251
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Dobbelstein M, Moll U. Targeting tumour-supportive cellular machineries in anticancer drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:179-96. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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252
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Qiu Y, Cai G, Zhou B, Li D, Zhao A, Xie G, Li H, Cai S, Xie D, Huang C, Ge W, Zhou Z, Xu LX, Jia W, Zheng S, Yen Y, Jia W. A distinct metabolic signature of human colorectal cancer with prognostic potential. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2136-46. [PMID: 24526730 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic phenotyping has provided important biomarker findings, which, unfortunately, are rarely replicated across different sample sets due to the variations from different analytical and clinical protocols used in the studies. To date, very few metabolic hallmarks in a given cancer type have been confirmed and validated by use of a metabolomic approach and other clinical modalities. Here, we report a metabolomics study to identify potential metabolite biomarkers of colorectal cancer with potential theranostic value. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolomics was used to analyze 376 surgical specimens, which were collected from four independent cohorts of patients with colorectal cancer at three hospitals located in China and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center in the United States. Differential metabolites were identified and evaluated as potential prognostic markers. A targeted transcriptomic analysis of 29 colorectal cancer and 27 adjacent nontumor tissues was applied to analyze the gene expression levels for key enzymes associated with these shared metabolites. RESULTS A panel of 15 significantly altered metabolites was identified, which demonstrates the ability to predict the rate of recurrence and survival for patients after surgery and chemotherapy. The targeted transcriptomic analysis suggests that the differential expression of these metabolites is due to robust metabolic adaptations in cancer cells to increased oxidative stress as well as demand for energy, and macromolecular substrates for cell growth and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These patients with colorectal cancer, despite their varied genetic background, mutations, pathologic stages, and geographic locations, shared a metabolic signature that is of great prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Qiu
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Med-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing; Cancer Institute, 2nd Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Center for translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina; Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California; and Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
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253
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Garg SK, Maurer H, Reed K, Selagamsetty R. Diabetes and cancer: two diseases with obesity as a common risk factor. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:97-110. [PMID: 23668396 PMCID: PMC3904746 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence to support a connection between diabetes (predominantly type 2), obesity and cancer. Multiple meta-analyses of epidemiological data show that people with diabetes are at increased risk of developing many different types of cancers, along with an increased risk of cancer mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for this relationship have been postulated, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced inflammatory processes, dysregulation of sex hormone production and hyperglycaemia. In addition to these potential mechanisms, a number of common risk factors, including obesity, may be behind the association between diabetes and cancer. Indeed, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cancer and diabetes. Abdominal adiposity has been shown to play a role in creating a systemic pro-inflammatory environment, which could result in the development of both diabetes and cancer. Here, we examine the relationship between diabetes, obesity and cancer, and investigate the potential underlying causes of increased cancer risk in individuals with diabetes. Current treatment recommendations for reducing the overall disease burden are also explored and possible areas for future research are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Garg
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA; Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, New Rochelle, NY, USA; Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Guzman J, Jauregui AN, Merscher-Gomez S, Maiguel D, Muresan C, Mitrofanova A, Diez-Sampedro A, Szust J, Yoo TH, Villarreal R, Pedigo C, Molano RD, Johnson K, Kahn B, Hartleben B, Huber TB, Saha J, Burke GW, Abel ED, Brosius FC, Fornoni A. Podocyte-specific GLUT4-deficient mice have fewer and larger podocytes and are protected from diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2014; 63:701-14. [PMID: 24101677 PMCID: PMC3900538 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are a major component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and their ability to sense insulin is essential to prevent proteinuria. Here we identify the insulin downstream effector GLUT4 as a key modulator of podocyte function in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Mice with a podocyte-specific deletion of GLUT4 (G4 KO) did not develop albuminuria despite having larger and fewer podocytes than wild-type (WT) mice. Glomeruli from G4 KO mice were protected from diabetes-induced hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and albuminuria and failed to activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In order to investigate whether the protection observed in G4 KO mice was due to the failure to activate mTOR, we used three independent in vivo experiments. G4 KO mice did not develop lipopolysaccharide-induced albuminuria, which requires mTOR activation. On the contrary, G4 KO mice as well as WT mice treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin developed worse adriamycin-induced nephropathy than WT mice, consistent with the fact that adriamycin toxicity is augmented by mTOR inhibition. In summary, GLUT4 deficiency in podocytes affects podocyte nutrient sensing, results in fewer and larger cells, and protects mice from the development of DN. This is the first evidence that podocyte hypertrophy concomitant with podocytopenia may be associated with protection from proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Guzman
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Alexandra N. Jauregui
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sandra Merscher-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Dony Maiguel
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Cristina Muresan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ana Diez-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Joel Szust
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Rodrigo Villarreal
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Christopher Pedigo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - R. Damaris Molano
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Barbara Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Tobias B. Huber
- Division of Nephrology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jharna Saha
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - George W. Burke
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Alessia Fornoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Corresponding author: Alessia Fornoni,
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255
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García-Jiménez C, García-Martínez JM, Chocarro-Calvo A, De la Vieja A. A new link between diabetes and cancer: enhanced WNT/β-catenin signaling by high glucose. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R51-66. [PMID: 24049067 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive epidemiological studies suggest that the diabetic population is at higher risk of site-specific cancers. The diabetes-cancer link has been hypothesized to rely on various hormonal (insulin, IGF1, adipokines), immunological (inflammation), or metabolic (hyperglycemia) characteristics of the disease and even on certain treatments. Inflammation may have an important but incompletely understood role. As a growth factor, insulin directly, or indirectly through IGF1, has been considered the major link between diabetes and cancer, while high glucose has been considered as a subordinate cause. Here we discuss the evidence that supports a role for insulin/IGF1 in general in cancer, and the mechanism by which hyperglycemia may enhance the appearance, growth and survival of diabetes-associated cancers. High glucose triggers several direct and indirect mechanisms that cooperate to promote cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and immunological escape. In particular, high glucose enhancement of WNT/β-catenin signaling in cancer cells promotes proliferation, survival and senescence bypass, and represents a previously unrecognized direct mechanism linking diabetes-associated hyperglycemia to cancer. Increased glucose uptake is a hallmark of tumor cells and may ensure enhanced WNT signaling for continuous proliferation. Mechanistically, high glucose unbalances acetylation through increased p300 acetyl transferase and decreased sirtuin 1 deacetylase activity, leading to β-catenin acetylation at lysine K354, a requirement for nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activation of WNT-target genes. The impact of high glucose on β-catenin illustrates the remodeling of cancer-associated signaling pathways by metabolites. Metabolic remodeling of cancer-associated signaling will receive much research attention in the coming years. Future epidemiological studies may be guided and complemented by the identification of these metabolic interplays. Together, these studies should lead to the development of new preventive strategies for diabetes-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Custodia García-Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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256
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Kappen C, Salbaum JM. Gene expression in teratogenic exposures: a new approach to understanding individual risk. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 45:94-104. [PMID: 24491834 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of partial or incomplete penetrance is common to many paradigms of exposure to teratogens, where only some of the exposed individuals exhibit developmental defects. We here argue that the most widely used experimental approaches in reproductive toxicology do not take partial penetrance into account, and are thus likely to miss differences between affected and unaffected individuals that contribute to susceptibility for teratogenesis. We propose that focus on the variation between exposed individuals could help to discover factors that may play a causative role for abnormal developmental processes that occur with incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kappen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
| | - J Michael Salbaum
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
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257
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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258
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Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit a unique metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis that has been exploited diagnostically and therapeutically in the clinic. Oncogenes and tumor suppressors alter signaling pathways that lead to alterations of glycolytic flux. Stemming from glycolysis, the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to elevated posttranslational addition of O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on a diverse population of nuclear and cytosolic proteins, many of which regulate signaling pathways. This unit outlines techniques used to detect metabolic alterations in cancer cells, regulation by signaling pathways, and cellular O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Ferrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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259
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Bingham PM, Stuart SD, Zachar Z. Cancer Metabolism: A Nexus of Matter, Energy, and Reactive Oxygen Species. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9545-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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260
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Abe T, Hirasaka K, Kohno S, Ochi A, Yamagishi N, Ohno A, Teshima-Kondo S, Nikawa T. Ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Endocr J 2014; 61:529-38. [PMID: 24614797 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases by inducing systemic insulin resistance. It is now recognized that obesity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Specifically, activated immune cells infiltrate adipose tissue and cause inflammation. There is increasing evidence that activated macrophages accumulate in the hypertrophied adipose tissue of rodents and humans and induce systemic insulin resistance by secreting inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage activation in adipose tissue will facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. Currently, little is known about the regulation of macrophage activation, although E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl)-b was identified recently as a novel negative regulator of macrophage activation in adipose tissue. Cbl-b, which is a suppressor of T- and B-cell activation, inhibits intracellular signal transduction by targeting some tyrosine kinases. Notably, preventing Cbl-b-mediated macrophage activation improves obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice. c-Cbl is another member of the Cbl family that is associated with insulin resistance in obesity. These reports suggest that Cbl-b and c-Cbl are potential therapeutic targets for treating obesity-induced insulin resistance. In this review, we focus on the importance of Cbl-b in macrophage activation in aging-induced and high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Abe
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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261
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Rocha F, Dias J, Engrola S, Gavaia P, Geurden I, Dinis MT, Panserat S. Glucose overload in yolk has little effect on the long-term modulation of carbohydrate metabolic genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 217:1139-49. [PMID: 24363414 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.095463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Some fish show a low metabolic ability to use dietary carbohydrates. The use of early nutritional stimuli to program metabolic pathways in fish is ill defined. Therefore, studies were undertaken with zebrafish to assess the effect of high glucose levels during the embryonic stage as a lifelong modulator of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were expressed at low levels at 0.2 and 1 day post-fertilization (dpf). However, from 4 dpf onwards there was a significant increase on expression of all genes, suggesting that all analysed pathways were active. By microinjection, we successfully enriched zebrafish egg yolk with glucose (a 43-fold increase of basal levels). Acute effects of glucose injection on gene expression were assessed in larvae up to 10 dpf, and the programming concept was evaluated in juveniles (41 dpf) challenged with a hyperglucidic diet. At 4 dpf, larvae from glucose-enriched eggs showed a downregulation of several genes related to glycolysis, glycogenolysis, lipogenesis and carbohydrate digestion in comparison with control (saline-injected) embryos. This inhibitory regulation was suppressed after 10 dpf. At the juvenile stage, and upon switching from a low to a high digestible carbohydrate diet, early glucose enrichment had no significant effect on most analysed genes. However, these same fish showed altered expression of the genes for cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 and glycogen synthase, suggesting changes to the glucose storage capacity in muscle and glucose production and transport in viscera. Overall, supplementation of egg yolk with high glucose levels had little effect on the long-term modulation of carbohydrate metabolic genes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rocha
- CCMAR/CIMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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262
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Lanzetti M, Pires KMP, Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Borges RM, da Silva AJR, Porto LC, Benjamim CF, Valenca SS. Ready-to-drink Matte® tea (diet and regular) increased life span and pulmonary health in aged mice. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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263
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Li TY, Lin SY, Lin SC. Mechanism and Physiological Significance of Growth Factor-Related Autophagy. Physiology (Bethesda) 2013; 28:423-31. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00023.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors, typically defined as natural substances capable of stimulating cell growth and differentiation, are vital regulators for the survival of metazoan cells. In this review, we will focus on growth factor signaling pathways that are closely related to autophagy induction and discuss the critical roles of this fascinating cellular process in intracellular energy homeostasis, cell fate determination, and pathophysiological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terytty Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Abstract
The transcription factor p73, a close relative of p53, has complex yet poorly understood roles in tumorigenesis. TAp73, a p73 variant, has now been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation by regulating glucose metabolism to control cellular biosynthetic pathways and antioxidant capacity.
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Lee CF, Paull TT, Person MD. Proteome-wide detection and quantitative analysis of irreversible cysteine oxidation using long column UPLC-pSRM. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4302-15. [PMID: 23964713 DOI: 10.1021/pr400201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in normal biological functions and pathological processes. ROS is one of the driving forces for oxidizing proteins, especially on cysteine thiols. The labile, transient, and dynamic nature of oxidative modifications poses enormous technical challenges for both accurate modification site determination and quantitation of cysteine thiols. The present study describes a mass spectrometry-based approach that allows effective discovery and quantification of irreversible cysteine modifications. The utilization of a long reverse phase column provides high-resolution chromatography to separate different forms of modified cysteine thiols from protein complexes or cell lysates. This Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) approach enabled detection and quantitation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) complex cysteine sulfoxidation states using Skyline MS1 filtering. When we applied the long column ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS analysis, 61 and 44 peptides from cell lysates and cells were identified with cysteine modifications in response to in vitro and in vivo H2O2 oxidation, respectively. Long column ultra high pressure liquid chromatography pseudo selected reaction monitoring (UPLC-pSRM) was then developed to monitor the oxidative level of cysteine thiols in cell lysate under varying concentrations of H2O2 treatment. From UPLC-pSRM analysis, the dynamic conversion of sulfinic (S-O2H) and sulfonic acid (S-O3H) was observed within nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Nm23-H1) and heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 (Hsc70). These methods are suitable for proteome-wide studies, providing a highly sensitive, straightforward approach to identify proteins containing redox-sensitive cysteine thiols in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Lee
- Proteomics Facility, College of Pharmacy, ‡the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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267
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Turgeon N, Blais M, Gagné JM, Tardif V, Boudreau F, Perreault N, Asselin C. HDAC1 and HDAC2 restrain the intestinal inflammatory response by regulating intestinal epithelial cell differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73785. [PMID: 24040068 PMCID: PMC3764035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylation and deacetylation of histones and other proteins depends on histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) activities, leading to either positive or negative gene expression. HDAC inhibitors have uncovered a role for HDACs in proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. However, little is known of the roles of specific HDACs in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). We investigated the consequences of ablating both HDAC1 and HDAC2 in murine IECs. Floxed Hdac1 and Hdac2 homozygous mice were crossed with villin-Cre mice. Mice deficient in both IEC HDAC1 and HDAC2 weighed less and survived more than a year. Colon and small intestinal sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or with Alcian blue and Periodic Acid Schiff for goblet cell identification. Tissue sections from mice injected with BrdU for 2 h, 14 h and 48 h were stained with anti-BrdU. To determine intestinal permeability, 4-kDa FITC-labeled dextran was given by gavage for 3 h. Microarray analysis was performed on total colon RNAs. Inflammatory and IEC-specific gene expression was assessed by Western blot or semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qPCR with respectively total colon protein and total colon RNAs. HDAC1 and HDAC2-deficient mice displayed: 1) increased migration and proliferation, with elevated cyclin D1 expression and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein, a downstream mTOR target; 2) tissue architecture defects with cell differentiation alterations, correlating with reduction of secretory Paneth and goblet cells in jejunum and goblet cells in colon, increased expression of enterocytic markers such as sucrase-isomaltase in the colon, increased expression of cleaved Notch1 and augmented intestinal permeability; 3) loss of tissue homeostasis, as evidenced by modifications of claudin 3 expression, caspase-3 cleavage and Stat3 phosphorylation; 4) chronic inflammation, as determined by inflammatory molecular expression signatures and altered inflammatory gene expression. Thus, epithelial HDAC1 and HDAC2 restrain the intestinal inflammatory response, by regulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomie Turgeon
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mylène Blais
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie-Moore Gagné
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Tardif
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Perreault
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Département d’anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de recherche appliquée sur le cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Li B, Simon MC. Molecular Pathways: Targeting MYC-induced metabolic reprogramming and oncogenic stress in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5835-41. [PMID: 23897900 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MYC is a multifunctional transcription factor that is deregulated in many human cancers. MYC impacts a collaborative genetic program that orchestrates cell proliferation, metabolism, and stress responses. Although the progression of MYC-amplified tumors shows robust dependence on MYC activity, directly targeting MYC as a therapeutic method has proven to be technically difficult. Therefore, alternative approaches are currently under development with a focus on interference with MYC-mediated downstream effects. To fuel rapid cell growth, MYC reprograms cancer cell metabolism in a way that is substantially different from normal cells. The MYC-induced metabolic signature is characterized by enhanced glucose and glutamine uptake, increased lactate production, and altered amino acid metabolism. Targeting MYC-reprogrammed cancer cell metabolism is considered to be promising based on multiple preclinical studies. In addition, the increased biosynthetic demand of MYC-driven tumors coupled with limited nutrient access within tumor microenvironments create multiple levels of oncogenic stress, which can also be used as tumor-specific targets for pharmacologic intervention. Presumably, the best therapeutic strategy for treating MYC-amplified tumors is combined targeting of multiple MYC-mediated pathways, especially those involved in regulating cell proliferation, metabolism, and oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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269
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TAp73 enhances the pentose phosphate pathway and supports cell proliferation. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:991-1000. [PMID: 23811687 PMCID: PMC3733810 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TAp73 is a structural homologue of the pre-eminent tumor suppressor p53. However, unlike p53, TAp73 is rarely mutated, and instead is frequently over-expressed in human tumors. It remains unclear whether TAp73 affords an advantage to tumor cells and if so, what is the underlying mechanism. Here we show that TAp73 supports the proliferation of human and mouse tumor cells. TAp73 activates the expression of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). By stimulating G6PD, TAp73 increases PPP flux and directs glucose to the production of NADPH and ribose, for the synthesis of macromolecules and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The growth defect of TAp73-deficient cells can be rescued by either enforced G6PD expression or the presence of nucleosides plus an ROS scavenger. These findings establish a critical role for TAp73 in regulating metabolism, and connect TAp73 and the PPP to oncogenic cell growth.
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270
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Yang W, Lu Z. Regulation and function of pyruvate kinase M2 in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:153-8. [PMID: 23791887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered metabolism is fundamental to the growth and survival of cancer cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme in cancer metabolism, has been demonstrated to play a central role not only in metabolic reprogramming but also in direct regulation of gene expression and subsequent cell cycle progression. This review outlines the current understanding of PKM2 protein kinase activity and regulatory mechanisms underlying PKM2 expression, enzymatic activity, and nuclear localization, thus highlighting PKM2 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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271
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Alterations in c-Myc phenotypes resulting from dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e670. [PMID: 23764851 PMCID: PMC3702284 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein regulates numerous phenotypes pertaining to cell mass, survival and metabolism. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial biogenesis are positively controlled by Myc, with myc−/− rat fibroblasts displaying atrophic mitochondria, structural and functional defects in electron transport chain (ETC) components, compromised OXPHOS and ATP depletion. However, while Myc influences mitochondrial structure and function, it is not clear to what extent the reverse is true. To test this, we induced a state of mitochondrial hyper-fission in rat fibroblasts by de-regulating Drp1, a dynamin-like GTPase that participates in the terminal fission process. The mitochondria from these cells showed reduced mass and interconnectivity, a paucity of cristae, a marked reduction in OXPHOS and structural and functional defects in ETC Complexes I and V. High rates of abortive mitochondrial fusion were observed, likely reflecting ongoing, but ultimately futile, attempts to normalize mitochondrial mass. Cellular consequences included reduction of cell volume, ATP depletion and activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase. In response to Myc deregulation, apoptosis was significantly impaired both in the absence and presence of serum, although this could be reversed by increasing ATP levels by pharmacologic means. The current work demonstrates that enforced mitochondrial fission closely recapitulates a state of Myc deficiency and that mitochondrial integrity and function can affect Myc-regulated cellular behaviors. The low intracellular ATP levels that are frequently seen in some tumors as a result of inadequate vascular perfusion could favor tumor survival by countering the pro-apoptotic tendencies of Myc overexpression.
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272
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Kamiński MM, Röth D, Krammer PH, Gülow K. Mitochondria as oxidative signaling organelles in T-cell activation: physiological role and pathological implications. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:367-84. [PMID: 23749029 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early scientific reports limited the cell biological role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the cause of pathological damage. However, extensive research performed over the last decade led to a wide recognition of intracellular oxidative/redox signaling as a crucial mechanism of homeostatic regulation. Amongst different cellular processes known to be influenced by redox signaling, T-cell activation is one of the most established. Numerous studies reported an indispensible role for ROS as modulators of T-cell receptor-induced transcription. Nevertheless, mechanistic details regarding signaling pathways triggered by ROS are far from being delineated. The nature and interplay between enzymatic sources involved in the generation of "oxidative signals" are also a matter of ongoing research. In particular, active participation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain as ROS producer constitutes an intriguing issue with various implications for bioenergetics of activated T cells as well as for T-cell-mediated pathologies. The aim of the current review is to address these interesting concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin M Kamiński
- Tumour Immunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,
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273
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C-Terminal Binding Protein: A Molecular Link between Metabolic Imbalance and Epigenetic Regulation in Breast Cancer. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:647975. [PMID: 23762064 PMCID: PMC3671672 DOI: 10.1155/2013/647975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has given rise to significant global concerns as numerous population-based studies demonstrate an incontrovertible association between obesity and breast cancer. Mechanisms proposed to account for this linkage include exaggerated levels of carbohydrate substrates, elevated levels of circulating mitogenic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines that impinge on epithelial programming in many tissues. Moreover, recently many scientists have rediscovered the observation, first described by Otto Warburg nearly a century ago, that most cancer cells undergo a dramatic metabolic shift in energy utilization and expenditure that fuels and supports the cellular expansion associated with malignant proliferation. This shift in substrate oxidation comes at the cost of sharp changes in the levels of the high energy intermediate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In this review, we discuss a novel example of how shifts in the concentration and flux of substrates metabolized and generated during carbohydrate metabolism represent components of a signaling network that can influence epigenetic regulatory events in the nucleus. We refer to this regulatory process as "metabolic transduction" and describe how the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) family of NADH-dependent nuclear regulators represents a primary example of how cellular metabolic status can influence epigenetic control of cellular function and fate.
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274
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A key role for mitochondrial gatekeeper pyruvate dehydrogenase in oncogene-induced senescence. Nature 2013; 498:109-12. [PMID: 23685455 DOI: 10.1038/nature12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In response to tenacious stress signals, such as the unscheduled activation of oncogenes, cells can mobilize tumour suppressor networks to avert the hazard of malignant transformation. A large body of evidence indicates that oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) acts as such a break, withdrawing cells from the proliferative pool almost irreversibly, thus crafting a vital pathophysiological mechanism that protects against cancer. Despite the widespread contribution of OIS to the cessation of tumorigenic expansion in animal models and humans, we have only just begun to define the underlying mechanism and identify key players. Although deregulation of metabolism is intimately linked to the proliferative capacity of cells, and senescent cells are thought to remain metabolically active, little has been investigated in detail about the role of cellular metabolism in OIS. Here we show, by metabolic profiling and functional perturbations, that the mitochondrial gatekeeper pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a crucial mediator of senescence induced by BRAF(V600E), an oncogene commonly mutated in melanoma and other cancers. BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence was accompanied by simultaneous suppression of the PDH-inhibitory enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and induction of the PDH-activating enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 2 (PDP2). The resulting combined activation of PDH enhanced the use of pyruvate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, causing increased respiration and redox stress. Abrogation of OIS, a rate-limiting step towards oncogenic transformation, coincided with reversion of these processes. Further supporting a crucial role of PDH in OIS, enforced normalization of either PDK1 or PDP2 expression levels inhibited PDH and abrogated OIS, thereby licensing BRAF(V600E)-driven melanoma development. Finally, depletion of PDK1 eradicated melanoma subpopulations resistant to targeted BRAF inhibition, and caused regression of established melanomas. These results reveal a mechanistic relationship between OIS and a key metabolic signalling axis, which may be exploited therapeutically.
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275
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MacRae JI, Sheiner L, Nahid A, Tonkin C, Striepen B, McConville MJ. Mitochondrial metabolism of glucose and glutamine is required for intracellular growth of Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:682-92. [PMID: 23159057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii proliferates within host cell vacuoles where the parasite relies on host carbon and nutrients for replication. To assess how T. gondii utilizes these resources, we mapped the carbon metabolism pathways in intracellular and egressed parasite stages. We determined that intracellular T. gondii stages actively catabolize host glucose via a canonical, oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a mitochondrial pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to generate energy. These stages also catabolize glutamine via the TCA cycle and an unanticipated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, which generates GABA and additional molecules that enter the TCA cycle. Chemically inhibiting the TCA cycle completely prevents intracellular parasite replication. Parasites lacking the GABA shunt exhibit attenuated growth and are unable to sustain motility under nutrient-limited conditions, suggesting that GABA functions as a short-term energy reserve. Thus, T. gondii tachyzoites have metabolic flexibility that likely allows the parasite to infect diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I MacRae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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276
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Theileria induces oxidative stress and HIF1α activation that are essential for host leukocyte transformation. Oncogene 2013; 33:1809-17. [PMID: 23665677 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex links between infection and cancer suggest that we still can learn much about tumorigenesis by studying how infectious agents hijack the host cell machinery. We studied the effects of an intracellular parasite called Theileria that infects bovine leukocytes and turns them into invasive cancer-like cells. We investigated the host cells pathways that are deregulated in infected leukocytes and might link infection and lymphoproliferative disease. We show that intracellular Theileria parasites drive a Warburg-like phenotype in infected host leukocytes, characterized by increased expression of metabolic regulators, increased glucose uptake and elevated lactate production, which were lost when the parasite was eliminated. The cohabitation of the parasites within the host cells leads to disruption of the redox balance (as measured by reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio) and elevated ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels, associated with chronic stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Inhibition of HIF1α (pharmacologically or genetically), or treatment with antioxidants, led to a marked reduction in expression of aerobic glycolytic genes and inhibited the transformed phenotype. These data show that stabilization of HIF1α, following increased ROS production, modulates host glucose metabolism and is critical for parasite-induced transformation. Our study expands knowledge about the molecular strategy used by the parasite Theileria to induce the transformed phenotypes of infected cells via reprogramming of glucose metabolism and redox signaling.
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277
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Abstract
Laboratory-reared Caenorhabditis elegans eat Escherichia coli. A new study demonstrates a strong diet-gene interaction: worms with reduced nhr-114 activity are fertile when fed E. coli K-12 strains but are sterile on E. coli B. Surprisingly, tryptophan supplementation of E. coli B restores worm fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Albert Hubbard
- New York University School of Medicine, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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278
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Jain S, Webster TJ, Sharma A, Basu B. Intracellular reactive oxidative stress, cell proliferation and apoptosis of Schwann cells on carbon nanofibrous substrates. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4891-901. [PMID: 23570716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable research to develop carbon based materials for biomedical applications, the toxicity of carbon remains a major concern. In order to address this issue as well as to investigate the cell fate processes of neural cells from the perspective of neural tissue engineering applications, the in vitro cytocompatibility of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) derived continuous carbon nanofibers and PAN derived carbon thin films were investigated both quantitatively and qualitatively using in vitro biochemical assays followed by extensive flow cytometry analysis. The experimental results of Schwann cell fate, i.e. cell proliferation, cell metabolic activity and cell apoptosis on amorphous carbon substrates are discussed in reference to the time dependent evolution of intracellular oxidative stress. Apart from providing evidence that an electrospun carbon nanofibrous substrate can physically guide the cultured Schwann cells, this study suggested that continuous carbon nanofibers and amorphous carbon films are not cytotoxic in vitro and do not significantly induce apoptosis of Schwann cells, but in fact even facilitate their proliferation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Jain
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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279
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Lanciano P, Khalfaoui-Hassani B, Selamoglu N, Ghelli A, Rugolo M, Daldal F. Molecular mechanisms of superoxide production by complex III: a bacterial versus human mitochondrial comparative case study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1332-9. [PMID: 23542447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this mini review, we briefly survey the molecular processes that lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the respiratory complex III (CIII or cytochrome bc1). In particular, we discuss the "forward" and "reverse" electron transfer pathways that lead to superoxide generation at the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of CIII, and the components that affect these reactions. We then describe and compare the properties of a bacterial (Rhodobacter capsulatus) mutant enzyme producing ROS with its mitochondrial (human cybrids) counterpart associated with a disease. The mutation under study is located at a highly conserved tyrosine residue of cytochrome b (Y302C in R. capsulatus and Y278C in human mitochondria) that is at the heart of the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of CIII. Similarities of the major findings of bacterial and human mitochondrial cases, including decreased catalytic activity of CIII, enhanced ROS production and ensuing cellular responses and damages, are remarkable. This case illustrates the usefulness of undertaking parallel and complementary studies using biologically different yet evolutionarily related systems, such as α-proteobacteria and human mitochondria. It progresses our understanding of CIII mechanism of function and ROS production, and underlines the possible importance of supra-molecular organization of bacterial and mitochondrial respiratory chains (i.e., respirasomes) and their potential disease-associated protective roles. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex III and related bc complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lanciano
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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280
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Oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases and obesity: role of p66Shc and protein kinase C. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:564961. [PMID: 23606925 PMCID: PMC3625561 DOI: 10.1155/2013/564961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signalling and homeostasis. An imbalance between ROS production and the cellular antioxidant defence system leads to oxidative stress. Environmental factors and genetic interactions play key roles in oxidative stress mediated pathologies. In this paper, we focus on cardiovascular diseases and obesity, disorders strongly related to each other; in which oxidative stress plays a fundamental role. We provide evidence of the key role played by p66(Shc) protein and protein kinase C (PKC) in these pathologies by their intracellular regulation of redox balance and oxidative stress levels. Additionally, we discuss possible therapeutic strategies aimed at attenuating the oxidative damage in these diseases.
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281
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Singer P, Pichard C. Reconciling divergent results of the latest parenteral nutrition studies in the ICU. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:187-93. [PMID: 23385424 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32835c34be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies on the optimal modalities to feed patients during the ICU stay show divergent results. The level and the timing of energy provision is a critical issue, associated with the clinical outcome. These results questioned the clinical relevance of the recent guidelines issued by American, Canadian and European academic societies. RECENT FINDINGS Four recent prospective randomized studies enrolled critically ill patients who received various nutritional regimens and tested the effect of nutritional support on outcome. The Tight Calorie balance Control Study (TICACOS) targeted on calorie administration according to measured energy expenditure and found increased ICU morbidity but improved hospital mortality. The large EpaNIC study compared 'early' with 'late' (parenteral nutrition) nutrition, mostly in patients after cardiac surgery, and found an increased morbidity associated with early parenteral nutrition. The supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) study randomized the patients after 3 days and targeted the calories administered by parenteral nutrition as a complement to unsuccessful enteral nutrition using indirect calorimetry. The SPN resulted in less nosocomial infections and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Finally, a recent Australian study enrolled patients unable to be early fed enterally to receive, or not, parenteral nutrition targeted at 1500 kcal. No complications were noted in the parenteral nutrition group. Lessons from all these studies are summarized and should help in designing better studies and guidelines. SUMMARY The critical analysis of recent prospective studies comparing various levels of calorie administration, enteral versus parenteral nutrition and enteral versus SPN confirms the recommendations to avoid underfeeding and overfeeding. Parenteral nutrition, required if enteral feeding is failing, and if adjusted up to a measured optimal level, may improve outcome. More studies on the optimal level of energy and protein administration to optimize the clinical outcome are required to fine tune current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care Medicine, Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.
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282
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Li X, Fang P, Mai J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang XF. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 23442817 PMCID: PMC3599349 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. As a major site of ROS production, mitochondria have drawn considerable interest because it was recently discovered that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) directly stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and pathological conditions as diverse as malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases all share common phenotype of increased mtROS production above basal levels. Several excellent reviews on this topic have been published, but ever-changing new discoveries mandated a more up-to-date and comprehensive review on this topic. Therefore, we update recent understanding of how mitochondria generate and regulate the production of mtROS and the function of mtROS both in physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, we describe newly developed methods to probe or scavenge mtROS and compare these methods in detail. Thorough understanding of this topic and the application of mtROS-targeting drugs in the research is significant towards development of better therapies to combat inflammatory diseases and inflammatory malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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283
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Abstract
Cysteine residues on proteins play key roles in catalysis and regulation. These functional cysteines serve as active sites for nucleophilic and redox catalysis, sites of allosteric regulation, and metal-binding ligands on proteins from diverse classes including proteases, kinases, metabolic enzymes, and transcription factors. In this review, we focus on a few select examples that serve to highlight the multiple functions performed by cysteines, with an emphasis on cysteine-mediated protein activities implicated in cancer. The enhanced reactivity of functional cysteines renders them susceptible to modification by electrophilic species. Toward this end, we discuss recent advancements and future prospects for utilizing cysteine-reactive small molecules as drugs and imaging agents for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Pace
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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284
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van der Windt GJW, Pearce EL. Metabolic switching and fuel choice during T-cell differentiation and memory development. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:27-42. [PMID: 22889213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clearance or control of pathogens or tumors usually requires T-cell-mediated immunity. As such, understanding the mechanisms that govern the function, maintenance, and persistence of T cells will likely lead to new treatments for controlling disease. During an immune response, T-cell development is marked by striking changes in metabolism. There is a growing appreciation that these metabolic changes underlie the capacity of T cells to perform particular functions, and this has led to a recent focus on the idea that the manipulation of cellular metabolism can be used to shape adaptive immune responses. Although interest in this area has grown in the last few years, a full understanding of the metabolic control of T-cell functions, particularly during an immune response in vivo, is still lacking. In this review, we first provide a basic overview of metabolism in T cells, and then we focus on recent studies providing new or updated insights into the regulation of metabolic pathways and how they underpin T-cell differentiation and memory T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerritje J W van der Windt
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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285
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Putker M, Madl T, Vos HR, de Ruiter H, Visscher M, van den Berg MCW, Kaplan M, Korswagen HC, Boelens R, Vermeulen M, Burgering BMT, Dansen TB. Redox-dependent control of FOXO/DAF-16 by transportin-1. Mol Cell 2013; 49:730-42. [PMID: 23333309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO; DAF-16 in worms) transcription factors, which are of vital importance in cell-cycle control, stress resistance, tumor suppression, and organismal lifespan, are largely regulated through nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling. Insulin signaling keeps FOXO/DAF-16 cytoplasmic, and hence transcriptionally inactive. Conversely, as in loss of insulin signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can activate FOXO/DAF-16 through nuclear accumulation. How ROS regulate the nuclear translocation of FOXO/DAF-16 is largely unknown. Cysteine oxidation can stabilize protein-protein interactions through the formation of disulfide-bridges when cells encounter ROS. Using a proteome-wide screen that identifies ROS-induced mixed disulfide-dependent complexes, we discovered several interaction partners of FOXO4, one of which is the nuclear import receptor transportin-1. We show that disulfide formation with transportin-1 is required for nuclear localization and the activation of FOXO4/DAF-16 induced by ROS, but not by the loss of insulin signaling. This molecular mechanism for nuclear shuttling is conserved in C. elegans and directly connects redox signaling to the longevity protein FOXO/DAF-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit Putker
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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286
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Garcia MA, Alvarez MS, Sailem H, Bousgouni V, Sero J, Bakal C. Differential RNAi screening provides insights into the rewiring of signalling networks during oxidative stress. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:2605-13. [PMID: 22790786 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are a natural by-product of cellular growth and proliferation, and are required for fundamental processes such as protein-folding and signal transduction. However, ROS accumulation, and the onset of oxidative stress, can negatively impact cellular and genomic integrity. Signalling networks have evolved to respond to oxidative stress by engaging diverse enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to restore redox homeostasis. The architecture of oxidative stress response networks during periods of normal growth, and how increased ROS levels dynamically reconfigure these networks are largely unknown. In order to gain insight into the structure of signalling networks that promote redox homeostasis we first performed genome-scale RNAi screens to identify novel suppressors of superoxide accumulation. We then infer relationships between redox regulators by hierarchical clustering of phenotypic signatures describing how gene inhibition affects superoxide levels, cellular viability, and morphology across different genetic backgrounds. Genes that cluster together are likely to act in the same signalling pathway/complex and thus make "functional interactions". Moreover we also calculate differential phenotypic signatures describing the difference in cellular phenotypes following RNAi between untreated cells and cells submitted to oxidative stress. Using both phenotypic signatures and differential signatures we construct a network model of functional interactions that occur between components of the redox homeostasis network, and how such interactions become rewired in the presence of oxidative stress. This network model predicts a functional interaction between the transcription factor Jun and the IRE1 kinase, which we validate in an orthogonal assay. We thus demonstrate the ability of systems-biology approaches to identify novel signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Arias Garcia
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, UK.
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287
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Gillmaier N, Götz A, Schulz A, Eisenreich W, Goebel W. Metabolic responses of primary and transformed cells to intracellular Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52378. [PMID: 23285016 PMCID: PMC3528701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic response of host cells, in particular of primary mammalian cells, to bacterial infections is poorly understood. Here, we compare the carbon metabolism of primary mouse macrophages and of established J774A.1 cells upon Listeria monocytogenes infection using (13)C-labelled glucose or glutamine as carbon tracers. The (13)C-profiles of protein-derived amino acids from labelled host cells and intracellular L. monocytogenes identified active metabolic pathways in the different cell types. In the primary cells, infection with live L. monocytogenes increased glycolytic activity and enhanced flux of pyruvate into the TCA cycle via pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, while in J774A.1 cells the already high glycolytic and glutaminolytic activities hardly changed upon infection. The carbon metabolism of intracellular L. monocytogenes was similar in both host cells. Taken together, the data suggest that efficient listerial replication in the cytosol of the host cells mainly depends on the glycolytic activity of the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gillmaier
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Götz
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Anette Schulz
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Werner Goebel
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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288
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Hung CM, Garcia-Haro L, Sparks CA, Guertin DA. mTOR-dependent cell survival mechanisms. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008771. [PMID: 23124837 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a conserved regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival. In cells, mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have distinct upstream regulatory signals and downstream substrates. mTORC1 directly senses cellular nutrient availability while indirectly sensing circulating nutrients through growth factor signaling pathways. Cellular stresses that restrict growth also impinge on mTORC1 activity. mTORC2 is less well understood and appears only to sense growth factors. As an integrator of diverse growth regulatory signals, mTOR evolved to be a central signaling hub for controlling cellular metabolism and energy homoeostasis, and defects in mTOR signaling are important in the pathologies of cancer, diabetes, and aging. Here we discuss mechanisms by which each mTOR complex might regulate cell survival in response to metabolic and other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Min Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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289
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Yan H, Chang H. Antioxidant and antitumor activities of selenium- and zinc-enriched oyster mushroom in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:236-41. [PMID: 22639385 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Selenium and zinc are well-known essential trace elements with potent biological functions. However, the possible health benefits of the combined administration of dietary selenium and zinc have not been studied extensively. In this study, we prepared selenium- and zinc-enriched mushrooms (SZMs) containing increased levels of selenium and zinc. The effects of SZMs on antioxidant and antitumor activities were evaluated. Mice were fed with either a control diet or a diet supplemented with SZMs or sodium selenite and zinc sulfate for 6 weeks. Antioxidant capacity was investigated by measuring the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of lipid peroxide products. Results showed that treatment with SZMs significantly increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and lipofuscin. Furthermore, using a mouse model of lung tumors, we found that SZMs significantly decreased the number of tumor nodes with an increase in the activity of GPx. SZMs had a greater effect on the increase in both antioxidant and antitumor activities than did sodium selenite and zinc sulfate. These findings suggest that SZMs may be effective for improving antioxidant capacity and preventing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Yan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
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290
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Zhou S, Liu R, Yuan K, Yi T, Zhao X, Huang C, Wei Y. Proteomics analysis of tumor microenvironment: Implications of metabolic and oxidative stresses in tumorigenesis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 32:267-311. [PMID: 23165949 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is always concomitant with microenvironmental alterations. The tumor microenvironment is a heterogeneous and complex milieu, which exerts a variety of stresses on tumor cells for proliferation, survival, or death. Recently, accumulated evidence revealed that metabolic and oxidative stresses both play significant roles in tumor development and progression that converge on a common autophagic pathway. Tumor cells display increased metabolic autonomy, and the hallmark is the exploitation of aerobic glycolysis (termed Warburg effect), which increased glucose consumption and decreased oxidative phosphorylation to support growth and proliferation. This characteristic renders cancer cells more aggressive; they devour tremendous amounts of nutrients from microenvironment to result in an ever-growing appetite for new tumor vessel formation and the release of more "waste," including key determinants of cell fate like lactate and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intracellular ROS level of cancer cells can also be modulated by a variety of stimuli in the tumor microenvironment, such as pro-growth and pro-inflammatory factors. The intracellular redox state serves as a double-edged sword in tumor development and progression: ROS overproduction results in cytotoxic effects and might lead to apoptotic cell death, whereas certain level of ROS can act as a second-messenger for regulation of such cellular processes as cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. The molecular mechanisms for cancer cell responses to metabolic and oxidative stresses are complex and are likely to involve multiple molecules or signaling pathways. In addition, the expression and modification of these proteins after metabolic or oxidative stress challenge are diverse in different cancer cells and endow them with different functions. Therefore, MS-based high-throughput platforms, such as proteomics, are indispensable in the global analysis of cancer cell responses to metabolic and oxidative stress. Herein, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of the metabolic and oxidative stresses associated with tumor progression with proteomics-based systems biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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291
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Kamiński MM, Sauer SW, Kamiński M, Opp S, Ruppert T, Grigaravičius P, Grudnik P, Gröne HJ, Krammer PH, Gülow K. T cell activation is driven by an ADP-dependent glucokinase linking enhanced glycolysis with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1300-15. [PMID: 23168256 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-originating reactive oxygen species (ROS) control T cell receptor (TCR)-induced gene expression. Here, we show that TCR-triggered activation of ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK), an alternative, glycolytic enzyme typical for Archaea, mediates generation of the oxidative signal. We also show that ADPGK is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and suggest that its active site protrudes toward the cytosol. The ADPGK-driven increase in glycolytic metabolism coincides with TCR-induced glucose uptake, downregulation of mitochondrial respiration, and deviation of glycolysis toward mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPD) shuttle; i.e., a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis similar to the Warburg effect. The activation of respiratory-chain-associated GPD2 results in hyperreduction of ubiquinone and ROS release from mitochondria. In parallel, mitochondrial bioenergetics and ultrastructure are altered. Downregulation of ADPGK or GPD2 abundance inhibits oxidative signal generation and induction of NF-κB-dependent gene expression, whereas overexpression of ADPGK potentiates them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin M Kamiński
- Division of Immunogenetics (D030), Tumour Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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292
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Luo W, Semenza GL. Emerging roles of PKM2 in cell metabolism and cancer progression. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:560-6. [PMID: 22824010 PMCID: PMC3466350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased conversion of glucose to lactate is a key feature of many cancer cells that promotes rapid growth. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression is increased and facilitates lactate production in cancer cells. Modulation of PKM2 catalytic activity also regulates the synthesis of DNA and lipids that are required for cell proliferation, and of NADPH that is required for redox homeostasis. In addition to its role as a pyruvate kinase, PKM2 also functions as a protein kinase and as a transcriptional coactivator. These biochemical activities are controlled by allosteric regulators and post-translational modifications of PKM2 that include acetylation, oxidation, phosphorylation, prolyl hydroxylation, and sumoylation. Given its pleiotropic effects on cancer biology, PKM2 represents an attractive target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Luo
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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293
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Johnson ES, Kornbluth S. Life, death, and the metabolically controlled protein acetylome. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:876-80. [PMID: 23103123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The complex signaling pathways that control cellular fate can be intimately influenced by metabolic status. Although the ability of nutrients to influence intracellular decisions has been appreciated for some time, the complex signaling mechanisms linking metabolic inputs to cell proliferation and death are not fully understood. An emerging theme in the literature is that intracellular metabolite levels can directly influence cell fate decisions through modulation of nutrient-derived protein modifications. It appears that varying the level of intracellular metabolites can alter the abundance of post-translational modifications, both by altering the availability of donor substrates and changing the activity of the nutrient-sensitive enzymes regulating these reactions. We focus here on protein acetylation, a modification that can modulate both cell proliferation and cell death in response to changes in extracellular nutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Segear Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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294
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Guo XL, Li D, Sun K, Wang J, Liu Y, Song JR, Zhao QD, Zhang SS, Deng WJ, Zhao X, Wu MC, Wei LX. Inhibition of autophagy enhances anticancer effects of bevacizumab in hepatocarcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:473-83. [PMID: 23052483 PMCID: PMC3611041 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors have long been considered desirable anticancer agents. However, it was found that many tumors could develop resistance to antiangiogenesis inhibitors. Antiangiogenic therapy results in metabolic stress. Autophagy is an important survival mechanism in cancer cells under metabolic stress; however, it remains unknown if autophagy contributes to antiangiogenesis resistance. In this study, we reported that bevacizumab treatment reduced the development of new blood vessels and inhibited cell growth in xenografts of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors. Bevacizumab treatment also upregulated expression of the autophagy-related genes (Beclin1 and LC3) and increased autophagosome formation. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that autophagy inhibition significantly increased apoptosis of HCC cells during nutrient starvation or hypoxia. In addition, the combined treatment of an autophagy inhibitor and bevacizumab markedly inhibited the tumor growth of HCC xenografts, led to enhanced apoptosis, and impaired the proliferation of tumor cells compared with treatment with either drug alone. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition led to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HCC cells exposed to nutrient starvation or hypoxia in vitro and increased DNA oxidative damage in vivo. Antioxidants reduced nutrient starvation or the hypoxia-induced cell death of HCC cells after autophagy inhibition. Our results suggest that autophagy modulates ROS generation and contributes to cell survival under metabolic stress. Therefore, autophagy inhibition may be a novel way of increasing the efficicacy of antiangiogenic agents in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ling Guo
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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295
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Role of peroxisomes in ROS/RNS-metabolism: Implications for human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1363-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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296
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Altman BJ, Rathmell JC. Metabolic stress in autophagy and cell death pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a008763. [PMID: 22952396 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and oncogenic kinases play important roles in stimulating cell growth during development and transformation. These processes have significant energetic and synthetic requirements and it is apparent that a central function of growth signals is to promote glucose metabolism to support these demands. Because metabolic pathways represent a fundamental aspect of cell proliferation and survival, there is considerable interest in targeting metabolism as a means to eliminate cancer. A challenge, however, is that molecular links between metabolic stress and cell death are poorly understood. Here we review current literature on how cells cope with metabolic stress and how autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis are tightly linked to cell metabolism. Ultimately, understanding of the interplay between nutrients, autophagy, and cell death will be a key component in development of new treatment strategies to exploit the altered metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Altman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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297
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Ploessl K, Wang L, Lieberman BP, Qu W, Kung HF. Comparative evaluation of 18F-labeled glutamic acid and glutamine as tumor metabolic imaging agents. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1616-24. [PMID: 22935578 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (18)F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-l-glutamine (4F-GLN) has demonstrated high uptake in tumor cells that undergo high growth and proliferation. Similar tumor targeting properties have also been observed for (18)F-labeled (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-l-glutamate (4F-GLU), suggesting that both are useful imaging agents. A new labeling procedure facilitates the preparation of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU with confirmed radiochemical and enantiomeric purity. Here, we report the preparation and comparative evaluation of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU as tumor metabolic imaging agents. METHODS Uptake of enantiomerically pure (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU was determined in 3 tumor cell lines (9L, SF188, and PC-3) at selected time points. The in vitro cell uptake mechanism was evaluated by inhibition studies in 9L cells. In vivo biodistribution and PET studies were performed on male F344 rats bearing 9L tumor xenografts. RESULTS In vitro cell uptake studies showed that (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN displayed higher uptake than (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Amino acid transport system ASC (alanine-serine-cysteine-preferring; in particular, its subtype ASCT2 [SLC1A5 gene]) and system X(c)(-) (SLC7A11 gene) played an important role in transporting (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, respectively, across the membrane. After being transported into cells, a large percentage of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN was incorporated into protein, whereas (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU mainly remained as the free amino acid in its original form. In vivo studies of (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN in the 9L tumor model showed a higher tumor uptake than (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, whereas (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU had a slightly higher tumor-to-background ratio than (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN. Imaging studies showed that both tracers had fast accumulation in 9L tumors. Compared with (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU, (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN exhibited prolonged tumor retention reflecting its incorporation into intracellular macromolecules. CONCLUSION Differences in uptake and metabolism in tumor cells were found between (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLN and (18)F-(2S,4R)4F-GLU. Both agents are potentially useful as metabolic tracers for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ploessl
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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298
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Lin TC, Chen YR, Kensicki E, Li AYJ, Kong M, Li Y, Mohney RP, Shen HM, Stiles B, Mizushima N, Lin LI, Ann DK. Autophagy: resetting glutamine-dependent metabolism and oxygen consumption. Autophagy 2012; 8:1477-93. [PMID: 22906967 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that functions in recycling and degrading cellular proteins, and is also induced as an adaptive response to the increased metabolic demand upon nutrient starvation. However, the prosurvival role of autophagy in response to metabolic stress due to deprivation of glutamine, the most abundant nutrient for mammalian cells, is not well understood. Here, we demonstrated that when extracellular glutamine was withdrawn, autophagy provided cells with sub-mM concentrations of glutamine, which played a critical role in fostering cell metabolism. Moreover, we uncovered a previously unknown connection between metabolic responses to ATG5 deficiency and glutamine deprivation, and revealed that WT and atg5 (-/-) MEFs utilized both common and distinct metabolic pathways over time during glutamine deprivation. Although the early response of WT MEFs to glutamine deficiency was similar in many respects to the baseline metabolism of atg5 (-/-) MEFs, there was a concomitant decrease in the levels of essential amino acids and branched chain amino acid catabolites in WT MEFs after 6 h of glutamine withdrawal that distinguished them from the atg5 (-/-) MEFs. Metabolomic profiling, oxygen consumption and pathway focused quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that autophagy and glutamine utilization were reciprocally regulated to couple metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming. These findings provide key insights into the critical prosurvival role of autophagy in maintaining mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cell growth during metabolic stress caused by glutamine deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chin Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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299
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Cannizzo ES, Clement CC, Morozova K, Valdor R, Kaushik S, Almeida LN, Follo C, Sahu R, Cuervo AM, Macian F, Santambrogio L. Age-related oxidative stress compromises endosomal proteostasis. Cell Rep 2012; 2:136-49. [PMID: 22840404 PMCID: PMC3408590 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is an imbalance between production and clearance of reactive oxygen species and increased levels of oxidatively damaged biomolecules. Herein, we demonstrate that splenic and nodal antigen-presenting cells purified from aging mice accumulate oxidatively modified proteins with side-chain carbonylation, advanced glycation end products, and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, we show that the endosomal accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins interferes with the efficient processing of exogenous antigens and degradation of macroautophagy-delivered proteins. In support of a causative role for oxidized products in the inefficient immune response, a decrease in oxidative stress improved the adaptive immune response to immunizing antigens. These findings underscore a previously unrecognized negative effect of age-dependent changes in cellular proteostasis on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira S. Cannizzo
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Cristina C. Clement
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Kateryna Morozova
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Rut Valdor
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Larissa N. Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Carlo Follo
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ranjit Sahu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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300
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Pathological neoangiogenesis depends on oxidative stress regulation by ATM. Nat Med 2012; 18:1208-16. [PMID: 22797809 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR), acts as a barrier to cellular senescence and tumorigenesis. Aside from DDR signaling, ATM also functions in oxidative defense. Here we show that Atm in mice is activated specifically in immature vessels in response to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Global or endothelial-specific Atm deficiency in mice blocked pathological neoangiogenesis in the retina. This block resulted from increased amounts of ROS and excessive activation of the mitogen activated kinase p38α rather than from defects in the canonical DDR pathway. Atm deficiency also lowered tumor angiogenesis and enhanced the antiangiogenic action of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) blockade. These data suggest that pathological neoangiogenesis requires ATM-mediated oxidative defense and that agents that promote excessive ROS generation may have beneficial effects in the treatment of neovascular disease.
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