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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Probiotics are living bacteria, which when ingested in adequate amounts, confer health benefits. Gut microbes are suggested to play a role in many psychiatric disorders and could be a potential therapeutic target. Between the gut and the brain, there is a bi-directional communication pathway called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The purpose of this review is to examine data from recent interventional studies focusing on probiotics and the gut-brain axis for the treatment of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Probiotics are likely to improve depression but not schizophrenia. Regarding anxiety, there is only one trial which showed an effect of a multispecies probiotic. However, determinants like the duration of treatment, dosage and interactions have not been thoroughly investigated and deserve more scientific attention. Microbiome-based therapies such as probiotics could be cautiously recommended for depression to enhance beneficial bacteria in the gut and to improve mood through the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mörkl
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mary I Butler
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Holl
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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The HPA axis dysregulation in severe mental illness: Can we shift the blame to gut microbiota? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109951. [PMID: 32335265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that patients with severe mental disorders, including major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia present with various alterations of the gut microbiota and increased intestinal permeability. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and subclinical inflammation have been reported in this group of patients. Although it has been found that the HPA axis dysregulation appears as a consequence of psychosocial stress, especially traumatic life events, the exact mechanisms of this observation remain unclear. Animal model studies have unraveled several mechanisms linking the gut microbiota with the HPA axis dysfunction. Indeed, the gut microbiota can activate the HPA axis through several mediators that cross the blood-brain barrier and include microbial antigens, cytokines and prostaglandins. There is also evidence that various microbial species can affect ileal corticosterone production that may impact the activity of the HPA axis. However, some metabolites released by various microbes, e.g., short-chain fatty acids, can attenuate the HPA axis response. Moreover, several bacteria release neurotransmitters that can directly interact with vagal afferents. It has been postulated that the HPA axis activation can impact the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability. In this article, we discuss various mechanisms linking the gut microbiota with the HPA axis activity and summarize current evidence for a cross-talk between the gut-brain axis and the HPA axis from studies of patients with mood and psychotic disorders. Finally, we show potential clinical implications that can arise from future studies investigating the HPA axis activity with respect to the gut microbiota in severe mental disorders.
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Reiter A, Bengesser SA, Hauschild AC, Birkl-Töglhofer AM, Fellendorf FT, Platzer M, Färber T, Seidl M, Mendel LM, Unterweger R, Lenger M, Mörkl S, Dalkner N, Birner A, Queissner R, Hamm C, Maget A, Pilz R, Kohlhammer-Dohr A, Wagner-Skacel J, Kreuzer K, Schöggl H, Amberger-Otti D, Lahousen T, Leitner-Afschar B, Haybäck J, Kapfhammer HP, Reininghaus E. Interleukin-6 Gene Expression Changes after a 4-Week Intake of a Multispecies Probiotic in Major Depressive Disorder-Preliminary Results of the PROVIT Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2575. [PMID: 32858844 PMCID: PMC7551871 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent disease, in which one third of sufferers do not respond to antidepressants. Probiotics have the potential to be well-tolerated and cost-efficient treatment options. However, the molecular pathways of their effects are not fully elucidated yet. Based on previous literature, we assume that probiotics can positively influence inflammatory mechanisms. We aimed at analyzing the effects of probiotics on gene expression of inflammation genes as part of the randomized, placebo-controlled, multispecies probiotics PROVIT study in Graz, Austria. Fasting blood of 61 inpatients with MDD was collected before and after four weeks of probiotic intake or placebo. We analyzed the effects on gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In IL-6 we found no significant main effects for group (F(1,44) = 1.33, p = ns) nor time (F(1,44) = 0.00, p = ns), but interaction was significant (F(1,44) = 5.67, p < 0.05). The intervention group showed decreasing IL-6 gene expression levels while the placebo group showed increasing gene expression levels of IL-6. Probiotics could be a useful additional treatment in MDD, due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Results of the current study are promising, but further studies are required to investigate the beneficial effects of probiotic interventions in depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Reiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Susanne A. Bengesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Anne-Christin Hauschild
- Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Anna-Maria Birkl-Töglhofer
- Institute for Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.B.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Frederike T. Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Martina Platzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Tanja Färber
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Seidl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Lilli-Marie Mendel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Renate Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Armin Birner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Robert Queissner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Carlo Hamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Alexander Maget
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Rene Pilz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Alexandra Kohlhammer-Dohr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Jolana Wagner-Skacel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Kathrin Kreuzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Helmut Schöggl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Daniela Amberger-Otti
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Theresa Lahousen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Birgitta Leitner-Afschar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Johannes Haybäck
- Institute for Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (A.-M.B.-T.); (J.H.)
| | - Hans-Peter Kapfhammer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Eva Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.R.); (F.T.F.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (L.-M.M.); (R.U.); (M.L.); (S.M.); (N.D.); (A.B.); (R.Q.); (C.H.); (A.M.); (R.P.); (A.K.-D.); (J.W.-S.); (K.K.); (H.S.); (D.A.-O.); (T.L.); (B.L.-A.); (H.-P.K.); (E.R.)
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EMİNOĞLU G. Beslenmenin Psikolojik Durum Üzerinde Olumlu ya da Olumsuz Etkisinin Araştırılması: Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Bir Anket Çalışması. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.762252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Stanhope J, Breed MF, Weinstein P. Exposure to greenspaces could reduce the high global burden of pain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109641. [PMID: 32447087 PMCID: PMC7207132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Painful conditions are among the leading causes of years lived with disability, and may increase following the coronavirus pandemic, which has led to temporary closure of some healthcare services for people with chronic pain. To reduce this burden, novel, cost-effective and accessible interventions are required. We propose that greenspace exposure may be one such intervention. Drawing on evidence from neuroscience, physiology, microbiology, and psychology, we articulate how and why exposure to greenspaces could improve pain outcomes and reduce the high global burden of pain. Greenspace exposure potentially provides opportunities to benefit from known or proposed health-enhancing components of nature, such as environmental microbiomes, phytoncides, negative air ions, sunlight, and the sights and sounds of nature itself. We review the established and potential links between these specific exposures and pain outcomes. While further research is required to determine possible causal links between greenspace exposure and pain outcomes, we suggest that there is already sufficient evidence to help reduce the global burden of pain by improving access and exposure to quality greenspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stanhope
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; School of Allied Health Science and Practice, The University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia; Healthy Urban Microbiome Initiative (HUMI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; Healthy Urban Microbiome Initiative (HUMI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, North Tce, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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Tabibnia G. An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:321-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Impaired Hypothalamic Microglial Activation in Offspring of Antibiotic-Treated Pregnant/Lactating Rats Is Attenuated by Prebiotic Oligofructose Co-Administration. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071085. [PMID: 32708167 PMCID: PMC7409116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the gut early in life is crucial for the development of the immune and nervous systems, as well as influencing metabolism and weight gain. While early life exposure to antibiotics can cause microbial dysbiosis, prebiotics are non-digestible substrates that selectively promote the growth of beneficial gut microbiota. Our objective was to examine the effects of dietary prebiotic administration on the consequences of maternal antibiotic intake on offspring body weight, behavior, and neuroimmune responses later in life. Sprague-Dawley rat dams were given low-dose penicillin (LDP), prebiotic fiber (10% oligofructose), or both, during the third week of pregnancy and throughout lactation. Anxiety-like behavior, weight gain, body composition, cecal microbiota composition, and microglial responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were assessed in offspring. Male and female prebiotic offspring had lower body weight compared to antibiotic offspring. Maternal antibiotic exposure resulted in lasting effects on select offspring microbiota including a lower relative abundance of Streptococcus, Lactococcus, and Eubacterium at 10 weeks of age. Maternal antibiotic use impaired microglial response to LPS in the hypothalamus compared to control, and this phenotype was reversed with prebiotic. Prebiotic fiber warrants further investigation as an adjunct to antibiotic use during pregnancy.
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Abstract
Poor nutrition may be a causal factor in the experience of low mood, and improving diet may help to protect not only the physical health but also the mental health of the population, say Joseph Firth and colleagues
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - James E Gangwisch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Borisini
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Chao L, Liu C, Sutthawongwadee S, Li Y, Lv W, Chen W, Yu L, Zhou J, Guo A, Li Z, Guo S. Effects of Probiotics on Depressive or Anxiety Variables in Healthy Participants Under Stress Conditions or With a Depressive or Anxiety Diagnosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Neurol 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32528399 PMCID: PMC7257376 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Probiotics have been associated with the treatment of depression and anxiety. However, the results reported in the literature have been inconsistent, and no meta-analysis specifically reported probiotics used on participants with varying levels of emotional state. Methods: This meta-analysis aimed to study the effectiveness of probiotics on anxious or depressive symptomatology for participants under stress conditions or with a depressive or anxiety disorder diagnosis. Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched through December 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The primary outcomes were depression and anxiety scores. Main inclusion criteria: RCTs of probiotics for participants with a mood or emotional disorder diagnosis or under stress situations; and all participants were adults (age ≥16 years); Assessed by the modified Jadad assessment scale found seven high-quality studies and three low-quality studies. Results: Ten clinical trials (n = 685 total participants) were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All studies were assessed as low or moderate risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed that probiotics could significantly reduce the depression scale for patients with anxiety and depression, and healthy participants under stress. However, there was no significant difference between the probiotics and placebo groups in the reduction of patient anxiety scores, even if they are depressive or anxious patients or healthy participants under stress. Subgroup analysis revealed that probiotics had significant effect on depressive symptoms just in patients with depression, and no significant change in anxiety in patients, and no improvement in participant performance under stress. Conclusions: Probiotics could alleviate depressive symptoms in patients with a depression diagnosis or depression scores also in anxiety disorder diagnosis, and suggesting that probiotics may be adjunct therapies for mood or emotional disorders. Therefore, it is essential that probiotics could be more involved in the treatment of patients with depression in the future. The evidence of probiotics successfully treating depression is still insufficient, and more high-quality studies on patients with depression are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yuefei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linzeng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shining Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Butler MI, Bastiaanssen TFS, Long-Smith C, Berding K, Morkl S, Cusack AM, Strain C, Busca K, Porteous-Allen P, Claesson MJ, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Allen D, Dinan TG. Recipe for a Healthy Gut: Intake of Unpasteurised Milk Is Associated with Increased Lactobacillus Abundance in the Human Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051468. [PMID: 32438623 PMCID: PMC7285075 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gut microbiota plays a role in gut-brain communication and can influence psychological functioning. Diet is one of the major determinants of gut microbiota composition. The impact of unpasteurised dairy products on the microbiota is unknown. In this observational study, we investigated the effect of a dietary change involving intake of unpasteurised dairy on gut microbiome composition and psychological status in participants undertaking a residential 12-week cookery course on an organic farm. METHODS Twenty-four participants completed the study. The majority of food consumed during their stay originated from the organic farm itself and included unpasteurised milk and dairy products. At the beginning and end of the course, participants provided faecal samples and completed self-report questionnaires on a variety of parameters including mood, anxiety and sleep. Nutrient intake was monitored with a food frequency questionnaire. Gut microbiota analysis was performed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. RESULTS Relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus increased significantly between pre- and post-course time points. This increase was associated with participants intake of unpasteurised milk and dairy products. An increase in the faecal SCFA, valerate, was observed along with an increase in the functional richness of the microbiome profile, as determined by measuring the predictive neuroactive potential using a gut-brain module approach. CONCLUSIONS While concerns in relation to safety need to be considered, intake of unpasteurised milk and dairy products appear to be associated with the growth of the probiotic bacterial genus, Lactobacillus, in the human gut. More research is needed on the effect of dietary changes on gut microbiome composition, in particular in relation to the promotion of bacterial genera, such as Lactobacillus, which are recognised as being beneficial for a range of physical and mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary I. Butler
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-0-21-4901224
| | - Thomaz F. S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Long-Smith
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
| | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
| | - Sabrina Morkl
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anne-Marie Cusack
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
| | - Conall Strain
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Teagasc Food Research Programme, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Kizkitza Busca
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Teagasc Food Research Programme, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Penny Porteous-Allen
- Ballymaloe Cookery School, Organic Farm and Gardens, Shanagarry, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (P.P.-A.); (D.A.)
| | - Marcus J. Claesson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Teagasc Food Research Programme, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Darina Allen
- Ballymaloe Cookery School, Organic Farm and Gardens, Shanagarry, Co. Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (P.P.-A.); (D.A.)
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland; (T.F.S.B.); (C.L.-S.); (K.B.); (S.M.); (A.-M.C.); (C.S.); (K.B.); (M.J.C.); (C.S.); (J.F.C.); (T.G.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
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Karbownik MS, Kręczyńska J, Kwarta P, Cybula M, Wiktorowska-Owczarek A, Kowalczyk E, Pietras T, Szemraj J. Effect of Supplementation with Saccharomyces Boulardii on Academic Examination Performance and Related Stress in Healthy Medical Students: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051469. [PMID: 32438624 PMCID: PMC7284642 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bacterial probiotic dietary supplementation has emerged as a promising way to improve cognition and to alleviate stress and anxiety; however, yeast probiotics have not been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 30-day supplementation with Saccharomyces boulardii enhances academic performance under stress and affects stress markers. The trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03427515). Healthy medical students were randomized to supplement their diet with Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 or placebo before sitting for an academic examination, which served as a model of stress. The grades of a final examination adjusted to subject knowledge tested in non-stressful conditions was used as a primary outcome measure. Psychometrically evaluated state anxiety, cortisol and metanephrine salivary levels, and pulse rate were tested at a non-stressful time point before the intervention as well as just before the stressor. Fifty enrolled participants (22.6 ± 1.4 years of age, 19 males) completed the trial in the Saccharomyces and placebo arms. Supplementation with Saccharomyces did not significantly modify examination performance or increase in state anxiety, salivary cortisol, and metanephrine. However, the intervention resulted in higher increase in pulse rate under stress as compared to placebo by 10.4 (95% CI 4.2–16.6) min−1 (p = 0.0018), and the effect positively correlated with increase in salivary metanephrine (Pearson’s r = 0.35, 95% CI 0.09–0.58, p = 0.012). An intention-to-treat analysis was in line with the per-protocol one. In conclusion, supplementation with Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 appears largely ineffective in improving academic performance under stress and in alleviating some stress markers, but it seems to increase pulse rate under stress, which may hypothetically reflect enhanced sympathoadrenal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Seweryn Karbownik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.W.-O.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-52-91
| | - Joanna Kręczyńska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Paulina Kwarta
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Łódź, Medical University of Lodz, Piłsudskiego 71, 90-329 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Cybula
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging and Metabolism Program, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Anna Wiktorowska-Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.W.-O.); (E.K.)
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.W.-O.); (E.K.)
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University in Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Łódź, Poland;
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Clarke G. The gut microbiome and depression: finding a way through troubled waters where the river meets the sea. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:301-304. [PMID: 32271629 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1754796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland.,INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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Paiva IHR, Duarte-Silva E, Peixoto CA. The role of prebiotics in cognition, anxiety, and depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 34:1-18. [PMID: 32241688 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of the gut microbial composition, defined as dysbiosis, has been associated with many neurological disorders with inflammatory components. The alteration of the gut microbiota leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with metabolic diseases (such as obesity and type 2 diabetes), autoimmune arthritis, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible carbohydrates and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, exert beneficial effects on improving dysbiosis and its associated inflammatory state. Preclinical and clinical data indicated that some prebiotics also have positive impacts on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the modulation of neuroinflammation and thus may have a key role in the modulation of cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. The present manuscript reviews the state-of-art of the effects of prebiotics in cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depressive disorders. Data from clinical studies are still scarce, and further clinical trials are needed to corroborate the potential therapeutic cognitive, antidepressant, and anxiolytic of prebiotics. Prebiotics may provide patients suffering from cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety with a new tool to minimize disease symptoms and increase the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Henrique R Paiva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil
| | - Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Fond GB, Lagier JC, Honore S, Lancon C, Korchia T, Verville PLSD, Llorca PM, Auquier P, Guedj E, Boyer L. Microbiota-Orientated Treatments for Major Depression and Schizophrenia. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041024. [PMID: 32276499 PMCID: PMC7230529 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and significance. There is a need to develop new hypothesis-driven treatment for both both major depression (MD) and schizophrenia in which the risk of depression is 5 times higher than the general population. Major depression has been also associated with poor illness outcomes including pain, metabolic disturbances, and less adherence. Conventional antidepressants are partly effective, and 44% of the subjects remain unremitted under treatment. Improving MD treatment efficacy is thus needed to improve the SZ prognosis. Microbiota-orientated treatments are currently one of the most promising tracks. Method. This work is a systematic review synthetizing data of arguments to develop microbiota-orientated treatments (including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)) in major depression and schizophrenia. Results. The effectiveness of probiotic administration in MD constitutes a strong evidence for developing microbiota-orientated treatments. Probiotics have yielded medium-to-large significant effects on depressive symptoms, but it is still unclear if the effect is maintained following probiotic discontinuation. Several factors may limit MD improvement when using probiotics, including the small number of bacterial strains administered in probiotic complementary agents, as well as the presence of a disturbed gut microbiota that probably limits the probiotics’ impact. FMT is a safe technique enabling to improve microbiota in several gut disorders. The benefit/risk ratio of FMT has been discussed and has been recently improved by capsule administration. Conclusion. Cleaning up the gut microbiota by transplanting a totally new human gut microbiota in one shot, which is referred to as FMT, is likely to strongly improve the efficacy of microbiota-orientated treatments in MD and schizophrenia and maintain the effect over time. This hypothesis should be tested in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume B. Fond
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut Hospitalo Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Stéphane Honore
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Christophe Lancon
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Théo Korchia
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Pierre-Louis Sunhary De Verville
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
| | | | - Pascal Auquier
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Eric Guedj
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Marseille, UMR 7249, Institut Fresnel, Département de médecine nucléaire, CERIMED, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Department de Psychiatrie universitaire, EA 3279: Aix-Marseille Université, CEReSS—Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; (S.H.); (C.L.); (T.K.); (P.-L.S.D.V.); (P.A.); (L.B.)
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Sanada K, Nakajima S, Kurokawa S, Barceló-Soler A, Ikuse D, Hirata A, Yoshizawa A, Tomizawa Y, Salas-Valero M, Noda Y, Mimura M, Iwanami A, Kishimoto T. Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 266:1-13. [PMID: 32056863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing attention has been paid to the field of gut microbiota for mental disorders over the last decade. However, to our knowledge, no studies have conducted systematic reviews on the association between gut microbiota and major depressive disorder (MDD) in both interventional and non-interventional studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies (10 observational [701 participants] and six interventional trials [302 participants]) examining gut microbiota in patients with MDD. The primary outcome measures were differences in the profile of microbiota in the observational studies, and symptom changes for depression between pre- and post-intervention with probiotics in the interventional trials. RESULTS In the observational studies, significant reductions in several taxa at the family and genus levels were observed in patients with MDD compared to non-depressed controls. In the interventional studies with probiotics, a significant improvement was found in depressive symptomatology compared to controls (SMD = -1.62, 95% CI = -2.73 to -0.51, p< 0.01). LIMITATIONS Lack of consideration of the effects of diet and pharmacotherapy was a possible limitation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that several taxa at the family and genus levels, specifically family Prevotellaceae, genus Corprococcus, and Faecalibacterium, were decreased in MDD compared to non-depressed controls in observational studies, and depressive symptoms were improved compared to controls in interventional studies with probiotics. Due to the limited number of studies, further studies considering diet and pharmacotherapy are needed to explore the relationships between gut microbiota and MDD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sanada
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Kurokawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alberto Barceló-Soler
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, Madrid, Spain; Aragon Institute for Health Research, IIS Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daisuke Ikuse
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Hirata
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshizawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tomizawa
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Iwanami
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishiro Kishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Fond G, Young AH, Godin O, Messiaen M, Lançon C, Auquier P, Boyer L. Improving diet for psychiatric patients : High potential benefits and evidence for safety. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:567-569. [PMID: 31757621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychonutrition, i.e. the impact of diet on mental health, is an emerging field of psychiatry. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present letter was to highlight recent findings in the field to guide nutritional interventions in psychiatry. METHOD An overview of the most recent meta-analyses in the field of psychonutrition in severe mental disorders has been carried out. RESULTS The Mediterranean diet showed the best evidence for effectiveness in diminishing the incidence of depressive symptomatology Complementary agents were found to be associated with lower depression levels (even in psychiatric populations): omegas 3 fatty acids, vitamin D, methylfolate and S-adenosylmethionine, all being found in high rates in the Mediterranean diet. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) has also been found to be associated with lower depression. Moreover, major depression has been associated with inflammatory disturbances and a diet with a low Dietary Inflammatory Index has also been shown to be associated with lower depression. These effects may be mediated by microbiota modifications and probiotic supplementation has been recently shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. A high protein diet may also be particularly useful in psychiatry. The high protein diet has shown effectiveness in weight loss and increasing satiety with no evidence for deleterious effects in subjects without chronic conditions like renal failure, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. A reduction of 20% of calorific intake +/- intermittent fasting (i.e. fasting for 12 to 16 h per day) may also improve microbiota and therefore psychiatric conditions. CONCLUSION In light of these findings, diet modifications appear to be an underutilized tool with which to improve the mental and physical health of psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Timone, EA 3279: CEReSS - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de vie, Hôpital La Conception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
| | - Allan H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Morgan Messiaen
- Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Timone, EA 3279: CEReSS - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de vie, Hôpital La Conception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Lançon
- Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Timone, EA 3279: CEReSS - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de vie, Hôpital La Conception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Auquier
- Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Timone, EA 3279: CEReSS - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de vie, Hôpital La Conception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Marseille Univ, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Timone, EA 3279: CEReSS - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Services de Santé et la Qualité de vie, Hôpital La Conception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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268
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Jaggar M, Rea K, Spichak S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. You've got male: Sex and the microbiota-gut-brain axis across the lifespan. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100815. [PMID: 31805290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex is a critical factor in the diagnosis and development of a number of mental health disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa and others; likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones and genetics. Recent evidence suggests that sex can also influence the complexity and diversity of microbes that we harbour in our gut; and reciprocally that our gut microbes can directly and indirectly influence sex steroid hormones and central gene activation. There is a growing emphasis on the role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the maintenance of mental health and their role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we introduce mechanisms by which gastrointestinal microbiota are thought to mediate positive health benefits along the gut-brain axis, we report how they may be modulated by sex, the role they play in sex steroid hormone regulation, and their sex-specific effects in various disorders relating to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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269
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Ghenciulescu A, Park RJ, Burnet PWJ. The Gut Microbiome in Anorexia Nervosa: Friend or Foe? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:611677. [PMID: 33510660 PMCID: PMC7835121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.611677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is emerging as a key modulator of homeostasis, with far-reaching implications for various multifactorial diseases, including anorexia nervosa (AN). Despite significant morbidity and mortality, the underlying mechanisms of this eating disorder are poorly understood, but the classical view defining AN as a purely psychiatric condition is increasingly being challenged. Accumulating evidence from comparative studies of AN and healthy fecal microbial composition reveals considerable low divergence and altered taxonomic abundance of the AN gut microbiome. When integrated with preclinical data, these findings point to a significant role of the gut microbiome in AN pathophysiology, via effects on host energy metabolism, intestinal permeability, immune function, appetite, and behavior. While complex causal relationships between genetic risk factors, dietary patterns and microbiome, and their relevance for AN onset and perpetuation have not been fully elucidated, preliminary clinical studies support the use of microbiome-based interventions such as fecal microbiota transplants and probiotics as adjuvants to standard AN therapies. Future research should aim to move from observational to mechanistic, as dissecting how specific microbial taxa interact with the host to impact the development of AN could help design novel therapeutic approaches that more effectively address the severe comorbidities and high relapse rate of this serious disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ghenciulescu
- Oxford Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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270
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Smith KS, Greene MW, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:963-977. [PMID: 31858898 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1701220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Altering the gut microflora may produce health benefits in individuals suffering from mood disorders. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics as a potential treatment for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (as psychobiotics).Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO, and Web of Science were utilized to identify and evaluate studies through October 31, 2019. Studies were included if subjects were evaluated for altered mood or stress levels at start of the study and consumed probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics for intervention.Results: Search results yielded 142 articles, while only 12 studies met all inclusion criteria. Nine of the 12 studies identified evaluated the efficacy of various probiotic strains, while only two evaluated synbiotics and one evaluated prebiotics. Six out of 12 studies found probiotics to reduce depression, while two studies found probiotics to reduce anxiety.Discussion: Translational research in this field is limited and further investigation of the efficacy of psychobiotics in mood disorders is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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271
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Fung TC. The microbiota-immune axis as a central mediator of gut-brain communication. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104714. [PMID: 31846737 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory disorders are associated with neurophysiological and behavioral symptoms. Conversely, many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are accompanied by intestinal complications. These observations suggest that intestinal and nervous system physiologies are functionally linked. Indeed, a growing body of literature has revealed multiple pathways mediating bidirectional communication between the intestine and the CNS, collectively referred to as the gut-brain axis. In particular, microbes naturally colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract, termed the gut microbiota, not only correlate with but also play a causative role in regulating CNS function, development and host behavior. Despite these findings, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate gut-brain communication remains in its infancy. However, members of the gut microbiota have been established as potent modulators of intestinal, systemic and CNS-resident immune cell function, suggesting that gut-brain interactions may involve the host immune system. Multiple CNS disorders with gut microbiota associations, including neuroinflammatory, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, also have significant inflammatory manifestations. In this review, I discuss recent advances exploring the role of microbiota-immune interactions as a critical regulator of the gut-brain axis in the context of CNS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Fung
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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272
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Butler MI, Mörkl S, Sandhu KV, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. The Gut Microbiome and Mental Health: What Should We Tell Our Patients?: Le microbiote Intestinal et la Santé Mentale : que Devrions-Nous dire à nos Patients? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:747-760. [PMID: 31530002 PMCID: PMC6882070 DOI: 10.1177/0706743719874168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic target for mental illness is a hot topic in psychiatry. Trillions of bacteria reside in the human gut and have been shown to play a crucial role in gut-brain communication through an influence on neural, immune, and endocrine pathways. Patients with various psychiatric disorders including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder have been shown to have significant differences in the composition of their gut microbiome. Enhancing beneficial bacteria in the gut, for example, through the use of probiotics, prebiotics, or dietary change, has the potential to improve mood and reduce anxiety in both healthy people and patient groups. Much attention is being given to this subject in the general media, and patients are becoming increasingly interested in the potential to treat mental illness with microbiome-based therapies. It is imperative that those working with people with mental illness are aware of the rationale and current evidence base for such treatment strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the gut microbiome, what it is, and what it does in relation to gut-brain communication and psychological function. We describe the fundamental principles and basic techniques used in microbiome-gut-brain axis research in an accessible way for a clinician audience. We summarize the current evidence in relation to microbiome-based strategies for various psychiatric disorders and provide some practical advice that can be given to patients seeking to try a probiotic for mental health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary I Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Department of Psychiatry and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Kiran V Sandhu
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
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273
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Lin A, Shih CT, Huang CL, Wu CC, Lin CT, Tsai YC. Hypnotic Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum PS150 TM on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2409. [PMID: 31600934 PMCID: PMC6836230 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system appears to be functionally linked to the intestinal microbiome, namely the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Probiotics with health benefits on psychiatric or neurological illnesses are generally called psychobiotics, and some of them may also be able to improve sleep by targeting the MGBA. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM (PS150TM), on sleep improvement by using a pentobarbital-induced sleep mouse model. Compared with the vehicle control group, the oral administration of PS150TM, but not the other L. fermentum strains, significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased the sleep duration of mice, suggesting strain-specific sleep-improving effects of PS150TM. Moreover, the ingestion of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine used to treat insomnia, as a drug control group, only increased the sleep duration of mice. We also found that the sleep-improving effects of PS150TM are time- and dose-dependent. Furthermore, the oral administration of PS150TM could attenuate a caffeine-induced sleep disturbance in mice, and PS150TM appeared to increase the expression of the gene encoding the adenosine 1 receptor in the hypothalamus of mice, as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, our results present a potential application of PS150TM as a dietary supplement for sleep improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Chung Mei Biopharma Co., Ltd., Taichung 40453, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | - Ching-Ting Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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274
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Lebovitz Y, Theus MH. Molecular Phenotyping and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Neuroactive Bacterium Strain, Lactobacillus murinus HU-1. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 31636567 PMCID: PMC6787272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonwoo Lebovitz
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Michelle H Theus
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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275
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Dagnino-Subiabre A. Stress and Western diets increase vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders: A common mechanism. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:624-634. [PMID: 31524571 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1661651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In modern lifestyle, stress and Western diets are two major environmental risk factors involved in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Lifelong interactions between stress, Western diets, and how they can affect brain physiology, remain unknown. A possible relation between dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), endocannabinoids, and stress is proposed. This review suggests that both Western diets and negative stress or distress increase n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the phospholipids of the plasma membrane in neurons, allowing an over-activation of the endocannabinoid system in the limbic areas that control emotions. As a consequence, an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is induced, which may affect the ability to synchronize brain areas involved in the control of stress responses. These alterations increase vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. Accordingly, dietary intake of n-3 PUFA would counter the effects of stress on the brain of stressed subjects. In conclusion, this article proposes that PUFA, endocannabinoids, and stress form a unique system which is self-regulated in limbic areas which in turn controls the effects of stress on the brain throughout a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Center for Neurobiology and Integrative Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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276
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie H. Taylor
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
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277
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Mladenova I. The potential involvement of human microbiota in osteoarthritis: encouraging data useful for future studies. Minerva Med 2019; 110:399-400. [PMID: 31124640 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.19.06147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Mladenova
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria -
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