interactions of influenza A virus HA and other pathogen lectins with NK cell natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). We review concepts which intersect viral immunology, traditional virology and glycobiology to provide insights into the interactions between influenza virus HA and the NCRs. Furthermore, we provide expert opinion on future directions that would provide insights into currently unanswered questions.
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256
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Daher M, Rezvani K. Outlook for New CAR-Based Therapies with a Focus on CAR NK Cells: What Lies Beyond CAR-Engineered T Cells in the Race against Cancer. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:45-58. [PMID: 33277313 PMCID: PMC8137521 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering of T cells has revolutionized the field of cellular therapy for the treatment of cancer. Despite this success, autologous CAR-T cells have recognized limitations that have led to the investigation of other immune effector cells as candidates for CAR modification. Recently, natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as safe and effective platforms for CAR engineering. In this article, we review the advantages, challenges, and preclinical and clinical research advances in CAR NK cell engineering for cancer immunotherapy. We also briefly consider the feasibility and potential benefits of applying other immune effector cells as vehicles for CAR expression. SIGNIFICANCE: CAR engineering can redirect the specificity of immune effector cells, converting them to a much more potent weapon to combat cancer cells. Expanding this strategy to immune effectors beyond conventional T lymphocytes could overcome some of the limitations of CAR T cells, paving the way for safer and more effective off-the-shelf cellular therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Daher
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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257
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Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, a Rare Presentation in Lupus Nephritis. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 6:842-845. [PMID: 33733000 PMCID: PMC7938066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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258
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Ahmed F, Jo DH, Lee SH. Can Natural Killer Cells Be a Principal Player in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunity? Front Immunol 2020; 11:586765. [PMID: 33365027 PMCID: PMC7750385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Ahmed
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dong-Hyeon Jo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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259
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Harris MA, Hons BB, Shekhar TM, Coupland LA, Miles MA, Hawkins CJ. Transient NK Cell Depletion Facilitates Pulmonary Osteosarcoma Metastases After Intravenous Inoculation in Athymic Mice. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2020; 9:667-671. [DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2019.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - BBioMed Hons
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Tanmay M. Shekhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lucy A. Coupland
- The ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mark A. Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Christine J. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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260
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Critical Review of Existing MHC I Immunopeptidome Isolation Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225409. [PMID: 33228004 PMCID: PMC7699222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) plays a crucial role in the development of adaptive immune response in vertebrates. MHC molecules are cell surface protein complexes loaded with short peptides and recognized by the T-cell receptors (TCR). Peptides associated with MHC are named immunopeptidome. The MHC I immunopeptidome is produced by the proteasome degradation of intracellular proteins. The knowledge of the immunopeptidome repertoire facilitates the creation of personalized antitumor or antiviral vaccines. A huge number of publications on the immunopeptidome diversity of different human and mouse biological samples-plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and solid tissues, including tumors-appeared in the scientific journals in the last decade. Significant immunopeptidome identification efficiency was achieved by advances in technology: the immunoprecipitation of MHC and mass spectrometry-based approaches. Researchers optimized common strategies to isolate MHC-associated peptides for individual tasks. They published many protocols with differences in the amount and type of biological sample, amount of antibodies, type and amount of insoluble support, methods of post-fractionation and purification, and approaches to LC-MS/MS identification of immunopeptidome. These parameters have a large impact on the final repertoire of isolated immunopeptidome. In this review, we summarize and compare immunopeptidome isolation techniques with an emphasis on the results obtained.
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261
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Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Delic D, Gerovska D, Wunderlich F. Protective Vaccination Reshapes Hepatic Response to Blood-Stage Malaria of Genes Preferentially Expressed by NK Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040677. [PMID: 33202767 PMCID: PMC7712122 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the liver as first-line post infectionem (p.i.) effectors against blood-stage malaria and their responsiveness to protective vaccination is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of vaccination on NK cell-associated genes induced in the liver by blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi. Female Balb/c mice were vaccinated at weeks 3 and 1 before being infected with 106P. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes. Genes preferentially expressed by NK cells were investigated in livers of vaccination-protected and non-protected mice on days 0, 1, 4, 8, and 11 p.i. using microarrays, qRT-PCR, and chromosome landscape analysis. Blood-stage malaria induces expression of specific genes in the liver at different phases of infection, i.e., Itga1 in expanding liver-resident NK (lrNK) cells, Itga2 in immigrating conventional NK (cNK) cells; Eomes and Tbx21 encoding transcription factors; Ncr1, Tnfsf10, Prf1, Gzma, Gzmb, Gzmc, Gzmm, and Gzmk encoding cytolytic effectors; natural killer gene complex (NKC)-localized genes encoding the NK cell receptors KLRG1, KLRK1, KLRAs1, 2, 5, 7, KLRD1, KLRC1, KLRC3, as well as the three receptors KLRB1A, KLRB1C, KLRB1F and their potential ligands CLEC2D and CLEC2I. Vaccination enhances this malaria-induced expression of genes, but impairs Gzmm expression, accelerates decline of Tnfsf10 and Clec2d expression, whereas it accelerates increased expression of Clec2i, taking a very similar time course as that of genes encoding plasma membrane proteins of erythroblasts, whose malaria-induced extramedullary generation in the liver is known to be accelerated by vaccination. Collectively, vaccination reshapes the response of the liver NK cell compartment to blood-stage malaria. Particularly, the malaria-induced expansion of lrNK cells peaking on day 4 p.i. is highly significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced by enhanced immigration of peripheral cNK cells, and KLRB1F:CLEC2I interactions between NK cells and erythroid cells facilitate extramedullary erythroblastosis in the liver, thus critically contributing to vaccination-induced survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage malaria of P. chabaudi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- TransBioNet Thematic Network of Excellence for Transitional Bioinformatics, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Denis Delic
- Boeringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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262
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Zwirner NW, Domaica CI, Fuertes MB. Regulatory functions of NK cells during infections and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:185-194. [PMID: 33095941 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0820-685r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After recognition, NK cells can kill susceptible target cells through perforin-dependent mechanisms or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis, and they can also secrete cytokines that are pivotal for immunomodulation. Despite the critical role as effector cells against tumors and virus-infected cells, NK cells have been implicated in the regulation of T cell-mediated responses in different models of autoimmunity, transplantation, and viral infections. Here, we review the mechanisms described for NK cell-mediated inhibition of adaptive immune responses, with spotlight on the emerging evidence of their regulatory role that shapes antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto W Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina I Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes B Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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263
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Araujo-Voces M, Quesada V. Frequent birth-and-death events throughout perforin-1 evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:135. [PMID: 33076840 PMCID: PMC7574235 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Through its ability to open pores in cell membranes, perforin-1 plays a key role in the immune system. Consistent with this role, the gene encoding perforin shows hallmarks of complex evolutionary events, including amplification and pseudogenization, in multiple species. A large proportion of these events occurred in phyla for which scarce genomic data were available. However, recent large-scale genomics projects have added a wealth of information on those phyla. Using this input, we annotated perforin-1 homologs in more than eighty species including mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians and fishes. Results We have annotated more than 400 perforin genes in all groups studied. Most mammalian species only have one perforin locus, which may contain a related pseudogene. However, we found four independent small expansions in unrelated members of this class. We could reconstruct the full-length coding sequences of only a few avian perforin genes, although we found incomplete and truncated forms of these gene in other birds. In the rest of reptilia, perforin-like genes can be found in at least three different loci containing up to twelve copies. Notably, mammals, non-avian reptiles, amphibians, and possibly teleosts share at least one perforin-1 locus as assessed by flanking genes. Finally, fish genomes contain multiple perforin loci with varying copy numbers and diverse exon/intron patterns. We have also found evidence for shorter genes with high similarity to the C2 domain of perforin in several teleosts. A preliminary analysis suggests that these genes arose at least twice during evolution from perforin-1 homologs. Conclusions The assisted annotation of new genomic assemblies shows complex patterns of birth-and-death events in the evolution of perforin. These events include duplication/pseudogenization in mammals, multiple amplifications and losses in reptiles and fishes and at least one case of partial duplication with a novel start codon in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Araujo-Voces
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular - IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Fernando Bongera S/N, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular - IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Fernando Bongera S/N, Oviedo, 33006, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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264
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Ursu LD, Calenic B, Diculescu M, Dima A, Stoian IT, Constantinescu I. Clinical and histopathological changes in different KIR gene profiles in chronic HCV Romanian patients. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 48:16-24. [PMID: 32961633 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals may have a faster progression of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development when influenced by host, viral and environmental factors. Hepatitis C virus disease progression is also associated with genetic variants of specific killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The aim of the present study was to correlate clinical, virologic and biochemical parameters and to evaluate the possible influence of KIR genes and their HLA class I ligands in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. The present study analysed a total of 127 chronic HCV-infected patients for various biochemical and genetics factors that can influence disease progression and prognosis. Liver function parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), direct bilirubin (DB), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), HCV RNA levels and fibrosis indices were analysed using well-established biochemical methods. At the same time, KIR and HLA genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer technique. Analysis of HLA class I and HLA ligands revealed that HLA-C*12:02 and HLA-A3 and HLA-A11 were positively associated with the F3-F4 fibrosis group (p = .026; OR = 8.717, CI = 1.040-73.077; respectively, p = .047; OR = 2.187; 95% CI = 1.066-4.486). KIR2DL2-positive patients had high median levels of AST after treatment and direct bilirubin levels when compared to KIR2DL2-negative patients (p = .013, respectively, p = .028). KIR2DL2/KIR2DL2-C1C1 genotype was associated with increased AST, ALT and GGT levels. A higher GGT level was also observed in KIR2DS2-C1-positive patients when compared to KIR2DS2-C1-negative patients. The present research demonstrates several links between specific clinical, virologic and biochemical parameters and the expression of KIR genes and their HLA ligands in HCV-infected patients. These connections should be taken into account when considering disease development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Denisa Ursu
- Centre for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Calenic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Diculescu
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Dima
- Rheumatology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Teodora Stoian
- Centre for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Constantinescu
- Centre for Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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265
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Cantoni C, Wurzer H, Thomas C, Vitale M. Escape of tumor cells from the NK cell cytotoxic activity. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1339-1360. [PMID: 32930468 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0820-652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, NK cells, initially identified as potent cytotoxic effector cells, have revealed an unexpected complexity, both at phenotypic and functional levels. The discovery of different NK cell subsets, characterized by distinct gene expression and phenotypes, was combined with the characterization of the diverse functions NK cells can exert, not only as circulating cells, but also as cells localized or recruited in lymphoid organs and in multiple tissues. Besides the elimination of tumor and virus-infected cells, these functions include the production of cytokines and chemokines, the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, the influence on tissue homeostasis. In addition, NK cells display a remarkable functional plasticity, being able to adapt to the environment and to develop a kind of memory. Nevertheless, the powerful cytotoxic activity of NK cells remains one of their most relevant properties, particularly in the antitumor response. In this review, the process of tumor cell recognition and killing mediated by NK cells, starting from the generation of cytolytic granules and recognition of target cell, to the establishment of the NK cell immunological synapse, the release of cytotoxic molecules, and consequent tumor cell death is described. Next, the review focuses on the heterogeneous mechanisms, either intrinsic to tumors or induced by the tumor microenvironment, by which cancer cells can escape the NK cell-mediated attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Massimo Vitale
- UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
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266
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Morgan MA, Büning H, Sauer M, Schambach A. Use of Cell and Genome Modification Technologies to Generate Improved "Off-the-Shelf" CAR T and CAR NK Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1965. [PMID: 32903482 PMCID: PMC7438733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad success of adoptive immunotherapy to treat human cancer has resulted in a paradigm shift in modern medicine. Modification of autologous and allogenic immune cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) designed to target specific antigens on tumor cells has led to production of CAR T and CAR NK cell therapies, which are ever more commonly introduced into cancer patient treatment protocols. While allogenic T cells may offer advantages such as improved anti-tumor activity, they also carry the risk of adverse reactions like graft-versus-host disease. This risk can be mitigated by use of autologous immune cells, however, the time needed for T and/or NK cell isolation, modification and expansion may be too long for some patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for strategies to robustly produce “off-the-shelf” CAR T and CAR NK cells, which could be used as a bridging therapy between cancer diagnosis or relapse and allogeneic transplantation. Advances in genome modification technologies have accelerated the generation of designer cell therapy products, including development of “off-the-shelf” CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy. The feasibility and safety of such approaches is currently tested in clinical trials. This review will describe cell sources for CAR-based therapies, provide background of current genome editing techniques and the applicability of these approaches for generation of universal “off-the-shelf” CAR T and NK cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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267
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He Y, Ye G, Chi S, Tan B, Dong X, Yang Q, Liu H, Zhang S. Integrative Transcriptomic and Small RNA Sequencing Reveals Immune-Related miRNA-mRNA Regulation Network for Soybean Meal-Induced Enteritis in Hybrid Grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1502. [PMID: 32903657 PMCID: PMC7438716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to reveal the immune mechanism for soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) in hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated by replacing 0, 10, 30, and 50% fish meal protein with soybean meal (namely FM, SBM10, SBM30, and SBM50, respectively). The weight gain rate of the SBM50 group was significantly lower than those of the other groups. Plica height, muscular layer thickness, and goblet cells of the distal intestine in the SBM50 group were much lower than those in the FM group. The intestinal transcriptomic data, including the transcriptome and miRNAome, showed that a total of 6,390 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 92 DEmiRNAs were identified in the SBM50 and FM groups. DEmiRNAs (10 known and 1 novel miRNAs) and their DE target genes were involved in immune-related phagosome, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and the intestinal immune network for IgA production pathways. Our study is the first to offer transcriptomic and small RNA profiling for SBMIE in hybrid grouper. Our findings offer important insights for the understanding of the RNA profile and further elucidation of the underlying molecular immune mechanism for SBMIE in carnivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfa He
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guanlin Ye
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qihui Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
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268
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Freitas Monteiro M, Papaserafeim M, Réal A, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Anti-CD20 rituximab IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 but not IgG2 subclass trigger Ca 2+ mobilization and cytotoxicity in human NK cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1409-1423. [PMID: 32620047 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0620-039r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell-mediated Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is increasingly recognized to play an important role in cancer immunotherapy, transplant rejection, and autoimmunity. However, several aspects of the molecular interactions of IgG subclasses with the Fc-gamma receptor IIIA (FcγRIIIA)/CD16a expressed on NK cells remain unknown. The aim of the current study was to further analyze the role of IgG subclasses and FCGR3A V158F single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on Ca2+ signaling and NK cell-mediated ADCC against Daudi target cells in vitro. NK cells were isolated from donors with different FCGR3A SNP. The affinity of rituximab IgG subclasses to CD20 expressed on Daudi cells showed similar dissociation constant as tested by flow cytometry. Induction of Ca2+ signaling, degranulation, intracellular cytokine production, and ADCC was demonstrated for IgG1 and IgG3, to a lesser degree also for IgG4, but not for IgG2. Compared to NK cells carrying the low-affinity (FF) variant for the FCGR3A V158F SNP, binding of IgG1 and IgG3 to NK cells carrying the high-affinity (VV) and VF SNP variants was two- to threefold higher. Variations of FCGR3A SNP among the eight tested donors (1 VV, 3FF, and 4VF) revealed no significant differences of Ca2+ signaling and degranulation; however, ADCC was somewhat weaker in donors with the low-affinity FF variation. In conclusion, this is the first study correlating Ca2+ signaling and NK cell-mediated ADCC triggered by the four IgG subclasses with the FCGR3A V158F SNP. Our findings indicate important differences in the interactions of IgG subclasses with FcγRIIIA/CD16a but no major impact of FCGR3A SNP and may therefore help to better correlate the functional properties of particular engineered therapeutic antibodies in vitro with individual differences of their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Freitas Monteiro
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Papaserafeim
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Réal
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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269
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Qi FL, Wang MF, Li BZ, Lu ZF, Nie GJ, Li SP. Reversal of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by nanoparticle-based activation of immune-associated cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:895-901. [PMID: 32467568 PMCID: PMC7470798 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy that activates the host immune system to reverse immunosuppression has emerged as a new generation of cancer treatment in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Although immunotherapy has shown significant achievements in the treatment of various cancers, it faces challenges that limit its further evolution such as poor permeation and modest responsiveness. The development of nanoparticle drug delivery system has provided an opportunity to overcome these drawbacks and to achieve optimized immunotherapy. Based on the research of our group, we here introduce the new strategies being employed using nanoscale intelligent drug delivery systems to enhance the effects of cancer immunotherapy. We also provide a perspective on the further possible application of nanoparticles in more effective antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Long Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei-Fang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bo-Zhao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ze-Fang Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guang-Jun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Su-Ping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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270
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Regulation of natural killer cell activity by glucocorticoids, serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:705-711. [PMID: 32503998 PMCID: PMC7331581 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and the nervous system are highly complex organs composed of various different cells that must interact with each other for proper function of the system. This communication can be mediated by soluble factors. The factors released by the nervous system (neurotransmitters) differ from those released by the immune system (cytokines). Nevertheless, the nervous and immune systems can influence each other’s activity because immune cells express neurotransmitter receptors, and neurons express cytokine receptors. Moreover, immune cells can synthesize and release neurotransmitters themselves, thus using neurotransmitter-mediated pathways via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are important for early and effective immune reactions against infections and cancer. Many studies have shown the strong influence of stress and the nervous system on NK cell activity. This phenomenon may be one reason why chronic stress leads to a higher incidence of infections and cancer. Here, we review the effects of neuroendocrine factors on the different activities of NK cells. Understanding the effects of neuroendocrine factors on NK cell activities during physiological and pathophysiological conditions may result in novel therapeutic strategies to enhance NK cell functions against tumors.
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271
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Systematic Multiomic Analysis of Ly75 Gene Expression and Its Prognostic Value Through the Infiltration of Natural Killer (NK) Cells in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051383. [PMID: 32397120 PMCID: PMC7291273 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly75 (also known as DEC-205 or CD205) is expressed in immune cells and cancers and involved in tumor immunity. However, clinical relevance of Ly75 expression in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) have not been comprehensively studied. This study analyzed the correlation between Ly75 mRNA expression and patient survival using systematic multiomic analysis tools. Ly75 mRNA expression level was significantly lower in SKCM tissues than in normal tissues. Survival analysis showed that Ly75 expression significantly correlated with good patient survival. To determine possible mechanisms, the association between Ly75 expression and immune cell infiltration was analyzed. Ly75 expression was positively correlated with various infiltrated immune cells, particularly with natural killer (NK) cell infiltration and activation in SKCM. Moreover, analysis of Ly75-co-altered gene expression revealed that Ptprc (CD45) was most significantly correlated with Ly75. Gene ontology analysis of Ly75-co-altered genes indicated the relation to lymphocyte activation, including NK cell activation. Overall, our study provides the first clinical evidence that Ly75 expression is significantly associated with melanoma patient survival and NK cell infiltration, suggesting that Ly75 could be a useful prognostic factor.
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272
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Wu Y, Li J, Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P, Shen J, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ji H, Du F, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yin J, Wen Q, Cho CH, Li M, Xiao Z. Natural killer cells as a double-edged sword in cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review from cytokine therapy to adoptive cell immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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273
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Abstract
The continuous interactions between host and pathogens during their coevolution have shaped both the immune system and the countermeasures used by pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are considered central players in the antiviral response. Not only do they express a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors to discriminate and eliminate target cells but they can also produce immunoregulatory cytokines to alert the immune system. Reciprocally, several unrelated viruses including cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, and dengue virus have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to evade NK cell function, such as the targeting of pathways for NK cell receptors and their ligands, apoptosis, and cytokine-mediated signaling. The studies discussed in this article provide further insights into the antiviral function of NK cells and the pathways involved, their constituent proteins, and ways in which they could be manipulated for host benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada;,
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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274
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Njiomegnie GF, Read SA, Fewings N, George J, McKay F, Ahlenstiel G. Immunomodulation of the Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Response during HCV Infection. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041030. [PMID: 32268490 PMCID: PMC7230811 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection develops into chronic hepatitis in over two-thirds of acute infections. While current treatments with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) achieve HCV eradication in >95% of cases, no vaccine is available and re-infection can readily occur. Natural killer (NK) cells represent a key cellular component of the innate immune system, participating in early defence against infectious diseases, viruses, and cancers. When acute infection becomes chronic, however, NK cell function is altered. This has been well studied in the context of HCV, where changes in frequency and distribution of NK cell populations have been reported. While activating receptors are downregulated on NK cells in both acute and chronic infection, NK cell inhibiting receptors are upregulated in chronic HCV infection, leading to altered NK cell responsiveness. Furthermore, chronic activation of NK cells following HCV infection contributes to liver inflammation and disease progression through enhanced cytotoxicity. Consequently, the NK immune response is a double-edged sword that is a significant component of the innate immune antiviral response, but persistent activation can drive tissue damage during chronic infection. This review will summarise the role of NK cells in HCV infection, and the changes that occur during HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaitan Fabrice Njiomegnie
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott A. Read
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Fewings
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona McKay
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia (S.A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9851-6073
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275
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Lam MT, Mace EM, Orange JS. A research-driven approach to the identification of novel natural killer cell deficiencies affecting cytotoxic function. Blood 2020; 135:629-637. [PMID: 31945148 PMCID: PMC7046607 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiencies (NKDs) are an emerging phenotypic subtype of primary immune deficiency. NK cells provide a defense against virally infected cells using a variety of cytotoxic mechanisms, and patients who have defective NK cell development or function can present with atypical, recurrent, or severe herpesviral infections. The current pipeline for investigating NKDs involves the acquisition and clinical assessment of patients with a suspected NKD followed by subsequent in silico, in vitro, and in vivo laboratory research. Evaluation involves initially quantifying NK cells and measuring NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of certain NK cell receptors involved in NK cell development and function. Subsequent studies using genomic methods to identify the potential causative variant are conducted along with variant impact testing to make genotype-phenotype connections. Identification of novel genes contributing to the NKD phenotype can also be facilitated by applying the expanding knowledge of NK cell biology. In this review, we discuss how NKDs that affect NK cell cytotoxicity can be approached in the clinic and laboratory for the discovery of novel gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
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276
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Immunomodulatory Roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2: Impact on PARP-Centered Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020392. [PMID: 32046278 PMCID: PMC7072203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2 are enzymes which post-translationally modify proteins through poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation)—the transfer of ADP-ribose chains onto amino acid residues—with a resultant modulation of protein function. Many targets of PARP-1/2-dependent PARylation are involved in the DNA damage response and hence, the loss of these proteins disrupts a wide range of biological processes, from DNA repair and epigenetics to telomere and centromere regulation. The central role of these PARPs in DNA metabolism in cancer cells has led to the development of PARP inhibitors as new cancer therapeutics, both as adjuvant treatment potentiating chemo-, radio-, and immuno-therapies and as monotherapy exploiting cancer-specific defects in DNA repair. However, a cancer is not just made up of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment also includes multiple other cell types, particularly stromal and immune cells. Interactions between these cells—cancerous and non-cancerous—are known to either favor or limit tumorigenesis. In recent years, an important role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 has been demonstrated in different aspects of the immune response, modulating both the innate and adaptive immune system. It is now emerging that PARP-1 and PARP-2 may not only impact cancer cell biology, but also modulate the anti-tumor immune response. Understanding the immunomodulatory roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2 may provide invaluable clues to the rational development of more selective PARP-centered therapies which target both the cancer and its microenvironment.
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277
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Gerada C, Campbell TM, Kennedy JJ, McSharry BP, Steain M, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Manipulation of the Innate Immune Response by Varicella Zoster Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 32038653 PMCID: PMC6992605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of the innate anti-viral control mechanisms faced by VZV. We will also discuss the diverse array of strategies employed by VZV to regulate these innate immune responses and highlight new knowledge on the interactions between VZV and human innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gerada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tessa M Campbell
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Kennedy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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278
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Böning MAL, Trittel S, Riese P, van Ham M, Heyner M, Voss M, Parzmair GP, Klawonn F, Jeron A, Guzman CA, Jänsch L, Schraven B, Reinhold A, Bruder D. ADAP Promotes Degranulation and Migration of NK Cells Primed During in vivo Listeria monocytogenes Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3144. [PMID: 32038647 PMCID: PMC6987423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP) serves as a multifunctional scaffold and is involved in the formation of immune signaling complexes. To date only limited and moreover conflicting data exist regarding the role of ADAP in NK cells. To extend existing knowledge we investigated ADAP-dependency of NK cells in the context of in vivo infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Ex vivo analysis of infection-primed NK cells revealed impaired cytotoxic capacity in NK cells lacking ADAP as indicated by reduced CD107a surface expression and inefficient perforin production. However, ADAP-deficiency had no global effect on NK cell morphology or intracellular distribution of CD107a-containing vesicles. Proteomic definition of ADAPko and wild type NK cells did not uncover obvious differences in protein composition during the steady state and moreover, similar early response patterns were induced in NK cells upon infection independent of the genotype. In line with protein network analyses that suggested an altered migration phenotype in naïve ADAPko NK cells, in vitro migration assays uncovered significantly reduced migration of both naïve as well as infection-primed ADAPko NK cells compared to wild type NK cells. Notably, this migration defect was associated with a significantly reduced expression of the integrin CD11a on the surface of splenic ADAP-deficient NK cells 1 day post-Lm infection. We propose that ADAP-dependent alterations in integrin expression might account at least in part for the fact that during in vivo infection significantly lower numbers of ADAPko NK cells accumulate in the spleen i.e., the site of infection. In conclusion, we show here that during systemic Lm infection in mice ADAP is essential for efficient cytotoxic capacity and migration of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A L Böning
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Trittel
- Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxi Heyner
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerald P Parzmair
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteome Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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279
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Infertility Caused by Inefficient Apoptotic Germ Cell Clearance in Xkr8-Deficient Male Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00402-19. [PMID: 31712393 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00402-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, up to 75% of germ cells in the testes undergo apoptosis and are cleared by Sertoli cells. X-linked XK blood group-related 8 (Xkr8) is a plasma membrane protein that scrambles phospholipids in response to apoptotic signals, exposing phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Here, we found that Xkr8 -/- male mice were infertile due to reduced sperm counts in their epididymides. Apoptotic stimuli could not induce PtdSer exposure in Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Consistent with the hypothesis that PtdSer functions as an "eat-me" signal to phagocytes, cells expressing phosphatidylserine receptor TIM4 and MER tyrosine kinase receptor efficiently engulfed apoptotic wild-type male germ cells but not Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed Sertoli cells carrying engulfed and degenerated dead cells. However, many unengulfed apoptotic cells and residual bodies and much cell debris were present in Xkr8 -/- testes and epididymides. These results indicate that Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure is essential for the clearance of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells. There was no apparent inflammation in Xkr8 -/- testes, suggesting that the unengulfed apoptotic cells may have undergone secondary necrosis, releasing noxious materials that affected the germ cells. Alternatively, failure to engulf the apoptotic germ cells may have caused the Sertoli cells to starve and lose their ability to support spermatogenesis.
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280
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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281
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Experimental challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus in dairy calves: bronchial lymph node transcriptome response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14736. [PMID: 31611566 PMCID: PMC6791843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the leading cause of mortality in calves. The objective of this study was to examine the response of the host’s bronchial lymph node transcriptome to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) in a controlled viral challenge. Holstein-Friesian calves were either inoculated with virus (103.5 TCID50/ml × 15 ml) (n = 12) or mock challenged with phosphate buffered saline (n = 6). Clinical signs were scored daily and blood was collected for haematology counts, until euthanasia at day 7 post-challenge. RNA was extracted and sequenced (75 bp paired-end) from bronchial lymph nodes. Sequence reads were aligned to the UMD3.1 bovine reference genome and differential gene expression analysis was performed using EdgeR. There was a clear separation between BRSV challenged and control calves based on gene expression changes, despite an observed mild clinical manifestation of the disease. Therefore, measuring host gene expression levels may be beneficial for the diagnosis of subclinical BRD. There were 934 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (p < 0.05, FDR <0.1, fold change >2) between the BRSV challenged and control calves. Over-represented gene ontology terms, pathways and molecular functions, among the DEG, were associated with immune responses. The top enriched pathways included interferon signaling, granzyme B signaling and pathogen pattern recognition receptors, which are responsible for the cytotoxic responses necessary to eliminate the virus.
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282
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Sag D, Ayyildiz ZO, Gunalp S, Wingender G. The Role of TRAIL/DRs in the Modulation of Immune Cells and Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101469. [PMID: 31574961 PMCID: PMC6826877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) by immune cells can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, it becomes increasingly clear that the interaction of TRAIL and its death receptors (DRs) can also directly impact immune cells and influence immune responses. Here, we review what is known about the role of TRAIL/DRs in immune cells and immune responses in general and in the tumor microenvironment in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ayyildiz
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Gunalp
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
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283
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NK Cells as Potential Targets for Immunotherapy in Endometriosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091468. [PMID: 31540116 PMCID: PMC6780982 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease defined by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, most frequently on the pelvic viscera and ovaries, which is associated with pelvic pains and infertility. It is an inflammatory disorder with some features of autoimmunity. It is accepted that ectopic endometriotic tissue originates from endometrial cells exfoliated during menstruation and disseminating into the peritoneum by retrograde menstrual blood flow. It is assumed that the survival of endometriotic cells in the peritoneal cavity may be partially due to their abrogated elimination by natural killer (NK) cells. The decrease of NK cell cytotoxic activity in endometriosis is associated with an increased expression of some inhibitory NK cell receptors. It may be also related to the expression of human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), a ligand for inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 (LILRB1) receptors. The downregulated cytotoxic activity of NK cells may be due to inhibitory cytokines present in the peritoneal milieu of patients with endometriosis. The role of NK cell receptors and their ligands in endometriosis is also confirmed by genetic association studies. Thus, endometriosis may be a subject of immunotherapy by blocking NK cell negative control checkpoints including inhibitory NK cell receptors. Immunotherapies with genetically modified NK cells also cannot be excluded.
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284
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Anft M, Netter P, Urlaub D, Prager I, Schaffner S, Watzl C. NK cell detachment from target cells is regulated by successful cytotoxicity and influences cytokine production. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:347-355. [PMID: 31471588 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells participate in early immune defenses against pathogens and tumors and play a major role as immune effector and regulatory cells. The NK cell-mediated elimination of an infected or cancerous cell is a highly regulated process that requires the formation of a cell contact, the establishment of an immunological synapse and the polarization and release of lytic granules. Additionally, the detachment of NK cells from target cells is important for NK cells to bind and kill other cells in a process called serial killing. However, very little is known about this detachment process. Here, we show that NK detachment is directly connected to the successful killing of a target cell. The inhibition of killing due to reduced NK cell cytotoxicity or increased target cell resistance results in defective detachment and prolonged contact times. This effect leads to sustained Ca2+ flux in NK cells and the hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Linking defective cytotoxicity with enhanced cytokine secretion via reduced detachment may explain inflammatory pathologies in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Anft
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Petra Netter
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Isabel Prager
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Samantha Schaffner
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carsten Watzl
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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285
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Interactions of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) with the Immune System: Implications for Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081161. [PMID: 31412671 PMCID: PMC6721490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily. TRAIL has historically been distinct from the Fas ligand and TNFα in terms of selective apoptosis induction in tumor cells and has a nearly non-existent systemic toxicity. Consequently, in the search for an ideal drug for tumor therapy, TRAIL rapidly drew interest, promising effective tumor control with minimal side effects. However, euphoria gave way to disillusionment as it turned out that carcinoma cells possess or can acquire resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Additionally, studies on models of inflammation and autoimmunity revealed that TRAIL can influence immune cells in many different ways. While TRAIL was initially found to be an important player in tumor defense by natural killer cells or cytotoxic T cells, additional effects of TRAIL on regulatory T cells and effector T cells, as well as on neutrophilic granulocytes and antigen-presenting cells, became focuses of interest. The tumor-promoting effects of these interactions become particularly important for consideration in cases where tumors are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Consequently, murine models have shown that TRAIL can impair the tumor microenvironment toward a more immunosuppressive type, thereby promoting tumor growth. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on TRAIL’s interactions with the immune system in the context of cancer.
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286
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Chiang SCC, Bleesing JJ, Marsh RA. Current Flow Cytometric Assays for the Screening and Diagnosis of Primary HLH. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1740. [PMID: 31396234 PMCID: PMC6664088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have led to greatly improved primary immunodeficiency (PID) diagnostics. This is due to the fact that patient blood cells in suspension do not require further processing for analysis by flow cytometry, and many PIDs lead to alterations in leukocyte numbers, phenotype, and function. A large portion of current PID assays can be classified as “phenotyping” assays, where absolute numbers, frequencies, and markers are investigated using specific antibodies. Inherent drawbacks of antibody technology are the main limitation to this type of testing. On the other hand, “functional” assays measure cellular responses to certain stimuli. While these latter assays are powerful tools that can be used to detect defects in entire pathways and distinguish variants of significance, it requires samples with robust viability and also skilled processing. In this review, we concentrate on hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), describing the principles and accuracies of flow cytometric assays that have been proven to assist in the screening diagnosis of primary HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cern Cher Chiang
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jack J Bleesing
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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287
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Prager I, Liesche C, van Ooijen H, Urlaub D, Verron Q, Sandström N, Fasbender F, Claus M, Eils R, Beaudouin J, Önfelt B, Watzl C. NK cells switch from granzyme B to death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity during serial killing. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2113-2127. [PMID: 31270246 PMCID: PMC6719417 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells can kill infected and transformed cells via two different cell death mechanisms. Prager et al. show that NK cells quickly kill their first targets by releasing cytotoxic granules and only use the slower death receptor–mediated cytotoxicity for their final kill. NK cells eliminate virus-infected and tumor cells by releasing cytotoxic granules containing granzyme B (GrzB) or by engaging death receptors that initiate caspase cascades. The orchestrated interplay between both cell death pathways remains poorly defined. Here we simultaneously measure the activities of GrzB and caspase-8 in tumor cells upon contact with human NK cells. We observed that NK cells switch from inducing a fast GrzB-mediated cell death in their first killing events to a slow death receptor–mediated killing during subsequent tumor cell encounters. Target cell contact reduced intracellular GrzB and perforin and increased surface-CD95L in NK cells over time, showing how the switch in cytotoxicity pathways is controlled. Without perforin, NK cells were unable to perform GrzB-mediated serial killing and only killed once via death receptors. In contrast, the absence of CD95 on tumor targets did not impair GrzB-mediated serial killing. This demonstrates that GrzB and death receptor–mediated cytotoxicity are differentially regulated during NK cell serial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Clarissa Liesche
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna van Ooijen
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Quentin Verron
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Sandström
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Fasbender
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joël Beaudouin
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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