251
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Hiler D, Chen X, Hazen J, Kupriyanov S, Carroll PA, Qu C, Xu B, Johnson D, Griffiths L, Frase S, Rodriguez AR, Martin G, Zhang J, Jeon J, Fan Y, Finkelstein D, Eisenman RN, Baldwin K, Dyer MA. Quantification of Retinogenesis in 3D Cultures Reveals Epigenetic Memory and Higher Efficiency in iPSCs Derived from Rod Photoreceptors. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:101-15. [PMID: 26140606 PMCID: PMC4547539 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies to treat retinal degeneration are now being tested in clinical trials. However, it is not known whether the source of stem cells is important for the production of differentiated cells suitable for transplantation. To test this, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from murine rod photoreceptors (r-iPSCs) and scored their ability to make retinae by using a standardized quantitative protocol called STEM-RET. We discovered that r-iPSCs more efficiently produced differentiated retinae than did embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or fibroblast-derived iPSCs (f-iPSCs). Retinae derived from f-iPSCs had fewer amacrine cells and other inner nuclear layer cells. Integrated epigenetic analysis showed that DNA methylation contributes to the defects in f-iPSC retinogenesis and that rod-specific CTCF insulator protein-binding sites may promote r-iPSC retinogenesis. Together, our data suggest that the source of stem cells is important for producing retinal neurons in three-dimensional (3D) organ cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hiler
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Hazen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Kupriyanov
- Mouse Genetics Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Patrick A Carroll
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dianna Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lyra Griffiths
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sharon Frase
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alberto R Rodriguez
- Mouse Genetics Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Martin
- Mouse Genetics Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiakun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jongrye Jeon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert N Eisenman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Kristin Baldwin
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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252
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La Torre A, Hoshino A, Cavanaugh C, Ware CB, Reh TA. The GIPC1-Akt1 Pathway Is Required for the Specification of the Eye Field in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2674-85. [PMID: 26013465 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During early patterning of the neural plate, a single region of the embryonic forebrain, the eye field, becomes competent for eye development. The hallmark of eye field specification is the expression of the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs). Experiments in fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals have demonstrated largely conserved roles for the EFTFs. Although some of the key signaling events that direct the synchronized expression of these factors to the eye field have been elucidated in fish and frogs, it has been more difficult to study these mechanisms in mammalian embryos. In this study, we have used two different methods for directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to generate eye field cells and retina in vitro to test for a role of the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 in the specification of the mammalian eye primordia. We find that the overexpression of a dominant-negative form of GIPC1 (dnGIPC1), as well as the downregulation of endogenous GIPC1, is sufficient to inhibit the development of eye field cells from mESCs. GIPC1 interacts directly with IGFR and participates in Akt1 activation, and pharmacological inhibition of Akt1 phosphorylation mimics the dnGIPC1 phenotype. Our data, together with previous studies in Xenopus, support the hypothesis that the GIPC1-PI3K-Akt1 pathway plays a key role in eye field specification in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna La Torre
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Akina Hoshino
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Cavanaugh
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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253
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Wang X, Xiong K, Lin C, Lv L, Chen J, Xu C, Wang S, Gu D, Zheng H, Yu H, Li Y, Xiao H, Zhou G. New medium used in the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to retinal cells is comparable to fetal human eye tissue. Biomaterials 2015; 53:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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254
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Dhamodaran K, Subramani M, Ponnalagu M, Shetty R, Das D. Ocular stem cells: a status update! Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 5:56. [PMID: 25158127 PMCID: PMC4055087 DOI: 10.1186/scrt445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have been a major focus of the field of regenerative medicine, opening new frontiers and regarded as the future of medicine. The ophthalmology branch of the medical sciences was the first to directly benefit from stem cells for regenerative treatment. The success stories of regenerative medicine in ophthalmology can be attributed to its accessibility, ease of follow-up and the eye being an immune-privileged organ. Cell-based therapies using stem cells from the ciliary body, iris and sclera are still in animal experimental stages but show potential for replacing degenerated photoreceptors. Limbal, corneal and conjunctival stem cells are still limited for use only for surface reconstruction, although they might have potential beyond this. Iris pigment epithelial, ciliary body epithelial and choroidal epithelial stem cells in laboratory studies have shown some promise for retinal or neural tissue replacement. Trabecular meshwork, orbital and sclera stem cells have properties identical to cells of mesenchymal origin but their potential has yet to be experimentally determined and validated. Retinal and retinal pigment epithelium stem cells remain the most sought out stem cells for curing retinal degenerative disorders, although treatments using them have resulted in variable outcomes. The functional aspects of the therapeutic application of lenticular stem cells are not known and need further attention. Recently, embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium has been used for treating patients with Stargardts disease and age-related macular degeneration. Overall, the different stem cells residing in different components of the eye have shown some success in clinical and animal studies in the field of regenerative medicine.
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255
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Yvon C, Ramsden CM, Lane A, Powner MB, da Cruz L, Coffey PJ, Carr AJF. Using Stem Cells to Model Diseases of the Outer Retina. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2015; 13:382-9. [PMID: 26106463 PMCID: PMC4477013 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration arises from the loss of photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with limited effective treatment options. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC)-derived retinal cells and tissues from individuals with retinal degeneration is a rapidly evolving technology that holds a great potential for its use in disease modelling. IPSCs provide an ideal platform to investigate normal and pathological retinogenesis, but also deliver a valuable source of retinal cell types for drug screening and cell therapy. In this review, we will provide some examples of the ways in which IPSCs have been used to model diseases of the outer retina including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Usher syndrome (USH), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), gyrate atrophy (GA), juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and age related macular degeneration (AMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Yvon
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Conor M. Ramsden
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Amelia Lane
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael B. Powner
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lyndon da Cruz
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Peter J. Coffey
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, NRI, UC, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Amanda-Jayne F. Carr
- The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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256
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Ichida JK, Kiskinis E. Probing disorders of the nervous system using reprogramming approaches. EMBO J 2015; 34:1456-77. [PMID: 25925386 PMCID: PMC4474524 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The groundbreaking technologies of induced pluripotency and lineage conversion have generated a genuine opportunity to address fundamental aspects of the diseases that affect the nervous system. These approaches have granted us unrestricted access to the brain and spinal cord of patients and have allowed for the study of disease in the context of human cells, expressing physiological levels of proteins and under each patient's unique genetic constellation. Along with this unprecedented opportunity have come significant challenges, particularly in relation to patient variability, experimental design and data interpretation. Nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved over the past few years both in our ability to create the various neural subtypes that comprise the nervous system and in our efforts to develop cellular models of disease that recapitulate clinical findings identified in patients. In this Review, we present tables listing the various human neural cell types that can be generated and the neurological disease modeling studies that have been reported, describe the current state of the field, highlight important breakthroughs and discuss the next steps and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology & Clinical Neurological Sciences and Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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257
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Ben M’Barek K, Regent F, Monville C. Use of human pluripotent stem cells to study and treat retinopathies. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:596-604. [PMID: 25914766 PMCID: PMC4404394 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cell types affected by retinal diseases (such as age-related macular degeneration or retinitis pimentosa) are limited in cell number and of reduced accessibility. As a consequence, their isolation for in vitro studies of disease mechanisms or for drug screening efforts is fastidious. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), either of embryonic origin or through reprogramming of adult somatic cells, represent a new promising way to generate models of human retinopathies, explore the physiopathological mechanisms and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Disease-specific human embryonic stem cells were the first source of material to be used to study certain disease states. The recent demonstration that human somatic cells, such as fibroblasts or blood cells, can be genetically converted to induce pluripotent stem cells together with the continuous improvement of methods to differentiate these cells into disease-affected cellular subtypes opens new perspectives to model and understand a large number of human pathologies, including retinopathies. This review focuses on the added value of hPSCs for the disease modeling of human retinopathies and the study of their molecular pathological mechanisms. We also discuss the recent use of these cells for establishing the validation studies for therapeutic intervention and for the screening of large compound libraries to identify candidate drugs.
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258
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Leach LL, Clegg DO. Concise Review: Making Stem Cells Retinal: Methods for Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Implications for Patients With Ocular Disease. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2363-73. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay L. Leach
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular; Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Dennis O. Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular; Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
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259
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Green DI, Ou Y. Towards the development of a human glaucoma disease-in-a-dish model using stem cells. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1026329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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260
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Dye BR, Hill DR, Ferguson MAH, Tsai YH, Nagy MS, Dyal R, Wells JM, Mayhew CN, Nattiv R, Klein OD, White ES, Deutsch GH, Spence JR. In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25803487 PMCID: PMC4370217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures for many organ systems have led to new physiologically complex in vitro models to study human development and disease. Here, we report the step-wise differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) (embryonic and induced) into lung organoids. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways hPSCs generate ventral-anterior foregut spheroids, which are then expanded into human lung organoids (HLOs). HLOs consist of epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the lung, organized with structural features similar to the native lung. HLOs possess upper airway-like epithelium with basal cells and immature ciliated cells surrounded by smooth muscle and myofibroblasts as well as an alveolar-like domain with appropriate cell types. Using RNA-sequencing, we show that HLOs are remarkably similar to human fetal lung based on global transcriptional profiles, suggesting that HLOs are an excellent model to study human lung development, maturation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Michael A H Ferguson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rachel Dyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Roy Nattiv
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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261
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Generation of a ciliary margin-like stem cell niche from self-organizing human retinal tissue. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6286. [PMID: 25695148 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing neural retina (NR), multipotent stem cells within the ciliary margin (CM) contribute to de novo retinal tissue growth. We recently reported the ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to self-organize stratified NR using a three-dimensional culture technique. Here we report the emergence of CM-like stem cell niches within human retinal tissue. First, we developed a culture method for selective NR differentiation by timed BMP4 treatment. We then found that inhibiting GSK3 and FGFR induced the transition from NR tissue to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and that removing this inhibition facilitated the reversion of this RPE-like tissue back to the NR fate. This step-wise induction-reversal method generated tissue aggregates with RPE at the margin of central-peripherally polarized NR. We demonstrate that the NR-RPE boundary tissue further self-organizes a niche for CM stem cells that functions to expand the NR peripherally by de novo progenitor generation.
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262
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Generation of retinal ganglion cells with functional axons from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8344. [PMID: 25666360 PMCID: PMC4322369 DOI: 10.1038/srep08344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated self-induced retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with functional axons from human induced pluripotent stem cells. After development of the optic vesicle from the induced stem cell embryoid body in three-dimensional culture, conversion to two-dimensional culture, achieved by supplementation with BDNF, resulted in differentiation of RGCs at a rate of nearly 90% as indicated by a marginal subregion of an extruded clump of cells, suggesting the formation of an optic vesicle. Axons extended radially from the margin of the clump. Induced RGCs expressed specific markers, such as Brn3b and Math5, as assessed using by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The long, prominent axons contained neurofilaments and tau and exhibited anterograde axonal transport and sodium-dependent action potentials. The ability to generate RGCs with functional axons uniformly and at a high rate may contribute to both basic and clinical science, including embryology, neurology, pathognomy, and treatment of various optic nerve diseases that threaten vision.
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263
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Thompson DA, Ali RR, Banin E, Branham KE, Flannery JG, Gamm DM, Hauswirth WW, Heckenlively JR, Iannaccone A, Jayasundera KT, Khan NW, Molday RS, Pennesi ME, Reh TA, Weleber RG, Zacks DN. Advancing therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal degeneration: recommendations from the Monaciano Symposium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:918-31. [PMID: 25667399 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rare in the general population, retinal dystrophies occupy a central position in current efforts to develop innovative therapies for blinding diseases. This status derives, in part, from the unique biology, accessibility, and function of the retina, as well as from the synergy between molecular discoveries and transformative advances in functional assessment and retinal imaging. The combination of these factors has fueled remarkable progress in the field, while at the same time creating complex challenges for organizing collective efforts aimed at advancing translational research. The present position paper outlines recent progress in gene therapy and cell therapy for this group of disorders, and presents a set of recommendations for addressing the challenges remaining for the coming decade. It is hoped that the formulation of these recommendations will stimulate discussions among researchers, funding agencies, industry, and policy makers that will accelerate the development of safe and effective treatments for retinal dystrophies and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States Division of Molecular Therapy, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John G Flannery
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - David M Gamm
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - K Thiran Jayasundera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Naheed W Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard G Weleber
- Casey Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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264
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Jayakody SA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Cellular strategies for retinal repair by photoreceptor replacement. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 46:31-66. [PMID: 25660226 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors due to retinal degeneration is a major cause of blindness in the developed world. While no effective treatment is currently available, cell replacement therapy, using pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptor precursor cells, may be a feasible future treatment. Recent reports have demonstrated rescue of visual function following the transplantation of immature photoreceptors and we have seen major advances in our ability to generate transplantation-competent donor cells from stem cell sources. Moreover, we are beginning to realise the possibilities of using endogenous populations of cells from within the retina itself to mediate retinal repair. Here, we present a review of our current understanding of endogenous repair mechanisms together with recent progress in the use of both ocular and pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of photoreceptor loss. We consider how our understanding of retinal development has underpinned many of the recent major advances in translation and moved us closer to the goal of restoring vision by cellular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha A Jayakody
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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265
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Chapter 4 - Restoring Vision to the Blind: Stem Cells and Transplantation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2015; 3:6. [PMID: 25653890 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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266
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Ohlemacher SK, Iglesias CL, Sridhar A, Gamm DM, Meyer JS. Generation of highly enriched populations of optic vesicle-like retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 32:1H.8.1-1H.8.20. [PMID: 25640818 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01h08s32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The protocol outlined below is used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into retinal cell types through a process that faithfully recapitulates the stepwise progression observed in vivo. From pluripotency, cells are differentiated to a primitive anterior neural fate, followed by progression into two distinct populations of retinal progenitors and forebrain progenitors, each of which can be manually separated and purified. The hPSC-derived retinal progenitors are found to self-organize into three-dimensional optic vesicle-like structures, with each aggregate possessing the ability to differentiate into all major retinal cell types. The ability to faithfully recapitulate the stepwise in vivo development in a three-dimensional cell culture system allows for the study of mechanisms underlying human retinogenesis. Furthermore, this methodology allows for the study of retinal dysfunction and disease modeling using patient-derived cells, as well as high-throughput pharmacological screening and eventually patient-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Ohlemacher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Clara L Iglesias
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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267
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Halbach P, Pillers DAM, York N, Asuma MP, Chiu MA, Luo W, Tokarz S, Bird IM, Pattnaik BR. Oxytocin expression and function in the posterior retina: a novel signaling pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:751-60. [PMID: 25593022 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxytocin (OXT) is recognized as an ubiquitously acting nonapeptide hormone that is involved in processes ranging from parturition to neural development. Its effects are mediated by cell signaling that occurs as a result of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) activation. We sought to determine whether the OXT-OXTR signaling pathway is also expressed within the retina. METHODS Immunohistochemistry using cell-specific markers was used to localize OXT within the rhesus retina. Reverse transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of OXTR in both human and rhesus retina. Single-cell RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to determine the expression of OXTR in cultured human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells. Human fetal RPE cells loaded with FURA-2 AM were studied by ratiometric Ca(2+) imaging to assess transient mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i). RESULTS Oxytocin was expressed in the cone photoreceptor extracellular matrix of the rhesus retina. Oxytocin mRNA and protein were expressed in the human and rhesus RPE. Oxytocin mRNA and protein expression were observed in cultured hfRPE cells, and exposure of these cells to 100 nM OXT induced a transient 79 ± 1.5 nM increase of [Ca(2+)]i. CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin and OXTR are present in the posterior retina, and OXT induces an increase in hfRPE [Ca(2+)]i. These results suggest that the OXT-OXTR signaling pathway is active in the retina. We propose that OXT activation of the OXTR occurs in the posterior retina and that this may serve as a paracrine signaling pathway that contributes to communication between the cone photoreceptor and the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Halbach
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States The Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - De-Ann M Pillers
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nathaniel York
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States The Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Matti P Asuma
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michelle A Chiu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Wenxiang Luo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sara Tokarz
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ian M Bird
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States The Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Bikash R Pattnaik
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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268
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Phillips MJ, Perez ET, Martin JM, Reshel ST, Wallace KA, Capowski EE, Singh R, Wright LS, Clark EM, Barney PM, Stewart R, Dickerson SJ, Miller MJ, Percin EF, Thomson JA, Gamm DM. Modeling human retinal development with patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells reveals multiple roles for visual system homeobox 2. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1480-92. [PMID: 24532057 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been shown to differentiate along the retinal lineage in a manner that mimics normal mammalian development. Under certain culture conditions, hiPSCs form optic vesicle-like structures (OVs), which contain proliferating progenitors capable of yielding all neural retina (NR) cell types over time. Such observations imply conserved roles for regulators of retinogenesis in hiPSC-derived cultures and the developing embryo. However, whether and to what extent this assumption holds true has remained largely uninvestigated. We examined the role of a key NR transcription factor, visual system homeobox 2 (VSX2), using hiPSCs derived from a patient with microphthalmia caused by an R200Q mutation in the VSX2 homeodomain region. No differences were noted between (R200Q)VSX2 and sibling control hiPSCs prior to OV generation. Thereafter, (R200Q)VSX2 hiPSC-OVs displayed a significant growth deficit compared to control hiPSC-OVs, as well as increased production of retinal pigmented epithelium at the expense of NR cell derivatives. Furthermore, (R200Q)VSX2 hiPSC-OVs failed to produce bipolar cells, a distinctive feature previously observed in Vsx2 mutant mice. (R200Q)VSX2 hiPSC-OVs also demonstrated delayed photoreceptor maturation, which could be overcome via exogenous expression of wild-type VSX2 at early stages of retinal differentiation. Finally, RNAseq analysis on isolated hiPSC-OVs implicated key transcription factors and extracellular signaling pathways as potential downstream effectors of VSX2-mediated gene regulation. Our results establish hiPSC-OVs as versatile model systems to study retinal development at stages not previously accessible in humans and support the bona fide nature of hiPSC-OV-derived retinal progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joseph Phillips
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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269
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iPS Cells for Modelling and Treatment of Retinal Diseases. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1511-41. [PMID: 26237613 PMCID: PMC4470196 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades, we have relied on immortalised retinal cell lines, histology of enucleated human eyes, animal models, clinical observation, genetic studies and human clinical trials to learn more about the pathogenesis of retinal diseases and explore treatment options. The recent availability of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for deriving retinal lineages has added a powerful alternative tool for discovering new disease-causing mutations, studying genotype-phenotype relationships, performing therapeutics-toxicity screening and developing personalised cell therapy. This review article provides a clinical perspective on the current and potential benefits of iPSC for managing the most common blinding diseases of the eye: inherited retinal diseases and age-related macular degeneration.
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270
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Santos-Ferreira T, Postel K, Stutzki H, Kurth T, Zeck G, Ader M. Daylight Vision Repair by Cell Transplantation. Stem Cells 2014; 33:79-90. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Santos-Ferreira
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Kai Postel
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Henrike Stutzki
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Reutlingen Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience; Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Günther Zeck
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Reutlingen Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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271
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Wiley LA, Burnight ER, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Stem cells as tools for studying the genetics of inherited retinal degenerations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a017160. [PMID: 25502747 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to provide early clinical intervention for inherited disorders is heavily dependent on knowledge of a patient's disease-causing mutations and the resultant pathophysiologic mechanism(s). Without knowing a patient's disease-causing gene, and how gene mutations alter the health and functionality of affected cells, it would be difficult to develop and deliver patient-specific molecular or small molecule therapies. Many believe that the field of stem cell biology holds the keys to the future development of disease-, patient-, and cell-specific therapies. In the case of the eye, which is susceptible to an extremely common late-onset degenerative disease known as age-related macular degeneration, stem cell-based therapies could increase the quality of life for millions of patients worldwide. Furthermore, autologous, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells could be a viable source to treat rare Mendelian retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, and Best disease, to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Wiley
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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272
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Generation of eye field/optic vesicle-like structures from human embryonic stem cells under two-dimensional and chemically defined conditions. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:310-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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273
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Mu Y, Zhao M, Su G. Stem cell-based therapies for age-related macular degeneration: current status and prospects. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:3843-3852. [PMID: 25550892 PMCID: PMC4276150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of irreversible blindness both in developed and developing countries. During the past decades, the managements of neovascular AMD (wet AMD) have dramatically progressed. However, still no effective treatment for non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) which was characterized by geographic macular atrophy. Recent advances in stem cell sciences have demonstrated that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells can be generated from several types of stem cells (including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, et al) by cell co-culturing or defined factors. Additionally, studies also showed that visual function could be recovered by transplantation of these cells into subretinal space in vivo. Moreover, the United States Food and Drug Administration already approved several clinical trials to evaluate the efficiencies of stem cell based cell transplantation for dry AMD patients. Till now, a few patients enrolled in these studies achieved promising outcomes. This review will summarize recent advances in stem cell based RPE differentiation, transplantation, and the preliminary results of clinical trials. The obstacles and prospects in this field will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yellow River Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yellow River Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yellow River Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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274
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Wiley LA, Burnight ER, Songstad AE, Drack AV, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for the study and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 44:15-35. [PMID: 25448922 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the sense that we use to navigate the world around us. Thus it is not surprising that blindness is one of people's most feared maladies. Heritable diseases of the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, collectively affecting as many as one-third of all people over the age of 75, to some degree. For decades, scientists have dreamed of preventing vision loss or of restoring the vision of patients affected with retinal degeneration through drug therapy, gene augmentation or a cell-based transplantation approach. In this review we will discuss the use of the induced pluripotent stem cell technology to model and develop various treatment modalities for the treatment of inherited retinal degenerative disease. We will focus on the use of iPSCs for interrogation of disease pathophysiology, analysis of drug and gene therapeutics and as a source of autologous cells for cell transplantation and replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Wiley
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Allison E Songstad
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Arlene V Drack
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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275
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Choi SW, Kim JJ, Seo MS, Park SB, Kang TW, Lee JY, Lee BC, Kang I, Shin TH, Kim HS, Yu KR, Kang KS. miR-410 Inhibition Induces RPE Differentiation of Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells via Overexpression of OTX2 and RPE65. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 11:376-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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276
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Lane A, Philip LR, Ruban L, Fynes K, Smart M, Carr A, Mason C, Coffey P. Engineering efficient retinal pigment epithelium differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1295-304. [PMID: 25273541 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising source of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells: cells that can be used for the treatment of common and incurable forms of blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration. Although most hESC lines will produce a number of clusters of pigmented RPE cells within 30-50 days when allowed to spontaneously differentiate, the timing and efficiency of differentiation is highly variable. This could prove problematic in the design of robust processes for the large scale production of RPE cells for cell therapy. In this study we sought to identify, quantify, and reduce the sources of variability in hESC-RPE differentiation. By monitoring the emergence of pigmented cells over time, we show how the cell line, passaging method, passage number, and seeding density have a significant and reproducible effect on the RPE yield. To counter this variability, we describe the production of RPE cells from two cell lines in feeder-free, density controlled conditions using single cell dissociation and seeding that is more amenable to scaled up production. The efficacy of small molecules in directing differentiation toward the RPE lineage was tested in two hESC lines with divergent RPE differentiation capacities. Neural induction by treatment with a bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor, dorsomorphin, significantly enhanced the RPE yield in one cell line but significantly reduce it in another, generating instead a Chx10 positive neural progenitor phenotype. This result underlines the necessity to tailor differentiation protocols to suit the innate properties of different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Lane
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lissa Rachel Philip
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmila Ruban
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Fynes
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Smart
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Carr
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Mason
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Coffey
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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277
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Farkas MH, Lew DS, Sousa ME, Bujakowska K, Chatagnon J, Bhattacharya SS, Pierce EA, Nandrot EF. Mutations in pre-mRNA processing factors 3, 8, and 31 cause dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2641-52. [PMID: 25111227 PMCID: PMC4188860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ubiquitously expressed pre-mRNA processing factors 3, 8, and 31 (PRPF3, PRPF8, and PRPF31) cause nonsyndromic dominant retinitis pigmentosa in humans, an inherited retinal degeneration. It is unclear what mechanisms, or which cell types of the retina, are affected. Transgenic mice with the human mutations in these genes display late-onset morphological changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). To determine whether the observed morphological changes are preceded by abnormal RPE function, we investigated its phagocytic function in Prpf3(T494M/T494M), Prpf8(H2309P/H2309P), and Prpf31(+/-) mice. We observe decreased phagocytosis in primary RPE cultures from mutant mice, and this is replicated by shRNA-mediated knockdown of PRPF31 in human ARPE-19 cells. The diurnal rhythmicity of phagocytosis is almost lost, indicated by the marked attenuation of the phagocytic burst 2 hours after light onset. The strength of adhesion between RPE apical microvilli and photoreceptor outer segments also declined during peak adhesion in all mutants. In all models, at least one of the receptors involved in binding and internalization of shed photoreceptor outer segments was subjected to changes in localization. Although the mechanism underlying these changes in RPE function is yet to be elucidated, these data are consistent with the mouse RPE being the primary cell affected by mutations in the RNA splicing factors, and these changes occur at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Farkas
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah S Lew
- Vision Institute, INSERM, U968, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Maria E Sousa
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kinga Bujakowska
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Vision Institute, INSERM, U968, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Chatagnon
- Vision Institute, INSERM, U968, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Shomi S Bhattacharya
- Vision Institute, INSERM, U968, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Emeline F Nandrot
- Vision Institute, INSERM, U968, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France.
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278
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Genetic analysis of a consanguineous Pakistani family with Leber congenital amaurosis identifies a novel mutation in GUCY2D gene. J Genet 2014; 93:527-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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279
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280
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Cuenca N, Fernández-Sánchez L, Campello L, Maneu V, De la Villa P, Lax P, Pinilla I. Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:17-75. [PMID: 25038518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura Campello
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro De la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza, Spain
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281
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Capowski EE, Simonett JM, Clark EM, Wright LS, Howden SE, Wallace KA, Petelinsek AM, Pinilla I, Phillips MJ, Meyer JS, Schneider BL, Thomson JA, Gamm DM. Loss of MITF expression during human embryonic stem cell differentiation disrupts retinal pigment epithelium development and optic vesicle cell proliferation. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6332-44. [PMID: 25008112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of pigmented cell survival and differentiation with direct transcriptional links to cell cycle, apoptosis and pigmentation. In mouse, Mitf is expressed early and uniformly in optic vesicle (OV) cells as they evaginate from the developing neural tube, and null Mitf mutations result in microphthalmia and pigmentation defects. However, homozygous mutations in MITF have not been identified in humans; therefore, little is known about its role in human retinogenesis. We used a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) model that recapitulates numerous aspects of retinal development, including OV specification and formation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina progenitor cells (NRPCs), to investigate the earliest roles of MITF. During hESC differentiation toward a retinal lineage, a subset of MITF isoforms was expressed in a sequence and tissue distribution similar to that observed in mice. In addition, we found that promoters for the MITF-A, -D and -H isoforms were directly targeted by Visual Systems Homeobox 2 (VSX2), a transcription factor involved in patterning the OV toward a NRPC fate. We then manipulated MITF RNA and protein levels at early developmental stages and observed decreased expression of eye field transcription factors, reduced early OV cell proliferation and disrupted RPE maturation. This work provides a foundation for investigating MITF and other highly complex, multi-purposed transcription factors in a dynamic human developmental model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara E Howden
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | | | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza 50009, Spain, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, McPherson Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA,
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282
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Gill KP, Hewitt AW, Davidson KC, Pébay A, Wong RCB. Methods of Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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283
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Heller JP, Martin KR. Enhancing RPE Cell-Based Therapy Outcomes for AMD: The Role of Bruch's Membrane. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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284
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Gill KP, Hewitt AW, Davidson KC, Pébay A, Wong RCB. Methods of Retinal Ganglion Cell Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:7. [PMID: 25774327 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the worldwide leading cause of irreversible blindness, is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and loss of retinal ganglion cells. Research into glaucoma pathogenesis has been hampered by difficulties in isolating and culturing retinal ganglion cells in vitro. However, recent improvements in laboratory techniques have enabled the generation of a variety of mature cell types from pluripotent stem cells, including retinal ganglion cells. Indeed, stem cell-based approaches have the potential to revolutionize the field by providing an unlimited source of cells for replacement therapies and by enabling development of in vitro disease models for drug screening and research. Consequently, research aimed at directing pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into retinal ganglion cells has expanded dramatically during the past decade, resulting in significant advances in technique and efficiency. In this paper, we review the methodology for retinal ganglion cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells of both mouse and human origin and summarize how these techniques have opened up new avenues for modelling glaucoma. Generation of stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells will have significant translational values, providing an in vitro platform to study the mechanisms responsible for pathogenesis and for drug screening to improve treatment options, as well as for the development of cell therapies for optic neuropathies such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P Gill
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne East, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne East, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn C Davidson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne East, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne East, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne East, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne East, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne East, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne East, VIC, Australia
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285
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286
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Generation of three-dimensional retinal tissue with functional photoreceptors from human iPSCs. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4047. [PMID: 24915161 PMCID: PMC4370190 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many forms of blindness result from the dysfunction or loss of retinal photoreceptors. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great potential for the modelling of these diseases or as potential therapeutic agents. However, to fulfill this promise, a remaining challenge is to induce human iPSC to recreate in vitro key structural and functional features of the native retina, in particular the presence of photoreceptors with outer-segment discs and light sensitivity. Here we report that hiPSC can, in a highly autonomous manner, recapitulate spatiotemporally each of the main steps of retinal development observed in vivo and form three-dimensional retinal cups that contain all major retinal cell types arranged in their proper layers. Moreover, the photoreceptors in our hiPSC-derived retinal tissue achieve advanced maturation, showing the beginning of outer-segment disc formation and photosensitivity. This success brings us one step closer to the anticipated use of hiPSC for disease modelling and open possibilities for future therapies.
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287
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Heller JP, Martin KR. Enhancing RPE Cell-Based Therapy Outcomes for AMD: The Role of Bruch's Membrane. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:11. [PMID: 25068093 PMCID: PMC4108298 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in older people in the developed world. The disease involves damage to the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, photoreceptors, and choriocapillaris may contribute to visual loss. Over the past decades, scientists and clinicians have tried to replace lost RPE cells in patients with AMD using cells from different sources. In recent years, advances in generating RPE cells from stem cells have been made and clinical trials are currently evaluating the safety and efficiency of replacing the degenerated RPE cell layer with stem cell-derived RPE cells. However, the therapeutic success of transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells may be limited unless the transplanted cells can adhere and survive in the long term in the diseased eye. One hallmark of AMD is the altered extracellular environment of Bruch's membrane to which the grafted cells have to adhere. Here, we discuss recent approaches to overcome the inhibitory environment of the diseased eye and to enhance the survival rate of transplanted RPE cells. Our aim is to highlight novel approaches that may have the potential to improve the efficacy of RPE transplantation for AMD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch P. Heller
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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288
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Wright LS, Phillips MJ, Pinilla I, Hei D, Gamm DM. Induced pluripotent stem cells as custom therapeutics for retinal repair: progress and rationale. Exp Eye Res 2014; 123:161-72. [PMID: 24534198 PMCID: PMC4047146 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells have made a remarkable impact on science, technology and medicine by providing a potentially unlimited source of human cells for basic research and clinical applications. In recent years, knowledge gained from the study of human embryonic stem cells and mammalian somatic cell reprogramming has led to the routine production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in laboratories worldwide. hiPSCs show promise for use in transplantation, high throughput drug screening, "disease-in-a-dish" modeling, disease gene discovery, and gene therapy testing. This review will focus on the first application, beginning with a discussion of methods for producing retinal lineage cells that are lost in inherited and acquired forms of retinal degenerative disease. The selection of appropriate hiPSC-derived donor cell type(s) for transplantation will be discussed, as will the caveats and prerequisite steps to formulating a clinical Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) product for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda S Wright
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Joseph Phillips
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa Hospital and Aragones Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Derek Hei
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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289
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From confluent human iPS cells to self-forming neural retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8518-23. [PMID: 24912154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in retinal-cell therapy derived from human pluripotent stem cells currently faces technical challenges that require the development of easy and standardized protocols. Here, we developed a simple retinal differentiation method, based on confluent human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), bypassing embryoid body formation and the use of exogenous molecules, coating, or Matrigel. In 2 wk, we generated both retinal pigmented epithelial cells and self-forming neural retina (NR)-like structures containing retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). We report sequential differentiation from RPCs to the seven neuroretinal cell types in maturated NR-like structures as floating cultures, thereby revealing the multipotency of RPCs generated from integration-free hiPSCs. Furthermore, Notch pathway inhibition boosted the generation of photoreceptor precursor cells, crucial in establishing cell therapy strategies. This innovative process proposed here provides a readily efficient and scalable approach to produce retinal cells for regenerative medicine and for drug-screening purposes, as well as an in vitro model of human retinal development and disease.
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290
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Abstract
Blindness represents an increasing global problem with significant social and economic impact upon affected patients and society as a whole. In Europe, approximately one in 30 individuals experience sight loss and 75% of those are unemployed, a social burden which is very likely to increase as the population of Europe ages. Diseases affecting the retina account for approximately 26% of blindness globally and 70% of blindness in the United Kingdom. To date, there are no treatments to restore lost retinal cells and improve visual function, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. A pioneering breakthrough has demonstrated the ability to generate synthetic retina from pluripotent stem cells under laboratory conditions, a finding with immense relevance for basic research, in vitro disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell replacement therapies. This review summarizes the current achievements in pluripotent stem cell differentiation toward retinal cells and highlights the steps that need to be completed in order to generate human synthetic retinae with high efficiency and reproducibly from patient-specific pluripotent stem cells.
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291
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Seiler MJ, Aramant RB, Jones MK, Ferguson DL, Bryda EC, Keirstead HS. A new immunodeficient pigmented retinal degenerate rat strain to study transplantation of human cells without immunosuppression. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1079-92. [PMID: 24817311 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to develop an immunodeficient rat model of retinal degeneration (RD nude rats) that will not reject transplanted human cells. METHODS SD-Tg(S334ter)3Lav females homozygous for a mutated mouse rhodopsin transgene were mated with NTac:NIH-Whn (NIH nude) males homozygous for the Foxn1 (rnu) allele. Through selective breeding, a new stock, SD-Foxn1 Tg(S334ter)3Lav (RD nude) was generated such that all animals were homozygous for the Foxn1 (rnu) allele and either homo- or hemizygous for the S334ter transgene. PCR-based assays for both the Foxn1 (rnu) mutation and the S334ter transgene were developed for accurate genotyping. Immunodeficiency was tested by transplanting sheets of hESC-derived neural progenitor cells to the subretinal space of RD nude rats, and, as a control, NIH nude rats. Rats were killed between 8 and 184 days after surgery, and eye sections were analyzed for human, neuronal, and glial markers. RESULTS After transplantation to RD nude and to NIH nude rats, hESC-derived neural progenitor cells differentiated to neuronal and glial cells, and migrated extensively from the transplant sheets throughout the host retina. Migration was more extensive in RD nude than in NIH nude rats. Already 8 days after transplantation, donor neuronal processes were found in the host inner plexiform layer. In addition, host glial cells extended processes into the transplants. The host retina showed the same photoreceptor degeneration pattern as in the immunocompetent SD-Tg(S334ter)3Lav rats. Recipients survived well after surgery. CONCLUSIONS This new rat model is useful for testing the effect of human cell transplantation on the restoration of vision without interference of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene J Seiler
- Anatomy & Neurobiology/Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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292
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Homma K, Okamoto S, Mandai M, Gotoh N, Rajasimha HK, Chang YS, Chen S, Li W, Cogliati T, Swaroop A, Takahashi M. Developing rods transplanted into the degenerating retina of Crx-knockout mice exhibit neural activity similar to native photoreceptors. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1149-59. [PMID: 23495178 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of dysfunctional or dying photoreceptors offers a promising approach for retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Several studies have demonstrated the integration and differentiation of developing rod photoreceptors when transplanted in wild-type or degenerating retina; however, the physiology and function of the donor cells are not adequately defined. Here, we describe the physiological properties of developing rod photoreceptors that are tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the promoter of rod differentiation factor, Nrl. GFP-tagged developing rods show Ca(2 +) responses and rectifier outward currents that are smaller than those observed in fully developed photoreceptors, suggesting their immature developmental state. These immature rods also exhibit hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih ) induced by the activation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. When transplanted into the subretinal space of wild-type or retinal degeneration mice, GFP-tagged developing rods can integrate into the photoreceptor outer nuclear layer in wild-type mouse retina and exhibit Ca(2 +) responses and membrane current comparable to native rod photoreceptors. A proportion of grafted rods develop rhodopsin-positive outer segment-like structures within 2 weeks after transplantation into the retina of Crx-knockout mice and produce rectifier outward current and Ih upon membrane depolarization and hyperpolarization. GFP-positive rods derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells also display similar membrane current Ih as native developing rod photoreceptors, express rod-specific phototransduction genes, and HCN-1 channels. We conclude that Nrl-promoter-driven GFP-tagged donor photoreceptors exhibit physiological characteristics of rods and that iPS cell-derived rods in vitro may provide a renewable source for cell-replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Homma
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan.
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293
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Sluch VM, Zack DJ. Stem cells, retinal ganglion cells and glaucoma. DEVELOPMENTS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 53:111-21. [PMID: 24732765 DOI: 10.1159/000358409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) represent an essential neuronal cell type for vision. These cells receive inputs from light-sensing photoreceptors via retinal interneurons and then relay these signals to the brain for further processing. RGC diseases that result in cell death, e.g. glaucoma, often lead to permanent damage since mammalian nerves do not regenerate. Stem cell differentiation can generate cells needed for replacement or can be used to generate cells capable of secreting protective factors to promote survival. In addition, stem cell-derived cells can be used in drug screening research. Here, we discuss the current state of stem cell research potential for interference in glaucoma and other optic nerve diseases with a focus on stem cell differentiation to RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin M Sluch
- Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
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294
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gamm
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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295
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelium in Retinal Treatment: from Bench to Bedside. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:597-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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296
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Al-Shamekh S, Goldberg JL. Retinal repair with induced pluripotent stem cells. Transl Res 2014; 163:377-86. [PMID: 24291154 PMCID: PMC4073787 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration such as age-related macular degeneration and other inherited forms, such as Stargardt's disease and retinitis pigmentosa, and optic neuropathies including glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy are major causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Damage to retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptors in the former, and to retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve and their cell bodies in the retina in the latter diseases lead to the eventual death of these retinal cells, and in humans there is no endogenous replacement or repair. Cell replacement therapies provide 1 avenue to restore function in these diseases, particularly in the case of retinal repair, although there are considerable issues to overcome, including the differentiation and integration of the transplanted cells. What stem cell sources could be used for such therapies? One promising source is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which could be drawn from an individual patient needing therapy, or generated and banked from select donors. We review developing research in the use of iPSCs for retinal cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomoukh Al-Shamekh
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California, San Diego, Calif; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla.
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297
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Botman O, Wyns C. Induced pluripotent stem cell potential in medicine, specifically focused on reproductive medicine. Front Surg 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 25671222 PMCID: PMC4313692 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, several laboratories have proved that somatic cells can be reprogramed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs have enormous potential in stem cell biology as they can give rise to numerous cell lineages, including the three germ layers. In this review, we discuss past and recent advances in human iPSCs used for modeling diseases in vitro, screening drugs to test new treatments, and autologous cell and tissue regenerative therapies, with a special focus on reproductive medicine applications. While this latter field of research is still in its infancy, it holds great promise for investigating germ cell development and studying the genetic and physiopathological mechanisms of infertility. A major cause of infertility is the absence of germ cells in the testes, mainly due to genetic background or as a consequence of gonadotoxic treatments. For these patients, no effective fertility restoration strategy has so far been identified. The derivation of germ cells from iPSCs represents an alternative source of stem cells able to differentiate into spermatozoa. Lessons learned from animal models as well as studies on human iPSCs for reproductive purposes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Botman
- Gynecology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Christine Wyns
- Gynecology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium ; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
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298
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From pluripotency to forebrain patterning: an in vitro journey astride embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2917-30. [PMID: 24643740 PMCID: PMC4098049 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been used extensively as in vitro models of neural development and disease, with special efforts towards their conversion into forebrain progenitors and neurons. The forebrain is the most complex brain region, giving rise to several fundamental structures, such as the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the retina. Due to the multiplicity of signaling pathways playing different roles at distinct times of embryonic development, the specification and patterning of forebrain has been difficult to study in vivo. Research performed on ESCs in vitro has provided a large body of evidence to complement work in model organisms, but these studies have often been focused more on cell type production than on cell fate regulation. In this review, we systematically reassess the current literature in the field of forebrain development in mouse and human ESCs with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of early cell fate decisions, taking into consideration the specific culture conditions, exogenous and endogenous molecular cues as described in the original studies. The resulting model of early forebrain induction and patterning provides a useful framework for further studies aimed at reconstructing forebrain development in vitro for basic research or therapy.
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299
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Tucker BA, Mullins RF, Stone EM. Stem cells for investigation and treatment of inherited retinal disease. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R9-R16. [PMID: 24647603 PMCID: PMC4170716 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision is the most important human sense. It facilitates every major activity of daily living ranging from basic communication, mobility and independence to an appreciation of art and nature. Heritable diseases of the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, collectively affecting as many as one-third of all people over the age of 75, to some degree. For decades, scientists have dreamed of preventing vision loss or of restoring the vision of patients affected with retinal degeneration through some type of drug, gene or cell-based transplantation approach. In this review, we will discuss the current literature pertaining to retinal transplantation. We will focus on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for interrogation of disease pathophysiology, analysis of drug and gene therapeutics and as a source of autologous cells for cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin M Stone
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa city, IA, USA
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300
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Srikanth P, Young-Pearse TL. Stem cells on the brain: modeling neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases using human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:5-29. [PMID: 24628482 PMCID: PMC4285381 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.881358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seven years have passed since the initial report of the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult human somatic cells, and in the intervening time the field of neuroscience has developed numerous disease models using this technology. Here, we review progress in the field and describe both the advantages and potential pitfalls of modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases using this technology. We include tables with information on neural differentiation protocols and studies that developed human iPSC lines to model neurological diseases. We also discuss how one can: investigate effects of genetic mutations with iPSCs, examine cell fate-specific phenotypes, best determine the specificity of a phenotype, and bring in vivo relevance to this in vitro technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Srikanth
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
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