251
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Complexity and Controversies over the Cytokine Profiles of T Helper Cell Subpopulations in Tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:639107. [PMID: 26495323 PMCID: PMC4606092 DOI: 10.1155/2015/639107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the TB-causing bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is considered a public health problem with enormous social impact. Disease progression is determined mainly by the balance between the microorganism and the host defense systems. Although the immune system controls the infection, this control does not necessarily lead to sterilization. Over recent decades, the patterns of CD4+ T cell responses have been studied with a goal of complete understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the maintenance of latent or active tuberculosis infection and of the clinical cure after treatment. Conflicting results have been suggested over the years, particularly in studies comparing experimental models and human disease. In recent years, in addition to Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles, new standards of cellular immune responses, such as Th9, Th22, and IFN-γ-IL-10 double-producing Th cells, discussed here, have also been described. Additionally, many new roles and cellular sources have been described for IL-10, demonstrating a critical role for this cytokine as regulatory, rather than merely pathogenic cytokine, involved in the establishment of chronic latent infection, in the clinical cure after treatment and in keeping antibacillary effector mechanisms active to prevent immune-mediated damage.
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252
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Yang XW, Jiang HX, Huang XL, Ma SJ, Qin SY. Role of Th9 cells and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of malignant ascites. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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253
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Inhibition of squamous cancer growth in a mouse model by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-triggered Th9 cell expansion. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 14:371-379. [PMID: 26388239 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, therapy for squamous cancer (SqC) is unsatisfactory. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) has strong immune regulatory activity. This study tests the hypothesis that SEB enforces the effect of immunotherapy on SqC growth in a mouse model. C3H/HeN mice and the SqC cell line squamous cell carcinoma VII were used to create an SqC mouse model. Immune cell assessment was performed by flow cytometry. Real-time RT-PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate target molecule expression. An apoptosis assay was used to assess the suppressive effect of T helper-9 (Th9) cells on the SqC cells. The results showed that immunotherapy consisting of SEB plus SqC antigen significantly inhibited SqC growth in the mice. The frequency of Th9 cells was markedly increased in the SqC tissue and mouse spleens after treatment. SEB markedly increased the levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation and the expression of histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1) and PU.1 (the transcription factor of the interleukin 9 (IL-9) gene) in CD4+ T cells. Exposure to SqC-specific Th9 cells markedly induced SqC cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the administration of SEB induces Th9 cells in SqC-bearing mice, and theseTh9 cells inhibit SqC growth.
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254
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GITR subverts Foxp3(+) Tregs to boost Th9 immunity through regulation of histone acetylation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8266. [PMID: 26365427 PMCID: PMC4570275 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a costimulatory molecule with diverse effects on effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), but the underlying mechanism remains poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that GITR ligation subverts the induction of Foxp3+ Tregs and directs the activated CD4+ T cells to Th9 cells. Such GITR-mediated iTreg to Th9 induction enhances anti-tumour immunity in vivo. Mechanistically, GITR upregulates the NF-κB family member p50, which recruits histone deacetylases to the Foxp3 locus to produce a ‘closed' chromatin structure. Furthermore, GITR ligation also activates STAT6, and STAT6 renders Il9 locus accessible via recruitment of histone acetyltransferase p300, and together with inhibition of Foxp3, GITR induces strong Th9 responses. Thus, Th9 cells and iTregs are developmentally linked and GITR can subvert tolerogenic conditions to boost Th9 immunity. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), a costimulatory protein expressed by T cells, has immunostimulatory effect but the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here the authors show that GITR ligation inhibits the induction of Foxp3 expression and diverts CD4 T cells towards Th9 differentiation instead of iTreg.
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255
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Wang S, He Q, Ma D, Xue Y, Liu F. Irf4 Regulates the Choice between T Lymphoid-Primed Progenitor and Myeloid Lineage Fates during Embryogenesis. Dev Cell 2015; 34:621-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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256
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Richard AC, Ferdinand JR, Meylan F, Hayes ET, Gabay O, Siegel RM. The TNF-family cytokine TL1A: from lymphocyte costimulator to disease co-conspirator. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:333-45. [PMID: 26188076 PMCID: PMC4763597 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri0315-095r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described in 2002 as a T cell-costimulatory cytokine, the tumor necrosis factor family member TNF-like factor 1A (TL1A), encoded by the TNFSF15 gene, has since been found to affect multiple cell lineages through its receptor, death receptor 3 (DR3, encoded by TNFRSF25) with distinct cell-type effects. Genetic deficiency or blockade of TL1A-DR3 has defined a number of disease states that depend on this cytokine-receptor pair, whereas excess TL1A leads to allergic gastrointestinal inflammation through stimulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Noncoding variants in the TL1A locus are associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease and leprosy, predicting that the level of TL1A expression may influence host defense and the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C Richard
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John R Ferdinand
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Meylan
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Erika T Hayes
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Odile Gabay
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Siegel
- *Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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257
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Nakatsukasa H, Zhang D, Maruyama T, Chen H, Cui K, Ishikawa M, Deng L, Zanvit P, Tu E, Jin W, Abbatiello B, Goldberg N, Chen Q, Sun L, Zhao K, Chen W. The DNA-binding inhibitor Id3 regulates IL-9 production in CD4(+) T cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1077-84. [PMID: 26322481 PMCID: PMC5935106 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which signaling via transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) control the differentiation of CD4(+) IL-9-producing helper T cells (TH9 cells) remain incompletely understood. We found here that the DNA-binding inhibitor Id3 regulated TH9 differentiation, as deletion of Id3 increased IL-9 production from CD4(+) T cells. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 and IL-4 downregulated Id3 expression, and this process required the kinase TAK1. A reduction in Id3 expression enhanced binding of the transcription factors E2A and GATA-3 to the Il9 promoter region, which promoted Il9 transcription. Notably, Id3-mediated control of TH9 differentiation regulated anti-tumor immunity in an experimental melanoma-bearing model in vivo and also in human CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Thus, our study reveals a previously unrecognized TAK1-Id3-E2A-GATA-3 pathway that regulates TH9 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa Deng
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Abbatiello
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan Goldberg
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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258
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Monteiro M, Agua-Doce A, Almeida CF, Fonseca-Pereira D, Veiga-Fernandes H, Graca L. IL-9 Expression by Invariant NKT Cells Is Not Imprinted during Thymic Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3463-71. [PMID: 26297763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell thymic development can lead to distinct committed effector lineages, namely NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17. However, following identification of IL-9-producing iNKT cells involved in mucosal inflammation, their development remains unaddressed. In this study, we report that although thymic iNKT cells from naive mice do not express IL-9, iNKT cell activation in the presence of TGF-β and IL-4 induces IL-9 secretion in murine and human iNKT cells. Acquisition of IL-9 production was observed in different iNKT subsets defined by CD4, NK1.1, and neuropilin-1, indicating that distinct functional subpopulations are receptive to IL-9 polarization. Transcription factor expression kinetics suggest that regulatory mechanisms of IL-9 expression are shared by iNKT and CD4 T cells, with Irf4 and Batf deficiency deeply affecting IL-9 production. Importantly, adoptive transfer of an enriched IL-9(+) iNKT cell population leads to exacerbated allergic inflammation in the airways upon intranasal immunization with house dust mite, confirming the ability of IL-9-producing iNKT cells to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, as previously reported. Taken together, our data show that peripheral iNKT cells retain the capacity of shaping their function in response to environmental cues, namely TGF-β and IL-4, adopting an IL-9-producing NKT cell phenotype able to mediate proinflammatory effects in vivo, namely granulocyte and mast cell recruitment to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monteiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Agua-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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259
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Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein co-stimulation facilitates tumor regression by inducing IL-9-producing helper T cells. Nat Med 2015; 21:1010-7. [PMID: 26280119 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell stimulation via glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein (GITR) elicits antitumor activity in various tumor models; however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for interleukin (IL)-9 in antitumor immunity generated by the GITR agonistic antibody DTA-1. IL-4 receptor knockout (Il4ra(-/-)) mice, which have reduced expression of IL-9, were resistant to tumor growth inhibition by DTA-1. Notably, neutralization of IL-9 considerably impaired tumor rejection induced by DTA-1. In particular, DTA-1-induced IL-9 promoted tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses by enhancing the function of dendritic cells in vivo. Furthermore, GITR signaling enhanced the differentiation of IL-9-producing CD4(+) T-helper (TH9) cells in a TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)- and NF-κB-dependent manner and inhibited the generation of induced regulatory T cells in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that GITR co-stimulation mediates antitumor immunity by promoting TH9 cell differentiation and enhancing CTL responses and thus provide a mechanism of action for GITR agonist-mediated cancer immunotherapies.
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260
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Synchronizing transcriptional control of T cell metabolism and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:574-84. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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261
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Deciphering Asthma Biomarkers with Protein Profiling Technology. Int J Inflam 2015; 2015:630637. [PMID: 26346739 PMCID: PMC4543788 DOI: 10.1155/2015/630637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, resulting in bronchial hyperresponsiveness with every allergen exposure. It is now clear that asthma is not a single disease, but rather a multifaceted syndrome that results from a variety of biologic mechanisms. Asthma is further problematic given that the disease consists of many variants, each with its own etiologic and pathophysiologic factors, including different cellular responses and inflammatory phenotypes. These facets make the rapid and accurate diagnosis (not to mention treatments) of asthma extremely difficult. Protein biomarkers can serve as powerful detection tools in both clinical and basic research applications. Recent endeavors from biomedical researchers have developed technical platforms, such as cytokine antibody arrays, that have been employed and used to further the global analysis of asthma biomarker studies. In this review, we discuss potential asthma biomarkers involved in the pathophysiologic process and eventual pathogenesis of asthma, how these biomarkers are being utilized, and how further testing methods might help improve the diagnosis and treatment strain that current asthma patients suffer.
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262
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Ding X, Cao F, Cui L, Ciric B, Zhang GX, Rostami A. IL-9 signaling affects central nervous system resident cells during inflammatory stimuli. Exp Mol Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26216406 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 9, a dominant cytokine in Th9 cells, has been proven to play a pathogenic role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), by augmenting T cell activation and differentiation; however, whether IL-9 signaling affects central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells during CNS autoimmunity remains unknown. In the present study, we found that the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) was highly expressed in astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), oligodendrocytes and microglia cells, and that its expression was significantly upregulated in brain and spinal cord during EAE. In addition, IL-9 increased chemokine expression, including CXCL9, CCL20 and MMP3, in primary astrocytes. Although IL-9 had no effect on the proliferation of microglia cells, it decreased OPC proliferation and differentiation when in combination with other pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not with IFN-γ. IL-9 plus IFN-γ promoted OPC proliferation and differentiation. These findings indicate that CNS-restricted IL-9 signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for future MS/EAE treatment through disruption of CNS cell-specific IL-9 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ding
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Langjun Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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263
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Abstract
Most currently available vaccines rely on the induction of long-lasting protective humoral immune responses by memory B cells and plasma cells. Antibody responses against most antigens require interactions between antigen-specific B cells and CD4(+) T cells. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are specialized subset of T cells that provide help to B cells and are essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of high-affinity antibodies. TFH-cell differentiation is a multistage process involving B-cell lymphoma 6 and other transcription factors, cytokines, and costimulation through inducible costimulator (ICOS) and several other molecules. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of TFH cell biology, including their differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- a Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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264
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The receptor NLRP3 is a transcriptional regulator of TH2 differentiation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:859-70. [PMID: 26098997 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The receptor NLRP3 is involved in the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome that activates caspase-1 and mediates the release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Whether NLRP3 can shape immunological function independently of inflammasomes is unclear. We found that NLRP3 expression in CD4(+) T cells specifically supported a T helper type 2 (TH2) transcriptional program in a cell-intrinsic manner. NLRP3, but not the inflammasome adaptor ASC or caspase-1, positively regulated a TH2 program. In TH2 cells, NLRP3 bound the Il4 promoter and transactivated it in conjunction with the transcription factor IRF4. Nlrp3-deficient TH2 cells supported melanoma tumor growth in an IL-4-dependent manner and also promoted asthma-like symptoms. Our results demonstrate the ability of NLRP3 to act as a key transcription factor in TH2 differentiation.
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265
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Klein M, Brühl TJ, Staudt V, Reuter S, Grebe N, Gerlitzki B, Hoffmann M, Bohn T, Ulges A, Stergiou N, de Graaf J, Löwer M, Taube C, Becker M, Hain T, Dietzen S, Stassen M, Huber M, Lohoff M, Campos Chagas A, Andersen J, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kopecký J, Schild H, Kotsyfakis M, Schmitt E, Bopp T. Tick Salivary Sialostatin L Represses the Initiation of Immune Responses by Targeting IRF4-Dependent Transcription in Murine Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:621-31. [PMID: 26078269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution of ticks and the vertebrate immune system has led to the development of immunosuppressive molecules that prevent immediate response of skin-resident immune cells to quickly fend off the parasite. In this article, we demonstrate that the tick-derived immunosuppressor sialostatin L restrains IL-9 production by mast cells, whereas degranulation and IL-6 expression are both unaffected. In addition, the expression of IL-1β and IRF4 is strongly reduced in the presence of sialostatin L. Correspondingly, IRF4- or IL-1R-deficient mast cells exhibit a strong impairment in IL-9 production, demonstrating the importance of IRF4 and IL-1 in the regulation of the Il9 locus in mast cells. Furthermore, IRF4 binds to the promoters of Il1b and Il9, suggesting that sialostatin L suppresses mast cell-derived IL-9 preferentially by inhibiting IRF4. In an experimental asthma model, mast cell-specific deficiency in IRF4 or administration of sialostatin L results in a strong reduction in asthma symptoms, demonstrating the immunosuppressive potency of tick-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till-Julius Brühl
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valérie Staudt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- III. Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Grebe
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Gerlitzki
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Toszka Bohn
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Ulges
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natascha Stergiou
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jos de Graaf
- Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- Translational Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Becker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hain
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Dietzen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - John Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jan Kotál
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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266
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Zhu J. T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production. Cytokine 2015; 75:14-24. [PMID: 26044597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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267
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Increased Serum Interleukin-9 Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenic Role or Just an Epiphenomenon? DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:519638. [PMID: 26078482 PMCID: PMC4452366 DOI: 10.1155/2015/519638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the levels of IL-9 in patients with SLE and RA compared with controls and the association of IL-9 levels with clinical and laboratory parameters. IL-9 levels were assessed in 117 SLE patients, 67 RA patients, and 24 healthy controls by ELISA. Clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded. The IL-9 serum levels were significantly higher in RA patients (4,77 ± 3,618 pg/mL) and in SLE patients (12,26 ± 25,235 pg/mL) than in healthy individuals (1,22 ± 0,706 pg/mL) (p < 0,001). In SLE patients, there were no statistically significant associations or correlations between the levels of IL-9 and SLEDAI or other clinical and laboratorial parameters, with the exception of disease time, which showed a statistically significant negative correlation with IL-9 levels (r = −0,1948; p = 0,0378). In RA patients, no association or statistically significant correlation was observed with disease duration, DAS28, HAQ, rheumatoid factor positivity, or erosions on radiography. These data demonstrated increased serum levels of IL-9 in SLE and RA patients, but further studies are needed to clarify the precise role of this cytokine and its potential use as therapeutic target.
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268
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No evidence for a genetic association of IRF4 with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Z Rheumatol 2015; 73:565-70. [PMID: 24292686 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-013-1279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with immunological defects caused by abnormal immune regulation and excessive production of autoantibodies. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as a lymphocyte-restricted member of the IRF family is expressed exclusively in immune system cells and is essential for the development of T helper-2 (Th2) cells, IL17-producing T helper (Th17) cells, and IL9-producing T helper (Th9) cells. Some studies have shown that IRF4 is important in the development of autoimmune diseases. The role of IRF4 in human SLE has not been extensively studied. This article will discuss the relationship between the IRF4 gene polymorphism (single nucleotide polymorphism rs872071) and the susceptibility to SLE in a Chinese Han population. A case-control study was performed with 663 SLE patients and 658 healthy controls. The results showed that IRF4 gene polymorphism (rs872071) was not significantly different between SLE patients and healthy controls [A/G vs. G/G: p = 0.543, odds ratio (OR) = 0.872, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.562-1.355; G vs. A: p = 0.512, OR = 1.058, 95 % CI 0.893-1.254; A/A + A/G vs. G/G: p = 0.475, OR = 0.857, 95 % CI 0.562-1.308]. Similarly, in a subgroup analysis of clinical manifestation of lupus nephritis (LN), no significant differences were found between the non-LN group and the LN group (G/G vs. A/G vs. A/A: χ(2) = 0.611, p = 0.631; G vs. A: χ(2) = 0.411, p = 0.521).These findings suggest that the IRF4 gene polymorphism is not associated with SLE in a Chinese Han population; further studies are needed to establish the role of IRF4 in SLE with a larger sample size.
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269
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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270
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Abstract
The specialized cytokine secretion profiles of T helper (TH) cells are the basis for a focused and efficient immune response. On the twentieth anniversary of the first descriptions of the cytokine signals that promote the differentiation of interleukin-9 (IL-9)-secreting T cells, this Review focuses on the extracellular signals and the transcription factors that promote the development of what we now term TH9 cells, which are characterized by the production of this cytokine. We summarize our current understanding of the contribution of TH9 cells to both effective immunity and immunopathological disease, and we propose that TH9 cells could be targeted for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Matthew M Hufford
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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271
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Nalleweg N, Chiriac MT, Podstawa E, Lehmann C, Rau TT, Atreya R, Krauss E, Hundorfean G, Fichtner-Feigl S, Hartmann A, Becker C, Mudter J. IL-9 and its receptor are predominantly involved in the pathogenesis of UC. Gut 2015; 64:743-55. [PMID: 24957265 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several pathogenic roles attributed over the past two decades to either T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cells are increasingly becoming associated with interleukin (IL)-17 and most recently IL-9 signalling. However, the implication of IL-9 in IBD has not been addressed so far. DESIGN We investigated the expression of IL-9 and IL-9R by using peripheral blood, biopsies and surgical samples. We addressed the functional role of IL-9 signalling by analysis of downstream effector proteins. Using Caco-2 cell monolayers we followed the effect of IL-9 on wound healing. RESULTS IL-9 mRNA expression was significantly increased in inflamed samples from patients with UC as compared with controls. CD3(+) T cells were major IL-9-expressing cells and some polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) also expressed IL-9. IL-9 was co-localised with the key Th9 transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 4 and PU.1. Systemically, IL-9 was abundantly produced by activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, whereas its receptor was overexpressed on gut resident and circulating PMN. IL-9 stimulation of the latter induced IL-8 production in a dose-dependent manner and rendered PMN resistant to apoptosis suggesting a functional role for IL-9R signalling in the propagation of gut inflammation. Furthermore, IL-9R was overexpressed on gut epithelial cells and IL-9 induced STAT5 activation in these cells. Moreover, IL-9 inhibited the growth of Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers in wound healing experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that IL-9 is predominantly involved in the pathogenesis of UC suggesting that targeting IL-9 might become a therapeutic option for patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Nalleweg
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mircea Teodor Chiriac
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Molecular Biology Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Department of Biology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eva Podstawa
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Krauss
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gheorghe Hundorfean
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Mudter
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Sana Clinic, Ostholstein, Germany
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272
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Wang JX, Guo XY, Jiang HX, Luo W, Chen M, Lu DH, Cen Y. Circulatory Th9 cells in patients with hepatitis B associated liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1736-1744. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i11.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the phenotype and function of circulatory T-helper 9 (Th9) cells in patients with hepatitis B associated liver cirrhosis, as well as the impact of the macrophage inflammatory protein 3a (MIP-3a, CCL20)/CCR6 axis on Th9 cell expression.
METHODS: Peripheral blood and liver tissue samples were collected from 18 patients with hepatitis B associated cirrhosis and 6 healthy donors. Expression and phenotype of Th9 cells in the peripheral blood were tested by flow cytometry. Serum interleukin-9 (IL-9) and CCL20 levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of CCR6 and CCL20 proteins in liver tissues.
RESULTS: Compared with normal controls, the frequency of Th9 cells in the hepatitis B-associated cirrhosis group and serum level of IL-9 significantly increased. The levels of Th9 cells and IL-9 were associated with severity of liver cirrhosis. In addition, expression of CCR4 and CCR6 chemokine receptors in Th9 cells was significantly increased. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CCL20 and CCR6 proteins was significantly increased in the hepatitis B associated cirrhosis group.
CONCLUSION: Th9 cells may be involved in the development and progression of hepatitis B associated liver cirrhosis, and the CCL20/CCR6 axis may play a role in Th9 cell infiltration in liver tissue.
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273
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Richard AC, Tan C, Hawley ET, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Goswami R, Yang XP, Cruz AC, Penumetcha P, Hayes ET, Pelletier M, Gabay O, Walsh M, Ferdinand JR, Keane-Myers A, Choi Y, O'Shea JJ, Al-Shamkhani A, Kaplan MH, Gery I, Siegel RM, Meylan F. The TNF-family ligand TL1A and its receptor DR3 promote T cell-mediated allergic immunopathology by enhancing differentiation and pathogenicity of IL-9-producing T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:3567-82. [PMID: 25786692 PMCID: PMC5112176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TNF family cytokine TL1A (Tnfsf15) costimulates T cells and type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2) through its receptor DR3 (Tnfrsf25). DR3-deficient mice have reduced T cell accumulation at the site of inflammation and reduced ILC2-dependent immune responses in a number of models of autoimmune and allergic diseases. In allergic lung disease models, immunopathology and local Th2 and ILC2 accumulation is reduced in DR3-deficient mice despite normal systemic priming of Th2 responses and generation of T cells secreting IL-13 and IL-4, prompting the question of whether TL1A promotes the development of other T cell subsets that secrete cytokines to drive allergic disease. In this study, we find that TL1A potently promotes generation of murine T cells producing IL-9 (Th9) by signaling through DR3 in a cell-intrinsic manner. TL1A enhances Th9 differentiation through an IL-2 and STAT5-dependent mechanism, unlike the TNF-family member OX40, which promotes Th9 through IL-4 and STAT6. Th9 differentiated in the presence of TL1A are more pathogenic, and endogenous TL1A signaling through DR3 on T cells is required for maximal pathology and IL-9 production in allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these data identify TL1A-DR3 interactions as a novel pathway that promotes Th9 differentiation and pathogenicity. TL1A may be a potential therapeutic target in diseases dependent on IL-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C Richard
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cuiyan Tan
- Experimental Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Eric T Hawley
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony C Cruz
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pallavi Penumetcha
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erika T Hayes
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Odile Gabay
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrea Keane-Myers
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Igal Gery
- Experimental Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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274
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Hong CH, Chang KL, Wang HJ, Yu HS, Lee CH. IL-9 induces IL-8 production via STIM1 activation and ERK phosphorylation in epidermal keratinocytes: A plausible mechanism of IL-9R in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:206-14. [PMID: 25840641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-9 and its receptor play important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. Its role in atopic dermatitis (AD) was examined in just a few studies, including nucleotide polymorphisms, increased transcriptional levels of IL-9 and IL-9R in diseased skin, and an association of blood IL-9 levels with clinical severity. OBJECTIVE Little was known about the pathophysiological regulation of IL-9/IL-9R in AD skin. We asked whether IL-9R was expressed in epidermal keratinocytes; if so, what the functional outcome, cytokine production, and signaling pathway of IL-9/IL-9R in keratinocytes are. METHODS We measured and compared the expression of IL-9R in skin from AD patients and controls by immunofluorescence. We also performed in vitro studies on the IL-9-treated primary keratinocytes, including flow cytometry for IL-9R expressions, Western blotting for mTOR, S6K, ERK, p38, and STAT3 activations, ELISA for cytokine levels, and immunofluorescence for STIM1. RESULTS We found that IL-9R was indeed expressed in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts. Its expression in keratinocytes was enhanced by IL-4 but not by TGF-beta1. IL-9 induced a moderate production of IL-8 but not CXCL16, CCL22, TSLP, nor IL-33. IL-9 induced formation of STIM1-puncta. IL-9 induced ERK phosphorylation both dose- and time-dependently, but not mTOR, S6K, p38, or STAT3. Pretreatment with U0126 (ERK inhibitor) but not rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) abrogated the IL-9-mediated IL-8 production. Blockage of STIM1 with BTP2 or SKF96265 abrogated ERK phosphorylation and IL-8 production induced by IL-9. CONCLUSION This study represents the first to show the regulation of the IL-9-STIM1-ERK-IL-8 axis in keratinocyte, and how the axis might play an important role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Wang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institute, Miao-Li, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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275
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Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of asthma. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:45-56. [PMID: 25521684 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1097] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. Given the large number of eosinophils in the airways of people with mild asthma, and verified by data from murine models, asthma was long considered the hallmark T helper type 2 (TH2) disease of the airways. It is now known that some asthmatic inflammation is neutrophilic, controlled by the TH17 subset of helper T cells, and that some eosinophilic inflammation is controlled by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) acting together with basophils. Here we discuss results from in-depth molecular studies of mouse models in light of the results from the first clinical trials targeting key cytokines in humans and describe the extraordinary heterogeneity of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. [3] Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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276
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TH9 cells are required for tissue mast cell accumulation during allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:433-40.e1. [PMID: 25746972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-9 is important for the growth and survival of mast cells. IL-9 is produced by T cells, natural killer T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and innate lymphoid cells, although the cells required for mast cell accumulation during allergic inflammation remain undefined. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the role of TH9 cells in promoting mast cell accumulation in models of allergic lung inflammation. METHODS Adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-specific TH2 and TH9 cells was used to assess the ability of each subset to mediate mast cell accumulation in tissues. Mast cell accumulation was assessed in wild-type mice and mice with PU.1-deficient T cells subjected to acute and chronic models of allergic inflammation. RESULTS Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that recipients of TH9 cells had significantly higher mast cell accumulation and expression of mast cell proteases compared with control or TH2 recipients. Mast cell accumulation was dependent on IL-9, but not IL-13, a cytokine required for many aspects of allergic inflammation. In models of acute and chronic allergic inflammation, decreased IL-9 levels in mice with PU.1-deficient T cells corresponded to diminished tissue mast cell numbers and expression of mast cell proteases. Mice with PU.1-deficient T cells have defects in IL-9 production from CD4(+) T cells, but not natural killer T cells or innate lymphoid cells, suggesting a TH cell-dependent phenotype. Rag1(-/-) mice subjected to a chronic model of allergic inflammation displayed reduced mast cell infiltration comparable with accumulation in mice with PU.1-deficient T cells, emphasizing the importance of IL-9 produced by T cells in mast cell recruitment. CONCLUSION TH9 cells are a major source of IL-9 in models of allergic inflammation and play an important role in mast cell accumulation and activation.
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277
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Christie D, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 381:125-72. [PMID: 24839135 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1Th1 , Th2Th2 , Th17Th17 , and inducible regulatory T cellsregulatory T cells , each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factorstranscription factors . In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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278
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Huber M, Lohoff M. Change of paradigm: CD8+ T cells as important helper for CD4+ T cells during asthma and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:8-15. [PMID: 26120542 PMCID: PMC4479451 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to antigen and their subsequent proliferation and differentiation into effectors are important features of a cell-mediated immune response. CD4+ T cells (also known as T helper cells, Th) differentiate into several subpopulations including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Tfh and Treg cells, characterized by specific cytokine profiles and effector functions. However, recent evidence indicates that CD8+ T cells (termed cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or Tc cells) can differentiate into subpopulations with similar characteristics denoted as Tc2, Tc9, Tc17 and CD8+ Treg cells in addition to CTLs. Although these subpopulations accomplish important protective functions, their uncontrolled responses cause immunopathology including allergy and autoimmunity. Our recent findings indicate a change of paradigm: during these pathologic responses, CD8+ T cell subpopulations act as strong helpers for the activity of CD4+ T cells rather than being cytotoxic. In this review, we focus on the role of Th2, Th9, Th17 as well as Tc9 and Tc17 cells in asthma and autoimmune encephalomyelitis and on their interaction during these immunopathologic responses. Cite this as Huber M, Lohoff M. Change of paradigm: CD8+ T cells as important helper for CD4+ T cells during asthma and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Allergo J Int 2015;24:8–15 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0038-4
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- />Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- />Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- />Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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279
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Jia L, Wu C. Differentiation, regulation and function of Th9 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 841:181-207. [PMID: 25261208 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4(+) T cells are activated and differentiate to distinct lineages of T helper (Th) cells, which are involved in physiological and pathological processes by obtaining the potential to produce different lineage-specific cytokines that mediate adaptive immunity. In the past decade, our knowledge of Th cells has been significantly expanded with the findings of new lineages. Interleukin (IL)-9 producing T cells are recently identified. In consideration of the ability to preferentially secret IL-9, these cells are termed Th9 cells. Given the multiple function of IL-9, Th9 cells participate in the lesion of many diseases, such as allergic inflammation, tumor, and parasitosis. In this chapter, we will focus on the cytokines, co-stimulatory factors, and transcriptional signaling pathways, which regulate Th9 cells development as well as stability, plasticity, and the multiple roles of Th9 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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280
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Ein Paradigmenwechsel: CD8+ T-Zellen als wichtige Helfer für CD4+ T-Zellen während Asthma und autoimmuner Encephalomyelitis. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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281
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Zhao GN, Jiang DS, Li H. Interferon regulatory factors: at the crossroads of immunity, metabolism, and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:365-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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282
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Protein kinase CK2 enables regulatory T cells to suppress excessive TH2 responses in vivo. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:267-75. [PMID: 25599562 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The quality of the adaptive immune response depends on the differentiation of distinct CD4(+) helper T cell subsets, and the magnitude of an immune response is controlled by CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells). However, how a tissue- and cell type-specific suppressor program of Treg cells is mechanistically orchestrated has remained largely unexplored. Through the use of Treg cell-specific gene targeting, we found that the suppression of allergic immune responses in the lungs mediated by T helper type 2 (TH2) cells was dependent on the activity of the protein kinase CK2. Genetic ablation of the β-subunit of CK2 specifically in Treg cells resulted in the proliferation of a hitherto-unexplored ILT3(+) Treg cell subpopulation that was unable to control the maturation of IRF4(+)PD-L2(+) dendritic cells required for the development of TH2 responses in vivo.
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283
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Geginat J, Paroni M, Maglie S, Alfen JS, Kastirr I, Gruarin P, De Simone M, Pagani M, Abrignani S. Plasticity of human CD4 T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2014; 5:630. [PMID: 25566245 PMCID: PMC4267263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to a variety of different pathogens, which induce tailored immune responses and consequently generate highly diverse populations of pathogen-specific T cells. CD4(+) T cells have a central role in adaptive immunity, since they provide essential help for both cytotoxic T cell- and antibody-mediated responses. In addition, CD4(+) regulatory T cells are required to maintain self-tolerance and to inhibit immune responses that could damage the host. Initially, two subsets of CD4(+) helper T cells were identified that secrete characteristic effector cytokines and mediate responses against different types of pathogens, i.e., IFN-γ secreting Th1 cells that fight intracellular pathogens, and IL-4 producing Th2 cells that target extracellular parasites. It is now well established that this dichotomy is insufficient to describe the complexity of CD4(+) T cell differentiation, and in particular the human CD4 compartment contains a myriad of T cell subsets with characteristic capacities to produce cytokines and to home to involved tissues. Moreover, it has become increasingly clear that these T cell subsets are not all terminally differentiated cells, but that the majority is plastic and that in particular central memory T cells can acquire different properties and functions in secondary immune responses. In addition, there is compelling evidence that helper T cells can acquire regulatory functions upon chronic stimulation in inflamed tissues. The plasticity of antigen-experienced human T cell subsets is highly relevant for translational medicine, since it opens new perspectives for immune-modulatory therapies for chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Maglie
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Johanna Sophie Alfen
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Ilko Kastirr
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco De Simone
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
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284
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Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25360134 PMCID: PMC4197778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are credited with being the major selective force driving the evolution of the so-called “type 2” immune responses in vertebrate animals, with their size and infection strategies presenting unique challenges to the immune system. Originally, type 2 immune responses were defined by the presence and activities of the CD4+ T-helper 2 subset producing the canonical cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. This picture is now being challenged by the discovery of a more complex pattern of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets that appear during infection, including Tregs, Th17, Tfh, and more recently, Th22, Th9, and ThGM. In addition, a clearer view of the mechanisms by which helminths and their products selectively prime the CD4+ T-cell subsets is emerging. In this review, we have focused on recent data concerning the selective priming, differentiation, and functional role of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets in the context of helminth infection. We argue for a re-evaluation of the original Th2 paradigm and discuss how the observed plasticity of the T-helper subsets may enable the parasitized host to achieve an appropriate compromise between elimination, tissue repair, containment, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
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285
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Xu X, Yang X, Luo J, Mo W, Peng J, Niu X, Luo Y, Guo X. Recombinant rabies virus expressing IFNα1 enhanced immune responses resulting in its attenuation and stronger immunogenicity. Virology 2014; 468-470:621-630. [PMID: 25310498 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that type 1 interferons (IFNs) exert multiple biological effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we investigated the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (RABV) expressing canine interferon α1 (rHEP-CaIFNα1). It was shown that Kun Ming (KM) mice that received a single intramuscular immunization with rHEP-CaIFNα1 had an earlier increase and a higher level of virus-neutralizing antibody titers compared with immunization of the parent HEP-Flury. A challenge experiment further confirmed that more mice that were immunized with rHEP-CaIFNα1 survived compared with mice immunized with the parent virus. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that rHEP-CaIFNα1 induced a stronger innate immune response, especially the type 1 IFN response. Flow cytometry was conducted to show that rHEP-CaIFNα1 recruited more activated B cells in lymph nodes and CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood, which is beneficial to achieve virus clearance in the early infective stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyu Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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286
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
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287
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Ysebrant de Lendonck L, Martinet V, Goriely S. Interferon regulatory factor 3 in adaptive immune responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3873-83. [PMID: 24879293 PMCID: PMC11113752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 plays a key role in innate responses against viruses. Indeed, activation of this transcription factor triggers the expression of type I interferons and downstream interferon-stimulated genes in infected cells. Recent evidences indicate that this pathway also modulates adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the different mechanisms that are implicated in this process. We discuss the role of IRF3 within antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes in the polarization of the cellular immune response and its implication in the pathogenesis of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Ysebrant de Lendonck
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valerie Martinet
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
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288
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Xerri L, Bachy E, Fabiani B, Canioni D, Chassagne-Clément C, Dartigues-Cuilléres P, Charlotte F, Brousse N, Rousselet MC, Foussard C, Brice P, Feugier P, Morschhauser F, Sonet A, Olive D, Salles G. Identification of MUM1 as a prognostic immunohistochemical marker in follicular lymphoma using computerized image analysis. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2085-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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289
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Kong X, Banks A, Liu T, Kazak L, Rao RR, Cohen P, Wang X, Yu S, Lo JC, Tseng YH, Cypess AM, Xue R, Kleiner S, Kang S, Spiegelman BM, Rosen ED. IRF4 is a key thermogenic transcriptional partner of PGC-1α. Cell 2014; 158:69-83. [PMID: 24995979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown fat can reduce obesity through the dissipation of calories as heat. Control of thermogenic gene expression occurs via the induction of various coactivators, most notably PGC-1α. In contrast, the transcription factor partner(s) of these cofactors are poorly described. Here, we identify interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as a dominant transcriptional effector of thermogenesis. IRF4 is induced by cold and cAMP in adipocytes and is sufficient to promote increased thermogenic gene expression, energy expenditure, and cold tolerance. Conversely, knockout of IRF4 in UCP1(+) cells causes reduced thermogenic gene expression and energy expenditure, obesity, and cold intolerance. IRF4 also induces the expression of PGC-1α and PRDM16 and interacts with PGC-1α, driving Ucp1 expression. Finally, cold, β-agonists, or forced expression of PGC-1α are unable to cause thermogenic gene expression in the absence of IRF4. These studies establish IRF4 as a transcriptional driver of a program of thermogenic gene expression and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rajesh R Rao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandra Kleiner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sona Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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290
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Shih HY, Sciumè G, Poholek AC, Vahedi G, Hirahara K, Villarino AV, Bonelli M, Bosselut R, Kanno Y, Muljo SA, O'Shea JJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic networks of helper T and innate lymphoid cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 261:23-49. [PMID: 25123275 PMCID: PMC4321863 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the specification of CD4(+) helper T cells to discrete effector 'lineages' represented a watershed event in conceptualizing mechanisms of host defense and immunoregulation. However, our appreciation for the actual complexity of helper T-cell subsets continues unabated. Just as the Sami language of Scandinavia has 1000 different words for reindeer, immunologists recognize the range of fates available for a CD4(+) T cell is numerous and may be underestimated. Added to the crowded scene for helper T-cell subsets is the continuously growing family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), endowed with common effector responses and the previously defined 'master regulators' for CD4(+) helper T-cell subsets are also shared by ILC subsets. Within the context of this extraordinary complexity are concomitant advances in the understanding of transcriptomes and epigenomes. So what do terms like 'lineage commitment' and helper T-cell 'specification' mean in the early 21st century? How do we put all of this together in a coherent conceptual framework? It would be arrogant to assume that we have a sophisticated enough understanding to seriously answer these questions. Instead, we review the current status of the flexibility of helper T-cell responses in relation to their genetic regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes. Recent data have provided major surprises as to what master regulators can or cannot do, how they interact with other transcription factors and impact global genome-wide changes, and how all these factors come together to influence helper cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Shih
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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291
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Abstract
Combined with TCR stimuli, extracellular cytokine signals initiate the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into specialized effector T-helper (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets. The lineage specification and commitment process occurs through the combinatorial action of multiple transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic mechanisms that drive lineage-specific gene expression programs. In this article, we review recent studies on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of distinct Th cell lineages. Moreover, we review current study linking immune disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms with distal regulatory elements and their potential role in the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash K Tripathi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and
Structural BiologyTurku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM),
University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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292
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Role of Tyk-2 in Th9 and Th17 cells in allergic asthma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5865. [PMID: 25109392 PMCID: PMC4127519 DOI: 10.1038/srep05865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a murine model of allergic asthma, we found that Tyk-2(−/−) asthmatic mice have induced peribronchial collagen deposition, mucosal type mast cells in the lung, IRF4 and hyperproliferative lung Th2 CD4+ effector T cells over-expressing IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13. We also observed increased Th9 cells expressing IL-9 and IL-10 as well as T helper cells expressing IL-6, IL-10 and IL-21 with a defect in IL-17A and IL-17F production. This T helper phenotype was accompanied by increased SOCS3 in the lung of Tyk-2 deficient asthmatic mice. Finally, in vivo treatment with rIL-17A inhibited local CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells as well as Th2 cytokines without affecting IL-9 in the lung. These results suggest a role of Tyk-2 in different subsets of T helper cells mediated by SOCS3 regulation that is relevant for the treatment of asthma, cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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293
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Brough HA, Cousins DJ, Munteanu A, Wong YF, Sudra A, Makinson K, Stephens AC, Arno M, Ciortuz L, Lack G, Turcanu V. IL-9 is a key component of memory TH cell peanut-specific responses from children with peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1329-1338.e10. [PMID: 25112699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation between patients with peanut allergy (PA) and those with peanut sensitization (PS) who tolerate peanut but have peanut-specific IgE, positive skin prick test responses, or both represents a significant diagnostic difficulty. Previously, gene expression microarrays were successfully used to identify biomarkers and explore immune responses during PA immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize peanut-specific responses from patients with PA, subjects with PS, and atopic children without peanut allergy (NA children). METHODS A preliminary exploratory microarray investigation of gene expression in peanut-activated memory TH subsets from 3 children with PA and 3 NA children identified potential PA diagnostic biomarkers. Microarray findings were confirmed by using real-time quantitative PCR in 30 subjects (12 children with PA, 12 children with PS, and 6 NA children). Flow cytometry was used to identify the TH subsets involved. RESULTS Among 12,257 differentially expressed genes, IL9 showed the greatest difference between children with PA and NA children (45.59-fold change, P < .001), followed by IL5 and then IL13. Notably, IL9 allowed the most accurate classification of children with PA and NA children by using a machine-learning approach with recursive feature elimination and the random forest algorithm. Skin- and gut-homing TH cells from donors with PA expressed similar TH2- and TH9-associated genes. Real-time quantitative PCR confirmed that IL9 was the highest differentially expressed gene between children with PA and NA children (23.3-fold change, P < .01) and children with PS (18.5-fold change, P < .05). Intracellular cytokine staining showed that IL-9 and the TH2-specific cytokine IL-5 are produced by distinct TH populations. CONCLUSION In this study IL9 best differentiated between children with PA and children with PS (and atopic NA children). Mutually exclusive production of IL-9 and the TH2-specific cytokine IL-5 suggests that the IL-9-producing cells belong to the recently described TH9 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Brough
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Cousins
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alina Munteanu
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Yuen Fei Wong
- Genomics Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Sudra
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Makinson
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alick C Stephens
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Arno
- Genomics Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liviu Ciortuz
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Gideon Lack
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Turcanu
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and Guys' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Nitric oxide enhances Th9 cell differentiation and airway inflammation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4575. [PMID: 25099390 PMCID: PMC4131005 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells protect hosts against helminthic infection but also mediate allergic disease. Here we show that nitric oxide (NO) promotes Th9 cell polarization of murine and human CD4+ T cells. NO de-represses the tumor suppressor gene p53 via nitrosylation of Mdm2. NO also increases p53-mediated IL-2 production, STAT5 phosphorylation and IRF4 expression, all essential for Th9 polarization. NO also increases the expression of TGFβR and IL-4R, pivotal to Th9 polarization. OVA-sensitized mice treated with an NO donor developed more severe airway inflammation. Transferred Th9 cells induced airway inflammation, which was exacerbated by NO and blocked by anti-IL-9 antibody. Nos2−/− mice had less Th9 cells and developed attenuated eosinophilia during OVA-induced airway inflammation compared to wild-type mice. Our data demonstrate that NO is an important endogenous inducer of Th9 cells and provide a hitherto unrecognized mechanism for NO-mediated airway inflammation via the expansion of Th9 cells.
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296
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Grusdat M, McIlwain DR, Xu HC, Pozdeev VI, Knievel J, Crome SQ, Robert-Tissot C, Dress RJ, Pandyra AA, Speiser DE, Lang E, Maney SK, Elford AR, Hamilton SR, Scheu S, Pfeffer K, Bode J, Mittrücker HW, Lohoff M, Huber M, Häussinger D, Ohashi PS, Mak TW, Lang KS, Lang PA. IRF4 and BATF are critical for CD8⁺ T-cell function following infection with LCMV. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1050-60. [PMID: 24531538 PMCID: PMC4207473 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell functions are critical for preventing chronic viral infections by eliminating infected cells. For healthy immune responses, beneficial destruction of infected cells must be balanced against immunopathology resulting from collateral damage to tissues. These processes are regulated by factors controlling CD8(+) T-cell function, which are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and its cooperating binding partner B-cell-activating transcription factor (BATF) are necessary for sustained CD8(+) T-cell effector function. Although Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were initially capable of proliferation, IRF4 deficiency resulted in limited CD8(+) T-cell responses after infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Consequently, Irf4(-/-) mice established chronic infections, but were protected from fatal immunopathology. Absence of BATF also resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell function, limited immunopathology, and promotion of viral persistence. These data identify the transcription factors IRF4 and BATF as major regulators of antiviral cytotoxic T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grusdat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D R McIlwain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - V I Pozdeev
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Knievel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Q Crome
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - C Robert-Tissot
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - R J Dress
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - D E Speiser
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne HO-05/1552, Av. P.-Decker 4, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S K Maney
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Elford
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S R Hamilton
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H-W Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P S Ohashi
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - T W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - K S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - P A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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297
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Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF8 are critical regulators of immune system development and function. In B lymphocytes, IRF4 and IRF8 have been shown to control important events during their development and maturation including pre-B cell differentiation, induction of B cell tolerance pathways, marginal zone B cell development, germinal center reaction and plasma cell differentiation. Mechanistically, IRF4 and IRF8 are found to function redundantly to control certain stages of B cell development, but in other stages, they function nonredundantly to play distinct roles in B cell biology. In line with their essential roles in B cell development, deregulated expressions of IRF4 and IRF8 have been associated to the pathogenesis of several B cell malignancies and diseases. Recent studies have elucidated diverse transcriptional networks regulated by IRF4 and IRF8 at distinct B cell developmental stages and related malignancies. In this review we will discuss the recent advances for the roles of IRF4 and IRF8 during B cell development and associated diseases.
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298
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The transcription factor IRF1 dictates the IL-21-dependent anticancer functions of TH9 cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:758-66. [PMID: 24973819 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TH9 subset of helper T cells was initially shown to contribute to the induction of autoimmune and allergic diseases, but subsequent evidence has suggested that these cells also exert antitumor activities. However, the molecular events that account for their effector properties are elusive. Here we found that the transcription factor IRF1 enhanced the effector function of TH9 cells and dictated their anticancer properties. Under TH9-skewing conditions, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 and subsequent expression of IRF1, which bound to the promoters of Il9 and Il21 and enhanced secretion of the cytokines IL-9 and IL-21 from TH9 cells. Furthermore, IL-1β-induced TH9 cells exerted potent anticancer functions in an IRF1- and IL-21-dependent manner. Our findings thus identify IRF1 as a target for controlling the function of TH9 cells.
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299
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Huber M, Lohoff M. IRF4 at the crossroads of effector T-cell fate decision. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1886-95. [PMID: 24782159 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcription factor that is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays pivotal roles in the immune response. Originally described as a lymphocyte-specific nuclear factor, IRF4 promotes differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into T helper 2 (Th2), Th9, Th17, or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and is required for the function of effector regulatory T (eTreg) cells. Moreover, IRF4 is essential for the sustained differentiation of cytotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells, for CD8(+) T-cell memory formation, and for differentiation of naïve CD8(+) T cells into IL-9-producing (Tc9) and IL-17-producing (Tc17) CD8(+) T-cell subsets. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the role of IRF4 during the development of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets and the impact of IRF4 on T-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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300
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Key mediators in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:316-29. [PMID: 24933589 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is described as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, eosinophil and Th2 infiltration, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway remodeling. Our findings to date have largely been dependent on work done using animal models, which have been instrumental in broadening our understanding of the mechanism of the disease. However, using animals to model a uniquely human disease is not without its drawbacks. This review aims to examine some of the key mediators and cells of allergic asthma learned from animal models and shed some light on emerging mediators in the pathogenesis allergic airway inflammation in acute and chronic asthma.
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