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Kazemi S, Pourgholaminejad A, Saberi A. Stroke Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and its Pathogenesis: A Systematic Review. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:569-586. [PMID: 35173912 PMCID: PMC8818122 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3277.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The change of stroke incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic period and the proposed mechanisms of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and stroke is reviewed. METHODS Web of Science, PMC/Medline, and Scopus databases were searched until July 2020 without time and language limitations. After quality assessment, 22 articles were included in this study. RESULTS Based on the results, it is impossible to conclude any definite relationship between the rising or decreasing stroke frequency or the shift in the ischemic and hemorrhagic ratio and SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it appears that SARS-CoV-2 infection has some correlation with stroke. The supposed mechanisms for the SARS-CoV-2-related hemorrhagic stroke include 1) SARS-CoV-2-related vasculopathy with the endothelial damage of small vessels, 2) viral infection-induced platelet dysfunction or thrombocytopenia, and 3) activation of the proinflammatory cascade leading to coagulopathy. The helpful strategies are receiving therapeutic anticoagulation for high D-dimer or a known thrombus due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in some patients. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms for the SARS-CoV-2-related ischemic stroke include 1) dysregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (a key host cellular receptor for SARSCoV-2)-related physiologic functions, 2) endothelial cell damages, 3) thrombo-inflammation, and 4) coagulopathy and coagulation abnormalities related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and its relation to neurologic abnormalities such as stroke can help to design new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Kazemi
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arash Pourgholaminejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alia Saberi
- Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Yılmaz Demirci N, Uğraş Dikmen A, Taşçı C, Doğan D, Arslan Y, Öcal N, Taşar M, Bozlar U, Artuk C, Yılmaz G, Karacaer Z, Avcı İY, Tuncer Ertem G, Erdinç FŞ, Kınıklı S, Altun Demircan Ş, Ergün E, Nercis Koşar P, Karakoç AE, Gökçek A, Aloğlu M, Gülgösteren S, Atikcan Ş, Akçay Ş, Erol Ç, Hekimoğlu K, Cerit MN, Erbaş G, Özger HS, Bozdayı G, Şenol E, Yurdakul AS, Yılmaz A. Relationship between chest computed tomography findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicentre experience. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14459. [PMID: 34105857 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the clinical and chest computed tomography (CT) features associated with clinical parameters for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the capital of Turkey, Ankara. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epidemiological, clinical features, laboratory findings and radiological characteristics of 1563 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Ankara were collected, reviewed and analysed in this study. The risk factors associated with disease severity were investigated. RESULTS Non-severe (1214; 77.7%) and severe cases (349; 22.3%) were enrolled in the study. Compared with the non-severe group, the severe group were significantly older and had more comorbidities (ie, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease). Smoking was more common in the severe group. Severe patients had higher respiratory rates and higher incidences of cough and dyspnoea compared with non-severe patients. Compared with the non-severe patients, the severe patients had increased C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and CRP/albumin ratio and decreased albumin. The occurrence rates of consolidation, subpleural sparing, crazy-paving pattern, cavity, halo sign, reversed halo sign, air bronchogram, pleural thickening, micronodule, subpleural curvilinear line and multilobar and bilateral involvement in the CT finding of the severe patients were significantly higher than those of the non-severe patients. CONCLUSIONS Many factors are related to the severity of COVID-19, which can help clinicians judge the severity of the patient and evaluate the prognosis. This cohort study revealed that male sex, age (≥55 years), patients with any comorbidities, especially those with cardiovascular disease, dyspnoea, increased CRP, D-dimer and NLR, and decreased lymphocyte count and CT findings of consolidation and multilobar involvement were predictors of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asiye Uğraş Dikmen
- Department of Public Health, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cantürk Taşçı
- Department of Chest Diseases, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Doğan
- Department of Chest Diseases, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yakup Arslan
- Department of Chest Diseases, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Öcal
- Department of Chest Diseases, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Taşar
- Department of Radiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğur Bozlar
- Department of Radiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Artuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülden Yılmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Karacaer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmail Yaşar Avcı
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Günay Tuncer Ertem
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Şebnem Erdinç
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sami Kınıklı
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şerife Altun Demircan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Ergün
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Nercis Koşar
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Esra Karakoç
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atila Gökçek
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Aloğlu
- Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Gülgösteren
- Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şükran Atikcan
- Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şule Akçay
- Department of Chest Diseases, Baskent University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Erol
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Baskent University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Hekimoğlu
- Department of Radiology, Baskent University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahi Nur Cerit
- Department of Radiology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonca Erbaş
- Department of Radiology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Selçuk Özger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülendam Bozdayı
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Medical Virology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Şenol
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Aydın Yılmaz
- Department of Chest Diseases, University of Health Sciences Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Das M, Das A, Sarkar R, Mandal P, Saha S, Ghosh S. Exploring short term spatio-temporal pattern of PM 2.5 and PM 10 and their relationship with meteorological parameters during COVID-19 in Delhi. URBAN CLIMATE 2021; 39:100944. [PMID: 34580626 PMCID: PMC8459164 DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Present study aims to examine the impact of lockdown on spatio-temporal concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 - categorized and recorded based on its levels during pre-lockdown, lockdown and unlock phases while noting the relationship of these levels with meteorological parameters (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall, pressure, sun hour and cloud cover) in Delhi. To aid the study, a comparison was made with the last two years (2018 to 2019), covering the same periods of pre-lockdown, lockdown and unlock phases of 2020. Correlation analysis, linear regression (LR) was used to examine the impact of meteorological parameters on particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Delhi, India. The findings showed that (i) substantial decline of PM concentration in Delhi during lockdown period, (ii) there were substantial seasonal variation of particulate matter concentration in city and (iii) meteorological parameters have close associations with PM concentrations. The findings will help planners and policy makers to understand the impact of air pollutants and meteorological parameters on infectious disease and to adopt effective strategies for future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manob Das
- Department of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Raju Sarkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, India
| | - Papiya Mandal
- Delhi Zonal Centre, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Saha
- Department of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Sasanka Ghosh
- Department of Geography, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
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Friedrich F, E Garcia LDC, Petry LM, Pieta MP, Carvalho GE, Zocche G, Ongaratto R, Lumertz MS, Brum M, Stein RT, Scotta MC, Jones MH, Pinto LA. Impact of nonpharmacological COVID-19 interventions in hospitalizations for childhood pneumonia in Brazil. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:2818-2824. [PMID: 34265188 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The knowledge about the impact of the nonpharmacological measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic can give insight into ways in which they can also be applied for other respiratory diseases. To assess the impact of containment measures of the COVID-19 pandemic on pneumonia hospitalizations in children from 0 to 14 years of age in Brazil. METHODS Data from hospital admissions for pneumonia were obtained from the Department of Informatics of Brazilian Public Health System database in the period of 2015-2020 and analyzed by macroregions and age groups. To evaluate the effect of containment measures, on the incidence of pneumonia, the absolute reduction and relative reduction were calculated by analyzing the subsets 2015-2019 vs. 2020. RESULTS Comparing the subsets of April-August 2015-2019 vs. April-August 2020 for Brazil (total), there was an significant reduction in the average incidence of hospitalizations, with numbers ranging from -82% [IRR 0.17 (0.14-0.21)] for <4 years (prepandemic 741.8/100,000 vs. pandemic 132.7/100.000), -83% [IRR 0.17 (0.10-0.27)] for 5-9 years (prepandemic 113.6/100,000 vs. pandemic 19.6/100.000), -77% [IRR 0.23 (0.11-0.46)] for 10-14 (prepandemic 42.0/100,000 vs. pandemic 9.8/100.000) and -82% [IRR 0.18 (0.15-0.21)] for all children ≤14 years (prepandemic 897.4/100,000 vs. pandemic 162.1/100.000). CONCLUSION We found a significant decrease in cases of all cause pneumonia in children under 14 years and especially in the age group <9 years during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may be associated with the nonpharmacological measures applied to control the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Friedrich
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura de Castro E Garcia
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Montiel Petry
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Puerari Pieta
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Eggers Carvalho
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovani Zocche
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Ongaratto
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Magali Santos Lumertz
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcos Brum
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renato T Stein
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Scotta
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcus Herbert Jones
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Araújo Pinto
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Avenida Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitors Show Differential Efficacy and Interactions with Remdesivir for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0268020. [PMID: 34097489 PMCID: PMC8370243 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02680-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antivirals targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could improve treatment of COVID-19. We evaluated the efficacy of clinically relevant hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors (PIs) against SARS-CoV-2 and their interactions with remdesivir, the only direct-acting antiviral approved for COVID-19 treatment. HCV PIs showed differential potency in short-term treatment assays based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Vero E6 cells. Linear PIs boceprevir, telaprevir, and narlaprevir had 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of ∼40 μM. Among the macrocyclic PIs, simeprevir had the highest (EC50, 15 μM) and glecaprevir the lowest (EC50, >178 μM) potency, with paritaprevir, grazoprevir, voxilaprevir, vaniprevir, danoprevir, and deldeprevir in between. Acyclic PIs asunaprevir and faldaprevir had EC50s of 72 and 23 μM, respectively. ACH-806, inhibiting the HCV NS4A protease cofactor, had an EC50 of 46 μM. Similar and slightly increased PI potencies were found in human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells and human lung carcinoma A549-hACE2 cells, respectively. Selectivity indexes based on antiviral and cell viability assays were highest for linear PIs. In short-term treatments, combination of macrocyclic but not linear PIs with remdesivir showed synergism in Vero E6 and A549-hACE2 cells. Longer-term treatment of infected Vero E6 and A549-hACE2 cells with 1-fold EC50 PI revealed minor differences in the barrier to SARS-CoV-2 escape. Viral suppression was achieved with 3- to 8-fold EC50 boceprevir or 1-fold EC50 simeprevir or grazoprevir, but not boceprevir, in combination with 0.4- to 0.8-fold EC50 remdesivir; these concentrations did not lead to viral suppression in single treatments. This study could inform the development and application of protease inhibitors for optimized antiviral treatments of COVID-19.
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256
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Tamene A. What it takes to save lives: An assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities in temporary COVID-19 isolation and treatment centers of Southern Ethiopia: A mixed-methods evaluation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256086. [PMID: 34388184 PMCID: PMC8362949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quality water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities act as barricades to the transmission of COVID-19 in health care facilities. These facilities ought to also be available, accessible, and functional in temporary treatment centers. Despite numerous studies on health care facilities, however, there is limited information on the status of WASH facilities in such centers. Methods The assessment of health care facilities for the COVID-19 response checklist and key informant interviews, were used for data collection. 35 treatment centers in Southern Ethiopia were surveyed. Eightkey informants were interviewed to gain an understanding of the WASH conditions in the treatment centers. The Quantitative data was entered using EPI-INFO 7 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Results are presented using descriptive statistics. Open Code 4.02 was used for the thematic analysis of the qualitative data. Results Daily water supply interruptions occurred at 27 (77.1%) of the surveyed sites. Only 30 (85.72%) had bathrooms that were segregated for personnel and patients, and only 3 (3.57%) had toilets that were handicapped accessible. 20(57.2%) of the treatment centers did not have a hand hygiene protocol that satisfied WHO guidelines. In terms of infection prevention and control, 16 (45.71%) of the facilities lacked adequate personal protective equipment stocks. Between urban and rural areas, there was also a significant difference in latrine maintenance, hand hygiene protocol design and implementation, and incineration capacity. Conclusion The results reveal crucial deficiencies in the provision of WASH in the temporary COVID-19 treatment centers. Efforts to improve WASH should offer priority to hygiene service interventions to minimize the risk of healthcare-acquired infections. The sustainable provision of hygiene services, such as hand washing soap, should also be given priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiggan Tamene
- Environmental Health Unit, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossaena, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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257
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de Paula Eduardo F, Bezinelli LM, de Araujo CAR, Moraes JVV, Birbrair A, Pinho JRR, Hamerschlak N, Al-Hashimi I, Heller D. Self-collected unstimulated saliva, oral swab, and nasopharyngeal swab specimens in the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1561-1567. [PMID: 34387730 PMCID: PMC8360804 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the saliva of patients infected with COVID-19 has been confirmed by several studies. However, the use of saliva for the diagnosis of COVID-19 remains limited, because of the discrepancies in the results, which might be due to using different saliva sampling methods. The purpose of this study was to compare the consistency of SARS-CoV-2 detection using two different saliva sampling methods (oral swab and unstimulated saliva) to that of the standard nasopharyngeal swab. METHODS Fifty-five subjects were recruited from a pool of COVID-19 inpatient at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (HIAE), Brazil. Nasopharyngeal swab, oral swab, and self-collected unstimulated saliva samples were examined for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. RESULTS Self-collected unstimulated saliva demonstrated 87.3% agreement in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus as compared with the nasopharyngeal swab, while oral swab displayed 65.9% agreement when compared to nasopharyngeal swab and 73% when compared to self-collected unstimulated saliva. CONCLUSION Unstimulated self-collected saliva samples have shown a higher agreement with the nasopharyngeal swab samples for SARS-COV-2 detection than that obtained when using oral swab samples. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study compares the accuracy of COVID-19 test using different saliva sampling methods to that of nasopharyngeal swab. Given the need for a simple self-applied test that can be performed at home, our findings support the efficacy of self-collected unstimulated saliva samples in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, alleviating the demands for swab supplies, personal protective equipment, and healthcare personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Ariel Rodrigues de Araujo
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01506-000, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Vanderlan Moraes
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciencias da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, 05652-900, Brazil. .,Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01506-000, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Farag AA, Hassanin HM, Soliman HH, Sallam A, Sediq AM, Abd elbaser ES, Elbanna K. Newly Diagnosed Diabetes in Patients with COVID-19: Different Types and Short-Term Outcomes. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030142. [PMID: 34449740 PMCID: PMC8396224 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A great global concern is currently focused on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its associated morbidities. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) and its different types among COVID-19 patients, and to check the glycemic control in diabetic cases for three months. After excluding known cases of DM, 570 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were studied. All participants were classified as non-diabetic or newly discovered diabetic. According to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting insulin, newly discovered diabetic patients were further classified into pre-existing DM, new-onset type 1 DM, and new-onset type 2 DM. Glycemic control was monitored for three months in newly diagnosed diabetic patients. DM was diagnosed in 77 patients (13.5%); 12 (2.1%) with pre-existing DM, 7 (1.2%) with new-onset type 1 DM, and 58 (10.2%) with new-onset type 2 DM. Significantly higher rates of severe infection and mortality (p < 0.001 and p = 0.046) were evident among diabetic patients. Among survived diabetic patients (n = 63), hyperglycemia and the need for anti-diabetic treatment persisted in 73% of them for three months. COVID-19 was associated with a new-onset of DM in 11.4% of all participants and expression of pre-existing DM in 2.1% of all participants, both being associated with severe infection. COVID-19 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes had high risk of mortality. New-onset DM persisted for at least three months in more than two-thirds of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Farag
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.H.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Hassan M. Hassanin
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.H.); (K.E.)
| | - Hanan H. Soliman
- Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ahmad Sallam
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Amany M. Sediq
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.S.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Elsayed S. Abd elbaser
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Khaled Elbanna
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.M.H.); (K.E.)
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Ahsan T, Rani B, Siddiqui RS, Lutfi I. COVID-19 Infection-Related Coagulopathy and Acute Limb Ischemia in a Patient With Pre-existing Diabetes. Cureus 2021; 13:e17531. [PMID: 34603898 PMCID: PMC8477168 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) infection has presented the clinicians with a challenge never experienced on this scale before. Although coagulopathy has been well described in association with COVID-19 infection, some recommendations have emerged so far for the potential role of empiric anticoagulation in specific situations. We describe a case of a middle-aged male with extensive acute lower limb ischemia and severe pneumonia related to COVID-19 infection. This case highlights the role of prophylactic anticoagulation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection regardless of co-morbidities and D- dimer levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Ahsan
- Internal Medicine: Diabetes & Endocrinology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, PAK
| | - Bharta Rani
- Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Medicell Institute of Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism (MIDEM), Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Irfan Lutfi
- Interventional Radiology, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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260
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Paramitha MP, Suyanto JC, Puspitasari S. The role of continuous renal replacement therapy (Crrt) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) patients. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2021; 39:12-18. [PMID: 38620898 PMCID: PMC8179726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Even without the presence of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), acute kidney injury has been a serious problem in medicine for decades, with mortality rate up to 70% among those who eventually required renal replacement therapy, and the number has not changed significantly for the last 30 years despite major advances in technology and experience. On the other hand, even without acute kidney injury, COVID-19 was a major cause of death globally in the year 2020, but the occurrence of acute kidney injury among COVID-19 patients is an independent risk factor of increased mortality. Continuous renal replacement therapy has been recommended to treat acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients instead of conventional intermittent hemodialysis. Moreover, its use might have another beneficial role in stopping the progression of severe COVID-19 by removing pro-inflammatory cytokines during cytokine storm syndrome, which is postulated as the pathophysiology behind severe and critically severe cases of COVID-19. This review will cover a brief history of continuous renal replacement therapy and its modalities, before digging up more into its use in COVID-19 patients, including the optimum filtration dose and timing, membrane filtration used, vascular access, anticoagulation therapy, and drug dosing adjustment during continuous renal replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharani Pradnya Paramitha
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Joshua Christian Suyanto
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Puspitasari
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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261
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Zoran MA, Savastru RS, Savastru DM, Tautan MN, Baschir LA, Tenciu DV. Exploring the linkage between seasonality of environmental factors and COVID-19 waves in Madrid, Spain. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2021; 152:583-600. [PMID: 36285289 PMCID: PMC9584827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Like several countries, Spain experienced a multi wave pattern of COVID-19 pandemic over more than one year period, between spring 2020 and spring 2021. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 pandemics is a multi-factorial process involving among other factors outdoor environmental variables and viral inactivation.This study aims to quantify the impact of climate and air pollution factors seasonality on incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease waves in Madrid metropolitan region in Spain. We employed descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation tests for analysis of daily in-situ and geospatial time-series of air quality and climate data to investigate the associations with COVID-19 incidence and lethality in Madrid under different synoptic meteorological patterns. During the analyzed period (1 January 2020-28 February 2021), with one month before each of three COVID-19 waves were recorded anomalous anticyclonic circulations in the mid-troposphere, with positive anomalies of geopotential heights at 500 mb and favorable stability conditions for SARS-CoV-2 fast diffusion. In addition, the results reveal that air temperature, Planetary Boundary Layer height, ground level ozone have a significant negative relationship with daily new COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths. The findings of this study provide useful information to the public health authorities and policymakers for optimizing interventions during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zoran
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Roxana S Savastru
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Dan M Savastru
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Marina N Tautan
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Laurentiu A Baschir
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Daniel V Tenciu
- IT Department, National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics, Atomistilor Street 409, MG5, Magurele-Bucharest, 077125, Romania
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262
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Paris GC, Azevedo AA, Ferreira AL, Azevedo YMA, Rainho MA, Oliveira GP, Silva KR, Cortez EAC, Stumbo AC, Carvalho SN, de Carvalho L, Thole AA. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple organs affected by COVID-19. Life Sci 2021; 278:119510. [PMID: 33865879 PMCID: PMC8049196 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the world has been devastated by an unprecedented pandemic in this century. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been causing disorders, dysfunction and morphophysiological alterations in multiple organs as the disease evolves. There is a great scientific community effort to obtain a therapy capable of reaching the multiple affected organs in order to contribute for tissue repair and regeneration. In this regard, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as potential candidates concerning the promotion of beneficial actions at different stages of COVID-19. MSCs are promising due to the observed therapeutic effects in respiratory preclinical models, as well as in cardiac, vascular, renal and nervous system models. Their immunomodulatory properties and secretion of paracrine mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles allow for long range tissue modulation and, particularly, blood-brain barrier crossing. This review focuses on SARS-CoV-2 impact to lungs, kidneys, heart, vasculature and central nervous system while discussing promising MSC's therapeutic mechanisms in each tissue. In addition, MSC's therapeutic effects in high-risk groups for COVID-19, such as obese, diabetic and hypertensive patients are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Paris
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline A Azevedo
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana L Ferreira
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yanca M A Azevedo
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mateus A Rainho
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Genilza P Oliveira
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina R Silva
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erika A C Cortez
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana C Stumbo
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Simone N Carvalho
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lais de Carvalho
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A Thole
- LPCT - Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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263
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Sasaki T, Inoue O, Ogihara S, Kubokawa K, Oishi S, Shirai T, Iwabuchi K, Suzuki-Inoue K. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using RT-qPCR in nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, lingual, and buccal mucosal swab. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:102-104. [PMID: 34334534 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is diagnosed based on the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Nasopharyngeal swabs should be collected by medical professionals wearing full personal protective equipment (PPE), while saliva can be collected by patients themselves without PPE. However, collecting saliva is difficult for people unable to follow instructions, including infants or unconscious patients. Owing to high viscosity, special attention is required for handling saliva samples in laboratories. To solve these problems, we compared lingual and buccal mucosal swabs (oral swabs) with nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva. Among 13 patients who had SARS-CoV-2 positivity in their nasopharyngeal swabs, 8 and 10 had SARS-CoV-2 positivity in saliva (concordance rate 61.5%) and oral swabs (76.9%), respectively. Among 8 patients with SARS-CoV-2 positivity in saliva, SARS-CoV-2 was also detected in oral swabs in 7 patients (87.5%). We could not obtain saliva samples from 4 patients, but we found perfect concordance of SARS-CoV-2 positivity between nasopharyngeal and oral swabs. Therefore, oral swabs can be used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sasaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Inoue
- Infection Control Office, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogihara
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.,Dpartment of Laboratory, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Kayo Kubokawa
- Infection Control Office, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Saori Oishi
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.,Dpartment of Laboratory, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shirai
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan.,Dpartment of Laboratory, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Japan
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264
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Purohit D, Ahirwar AK, Sakarde A, Asia P, Gopal N. COVID-19 and lung pathologies. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 42:435-443. [PMID: 34333882 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global emergency with over 10 million cases and over 500, 000 deaths worldwide. The SARS CoV-2 is a RNA virus belonging to the family coronaviridae. It has high infectivity. The manifestations of the disease range from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia and ARDS. The CT scan of lung shows consolidation and "Ground Glass Opacities". The persons with other comorbidities are considered to be at a higher rate of acquiring the infection. Asthma and other allergies have not been identified as major risk factors for COVID-19 as the number of asthmatic patients having COVID-19 is not high enough for it to be considered so. The occurrence of COVID-19 in COPD patients can be related with smoking. The ACE-2 expression in such patients was considerably high. The relation between COVID-19 and Tuberculosis can also be reflected in terms of the stigma associated with diagnosis and treatment of such diseases in some communities, eventually increasing the chances of people's reluctance to seek medical help. Cancer patients are usually more susceptible to infections. Lung cancer is no different. Additionally, lung cancer also has strong association with smoking further increasing the risk. The risk of getting infection and its severity is high for autoimmune disorders as well as fungal infections. Currently there is no definite treatment of COVID-19. However, some of the currently used modalities are hydroxychloroquine and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Purohit
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Ahirwar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Apurva Sakarde
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Asia
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niranjan Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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265
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Regli A, Thalayasingam P, Bell E, Sommerfield A, von Ungern-Sternberg BS. More than half of front-line healthcare workers unknowingly used an N95/P2 mask without adequate airborne protection: An audit in a tertiary institution. Anaesth Intensive Care 2021; 49:404-411. [PMID: 34325537 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x211007861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Front-line staff routinely exposed to aerosol-generating procedures are at a particularly high risk of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We aimed to assess the adequacy of respiratory protection provided by available N95/P2 masks to staff routinely exposed to aerosol-generating procedures. We performed a prospective audit of fit-testing results. A convenience sample of staff from the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, who opted to undergo qualitative and/or quantitative fit-testing of N95/P2 masks was included. Fit-testing was performed following standard guidelines including a fit-check. We recorded the type and size of mask, pass or failure and duration of fit-testing. Staff completed a short questionnaire on previous N95/P2 mask training regarding confidence and knowledge gained through fit-testing. The first fit-pass rate using routinely available N95/P2 masks at this institution was only 47%. Fit-pass rates increased by testing different types and sizes of masks. Confidence 'that the available mask will provide adequate fit' was higher after fit-testing compared with before fit-testing; (median, interquartile range) five-point Likert-scale (4.0 (4.0-5.0) versus 3.0 (2.0-4.0); P<0.001). This audit highlights that without fit-testing over 50% of healthcare workers were using an N95/P2 mask that provided insufficient airborne protection. This high unnoticed prevalence of unfit masks among healthcare workers can create a potentially hazardous false sense of security. However, fit-testing of different masks not only improved airborne protection provided to healthcare workers but also increased their confidence around mask protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Regli
- Intensive Care Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Priya Thalayasingam
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Emily Bell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Perioperative Medicine Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Aine Sommerfield
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Perioperative Medicine Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Britta S von Ungern-Sternberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Perioperative Medicine Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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266
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Zhang F, Li W, Feng J, Ramos da Silva S, Ju E, Zhang H, Chang Y, Moore PS, Guo H, Gao SJ. SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infectivity and expression of viral entry-related factors ACE2, TMPRSS2, Kim-1, and NRP-1 in human cells from the respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive, and immune systems. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6671-6685. [PMID: 34324210 PMCID: PMC8426707 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a wide spectrum of syndromes involving multiple organ systems and is primarily mediated by viral spike (S) glycoprotein through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and numerous cellular proteins including ACE2, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1). In this study, we examined the entry tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV using S protein-based pseudoviruses to infect 22 cell lines and 3 types of primary cells isolated from respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive, and immune systems. At least one cell line or type of primary cell from each organ system was infected by both pseudoviruses. Infection by pseudoviruses is effectively blocked by S1, RBD, and ACE2 recombinant proteins, and more weakly by Kim-1 and NRP-1 recombinant proteins. Furthermore, cells with robust SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection had strong expression of either ACE2 or Kim-1 and NRP-1 proteins. ACE2 glycosylation appeared to be critical for the infections of both viruses as there was a positive correlation between infectivity of either SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV pseudovirus with the level of glycosylated ACE2 (gly-ACE2). These results reveal that SARS-CoV-2 cell entry could be mediated by either an ACE2-dependent or -independent mechanism, thus providing a likely molecular basis for its broad tropism for a wide variety of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wan Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enguo Ju
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hu Zhang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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267
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Ohniwa RL, Kijima J, Fukushige M, Ohneda O. COVID-19 as a Research Dynamic Transformer: Emerging Cross-Disciplinary and National Characteristics. Front Big Data 2021; 4:631073. [PMID: 34381994 PMCID: PMC8350321 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2021.631073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on humanity as well as research activities in life sciences and medicine. Between January and August 2020, the number of coronavirus-related scientific articles was roughly 50 times more than that of articles published in the entire year of 2019 in PubMed. It is necessary to better understand the dynamics of research on COVID-19, an emerging topic, and suggest ways to understand and improve the quality of research. We analyze the dynamics of coronavirus research before and after the outbreaks of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 by examining all the published articles from the past 25 years in PubMed. We delineate research networks on coronaviruses as we identify experts' background in terms of topics of previous research, affiliations, and international co-authorships. Two distinct dynamics of coronavirus research were found: 1) in the cases of regional pandemics, SARS and MERS, the scope of cross-disciplinary research remained between neighboring research areas; 2) in the case of the global pandemic, COVID-19, research activities have spread beyond neighboring disciplines with little transnational collaboration. Thus, COVID-19 has transformed the structure of research on coronaviruses as an emerging issue. Knowledge on COVID-19 is distributed across the widest range of disciplines, transforming research networks well beyond the field of medicine but within national boundaries. Given the unprecedented scale of COVID-19 and the nationalization of responses, the most likely way forward is to accumulate local knowledge with the awareness of transdisciplinary research dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke L Ohniwa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joji Kijima
- Bureau of Global Initiatives, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Osamu Ohneda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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268
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Mosleh H, Moradi F, Mehdizadeh M, Ajdary M, Moeinzadeh A, Shabani R. Health concerns regarding the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on male fertility. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2021; 48:189-193. [PMID: 34352169 PMCID: PMC8421655 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2021.04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus found in China in 2019. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been found to be closely related to the cells that secrete angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is involved in the renin-angiotensin system and is widely secreted in several tissues, including the testis, which has raised concerns because organs with high expression of the ACE2 receptor are susceptible to infection. Analyses have shown that in testicular cells, such as spermatogonia, seminiferous duct cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, there is a high expression level of ACE2. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 may damage male reproductive tissues and cause infertility. Since male infertility is an important problem, scientists are evaluating whether COVID-19 may influence male infertility through the ACE2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Mosleh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Ajdary
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alaa Moeinzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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269
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Li M, Xu Z, He X, Zhang J, Song R, Duan W, Liu T, Yang H. Sense of Coherence and Mental Health in College Students After Returning to School During COVID-19: The Moderating Role of Media Exposure. Front Psychol 2021; 12:687928. [PMID: 34367012 PMCID: PMC8339212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic not only threatens people's physical health, but also affects their mental health in the long term. Although people had returned to work and school, they are closely monitoring the development of the epidemic and taking preventive measures. This study attempted to examine the relationship between media exposure, sense of coherence (SOC) and mental health, and the moderating effect of media exposure in college students after returning to school. In the present study, we conducted a cross sectional survey on 424 college students returning to school around May 2020. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess media exposure scale, SOC, depression, anxiety and stress. Correlation and moderation analysis was conducted. The results showed that (1) negative epidemic information exposure, rather than positive epidemic information exposure, was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. (2) SOC was also associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. (3) The effect of SOC on depression was modified by negative epidemic information exposure. With the increase of negative epidemic information exposure, the predictive effect of SOC on depression is increasing gradually. These findings demonstrated that negative epidemic information exposure was associated with an increased psychological distress in the sample. A high SOC played a certain protective role in the adaptation of college students in the post-epidemic period. It is important to find more ways to increase the colleges' SOC level and avoid negative information exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin, China,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students’ Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhansheng Xu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin, China,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students’ Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue He
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Song
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjin Duan
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tour Liu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin, China,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students’ Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin, China,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students’ Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Haibo Yang,
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270
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Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Ramalingam V, Lynch I, Sharshir SW, Ma Z, Poongavanam G, Lee S, Jeong Y, Hwang JY. A case study of SARS-CoV-2 transmission behavior in a severely air-polluted city (Delhi, India) and the potential usage of graphene based materials for filtering air-pollutants and controlling/monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:923-946. [PMID: 34165129 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, humanity is facing its most significant challenge in 100 years due to the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. Under the enormous pressure created by the pandemic, scientists are studying virus transmission mechanisms in order to develop effective mitigation strategies. However, no established methods have been developed to control the spread of this deadly virus. In addition, the ease in lockdown has escalated air pollution which may affect SARS-CoV-2 transmission through attachment to particulates. The present review summarizes the role of graphene nanomaterials, which show antimicrobial behavior and have antiviral efficacy, in reducing the spread of COVID-19. Graphene and its derivatives have excellent antimicrobial efficacy, providing both physical and chemical mechanisms of damage. Coupled with their lightness, optimal properties, and ease of functionalization, they are optimal nanomaterials for coating onto fabrics such as personal protection equipment, face masks and gloves to control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 effectively. Biosensors using graphene can effectively detect the virus with high accuracy and sensitivity, providing rapid quantification. It is envisioned that the present work will boost the development of graphene-based highly sensitive, accurate and cost-effective diagnostic tools for efficiently monitoring and controlling the spread of COVID-19 and other air-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641407, India.
| | - Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641407, India.
| | - Velraj Ramalingam
- Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Swellam Wafa Sharshir
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh33516, Egypt
| | - Zhenjun Ma
- Sustainable Buildings Research Centre (SBRC), University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ganeshkumar Poongavanam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeseul Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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271
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Ames-Guerrero RJ, Barreda-Parra VA, Huamani-Cahua JC, Banaszak-Holl J. Self-reported psychological problems and coping strategies: a web-based study in Peruvian population during COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:351. [PMID: 34256718 PMCID: PMC8276225 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus pandemic has disrupted health systems across the world and led to major shifts in individual behavior by forcing people into isolation in home settings. Its rapid spread has overwhelmed populations in all corners of Latin-American countries resulting in individual psychological reactions that may aggravate the health crisis. This study reports on demographics, self-reported psychological disturbances and associated coping styles during the COVID-19 pandemic for the Peruvian population. METHODS This cross-sectional study uses an online survey with snowball sampling that was conducted after the state of emergency was declared in Perú (on April 2nd). The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used to identify somatic symptoms, incidence of anxiety/ insomnia, social dysfunction and depression and the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (COPE-28) mapped personal strategies to address recent stress. RESULTS 434 self-selected participants ranging in age from 18 to 68 years old (Mean age = 33.87) completed the survey. The majority of participants were women (61.30%), aged between 18 and 28 (41.70%), well-educated (> = 85.00%), Peruvian (94.20%), employed (57.40%) and single (71.20%). 40.8% reported psychological distress, expressing fear of coronavirus infection (71.43%). Regression analysis shows that men had lower somatic-related symptom (β = - 1.87, 95%, CI: - 2.75 to -.99) and anxiety/insomnia symptom (β = - 1.91, 95% CI: - 2.98 to 0.84) compared to women. The risk for depression and social dysfunction are less likely with increasing age. Educational status was protective against developing psychological conditions (p < 0.05). While active responses (acceptance and social support) are scarcely used by individuals with psychological distress; passive strategies (such as denial, self-distraction, self-blame, disconnection, and venting) are more commonly reported. CONCLUSION This study provides a better understanding of the psychological health impact occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic on the Peruvian population. About half of the respondents reported psychological distress and poor coping responses. This evidence informs the need for broader promotional health policies focused on strengthening individual's active strategies aiming at improving emotional health and preventing psychiatric conditions, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jane Banaszak-Holl
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Deb S, Reeves AA, Hopefl R, Bejusca R. ADME and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Remdesivir: Its Drug Interaction Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070655. [PMID: 34358081 PMCID: PMC8308800 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic, which tested healthcare systems, administrations, and treatment ingenuity across the world. COVID-19 is caused by the novel beta coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the inception of the pandemic, treatment options have been either limited or ineffective. Remdesivir, a drug originally designed to be used for Ebola virus, has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and has been included in the COVID-19 treatment regimens. Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide analog prodrug that is metabolically activated to a nucleoside triphosphate metabolite (GS-443902). The active nucleoside triphosphate metabolite is incorporated into the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral chains, preventing its replication. The lack of reported drug development and characterization studies with remdesivir in public domain has created a void where information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination (ADME) properties, pharmacokinetics (PK), or drug-drug interaction (DDI) is limited. By understanding these properties, clinicians can prevent subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic levels of remdesivir and thus avoid further complications in COVID-19 patients. Remdesivir is metabolized by both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and non-CYP enzymes such as carboxylesterases. In this narrative review, we have evaluated the currently available ADME, PK, and DDI information about remdesivir and have discussed the potential of DDIs between remdesivir and different COVID-19 drug regimens and agents used for comorbidities. Considering the nascent status of remdesivir in the therapeutic domain, extensive future work is needed to formulate safer COVID-19 treatment guidelines involving this medication.
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273
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Moretti M, Van Laethem J, De Geyter D, Cools W, Ilsen B, Allard SD, Pierard D. Diagnostic accuracy of screening tests for patients suspected of COVID-19, a retrospective cohort study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:855-864. [PMID: 34197257 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1946589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic gold standard for Coronavirus-2019 disease (CoViD-19) is reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, its sensitivity might be suboptimal. The current study aims to investigate predictive factors for false-negative nasopharyngeal RT-PCR in CoViD-19 patients. Additionally, the specificity and sensitivity of RT-PCR on the nasopharyngeal swab, serology and chest computerized-tomography (CCT) as a screening tool for the diagnosis of CoViD-19 were investigated. METHODS Medical records of patients admitted at the university hospital UZ Brussel during the CoViD-19 epidemic were reviewed. A group of CoViD-19 patients with false-negative RT-PCR was identified through scrupulous examination of medical records. Serological testing was performed through chemiluminescent microparticle assay. RESULTS Eighteen CoViD-19 patients with 'false negative' RT-PCR were identified and compared to 51 'true positives'. Logistic regression for prediction of 'false negative' RT-PCR found significantly higher serology results at hospitalization and more intensive care unit admission in the group with false-negative testing. In a cohort of 228 patients, the sensitivity of RT-PCR for the diagnosis of CoViD-19 was 85%. The sensitivity of serology was 86% and its specificity 92%. Chest computerized-tomography (CCT) showed a sensitivity of 93%, its specificity was 62%. By combining RT-PCR and serology results any 'false negative' could be excluded. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR and serology for the diagnosis of CoViD-19 were high and comparable. CCT had the highest sensitivity and confirmed its efficacy as a screening tool. CoViD-19 patients, who have a more severe presentation, might have negative RT-PCR and positive serology results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Laethem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah De Geyter
- Department of Microbiology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wilfried Cools
- Interfaculty Center Data processing and Statistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Ilsen
- Department of Radiology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Danielle Allard
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Disease, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Pierard
- Department of Microbiology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
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274
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Rajpal A, Sayyed Kassem L, Aron DC. Management of diabetes in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: current and future perspectives. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2021; 16:181-189. [PMID: 34096441 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2021.1927708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire population with the most deleterious effects in elders. Elders, especially those with diabetes, are at the highest risk of COVID-19 related adverse outcomes and mortality. This is usually linked to the comorbidities that accumulate with age, diabetes-related chronic inflammation, and the pandemic's psychosocial effects.Areas covered: We present some approaches to manage these complicated elderly patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the inpatient setting, we suggest similar (pre-pandemic) glycemic targets and emphasize the importance of using IV insulin and possible use of continuous glucose monitoring to reduce exposure and PPE utilization. Outside the hospital, we recommend optimal glycemic control within the limits imposed by considerations of safety. We also describe the advantages and challenges of using various technological platforms in clinical care.Expert opinion: The COVID-19 pandemic has lifted the veil off serious deficiencies in the infrastructures for care at both the individual level and the population level and also highlighted some of the strengths, all of which affect individuals with diabetes and COVID-19. We anticipate that things will not return to 'normal' after the COVID-19 pandemic has run its course, but rather they will be superseded by 'New Normal.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Rajpal
- Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Laure Sayyed Kassem
- Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - David C Aron
- Endocrine Section, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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275
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Babadaei MMN, Hasan A, Vahdani Y, Bloukh SH, Sharifi M, Kachooei E, Haghighat S, Falahati M. Development of remdesivir repositioning as a nucleotide analog against COVID-19 RNA dependent RNA polymerase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:3771-3779. [PMID: 32397906 PMCID: PMC7256352 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1767210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative representative of a severe respiratory illness resulted in widespread human infections and deaths in nearly all of the countries since late 2019. There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. A broad-spectrum of antiviral agents are being currently evaluated in clinical trials, and in this review, we specifically focus on the application of Remdesivir (RVD) as a potential anti-viral compound against Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) -CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. First, we overview the general information about SARS-CoV-2, followed by application of RDV as a nucleotide analogue which can potentially inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of COVs. Afterwards, we discussed the kinetics of SARS- or MERS-CoV proliferation in animal models which is significantly different compared to that in humans. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future perspective on the application of RDV either alone or in combination with other anti-viral agents against CoVs infection were surveyed to determine the efficiency of RDV in preclinical trials. As a result, this paper provides crucial evidence of the potency of RDV to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasaman Vahdani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Kachooei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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276
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Ramos AM, Ferrández MR, Vela-Pérez M, Kubik AB, Ivorra B. A simple but complex enough θ -SIR type model to be used with COVID-19 real data. Application to the case of Italy. PHYSICA D. NONLINEAR PHENOMENA 2021; 421:132839. [PMID: 33424064 PMCID: PMC7775262 DOI: 10.1016/j.physd.2020.132839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in China many models have appeared in the literature, trying to simulate its dynamics. Focusing on modeling the biological and sociological mechanisms which influence the disease spread, the basic reference example is the SIR model. However, it is too simple to be able to model those mechanisms (including the three main types of control measures: social distancing, contact tracing and health system measures) to fit real data and to simulate possible future scenarios. A question, then, arises: how much and how do we need to complexify a SIR model? We develop a θ -SEIHQRD model, which may be the simplest one satisfying the mentioned requirements for arbitrary territories and can be simplified in particular cases. We show its very good performance in the Italian case and study different future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ramos
- MOMAT Research Group, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M R Ferrández
- Department of Computer Science, University of Almería, Spain
| | - M Vela-Pérez
- MOMAT Research Group, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - A B Kubik
- MOMAT Research Group, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - B Ivorra
- MOMAT Research Group, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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277
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El-Anwar MW, Eesa M, Mansour W, Zake LG, Hendawy E. Analysis of Ear, Nose and Throat Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 25:e343-e348. [PMID: 34377166 PMCID: PMC8321632 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically spread all over the world, crossing the borders of all countries. It is presented mainly by lower respiratory tract symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and chest tightness. However, COVID-19 causes different upper respiratory tract-related symptoms including nasal congestion, sore throat, and olfactory dysfunction. Objective To discuss different ear, nose and throat (ENT) manifestations in COVID-19-positive patients and their relation to other manifestations and to the severity of COVID-19. Methods We detected ENT manifestations in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed positive COVID-19 patients at Zagazig Isolation Hospitals (Zagazig University hospitals, Zagazig Chest hospital, Al-Ahrar hospital, and Zagazig Fever hospital) with proportional allocation in the period from April 15 to June 15, 2020. All patients were subjected to full history taking and COVID-19 was categorized into 4 classes of severity after all patients underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Afterwards, the collected data was analyzed and compared. Results Among the included 120 COVID-19 patients, the most frequent reported ENT manifestations were; sore throat (30%), nasal congestion (28.3%), nasal obstruction (26.7%), sneezing (26.6%), headache (25%), smell and taste dysfunction (25%), rhinorrhea (20%), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (15%), and tonsil enlargement (10%). The most common non-ENT manifestations were fever (88.3%), cough (63.3%), and dyspnea (45%). Conclusion Fever and cough are the dominant symptoms of COVID-19, but ENT manifestations for COVID-19 are common and should be a part of the suspected clinical criteria for COVID-19, particularly if the nasal examination was nonsignificant. The most common symptoms are sore throat, followed by nasal congestion and obstruction, headache, and lastly, olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Eesa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Waleed Mansour
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Lamia G. Zake
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ehsan Hendawy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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278
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Kharbach Y, Khallouk A. Male genital damage in COVID-19 patients: Are available data relevant? Asian J Urol 2021; 8:324-326. [PMID: 32837913 PMCID: PMC7306201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few weeks, we have observed increasing concern about the possible impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus) on male fertility. Precise mechanisms of male reproductive damages are still unclear, but it seems that high temperature resulting from persistent fever and triggering a secondary autoimmune response leading to an autoimmune orchitis are the most likely involved mechanisms. Also, angiotensin conversion enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a highly important role in cellular entry for SARS-CoV-2 and male genital system presents high ACE2 expression. All these preliminary findings suggest that COVID-19 could impact men's reproductive health. Thus, we examined available data including published and unpublished articles to assess the potential risk of COVID-19 in particular on the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Kharbach
- Urology Department, Tangier University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, 90000, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Abdelhak Khallouk
- Urology Department, Tangier University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, 90000, Tangier, Morocco
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279
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Santini A. Optimising the assignment of swabs and reagent for PCR testing during a viral epidemic. OMEGA 2021; 102:102341. [PMID: 32982016 PMCID: PMC7505804 DOI: 10.1016/j.omega.2020.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Early large-scale swab testing is a fundamental tool for health authorities to assess the prevalence of a virus and enact appropriate mitigation measures during an epidemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the availability of chemical reagent required to carry out the tests is often a bottleneck in increasing a country's testing capacity. Further, demand is unevenly spread between more affected regions (which require more tests they can perform) and less affected ones (which have spare capacity). These issues hint at the opportunity of increasing test capacity via the optimal allocation of swabs and reagent to laboratories. We prove that this is the case, proposing an Integer Programming formulation to maximise the number of tests a country can perform and validating our approach on both real-life data from Italy and synthetic instances. Our results show that increased inter-regional collaboration and a steadier supply of reagent (i.e., coming from local production sites rather than international shipments) can dramatically increase testing capacity. Accordingly, we propose short-term and long-term recommendations for policy makers and health authorities.
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280
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James PT, Ali Z, Armitage AE, Bonell A, Cerami C, Drakesmith H, Jobe M, Jones KS, Liew Z, Moore SE, Morales-Berstein F, Nabwera HM, Nadjm B, Pasricha SR, Scheelbeek P, Silver MJ, Teh MR, Prentice AM. The Role of Nutrition in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity of Disease: A Systematic Review. J Nutr 2021; 151:1854-1878. [PMID: 33982105 PMCID: PMC8194602 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many nutrients have powerful immunomodulatory actions with the potential to alter susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, progression to symptoms, likelihood of severe disease, and survival. OBJECTIVE The aim was to review the latest evidence on how malnutrition across all its forms (under- and overnutrition and micronutrient status) may influence both susceptibility to, and progression of, COVID-19. METHODS We synthesized information on 13 nutrition-related components and their potential interactions with COVID-19: overweight, obesity, and diabetes; protein-energy malnutrition; anemia; vitamins A, C, D, and E; PUFAs; iron; selenium; zinc; antioxidants; and nutritional support. For each section we provide: 1) a landscape review of pertinent material; 2) a systematic search of the literature in PubMed and EMBASE databases, including a wide range of preprint servers; and 3) a screen of 6 clinical trial registries. All original research was considered, without restriction to study design, and included if it covered: 1) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (CoV) 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), or SARS-CoV viruses and 2) disease susceptibility or 3) disease progression, and 4) the nutritional component of interest. Searches took place between 16 May and 11 August 2020. RESULTS Across the 13 searches, 2732 articles from PubMed and EMBASE, 4164 articles from the preprint servers, and 433 trials were returned. In the final narrative synthesis, we include 22 published articles, 38 preprint articles, and 79 trials. CONCLUSIONS Currently there is limited evidence that high-dose supplements of micronutrients will either prevent severe disease or speed up recovery. However, results of clinical trials are eagerly awaited. Given the known impacts of all forms of malnutrition on the immune system, public health strategies to reduce micronutrient deficiencies and undernutrition remain of critical importance. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes will reduce the risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes. This review is registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020186194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T James
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zakari Ali
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Bonell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Carla Cerami
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Modou Jobe
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Kerry S Jones
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zara Liew
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Morales-Berstein
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Nabwera
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Nadjm
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pauline Scheelbeek
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J Silver
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan R Teh
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
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281
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Belkina TV, Averina OV, Savenkova EV, Danilenko VN. Human Intestinal Microbiome and the Immune System: The Role of Probiotics in Shaping an Immune System Unsusceptible to COVID-19 Infection. BIOLOGY BULLETIN REVIEWS 2021. [PMCID: PMC8365270 DOI: 10.1134/s2079086421040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. V. Belkina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - O. V. Averina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. V. Savenkova
- International Institute for Strategic Development of Sectoral Economics, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia
| | - V. N. Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- International Institute for Strategic Development of Sectoral Economics, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia
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282
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ŞENTÜRK PİLAN B, ÖZBARAN B, YÜKSEL G, TORTOP E, ÇALIŞAN R, YULUĞ B, TOKMAK SH, ANILIR G, KÖSE S, ERERMİŞ S, YÜNCÜ Z, BİLDİK T. COVID-19 ve okul öncesi yaş grubu ruh sağlığı. EGE TIP DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.19161/etd.951006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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283
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Tran BX, Hoang CL, Nguyen NTT, Le HT, Pham HQ, Hoang MT, Nguyen TH, Latkin CA, Ho CSH, Ho RCM. COVID-19 Preparedness and Response: Validation of a Rapid Assessment Tool to Evaluate Priorities of Health Workers at the Grassroots Level. Front Public Health 2021; 9:562600. [PMID: 34268282 PMCID: PMC8277076 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.562600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak, international recommendations for disease control have been readily available. However, blind implementation of these recommendations without grassroot-level support could result in public distrust and low adherence. This study evaluated the use of a public health priorities survey to rapidly assess perceptions of local health workers. A cross-sectional study using a web-based survey was conducted among 5,847 health workers and medical students from January to February 2020 to evaluate the level of prioritization of various public health measures. Measures with the highest levels of prioritization were “Early prevention, environmental sanitation, and improvement of population health” and “Mobilization of community participation in disease control,” which were concordant with policies implemented by the Vietnamese government. This study also demonstrated a high level of internal validity among survey items and shared ranking of priorities among all occupational groups. The use of this public health priorities survey was found to be effective in identifying priorities as identified by grassroots health workers to provide real-time feedback to the national government. However, future iterations of this survey should consider limiting the use of each prioritization score to ensure that responses represent the reality of source limitations and consider focusing on medical professionals and community workers due medical students' limited experience with Vietnam's healthcare infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bach Xuan Tran
- The Department of Health Economic, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Huong Thi Le
- The Department of Health Economic, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Quang Pham
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Men Thi Hoang
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Tu Huu Nguyen
- Vietnam Young Physicians' Association, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Carl A Latkin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cyrus S H Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger C M Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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284
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Ünlü B, Simsek R, Köse SBE, Yirün A, Erkekoglu P. Neurological Effects of Sars-Cov-2 And Neurotoxicity of Antiviral Drugs Against Covid-19. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:213-231. [PMID: 34191697 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210629100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is caused by different SARS viruses. In 2020, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) led to an ongoing pandemic, known as "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". The disease can spread among individuals through direct (via saliva, respiratory secretions or secretion droplets) or indirect (through contaminated objects or surfaces) contact. The pandemic has spread rapidly from Asia to Europe and later to America. It continues to affect all parts of the world at an increasing rate. There have been over 92 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 by mid-January 2021. The similarity of homological sequences between SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS-CoVs is high. In addition, clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS viruses show similarities. However, some COVID-19 cases show neurologic signs like headache, loss of smell, hiccups and encephalopathy. The drugs used in the palliative treatment of the disease also have some neurotoxic effects. Currently, there are approved vaccines for COVID-19. However, there is a need for specific therapeutics against COVID-19. This review will describe the neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotoxicity of COVID-19 drugs used in clinics. Drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 will be evaluated by their mechanism of action and their toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Ünlü
- TOBB University, Bioengineering Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahime Simsek
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selinay Başak Erdemli Köse
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anıl Yirün
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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285
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ERDEM HA, KORKMAZ EKREN P, ÇAĞLAYAN D, IŞIKGÖZ TAŞBAKAN M, YAMAZHAN T, TAŞBAKAN MS, SAYINER A, GÖKENGİN D. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with favipiravir: early results from the Ege University cohort, Turkey. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:912-920. [PMID: 33237663 PMCID: PMC8283495 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2008-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The aim of this descriptive article is to share the experience in Ege University, Turkey with favipiravir in the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Materials and methods This retrospective descriptive study included patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who presented with or developed severe pneumonia. Results Forty patients who completed a full course (at least 5 days) of favipiravir were included in the study. At baseline, 30 (75%) patients required treatment for respiratory distress. Thirty-three patients (82.5%) were discharged from the hospital with full recovery, 6 patients (15%) died and 1 case (2.5%) was still at the intensive care unit (ICU) when this paper was written. Conclusion This study provides relevant information for the treatment of COVID-19, suggesting that favipiravir was associated with significant clinical and laboratory improvements in the majority of the patients, is a safe drug with no serious side effects and would merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Aytaç ERDEM
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmirTurkey
| | | | - Derya ÇAĞLAYAN
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmirTurkey
| | - Meltem IŞIKGÖZ TAŞBAKAN
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmirTurkey
| | - Tansu YAMAZHAN
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmirTurkey
| | | | - Abdullah SAYINER
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmirTurkey
| | - Deniz GÖKENGİN
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmirTurkey
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286
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Hamd A, Abdulraheem DE, Khan AAP, Shaban M, Alamry KA, Asiri AM. Statistical study on the impact of different meteorological changes on the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt and its latitude. MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT 2021; 8:2225-2231. [PMID: 34222613 PMCID: PMC8236310 DOI: 10.1007/s40808-021-01222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract More than 1 million illnesses and 70,000 deaths were reported due to novel COVID-19 by the end of the first quarter of 2020. In April 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The striking resemblance between COVID-19 and its forerunners SARS and MERS, as well as earlier findings on the impact of meteorological conditions on the spread of SARS and MERS, prompted researchers to investigate the relationship between meteorological conditions and the spread of COVID-19. In this work, we statistically studied the effect of different meteorological parameters such as average temperature, humidity, dew point, and wind speed on the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt and its latitude (Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey). Our findings revealed that there is a correlation between several meteorological parameters and the spread of COVID-19, but that, contrary to popular belief, the virus does not disappear when the temperature rises. Our theory is that either the virus became active in Egypt and its latitude as the temperature rose, or the humidity became unstable when the temperature rose during the summer season. A log-linear quasi-Poisson regression model was used to estimate the relationship between the studied metrological parameters and the spread of COVID-19. The findings of the study will have ramifications for future control and prevention efforts in Egypt and its latitude. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamd
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University in Beni-Suef (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Nanophotonics and Applications (NPA) Lab, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514 Egypt
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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287
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Sampath V, Ramchandran R. The Yin and the Yang of Transformative Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Perspective. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:650302. [PMID: 34249804 PMCID: PMC8264183 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.650302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the necessity for scientists from diverse disciplines to collaboratively mitigate the singular calamity facing humanity this century. The ability of researchers to combine exponential advances in technology and scientific acumen has resulted in landmark discoveries in pediatric research and is surmounting the COVID-19 challenge. Several of these discoveries exist in a realm of research that is not classically "basic" or "clinical." Translational research characterizes this domain partially, but does not fully capture the integrated research approaches that have spurred these discoveries. Herein, we share our perspective on the common themes underpinning the basic and clinical research. We also highlight major differences in the scope, emphasis, approach, and limitations of basic and clinical research that impede multi-disciplinary approaches that facilitate truly transformative research. These differences in research thinking and methodology are ingrained during training wherein the limitations of the chosen discipline, and strengths of alternate disciplines are not adequately explored. Insular approaches are particularly limited in impacting complex diseases pathophysiology in the era of precision medicine. We propose that integration of -omics technologies, systems biology, adaptive clinical trial designs, humanized animal models, and precision pre-clinical model systems must be incorporated into research training of future scientists. Several initiatives from the NIH and other institutions are facilitating such broad-based "research without frontiers" training that paves the way for seamless, multi-disciplinary, research. Such efforts become "transformative" when scientific challenges are tackled in partnership with a willingness to share ideas, tackle challenges, and develop tools/models from the very beginning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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288
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Friedrich F, Ongaratto R, Scotta MC, Veras TN, Stein RT, Lumertz MS, Jones MH, Comaru T, Pinto LA. Early Impact of Social Distancing in Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Hospitalizations for Acute Bronchiolitis in Infants in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2071-2075. [PMID: 32986818 PMCID: PMC7543304 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interventions to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic may affect the burden of other respiratory diseases. Considering the repercussion of these unique social experiences in infant’s health, this study aims to assess the early impact of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital admissions for acute bronchiolitis. Methods Data from hospitalizations of acute bronchiolitis in infants under one year were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Public Health database (DATASUS) for the period between 2016 and 2020. These data were also analyzed by macro-regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Southeast, South and Midwest). To evaluate the effect of social distancing strategy on the incidence of acute bronchiolitis, the absolute and relative reduction was calculated by analyzing the yearly subsets of 2016vs2020, 2017vs2020, 2018vs2020, and 2019vs2020. Results There was a significant reduction in all comparisons, ranging from -78% [IRR 0.22 (0.20 to 0.24)] in 2016vs2020 at -85% [IRR 0.15 (0.13 to 0.16)] in 2019vs2020, for the data from Brazil. For analyzes by macro-regions, the reduction varied from -58% [IRR 0.41 (0.37 to 0.45)] in the Midwest in 2016vs2020 to -93% [IRR 0.07 (0.06 to 0.08)] in the South in 2019vs2020. Conclusions There was a significant reduction in hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in children under one year old, in Brazil, of the order of more than 70% for most analysis. Our data suggest an important impact of social distance on reducing the transmission of viruses related to acute bronchiolitis. Such knowledge may guide strategies for prevention of viruses spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Friedrich
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Ongaratto
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Scotta
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago N Veras
- Jeser Amarante Faria Children's Hospital, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renato T Stein
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Magali Santos Lumertz
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcus Herbert Jones
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talitha Comaru
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Farroupilha, Santo Ângelo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Araújo Pinto
- Centro Infant, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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289
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Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Diaco F, Romano S, Sessa R. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2- and Chlamydia pneumoniae-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070723. [PMID: 34202515 PMCID: PMC8301438 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the years, a growing number of studies have provided evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of infectious agent-related cardiovascular diseases. Amongst the numerous respiratory pathogens, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus responsible for the global ongoing pandemic, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, a widely known intracellular obligate bacteria, seem to have an essential role in promoting reactive oxygen species and cytokine production. The present review highlights the common oxidative and inflammatory molecular pathways underlying the cardiovascular diseases associated with SARS-CoV-2 or C. pneumoniae infections. The main therapeutic and preventive approaches using natural antioxidant compounds will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Fabiana Diaco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Silvio Romano
- Cardiology, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, P.le Salvatore Tommasi, 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (F.D.); (R.S.)
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290
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Gededzha MP, Mampeule N, Jugwanth S, Zwane N, David A, Burgers WA, Blackburn JM, Grove JS, George JA, Sanne I, Scott L, Stevens W, Mayne ES. Performance of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies in South Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252317. [PMID: 34161348 PMCID: PMC8221517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative agent for causing the clinical syndrome of COVID -19. Accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not only important for management of infected individuals but also to break the chain of transmission. South Africa is the current epicenter of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa. To optimize the diagnostic algorithm for SARS-CoV-2 in the South African setting, the study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays. This study reported the performance of EUROIMMUN enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for semi-quantitative detection of IgA and IgG antibodies in serum and plasma samples targeting the recombinant S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as antigen. Samples were collected from 391 individuals who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 139 SARS CoV-2 negative controls. Samples were stratified by number of days’ post-PCR diagnosis and symptoms. The sensitivity of EUROIMMUN IgG was 64.1% (95% CI: 59.1–69.0%) and 74.3% (95% CI: 69.6–78.6%) for IgA and the specificity was lower for IgA [84.2% (95% CI: 77–89.2%)] than IgG [95.2% (95% CI: 90.8–98.4%)]. The EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay sensitivity was higher for IgA but low for IgG and improved for both assays in symptomatic individuals and at later timepoints post PCR diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maemu P Gededzha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nakampe Mampeule
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sarika Jugwanth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko Zwane
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anura David
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Divisions of Chemical and System Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jurette S Grove
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jaya A George
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian Sanne
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lesley Scott
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy Stevens
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Mayne
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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291
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Shahryari A, Burtscher I, Nazari Z, Lickert H. Engineering Gene Therapy: Advances and Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shahryari
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan 49341‐74515 Iran
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
| | - Zahra Nazari
- Department of Biology School of Basic Sciences Golestan University Gorgan 49361‐79142 Iran
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
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292
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Das A, Khurshid S, Ferdausi A, Nipu ES, Das A, Ahmed FF. Molecular insight into the genomic variation of SARS-CoV-2 strains from current outbreak. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 93:107533. [PMID: 34166886 PMCID: PMC8216673 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the newly emerging viral disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The epidemic sparked in December 2019 at Wuhan city, China that causes a large global outbreak and a major public health catastrophe. Till now, more than 129 million positive cases have been reported in which more than 2.81 million were dead, surveyed by Johns Hopkins University, USA. The diverse symptoms of COVID-19 and an increased number of positive cases throughout the world hypothesize that this virus assembles more variants that are preventing the pursuit of its adequate treatment as well as the development of the vaccine. In this study, 715 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were retrieved from the gisaid and NCBI viral resources involving 39 countries and 164 different types of variants were identified based on 108 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in which the ancestral type of SARS-CoV-2 was found as the most frequent and the most prevalent in China. Moreover, variant type A104 was identified as the most frequent in the USA and A52 in Japan. The study also recognized the most common SNPs such as 241, 3037, 8782, 11083, 14408, 23403, and 28144 as well as variants regarding base-pair, C > T. A total of 65 non-synonymous SNPs were recognized which were mostly located in nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, Non-structural protein 3(Nsp3), and spike glycoprotein encoding gene. Molecular divergence analysis revealed that this virus was phylogenetically related to Yunnan 2013 bat strain. This study indicates SARS-CoV-2 frequently alters their genetic material, which mostly affects the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, and spike glycoprotein-encoding gene and makes it very challenging to develop SARS-Cov-2 vaccine and antibody-mediated rapid diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avizit Das
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Sarah Khurshid
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD), icddr,b, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Aleya Ferdausi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
| | - Eshita Sadhak Nipu
- Upazilla Health Complex, Nazirpur, Pirojpur, Barishal, 8540, Barishal, Bangladesh.
| | - Amit Das
- Gafargaon Islamia Govt. High School, Gafargaon, Mymensingh, Dhaka, 2230, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Fee Faysal Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
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293
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Ding T, Zhang N. Clinical value analysis of IgM and IgG antibodies detected by nucleic acid in patients with COVID-19. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:7089-7103. [PMID: 34306469 PMCID: PMC8290688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the clinical diagnostic value of nucleic acid detection and specific IgM and IgG antibodies in COVID-19 patients. According to the patients' test outcomes of nucleic acid and specific IgM and IgG antibodies, the patients were grouped. METHODS Medical records of 788 COVID-19 patients were collected for retrospective analysis, including demographic data, clinical characteristics, CT outcome and laboratory indicators. According to the patients' nucleic acid detection and the results of specific IgM and IgG antibodies, the patients were grouped, and the clinical application value of COVID-19 nucleic acid detection and specific IgM and IgG antibodies was analyzed. RESULTS The main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients included in this study were fever (431 cases, 54.7%), cough (404 cases, 51.3%), and fatigue (232 cases, 29.4%), and the main comorbidities were hypertension (201 Cases, 25.4%), diabetes (86 cases, 10.9%), coronary heart disease (39 cases, 4.9%), etc. CT abnormalities mainly manifested as ground glass shadows (731 cases, 92.8%), mesh nodules shadows (413 cases, 52.4%), pulmonary fibrosis (118 cases, 15.0%), etc. The majority of patients were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies. There were 50 patients in the qPCR+IgM-IgG- group (only nucleic acid test result was positive), of which 6 patients (12%) were mild in symptoms, and 39 patients (78%) had mild CT findings. There were 321 patients in the qPCR+IgM+IgG+ group (nucleic acid and specific IgM and IgG antibody test results were positive), of which 49 patients (15.5%) were severe or critically ill, and 78 patients (24.8%) had severe CT findings. There were 291 patients in the qPCR-IgM+IgG+ group (specific IgM and IgG antibody test results were positive), of which 22 (7.5%) were severe or critically ill, and 94 (32.3%) patients had severe CT findings. The sensitivity of antibody detection for COVID-19 was higher than that of qPCR (84.9%, 86.4% vs. 53.9%, P<0.001). There were significant differences between IgM+ patients and IgM- patients in terms of age distribution, gender, sore throat, clinical classification, and CT findings (P<0.05). CONCLUSION IgM antibody has a high clinical detection rate, which effectively avoids the missed detection of qPCR and increases the detection rate of COVID-19 patients. There are more severe and critically ill patients with IgM tested positive, which finding has certain guiding significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hanchuan People's Hospital Hanchuan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Nengping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hanchuan People's Hospital Hanchuan, Hubei Province, China
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294
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Bagherani N, Smoller BR. Hypothesis: Designation of Liposomal Scavenger System for Fighting against 2019-nCoV. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e150621194093. [PMID: 34132188 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210615141036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 virus, is a member of the family Coronaviridae, which is responsible for the current pandemic of disease COVID-19. It is the seventh member of the family Coronaviridae, which infects humans, after 229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Fever, dry cough and severe pneumonia are seen as common symptoms at the early stages of COVID-19. Some cases progress to acute respiratory stress syndrome, septic shock, organ failure, and death. The development of an effective treatment or vaccination for treating or preventing this lethal condition is an urgent need in order to fight this crisis. Up to now, some effective vaccines with different efficacy profiles have been introduced. Herein, we have theoretically designed a scavenger system for gathering 2019-nCoVs, breaking them, and re-introducing them to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Bagherani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical School, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bruce R Smoller
- Department of Pathology, Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, United States
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295
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Arjmand B, Alavi-Moghadam S, Parhizkar Roudsari P, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rahim F, Gilany K, Mohamadi-Jahani F, Adibi H, Larijani B. COVID-19 Pathology on Various Organs and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell-Based Interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675310. [PMID: 34195193 PMCID: PMC8238122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, a novel betacoronavirus, has caused the global outbreak of a contagious infection named coronavirus disease-2019. Severely ill subjects have shown higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine storm is the term that can be used for a systemic inflammation leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of immune cells. In coronavirus disease-2019 infection, a cytokine storm contributes to the mortality rate of the disease and can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome through auto-destructive responses of systemic inflammation. Direct effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with infection as well as hyperinflammatory reactions are in association with disease complications. Besides acute respiratory distress syndrome, functional impairments of the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, kidneys, liver, and several others can be mentioned as the possible consequences. In addition to the current therapeutic approaches for coronavirus disease-2019, which are mostly supportive, stem cell-based therapies have shown the capacity for controlling the inflammation and attenuating the cytokine storm. Therefore, after a brief review of novel coronavirus characteristics, this review aims to explain the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 cytokine storm on different organs of the human body. The roles of stem cell-based therapies on attenuating cytokine release syndrome are also stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fakher Rahim
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilany
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Adibi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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296
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Hu Y, Li X, Zhi X, Cong W, Huang B, Chen H, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang L, Fang C, Guo J, Liu Y, Cui J, Cao L, Weng W, Zhou Q, Wang S, Chen X, Su J. RANKL from bone marrow adipose lineage cells promotes osteoclast formation and bone loss. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52481. [PMID: 34121311 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is essential for osteoclast formation and bone remodeling. Nevertheless, the cellular source of RANKL for osteoclastogenesis has not been fully uncovered. Different from peripheral adipose tissue, bone marrow (BM) adipose lineage cells originate from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Here, we demonstrate that adiponectin promoter-driven Cre expression (AdipoqCre ) can target bone marrow adipose lineage cells. We cross the AdipoqCre mice with ranklfl/fl mice to conditionally delete RANKL from BM adipose lineage cells. Conditional deletion of RANKL increases cancellous bone mass of long bones in mice by reducing the formation of trabecular osteoclasts and inhibiting bone resorption but does not affect cortical bone thickness or resorption of calcified cartilage. AdipoqCre ; ranklfl/fl mice exhibit resistance to estrogen deficiency and rosiglitazone (ROS)-induced trabecular bone loss but show bone loss induced by unloading. BM adipose lineage cells therefore represent an essential source of RANKL for the formation of trabecula osteoclasts and resorption of cancellous bone during remodeling under physiological and pathological conditions. Targeting bone marrow adiposity is a promising way of preventing pathological bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqun Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhi
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biaotong Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- Graduate Management Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liehu Cao
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizong Weng
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qirong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics Trauma, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai, China
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297
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Negro P, Congedo M, Zizza A, Guido M, Sacquegna G, Pulito G, Lobreglio G. Role of ABO blood system in COVID-19: Findings from a southern Italian study. Transfus Med 2021; 32:243-247. [PMID: 34114287 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a worldwide infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 and infects humans by binding to the ACE2 receptor. Blood group ABO glycoproteins can influence the binding of the virus to ACE2. The role of ABO blood system in the susceptibility to infection as well as in the clinical outcome of infected patients is still controversial and needs to be clarified. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 167 patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 who underwent nasopharyngeal swab, and of a control group represented by 891 subjects negative for SARS-CoV-2, to assess the association between ABO and Rh blood system and occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, clinical presentation, and outcome of disease. RESULTS In the cohort of patients positive for SARS-CoV-2, no statistically significant difference in the distribution of ABO blood types compared with controls was observed. Patients with blood type A had a higher risk of developing symptomatic disease (p = 0.002; odds ratio [OR = 3.592]; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.576-8.187) compared to patients with blood types B, AB, and O. Patients with blood types B (p = 0.021; OR = 0.293; 95%CI = 0.099-0.869) and O (p = 0.018; OR = 0.417; 95%CI = 0.199-0.871) showed a lower risk in comparison to the other groups. The clinical progression to mild/moderate and severe/critical disease and the mortality showed no association. Moreover, no relationship with Rh blood type was found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a role of ABO blood type in the development of symptomatic disease with a higher risk in subjects with blood type A and a protective effect of blood types B and O. Blood types do not seem, however, to play a role in susceptibility, progression to severe disease, and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Negro
- Inter-company Department of Transfusion Medicine (IDTM) of Local Health Unit (LHU) of Lecce, Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Zizza
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello Guido
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sacquegna
- Inter-company Department of Transfusion Medicine (IDTM) of Local Health Unit (LHU) of Lecce, Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pulito
- Intensive Care and Resuscitation Unit, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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298
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Assessment of Air Pollution before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Nanjing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A unique illness, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, in December 2019. To reduce the spread of the virus, strict lockdown policies and control measures were put in place all over the world. Due to these enforced limitations, a drastic drop in air pollution and an improvement in air quality were observed. The present study used six air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) to observe trends before, during and after the COVID-19 lockdown period in Nanjing, China. The data were divided into six phases: P1–P3, pre-lockdown (1 October–31 December 2019), lockdown (1 January–31 March 2020), after lockdown (1 April–30 June 2020), P4–P6: the same dates as the lockdown but during 2017, 2018 and 2019. The results indicate that compared with the pre-lockdown phase, the PM10 and PM2.5 average concentrations decreased by –27.71% and –5.09%. Compared with the previous three years, 2017–2019, the reductions in PM10 and PM2.5 were –37.99% and –33.56%, respectively. Among other pollutants, concentrations of SO2 (–32.90%), NO2 (–34.66%) and CO (–16.85%) also decreased during the lockdown, while the concentration of O3 increased by approximately 25.45%. Moreover, compared with the pre- and during lockdown phases, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 showed decreasing trends while SO2, CO and O3 concentrations increased. These findings present a road map for upcoming studies and provide a new path for policymakers to create policies to improve air quality.
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299
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Lee J, Solomon M, Stead T, Kwon B, Ganti L. Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of US college students. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:95. [PMID: 34103081 PMCID: PMC8185692 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim In the beginning of 2020, the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, became a public health emergency in the U.S. and rapidly escalated into a global pandemic. Because the SARS-CoV-2 virus is highly contagious, physical distancing was enforced and indoor public spaces, including schools and educational institutions, were abruptly closed and evacuated to ensure civilian safety. Accordingly, educational institutions rapidly transitioned to remote learning. We investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic U.S. college students, ages 18–24 years. Methods Through Pollfish®’s survey research platform, we collected data from 200 domestic U.S. college students in this age range (N = 200) regarding the physical, emotional, and social impacts of COVID-19 as well as key background information (e.g. whether or not they are first-generation or if they identify with the LGBTQIA+ community). Results Our results indicate that students closer to graduating faced increases in anxiety (60.8%), feeling of loneliness (54.1%), and depression (59.8%). Many reported worries for the health of loved ones most impacted their mental health status (20.0%), and the need to take care of family most affected current and future plans (31.8%). Almost one-half of students took to exercising and physical activity to take care of their mental health (46.7%). While a third did not have strained familial relationships (36.5%), almost one half did (45.7%). A majority found it harder to complete the semester at home (60.9%), especially among those who had strained relationships with family (34.1%). Seventy percent spent time during the pandemic watching television shows or movies. Significantly more men, first-generation, and low-income students gained beneficial opportunities in light of the pandemic, whereas their counterparts reported no impact. First-generation students were more likely to take a gap year or time off from school. Conclusions Although students found ways to take care of themselves and spent more time at home, the clear negative mental health impacts call for schools and federal regulations to accommodate, support, and make mental health care accessible to all students. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00598-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lee
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Tej Stead
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Latha Ganti
- Envision Physician Services, Plantation, FL, USA. .,Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, University of Central Florida, 6950 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32832, USA. .,Ocala Regional Medical Center, Ocala, FL, USA.
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300
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Shen J, Wang C, Dong C, Tang Z, Sun H. Reductions in mortality resulting from COVID-19 quarantine measures in China. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:254-260. [PMID: 33432337 PMCID: PMC7928732 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the impact of quarantine measures on the cause of death. Methods We use time series analysis with the data from death cause surveillance database of Suzhou from January 2017 to December 2019 to estimate the expected deaths from January to June 2020 and compare these expected deaths with the reported numbers of deaths. Results After the implementation of epidemic prevention measures in Suzhou in the first 3 months, overall number of all-cause deaths declined for 5.36, 7.54 and 7.02% compared with predicted numbers. The number of deaths from respiratory causes and traffic accidents declined shapely by 30.1 and 26.9%, totally. When quarantine measures were released (April–June), however, the observed numbers of total deaths exceeded the predicted deaths. People aged over 70 accounted for 91.6% of declined death number in respiratory causes and people aged over 60 accounted for 68.0% of declined death number in traffic accidents. Women over the age of 80 benefited the most from respiratory prevention (accounts for 41% of all reductions), whereas women aged over 60 benefited the most from traffic control (44%). Conclusions Overall, the whole population benefited from the epidemic prevention measures especially elderly females. This study is a useful supplement to encourage the government to develop regular preventive measures under the era of normalized epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Congju Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Suzhou High-tech Zone, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zaixiang Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongpeng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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