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McEntire CR, Choudhury GR, Torres A, Steinberg GK, Redmond DE, Daadi MM. Impaired Arm Function and Finger Dexterity in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Stroke. Stroke 2016; 47:1109-16. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of upper extremity motor impairments. Although several well-characterized experimental stroke models exist, modeling of upper extremity motor impairments, which are unique to primates, is not well established. Cortical representation of dexterous movements in nonhuman primates is functionally and topographically similar to that in humans. In this study, we characterize the African green monkey model of focal ischemia reperfusion with a defined syndrome, impaired dexterous movements.
Methods—
Cerebral ischemia was induced by transient occlusion of the M3 segment of the left middle cerebral artery. Motor and cognitive functions after stroke were evaluated using the object retrieval task with barrier-detour. Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology were performed to map and characterize the infarct.
Results—
The middle cerebral artery occlusion consistently produced a necrotic infarct localized in the sensorimotor cortex in the middle cerebral artery territory. The infarction was reproducible and resulted in significant loss of fine motor function characterized by impaired dexterity. No significant cognitive impairment was detected. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology demonstrated consistent and significant loss of tissue on the left parietal cortex by the central sulcus covering the sensorimotor area. The results suggest that this species has less collateralization, which closely resembles humans.
Conclusions—
The reported nonhuman primate model produces a defined and reproducible syndrome relevant to our understanding of ischemic stroke, cortical representation, and sensorimotor integration controlling dexterous movements. This model will be useful in basic and translational research addressing loss of arm function and dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R.S. McEntire
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - Gourav R. Choudhury
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - April Torres
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - Gary K. Steinberg
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - D. Eugene Redmond
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (C.R.S.M., D.E.R.); Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX (G.R.C., A.T., M.M.D.); Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (G.K.S.); and St Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St Kitts, West Indies (D.E.R.)
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252
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Sun J, Tao S, Liu L, Guo D, Xia Z, Huang M. miR‑140‑5p regulates angiogenesis following ischemic stroke by targeting VEGFA. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4499-505. [PMID: 27035554 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA or miR) expression profiles are altered in tissues under hypoxic-ischemic conditions. The expression of miR‑140 is downregulated >2-fold following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, however, its role in angiogenesis subsequent to cerebral ischemia is not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-140-5p in angiogenesis and the molecular mechanism mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in an in vitro model for brain ischemia. A rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was constructed, and the results from reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-140‑5p were significantly decreased, while the expression levels of VEGFA were significantly increased between 12 and 48 h in the rat cerebral following MCAO. Furthermore, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to low oxygen conditions and it was demonstrated that hypoxia downregulated miR-140-5p and upregulated VEGFA expression levels. The miR-140-5p mimic was transfected into the normoxic and hypoxic HUVECs and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Transwell migration and tube formation assays were performed. The results indicated that miR‑140‑5p inhibited angiogenesis by decreasing cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Additionally, in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, results from the luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‑140‑5p directly targeted the 3' untranslated region of VEGFA and that miR‑140‑5p regulated the protein expression of VEGFA. To further analyze this effect, a VEGFA‑pEGFP‑C1 plasmid was transfected into the normoxic and hypoxic HUVECs, and it was revealed that the inhibitory effect of miR‑140‑5p on angiogenesis was attenuated by the overexpression of VEGFA. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to suggest that miR‑140‑5p exerts an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis in an in vitro model of ischemia, and this effect is achieved partially by targeting VEGFA. The present study provided a novel biomarker for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Sun
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Tao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Zhangyong Xia
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Neurology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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253
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Surapaneni S, Prakash T, Ansari M, Manjunath PM, Kotresha D, Goli D. Study on cerebroprotective actions of Clerodendron glandulosumleaves extract against long term bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:87-94. [PMID: 27133043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. The resulting burden on the society continues to grow, with increase in the incidence of stroke. Oxidative stress has been involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases including acute stroke.Focal and global cerebral ischemia represents diseases that are common in the human population.In recent years much attention is being paid towards the exploration of herbal preparation, antioxidant agents and combination therapies including COX-2 inhibitors in experimental model of stroke.Possible effect of a hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Clerodendron glandulosumColeb (C. glandulosum)on oxidant-antioxidant status in ischemia-hypoperfusion injury in the rat forebrain has been investigated.Healthy adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups (n=8). Group I was served as Sham control (normal saline 1ml/kg, orally), group II was served hypoperfusion control (normal saline 1ml/kg, orally), group III, group IV were served as hydroalcoholic extract treated (200 and 400mg/kg, orally) and group V was treated with Quercetin (10mg/kg, orally) for 14days to assess preventive and curative effects of C. glandulosum. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antioxidant. C. glandulosum extract (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o) was administered orally, once daily for a period of 2 weeks after the occlusion of BCCA. After 14th days rats were subjected to behavioral studies. After behavioral studies animals were sacrificed and brain was removed and homogenized. Estimation of Lipid peroxidation (LPO) Myeloperoxidase (MPO), estimation of protein levels and the activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), were performed. Infarct size and histopathological changes were observed in treated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Surapaneni
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, 560 107, Karnataka, India
| | - T Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, 560 107, Karnataka, India.
| | - MdAsif Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, 560 107, Karnataka, India
| | - P M Manjunath
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, 560 107, Karnataka, India
| | - D Kotresha
- Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012. Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Goli
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & B.M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, 560 107, Karnataka, India
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254
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Kremer KL, Smith AE, Sandeman L, Inglis JM, Ridding MC, Koblar SA. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Human Adult Stem Cells in the Mammalian Brain. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:17. [PMID: 27013982 PMCID: PMC4794489 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The burden of stroke on the community is growing, and therefore, so is the need for a therapy to overcome the disability following stroke. Cellular-based therapies are being actively investigated at a pre-clinical and clinical level. Studies have reported the beneficial effects of exogenous stem cell implantation, however, these benefits are also associated with limited survival of implanted stem cells. This exploratory study investigated the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a complementary therapy to increase stem cell survival following implantation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) in the rodent cortex. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and injected with 6 × 105 DPSC or control media via an intracranial injection, and then received real TMS (TMS0.2 Hz) or sham TMS (TMSsham) every 2nd day beginning on day 3 post DPSC injection for 2 weeks. Brain sections were analyzed for the survival, migration and differentiation characteristics of the implanted cells. Results: In animals treated with DPSC and TMS0.2 Hz there were significantly less implanted DPSC and those that survived remained in the original cerebral hemisphere compared to animals that received TMSsham. The surviving implanted DPSC in TMS0.2 Hz were also found to express the apoptotic marker Caspase-3. Conclusions: We suggest that TMS at this intensity may cause an increase in glutamate levels, which promotes an unfavorable environment for stem cell implantation, proliferation and differentiation. It should be noted that only one paradigm of TMS was tested as this was conducted as a exploratory study, and further TMS paradigms should be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlea L Kremer
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, The Stroke Research Programme, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ashleigh E Smith
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Science, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lauren Sandeman
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, The Stroke Research Programme, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joshua M Inglis
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, The Stroke Research Programme, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael C Ridding
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon A Koblar
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, The Stroke Research Programme, The University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
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255
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Marins FR, Limborço-Filho M, Xavier CH, Biancardi VC, Vaz GC, Stern JE, Oppenheimer SM, Fontes MAP. Functional topography of cardiovascular regulation along the rostrocaudal axis of the rat posterior insular cortex. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:484-93. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ribeiro Marins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; INCT; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Marcelo Limborço-Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; INCT; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Xavier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; INCT; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Gisele C Vaz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; INCT; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Javier E. Stern
- Department of Physiology; Georgia Regents University; Augusta GA USA
| | - Stephen M Oppenheimer
- Department of Neurology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Marco Antonio Peliky Fontes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; INCT; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
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256
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Nishimura Y, Abe R, Sasaki T, Ikegaya Y. Homeostatic changes in neuronal network oscillations in response to continuous hypoperfusion in the mouse forebrain. Neurosci Res 2016; 109:28-34. [PMID: 26945618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen tension. In this study, we examined the impact of hypoxic/ischemic conditions on neuronal ensemble activity patterns in the mouse brain using in vivo extracellular electrophysiological recordings from up to 8 sites in the thalamus, dorsal hippocampus, and neocortex, while cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by unilateral carotid artery occlusion. After a few minutes, the occlusion triggered a rapid change in the power of the local field oscillations. In the hippocampus, but not in the neocortex, the absolute power changes at all frequency ranges (relative to the baseline) became less pronounced with time, and no significant changes were observed 30min after the occlusion-induced hypoperfusion. We also tested whether continuous hypoperfusion induced by the occlusion for up to 1 week alters neuronal activity. In the hippocampus and the thalamus, the chronic occlusion did not lead to a reduction in the power of the local field oscillations. These results indicate that certain neuronal populations have the ability to maintain internal neurophysiological homeostasis against continuous hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Reimi Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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257
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Yoo SD, Park JS, Yun DH, Kim HS, Kim SK, Kim DH, Chon J, Je G, Kim YS, Chung JH, Chung SJ, Yeo JA. Polymorphism of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Affects the Clinical Phenotypes of Ischemic Stroke in Korean Population. Ann Rehabil Med 2016; 40:102-10. [PMID: 26949676 PMCID: PMC4775742 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2293054 [Ile734Ile], rs1047735 [His902His], rs2293044 [Val1353Val], rs2682826 (3'UTR) of nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) are associated with the development and clinical phenotypes of ischemic stroke. Methods We enrolled 120 ischemic stroke patients and 314 control subjects. Ischemic stroke patients were divided into subgroups according to the scores of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Survey (NIHSS, <6 and ≥6) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI, <60 and ≥60). SNPStats, SNPAnalyzer, and HelixTree programs were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to analyze genetic data. Results No SNPs of the NOS1 gene were found to be associated with ischemic stroke. However, in an analysis of clinical phenotypes, we found that rs2293054 was associated with the NIHSS scores of ischemic stroke patients in codominant (p=0.019), dominant (p=0.007), overdominant (p=0.033), and log-additive (p=0.0048) models. Also, rs2682826 revealed a significant association in the recessive model (p=0.034). In allele frequency analysis, we also found that the T alleles of rs2293054 were associated with lower NIHSS scores (p=0.007). Respectively, rs2293054 had a significant association in the MBI scores of ischemic stroke in codominant (p=0.038), dominant (p=0.031), overdominant (p=0.045), and log-additive (p=0.04) models. Conclusion These results suggest that NOS1 may be related to the clinical phenotypes of ischemic stroke in Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Don Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Sang Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Yun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Sang Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Kang Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinmann Chon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goun Je
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Joo-Ho Chung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Chung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ah Yeo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaion, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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258
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Abeysinghe HCS, Phillips EL, Chin-Cheng H, Beart PM, Roulston CL. Modulating Astrocyte Transition after Stroke to Promote Brain Rescue and Functional Recovery: Emerging Targets Include Rho Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:288. [PMID: 26927079 PMCID: PMC4813152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and serious condition, with few therapies. Whilst previous focus has been directed towards biochemical events within neurons, none have successfully prevented the progression of injury that occurs in the acute phase. New targeted treatments that promote recovery after stroke might be a better strategy and are desperately needed for the majority of stroke survivors. Cells comprising the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels and astrocytes, present an alternative target for supporting brain rescue and recovery in the late phase of stroke, since alteration in the unit also occurs in regions outside of the lesion. One of the major changes in the unit involves extensive morphological transition of astrocytes resulting in altered energy metabolism, decreased glutamate reuptake and recycling, and retraction of astrocyte end feed from both blood vessels and neurons. Whilst globally inhibiting transitional change in astrocytes after stroke is reported to result in further damage and functional loss, we discuss the available evidence to suggest that the transitional activation of astrocytes after stroke can be modulated for improved outcomes. In particular, we review the role of Rho-kinase (ROCK) in reactive gliosis and show that inhibiting ROCK after stroke results in reduced scar formation and improved functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Charika S Abeysinghe
- Neurotrauma Research, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Ellie L Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Insitute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Heung Chin-Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Insitute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Philip M Beart
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Neurotrauma Research, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
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259
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A novel approach for mechanical tissue characterization indicates decreased elastic strength in brain areas affected by experimental thromboembolic stroke. Neuroreport 2016; 26:583-7. [PMID: 26053700 PMCID: PMC4461357 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As treatment of ischemic stroke remains a challenge with respect to the failure of numerous neuroprotective attempts, there is an ongoing need for better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms causing tissue damage. Although ischemic outcomes have been studied extensively at the cellular and molecular level using histological and biochemical methods, properties of ischemia-affected brain tissue with respect to mechanical integrity have not been addressed so far. As a novel approach, this study used fluorescence-based detection of regions affected by experimental thromboembolic stroke in combination with scanning force microscopy to examine mechanical alterations in selected rat brain areas. Twenty-five hours after onset of ischemia, a decreased elastic strength in the striatum as the region primarily affected by ischemia was found compared with the contralateral nonaffected hemisphere. Additional intrahemispheric analyses showed decreased elastic strength in the ischemic border zone compared with the more severely affected striatum. In conclusion, these data strongly indicate a critical alteration in mechanical tissue integrity caused by focal cerebral ischemia. Further, on the basis of data that have been obtained in relation to the ischemic border zone, a shell-like pattern of mechanical tissue damage was found in good accordance with the penumbra concept. These findings might enable the development of specific therapeutic interventions to protect affected areas from critical loss of mechanical integrity.
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260
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A review on animal models of stroke: An update. Brain Res Bull 2016; 122:35-44. [PMID: 26902651 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major healthcare challenges prevailing across the globe due to its significant rate of mortality and morbidity. Stroke is multifactorial in nature and involves several cellular and molecular signaling cascades that make the pathogenesis complex and treatment difficult. For a deeper understanding of the diverse pathological mechanisms and molecular & cellular cascades during stroke, animal modeling serves as a reliable and an effective tool. This also helps to develop and critically analyse various neuroprotective strategies for the mitigation of this devastating disease. Animal modeling for stroke has been revolutionized with the development of newer and more relevant models or approaches that mimic the clinical setting of stroke to a greater extent. This review analyses experimental models of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) and their reliability in stroke situation. Besides this, the review also stresses upon the use of various preclinical models to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that operate during stroke and to elucidate new, safe and effective neuroprotective agents to combat this life threatening healthcare concern.
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261
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Morris GP, Wright AL, Tan RP, Gladbach A, Ittner LM, Vissel B. A Comparative Study of Variables Influencing Ischemic Injury in the Longa and Koizumi Methods of Intraluminal Filament Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148503. [PMID: 26870954 PMCID: PMC4752454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and rats has been plagued by inconsistency, owing in part to the multitude of variables requiring control. In this study we investigated the impact of several major variables on survival rate, lesion volume, neurological scores, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and body weight including filament width, time after reperfusion, occlusion time and the choice of surgical method. Using the Koizumi method, we found ischemic injury can be detected as early as 30 min after reperfusion, to a degree that is not statistically different from 24 h post-perfusion, using 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. We also found a distinct increase in total lesion volume with increasing occlusion time, with 30–45 min a critical time for the development of large, reproducible lesions. Furthermore, although we found no significant difference in total lesion volume generated by the Koizumi and Longa methods of MCAO, nor were survival rates appreciably different between the two at 4 h after reperfusion, the Longa method produces significantly greater reperfusion. Finally, we found no statistical evidence to support the exclusion of data from animals experiencing a CBF reduction of <70% in the MCA territory following MCAO, using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Instead we suggest the main usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry is for guiding filament placement and the identification of subarachnoid haemorrhages and premature reperfusion. In summary, this study provides detailed evaluation of the Koizumi method of intraluminal filament MCAO in mice and a direct comparison to the Longa method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Morris
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda L Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, 2042 New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amadeus Gladbach
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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262
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Cardoso A, Guedes J, Cardoso A, Morais C, Cunha P, Viegas A, Costa R, Jurado A, Pedroso de Lima M. Recent Trends in Nanotechnology Toward CNS Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 130:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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263
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Abstract
Stroke is a major health issue worldwide-one with serious financial and public health implications. As a result, ongoing clinical research on novel and improved stroke therapies is not only pertinent but also paramount. Due to the complexity of a stroke-like event and its many sequelae, devising usable methods and experimental models are necessary to study and better understand the pathophysiological processes that ensue. As it stands, animal models that simulate stroke-like events have proven to be the most logical and effective options in regards to experimental studies. A number of animal stroke models exist and have been demonstrated in previous studies on ischemic as well as hemorrhagic stroke. Considering the efficiency and reproducibility of animal models, here, we introduce an ischemic stroke model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and an intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke model induced by collagenase injection. The models outlined here have been proven to demonstrate the clinical relevance desired for use in continued research on stroke pathophysiology and the study of future therapeutic options.
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264
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Hakimizadeh E, Kazemi Arababadi M, Shamsizadeh A, Roohbakhsh A, Allahtavakoli M. The Possible Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Pathology of Stroke. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:131-136. [PMID: 27287756 DOI: 10.1159/000446481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a prevalent and dangerous health problem, which triggers an intense inflammatory response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. TLRs are the essential components of the response of the innate immunity system, and, therefore, they are one of the key factors involved in recognizing pathogens and internal ligands. Among TLRs, TLR4 significantly participates in the induction of inflammation and brain functions; hence, it has been hypothesized that this molecule is associated with several immune-related brain diseases such as stroke. It has also been proved that animals with TLR4 deficiency have higher protection against ischemia and that the absence of TLR4 reduces neuroinflammation and injuries associated with brain trauma. TLR4 deficiency may play a neuroprotective role in the occurrence of stroke. This article reviews recent information regarding the impact of TLR4 on the pathogenicity of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences,Rafsanjan, Iran
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265
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Anwar MA, Eid AH. Determination of Vascular Reactivity of Middle Cerebral Arteries from Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models Using Pressure Myography. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:611-24. [PMID: 27604741 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and other neurovascular derangements are main causes of global death. They, along with spinal cord injuries, are responsible for being the principal cause of disability due to neurological and cognitive problems. These problems then lead to a burden on scarce financial resources and societal care facilities as well as have a profound effect on patients' families. The mechanism of action in these debilitating diseases is complex and unclear. An important component of these problems arises from derangement of blood vessels, such as blockage due to clotting/embolism, endothelial dysfunction, and overreactivity to contractile agents, as well as alteration in endothelial permeability. Moreover, the cerebro-vasculature (large vessels and arterioles) is involved in regulating blood flow by facilitating auto-regulatory processes. Moreover, the anterior (middle cerebral artery and the surrounding region) and posterior (basilar artery and its immediate locality) regions of the brain play a significant role in triggering the pathological progression of ischemic stroke particularly due to inflammatory activity and oxidative stress. Interestingly, modifiable and non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are responsible for driving ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and spinal cord injury. There are different stroke animal models to examine the pathophysiology of middle cerebral and basilar arteries. In this context, arterial myography offers an opportunity to determine the etiology of vascular dysfunction in these diseases. Herein, we describe the technique of pressure myography to examine the reactivity of cerebral vessels to contractile and vasodilator agents and a prelude to stroke and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Anwar
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon.
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266
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Gaudin A, Andrieux K, Couvreur P. Nanomedicines and stroke: Toward translational research. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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267
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Hackett MJ, Smith SE, Caine S, Nichol H, George GN, Pickering IJ, Paterson PG. Novel bio-spectroscopic imaging reveals disturbed protein homeostasis and thiol redox with protein aggregation prior to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron death induced by global brain ischemia in the rat. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:806-18. [PMID: 26454085 PMCID: PMC5509437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Global brain ischemia resulting from cardiac arrest and cardiac surgery can lead to permanent brain damage and mental impairment. A clinical hallmark of global brain ischemia is delayed neurodegeneration, particularly within the CA1 subsector of the hippocampus. Unfortunately, the biochemical mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, hindering optimization of current therapies (i.e., therapeutic hypothermia) or development of new therapies. A major limitation to elucidating the mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration and understanding how these are influenced by potential therapies is the inability to relate biochemical markers to alterations in the morphology of individual neurons. Although immunocytochemistry allows imaging of numerous biochemical markers at the sub-cellular level, it is not a direct chemical imaging technique and requires successful "tagging" of the desired analyte. Consequently, important biochemical parameters, particularly those that manifest from oxidative damage to biological molecules, such as aggregated protein levels, have been notoriously difficult to image at the cellular or sub-cellular level. It has been hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during ischemia and reperfusion facilitate protein aggregation, impairing neuronal protein homeostasis (i.e., decreasing protein synthesis) that in turn promotes neurodegeneration. Despite indirect evidence for this theory, direct measurements of morphology and ROS induced biochemical damage, such as increased protein aggregates and decreased protein synthesis, within the same neuron is lacking, due to the unavailability of a suitable imaging method. Our experimental approach has incorporated routine histology with novel wide-field synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) of the same neurons, ex vivo within brain tissue sections. The results demonstrate for the first time that increased protein aggregation and decreased levels of total protein occur in the same CA1 pyramidal neurons 1 day after global ischemia. Further, analysis of serial tissue sections using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge has revealed that CA1 pyramidal neurons have increased disulfide levels, a direct indicator of oxidative stress, at this time point. These changes at 1 day after ischemia precede a massive increase in aggregated protein and disulfide levels concomitant with loss of neuron integrity 2 days after ischemia. Therefore, this study has provided direct support for a correlative mechanistic link in both spatial and temporal domains between oxidative stress, protein aggregation and altered protein homeostasis prior to irreparable neuron damage following global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hackett
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Shari E Smith
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sally Caine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Helen Nichol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Phyllis G Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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268
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Farías JG, Herrera EA, Carrasco-Pozo C, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Cruz G, Morales P, Castillo RL. Pharmacological models and approaches for pathophysiological conditions associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:1-23. [PMID: 26617218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is the failure of oxygenation at the tissue level, where the reduced oxygen delivered is not enough to satisfy tissue demands. Metabolic depression is the physiological adaptation associated with reduced oxygen consumption, which evidently does not cause any harm to organs that are exposed to acute and short hypoxic insults. Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of endogenous antioxidant systems to scavenge ROS, where ROS overwhelms the antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diseases related to hypoxia during intrauterine development and postnatal life. Thus, excessive ROS are implicated in the irreversible damage to cell membranes, DNA, and other cellular structures by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Here, we describe several pathophysiological conditions and in vivo and ex vivo models developed for the study of hypoxic and oxidative stress injury. We reviewed existing literature on the responses to hypoxia and oxidative stress of the cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, and central nervous systems, and discussed paradigms of chronic and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. This systematic review is a critical analysis of the advantages in the application of some experimental strategies and their contributions leading to novel pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Farías
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Emilio A Herrera
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo L Castillo
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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269
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Ozkan A, Sen HM, Sehitoglu I, Alacam H, Guven M, Aras AB, Akman T, Silan C, Cosar M, Karaman HIO. Neuroprotective effect of humic Acid on focal cerebral ischemia injury: an experimental study in rats. Inflammation 2015; 38:32-9. [PMID: 25173888 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is still a major cause of death and permanent neurological disability. As humic acids are well-known antioxidant molecules, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of humic acid in a focal cerebral ischemia model. Twenty-four rats were divided equally into three groups. A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was performed in this study where control (group II) and humic acid (group III) were administered intraperitoneally following an ischemic experimental procedure. Group I was evaluated as sham. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) levels were analyzed biochemically on the right side of the ischemic cerebral hemisphere, while ischemic histopathological studies were completed on the left side to investigate the antioxidant status. Biochemical results showed that SOD and NRF-1 levels were significantly increased in the humic acid group (III) compared with the control group (II) while MDA levels were significantly decreased. On histopathological examination, cerebral edema, vacuolization, degeneration, and destruction of neural elements were decreased in the humic acid group (III) compared with the control group (II). Cerebral ischemia was attenuated by humic acid administration. These observations indicate that humic acid may have potential as a therapeutic agent in cerebral ischemia by preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adile Ozkan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, Kepez, Çanakkale, Turkey,
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270
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Abstract
Background: Diabetes aggravates brain injury after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Objective: To investigate whether limb I/R causes cerebral injury in a rat diabetes model and whether glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is involved. Methods: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into streptozotocin-induced diabetes (n = 30; blood glucose ≥16.7 mmol/L) or control (n = 20) groups, further subdivided into diabetes I/R (3-hour femoral artery/vein clamping), diabetes-I/R + TDZD-8 (I/R plus GSK-3β inhibitor), diabetes-sham, control-sham and control-I/R groups (n = 10 each). Cortical and hippocampal morphology (hematoxylin/eosin); hippocampal CA1 apoptosis (TUNEL assay); cleaved caspase-3 (apoptosis), and Iba1 (microglial activation) protein expression (immunohistochemistry); phosphorylated/total GSK-3β and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein levels (Western blotting); and serum and brain tissue tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were analyzed. Results: The diabetes-I/R group showed greater cortical and hippocampal injury, apoptosis, cleaved caspase-3 expression and Iba1 expression than the control-I/R group; TDZD-8 reduced injury/apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3/Iba1 expressions. The diabetes-I/R group had lower p-GSK-3β and p-NF-κBp65 expression than the control-I/R group (P < 0.05); TDZD-8 increased p-GSK-3β expression but decreased p-NF-κBp65 expression (P < 0.05). The diabetes-I/R group showed higher elevation of serum and brain tissue TNF-α than the control-I/R group (P < 0.05); TDZD-8 reduced TNF-α production. Conclusions: Diabetes exacerbates limb I/R-induced cerebral damage and activates NF-κB and GSK-3β.
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271
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Medvedeva EV, Dmitrieva VG, Stavchansky VV, Povarova OV, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF, Dergunova LV. Semax-Induced Changes in Growth Factor mRNA Levels in the Rat Brain on the Third Day After Ischemia. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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272
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Taliyan R, Ramagiri S. Delayed neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury: putative role of BDNF and GSK-3β. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:402-10. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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273
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Pace M, Baracchi F, Gao B, Bassetti C. Identification of Sleep-Modulated Pathways Involved in Neuroprotection from Stroke. Sleep 2015; 38:1707-18. [PMID: 26085290 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep deprivation (SDp) performed before stroke induces an ischemic tolerance state as observed in other forms of preconditioning. As the mechanisms underlying this effect are not well understood, we used DNA oligonucleotide microarray analysis to identify the genes and the gene-pathways underlying SDp preconditioning effects. DESIGN Gene expression was analyzed 3 days after stroke in 4 experimental groups: (i) SDp performed before focal cerebral ischemia (IS) induction; (ii) SDp performed before sham surgery; (iii) IS without SDp; and (iv) sham surgery without SDp. SDp was performed by gentle handling during the last 6 h of the light period, and ischemia was induced immediately after. SETTINGS Basic sleep research laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Stroke induced a massive alteration in gene expression both in sleep deprived and non-sleep deprived animals. However, compared to animals that underwent ischemia alone, SDp induced a general reduction in transcriptional changes with a reduction in the upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and immune response. Moreover, an upregulation of a new neuroendocrine pathway which included melanin concentrating hormone, glycoprotein hormones-α-polypeptide and hypocretin was observed exclusively in rats sleep deprived before stroke. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that sleep deprivation before stroke reprogrammed the signaling response to injury. The inhibition of cell cycle regulation and inflammation are neuroprotective mechanisms reported also for other forms of preconditioning treatment, whereas the implication of the neuroendocrine function is novel and has never been described before. These results therefore provide new insights into neuroprotective mechanisms involved in ischemic tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pace
- ZEN - Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Baracchi
- ZEN - Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bo Gao
- ZEN - Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bassetti
- ZEN - Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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274
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Lausada N, Arnal N, Astiz M, Marín MC, Lofeudo JM, Stringa P, Tacconi de Alaniz MJ, Tacconi de Gómez Dumm N, Hurtado de Catalfo G, Cristalli de Piñero N, Pallanza de Stringa MC, Illara de Bozzolo EM, Bozzarello EG, Cristalli DO, Marra CA. Dietary fats significantly influence the survival of penumbral neurons in a rat model of chronic ischemic by modifying lipid mediators, inflammatory biomarkers, NOS production, and redox-dependent apoptotic signals. Nutrition 2015; 31:1430-42. [PMID: 26429666 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain stroke is the third most important cause of death in developed countries. We studied the effect of different dietary lipids on the outcome of a permanent ischemic stroke rat model. METHODS Wistar rats were fed diets containing 7% commercial oils (S, soybean; O, olive; C, coconut; G, grape seed) for 35 d. Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Coronal slices from ischemic brains and sham-operated animals were supravitally stained. Penumbra and core volumes were calculated by image digitalization after 24, 48, and 72 h poststroke. Homogenates and mitochondrial fractions were prepared from different zones and analyzed by redox status, inflammatory markers, ceramide, and arachidonate content, phospholipase A2, NOS, and proteases. RESULTS Soybean (S) and G diets were mainly prooxidative and proinflammatory by increasing the liberation of arachidonate and its transformation into prostaglandins. O was protective in terms of redox homeostatic balance, minor increases in lipid and protein damage, conservation of reduced glutathione, protective activation of NOS in penumbra, and net ratio of anti-to proinflammatory cytokines. Apoptosis (caspase-3, milli- and microcalpains) was less activated by O than by any other diet. CONCLUSION Dietary lipids modulate NOS and PLA2 activities, ceramide production, and glutathione import into the mitochondrial matrix, finally determining the activation of the two main protease systems involved in programmed cell death. Olive oil appears to be a biological source for the isolation of protective agents that block the expansion of brain core at the expense of penumbral neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lausada
- LTO (Laboratorio de Transplante de Órganos), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nathalie Arnal
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Astiz
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Marín
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Lofeudo
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Stringa
- LTO (Laboratorio de Transplante de Órganos), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María J Tacconi de Alaniz
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nelva Tacconi de Gómez Dumm
- LTO (Laboratorio de Transplante de Órganos), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Graciela Hurtado de Catalfo
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Norma Cristalli de Piñero
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Pallanza de Stringa
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eva María Illara de Bozzolo
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique Gustavo Bozzarello
- DAIS (Dirección de Aplicación de Imágenes Satelitarias), Ministerio de Infraestructura de la Pcia. de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Marra
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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275
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Wu MH, Huang CC, Chio CC, Tsai KJ, Chang CP, Lin NK, Lin MT. Inhibition of Peripheral TNF-α and Downregulation of Microglial Activation by Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Etanercept Protect Rat Brain Against Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4961-71. [PMID: 26374550 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by obstruction of blood flow to the brain, would initiate microglia activation which contributes to neuronal damage. Therefore, inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation could be a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. This study was aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-lipoic acid and etanercept given either singly or in combination in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Both α-lipoic acid and etanercept markedly reduced cerebral infarct, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neurological motor deficits with the former drug being more effective with the dosage used. Furthermore, when used in combination, the reduction was more substantial. Remarkably, a greater diminution in the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as the brain levels of microglial activation (e.g., microgliosis, amoeboid microglia, and microglial overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α) was observed with the combined drug treatment as compared to the drugs given separately. We conclude that inhibition of peripheral tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as downregulation of brain microglial activation by alpha-lipoic acid or etanercept protect rat brain against ischemic stroke. Moreover, when both drugs were used in combination, the stroke recovery was promoted more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Wu
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, 736, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- The Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, 710, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Lin
- Li-Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 710, Taiwan.
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276
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Wu C, Wang J, Peng J, Patel N, Huang Y, Gao X, Aljarallah S, Eubanks JH, McDonald R, Zhang L. Modeling early-onset post-ischemic seizures in aging mice. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:1-12. [PMID: 25943585 PMCID: PMC4758832 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in the aged population, with post-stroke seizures being a poor prognostic factor. The pathological processes underlying post-stroke seizures are not well understood and studies of these seizures in aging/aged animals remain scarce. Therefore, our primary objective was to model post-stroke seizures in aging mice (C57 black strain, 16-20 months-old), with a focus on early-onset, convulsive seizures that occur within 24-hours of brain ischemia. We utilized a middle cerebral artery occlusion model and examined seizure activity and brain injury using combined behavioral and electroencephalographic monitoring and histological assessments. Aging mice exhibited vigorous convulsive seizures within hours of the middle cerebral artery occlusion. These seizures manifested with jumping, rapid running, barrel-rolling and/or falling all in the absence of hippocampal-cortical electrographic discharges. Seizure development was closely associated with severe brain injury and acute mortality. Anticonvulsive treatments after seizure occurrence offered temporary seizure control but failed to improve animal survival. A separate cohort of adult mice (6-8 months-old) exhibited analogous early-onset convulsive seizures following the middle cerebral artery occlusion but had better survival outcomes following anticonvulsive treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that early-onset convulsive seizures are a result of severe brain ischemia in aging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiping Wu
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Justin Wang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Jessie Peng
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Nisarg Patel
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Yayi Huang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Xiaoxing Gao
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Salman Aljarallah
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James H Eubanks
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Canada.
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277
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Bates KA, Rodger J. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation-potential therapy or misplaced hope? Restor Neurol Neurosci 2015; 33:557-69. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-130359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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278
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Li H, Zhou S, Wu L, Liu K, Zhang Y, Ma G, Wang L. The role of p38MAPK signal pathway in the neuroprotective mechanism of limb postconditioning against rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Neurol Sci 2015; 357:270-5. [PMID: 26282496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that remote ischemic postconditioning was able to protect from a harmful ischemia occurring in brain. In the present study, we investigated the role of p38 MAPK signal pathway in the process of neuroprotection and anti-apoptosis following remote limb ischemic postconditioning on rat focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups: the sham-operated group, I/R group, limb ischemic postconditioning (LPostC) group, and LPostC+SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) group. Focal ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Limb ischemic postconditioning was implemented by brief cycles of femoral artery occlusion. At 24h after modeling, we analyzed the neurological deficit score, assessed the cerebral tissue morphology by H-E staining, and evaluated neuronal apoptosis by TUNEL staining. The protein expression levels of p-p38 or p-ATF2 (phospho-activating transcription factor 2) in the penumbra region were detected by western blotting or immunohistochemical staining. Our findings revealed that LPostC relieved cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing neurological score, improving neuronal morphological changes in the ischemic penumbra area, and reducing neuronal apoptosis. In addition, LPostC or LPostC+SB203580 attenuated the increase in p-p38 and p-ATF2 levels in ischemia/reperfusion brain tissue. These results indicate that the protective effects of LPostC against cerebral I/R injury may be related to the attenuation of neuronal apoptosis and the suppression of p38 MAPK-ATF2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Suxian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Kaixiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guixian Ma
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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279
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Ding Y, Qiao Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Li L, Zhang Y, Ge J, Song Y, Li Y, Wen A. Enhanced Neuroprotection of Acetyl-11-Keto-β-Boswellic Acid (AKBA)-Loaded O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Through Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3842-3853. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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280
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Ji J, Yan H, Chen ZZ, Zhao Z, Yang DD, Sun XL, Shi YP. Iptakalim protects against ischemic injury by improving neurovascular unit function in the mouse brain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:766-71. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ji
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zheng-Zhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Dan-Dan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiu-Lan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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281
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Jin XQ, Ye F, Zhang JJ, Zhao Y, Zhou XL. Triptolide attenuates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats through the inhibition the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1395-403. [PMID: 26082636 PMCID: PMC4461131 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s82052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays critical roles in the acute progression of the pathology of ischemic injury. Previous studies have shown that triptolide interferes with a number of pro-inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether triptolide has protective effects during acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Male Sprague Dawley rats received triptolide or vehicle at the onset of reperfusion following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, we evaluated neurological injuries, the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, and NF-κB activation. I/R rats treated with triptolide showed significantly better neurological deficit scores, decreased neural apoptosis, and reduced cerebral infarct volume and brain edema, and triptolide treatment suppressed the activation of NF-κB following I/R injury. Furthermore, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines at both the mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased in rats receiving triptolide. These results indicate that the neuroprotective effects of triptolide during acute cerebral I/R injury are possibly related to the inhibition of both the NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Long Zhou
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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282
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Protective effects of allicin against ischemic stroke in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3734-3738. [PMID: 26045182 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin, a molecule predominantly responsible for the pungent odor and the antibiotic function of garlic, exhibits various pharmacological activities and has been suggested to be beneficial in the treatment of various disorders. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of allicin in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Rats were subjected to 1.5 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Rats were randomly assigned to the sham surgery group, the MCAO group and the MCAO + allicin group. Neurological score, cerebral infarct size, brain water content, neuronal apoptosis, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured. The results suggested that allicin reduced cerebral infarction area, brain water content, neuronal apoptosis, TNF‑α levels and MPO activity in the serum. The results of the present study indicated that allicin protects the brain from cerebral I/R injury, which may be ascribed to its anti‑apoptotic and anti‑inflammatory effects.
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283
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The Effect of Pre-Condition Cerebella Fastigial Nucleus Electrical Stimulation within and beyond the Time Window of Thrombolytic on Ischemic Stroke in the Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128447. [PMID: 26016630 PMCID: PMC4446308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of neurogenic neuroprotection conferred by cerebellar fastigial nucleus stimulation (FNS) and the role of PPARγ- mediated inflammation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Methods After a continuous 1 hour fastigial nucleus electric stimulation, the male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were given middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 hours undergoing reperfusion with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), while the control group received without FNS. After 72h of reperfusion, the neurological deficits, infarct volume and brain edema were evaluated. The brain tissue in ischemic penumbra was determined the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity by a spectrophotometer and expression of PPARγ was measured by Rt-PCR and Western blotting. Results Our findings showed that FNS group had significantly reduced infarct volume and brain edema, and improved neurological deficits compared with the control group, especially in 6h and 9h reperfusion subgroups(p<0.05). The expression levels of PPARγ increased gradually and the peak may be before and after 9h reperfusion, the 3h, 6h, 9h, 12h and 15h reperfusion subgroups were higher than each control group(p<0.05). The MPO activity of 6h, 12h and 15h reperfusion subgroups were higher than each control group(p<0.05). Conclusions The neuroprotective effects of FNS have been shown to prolong the therapeutic window in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, which might be related to the PPARγ mediated-inflammation in penumbral region.
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284
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The Value of Safflower Yellow Injection for the Treatment of Acute Cerebral Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:478793. [PMID: 26074992 PMCID: PMC4449919 DOI: 10.1155/2015/478793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. Safflower Yellow Injection has been reported as a treatment for acute cerebral infarction in recent studies in China. However, there is a lack of availability of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of Safflower Yellow Injection for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. So we investigated the effects of Safflower Yellow Injection for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. Method. All subjects were randomly divided into Safflower Yellow Injection group given Safflower Yellow Injection (80 mg) and control group given placebo (0 mg) injection by intravenous drop once daily for 14 days. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); hemorheological detection; coagulation function; and serum inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were used to investigate the effects before and 14 days after the treatment. Results. The scores of NIHSS were decreased on day 7 and day 14 after treatment. The hemorheological index of RBC deformation and RBC aggregation were significantly improved, prothrombin time (PT) increased, and fibrinogen (FIB) and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were decreased in patients treated with Safflower Yellow injection on day 14 after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Data suggests that Safflower Yellow Injection therapy may be beneficial for acute cerebral infarction.
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285
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Cai H, Mu Z, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Hypoxia-controlled matrix metalloproteinase-9 hyperexpression promotes behavioral recovery after ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:550-60. [PMID: 25975730 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a beneficial role in the sub-acute phase after ischemic stroke. However, unrestrained MMP-9 may disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which has limited its use for the treatment of brain ischemia. In the present study, we constructed lentivirus mediated hypoxia-controlled MMP-9 expression and explored its role after stroke. Hypoxia response element (HRE) was used to confine MMP-9 expression only to the hypoxic region of mouse brain after 120-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Lentiviruses were injected into the peri-infarct area on day 7 after transient ischemia. We found hyperexpression of exogenous HRE-MMP-9 under the control of hypoxia, and its expression was mainly located in neurons and astrocytes without aggravation of BBB damage compared to the CMV group. Furthermore, mice in the HRE-MMP-9 group showed the best behavioral recovery compared with the normal saline, GFP, and SB-3CT groups. Therefore, hypoxia-controlled MMP-9 hyperexpression during the sub-acute phase of ischemia may provide a novel promising approach of gene therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Cai
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhihao Mu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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286
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Allahtavakoli M, Amin F, Esmaeeli-Nadimi A, Shamsizadeh A, Kazemi-Arababadi M, Kennedy D. Ascorbic Acid Reduces the Adverse Effects of Delayed Administration of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a Rat Stroke Model. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:335-9. [PMID: 25899606 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Delayed treatment of stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) induces overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) which leads to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causes more injuries to the brain parenchyma. In this study, the effect of ascorbic acid (AA), an antioxidant agent, on the delayed administration of r-tPA in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was investigated. Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups: untreated control rats (ischaemic animals), AA-treated (500 mg/kg; 5 hr after stroke) rats, r-tPA-treated (5 hr after stroke 1 mg/kg) rats and rats treated with the combination of AA and r-tPA. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced by occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Infarct size, BBB, brain oedema and the levels of MMP-9 were measured at the end of study. Neurological deficits were evaluated at 24 and 48 hr after stroke. Compared to the control or r-tPA-treated animals, AA alone (p < 0.001) or in combination with r-tPA (p < 0.05) significantly decreased infarct volume. Ascorbic acid alone or r-tPA + AA significantly reduced BBB permeability (p < 0.05), levels of MMP-9 (p < 0.05 versus control; p < 0.01 versus r-tPA) and brain oedema (p < 0.001) when compared to either the control or the r-tPA-treated animals. Latency to the removal of sticky labels from the forepaw was also significantly decreased after the administration of AA + r-tPA (p < 0.05) at 24 or 48 hr after stroke. Based on our data, acute treatment with AA may be considered as a useful candidate to reduce the side effects of delayed application of r-tPA in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Allahtavakoli
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amin
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Esmaeeli-Nadimi
- Department of Cardiology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi-Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University Nathan, Nathan, Qld, Australia
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287
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Abstract
Subcortical white matter (WM) is a frequent target of ischemic injury and extensive WM lesions are important substrates of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in humans. However, ischemic stroke rodent models have been shown to mainly induce cerebral infarcts in the gray matter, while cerebral hypoperfusion models show only WM rarefaction without infarcts. The lack of animal models consistently replicating WM infarct damage may partially explain why many neuroprotective drugs for ischemic stroke or VCI have failed clinically, despite earlier success in preclinical experiments. Here, we report a novel animal model of WM infarct damage with cognitive impairment can be generated by surgical implantation of different devices to the right and left common carotid artery (CCA) in C57BL/6J mice. Implantation of an ameroid constrictor to the right CCA resulted in gradual occlusion of the vessel over 28 d, whereas placement of a microcoil to the left CCA induced ∼50% arterial stenosis. Arterial spin labeling showed a gradual reduction of cerebral blood flow over 28 d post operation. Such reductions were more marked in the right, compared with the left, hemisphere and in subcortical, rather than the cortical, areas. Histopathological analysis showed multiple infarct damage in right subcortical regions, including the corpus callosum, internal capsule, hippocampal fimbria, and caudoputamen, in 81% of mice. Mice displaying such damage performed significantly poorer in locomotor and cognitive tests. The current mouse model replicates the phenotypes of human subcortical VCI, including multiple WM infarcts with motor and cognitive impairment.
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288
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Cordeiro MF, Horn AP. Stem cell therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage rat model. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:618-629. [PMID: 25914768 PMCID: PMC4404396 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a very complex pathology, with many different not fully elucidated etiologies and prognostics. It is the most severe subtype of stroke, with high mortality and morbidity rates. Unfortunately, despite the numerous promising preclinical assays including neuroprotective, anti-hypertensive, and anti-inflammatory drugs, to this moment only symptomatic treatments are available, motivating the search for new alternatives. In this context, stem cell therapy emerged as a promising tool. However, more than a decade has passed, and there is still much to be learned not only about stem cells, but also about ICH itself, and how these two pieces come together. To date, rats have been the most widely used animal model in this research field, and there is much more to be learned from and about them. In this review, we first summarize ICH epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. We then present different methods utilized to induce ICH in rats, and examine how accurately they represent the human disease. Next, we discuss the different types of stem cells used in previous ICH studies, also taking into account the tested transplantation sites. Finally, we summarize what has been achieved in assays with stem cells in rat models of ICH, and point out some relevant issues where attention must be given in future efforts.
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289
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Lin M, Sun W, Gong W, Zhou Z, Ding Y, Hou Q. Methylophiopogonanone A Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124558. [PMID: 25897666 PMCID: PMC4405202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylophiopogonanone A (MO-A), an active homoisoflavonoid of the Chinese herb Ophiopogon japonicus which has been shown to have protective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, little is known about its role in cerebral I/R injury. Therefore, in this study, by using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion rat model, the effect of MO-A on cerebral I/R injury was examined. The results showed that MO-A treatment reduced infarct volume and brain edema, improved neurological deficit scores, reversed animal body weight decreases, and increased animal survival time in the stroke groups. Western blotting showed that MO-A suppressed MMP-9, but restored the expression of claudin-3 and claudin-5. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy were monitored to determine the blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in vitro. The results showed that MO-A markedly attenuated BBB damage in vitro. Additionally, MO-A inhibited ROS production in ECs and MMP-9 release in differentiated THP-1 cells in vitro, and suppressed ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in ECs and leukocyte/EC adhesion. In conclusion, our data indicate that MO-A has therapeutic potential against cerebral I/R injury through its ability to attenuate BBB disruption by regulating the expression of MMP-9 and tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Gong
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NanChang, China
| | - Yasi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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290
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Charalambous CC, Bowden MG, Adkins DL. Motor Cortex and Motor Cortical Interhemispheric Communication in Walking After Stroke: The Roles of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Animal Models in Our Current and Future Understanding. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:94-102. [PMID: 25878201 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315581418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the plethora of human neurophysiological research, the bilateral involvement of the leg motor cortical areas and their interhemispheric interaction during both normal and impaired human walking is poorly understood. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we have expanded our understanding of the role upper-extremity motor cortical areas play in normal movements and how stroke alters this role, and probed the efficacy of interventions to improve post-stroke arm function. However, similar investigations of the legs have lagged behind, in part, due to the anatomical difficulty in using TMS to stimulate the leg motor cortical areas. Additionally, leg movements are predominately bilaterally controlled and require interlimb coordination that may involve both hemispheres. The sensitive, but invasive, tools used in animal models of locomotion hold great potential for increasing our understanding of the bihemispheric motor cortical control of walking. In this review, we discuss 3 themes associated with the bihemispheric motor cortical control of walking after stroke: (a) what is known about the role of the bihemispheric motor cortical control in healthy and poststroke leg movements, (b) how the neural remodeling of the contralesional hemisphere can affect walking recovery after a stroke, and (c) what is the effect of behavioral rehabilitation training of walking on the neural remodeling of the motor cortical areas bilaterally. For each theme, we discuss how rodent models can enhance the present knowledge on human walking by testing hypotheses that cannot be investigated in humans, and how these findings can then be back-translated into the neurorehabilitation of poststroke walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos C Charalambous
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark G Bowden
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - DeAnna L Adkins
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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291
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Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Cespedes-Rubio A, Cardona-Gómez GP. Perspective of synaptic protection after post-infarction treatment with statins. J Transl Med 2015; 13:118. [PMID: 25884826 PMCID: PMC4403706 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death in people over 45 years of age in Colombia and is the leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. Cerebral ischemia is a stroke characterized by decreased blood flow due to the occlusion of one or more cerebral arteries, which can cause memory problems and hemiplegia or paralysis, among other impairments. The literature contains hundreds of therapies (invasive and noninvasive) that exhibit a neuroprotective effect when evaluated in animal models. However, in clinical trials, most of these drugs do not reproduce the previously demonstrated neuroprotective property, and some even have adverse effects that had not previously been detected in animal experimentation. Statins are drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Several studies have shown that statin therapy in an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia reduces infarct volume, as well as markers of neurodegeneration, activates neuronal survival pathways, and improves performance on learning and memory tests. Given the implied therapeutic benefit and the limited understanding of the mechanism of action of statins in brain repair, it is necessary to address the biochemical and tissue effects of these drugs on synaptic proteins, such as NMDA receptors, synaptic adhesion proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins; these proteins are highly relevant therapeutic targets, which, in addition to giving a structural account of synaptic connectivity and function, are also indicators of cellular communication and the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, which are widely affected in the long term post-cerebral infarct but, interestingly, are protected by statins when administered during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrea Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Angel Cespedes-Rubio
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia. .,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Department of Animal Health - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - University of Tolima, Ibague, Colombia.
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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292
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Methylene blue protects astrocytes against glucose oxygen deprivation by improving cellular respiration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123096. [PMID: 25848957 PMCID: PMC4388695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes outnumber neurons and serve many metabolic and trophic functions in the mammalian brain. Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier and enhances brain metabolism. In addition, MB has been shown to be protective against neurodegeneration and brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of MB in astrocytes. Cell viability assays showed that MB treatment significantly protected primary astrocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) & reoxygenation induced cell death. We also studied the effect of MB on cellular oxygen and glucose metabolism in primary astrocytes following OGD-reoxygenation injury. MB treatment significantly increased cellular oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and ATP production in primary astrocytes. In conclusion our study demonstrated that MB protects astrocytes against OGD-reoxygenation injury by improving astrocyte cellular respiration.
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293
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Activation of the Nrf2 defense pathway contributes to neuroprotective effects of phloretin on oxidative stress injury after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. J Neurol Sci 2015; 351:88-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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294
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Yang L, Islam MR, Karamyan VT, Abbruscato TJ. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a potent opioid receptor agonist, biphalin, compared to subtype-selective opioid receptor agonists for stroke treatment. Brain Res 2015; 1609:1-11. [PMID: 25801116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To meet the challenge of identification of new treatments for stroke, this study was designed to evaluate a potent, nonselective opioid receptor (OR) agonist, biphalin, in comparison to subtype selective OR agonists, as a potential neuroprotective drug candidate using in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. Our in vitro approach included mouse primary neuronal cells that were challenged with glutamate and hypoxic/aglycemic (H/A) conditions. We observed that 10nM biphalin, exerted a statistically significant neuroprotective effect after glutamate challenge, compared to all selective opioid agonists, according to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Moreover, 10nM biphalin provided superior neuroprotection after H/A-reoxygenation compared to selective opioid agonists in all cases. Our in vitro investigations were supported by in vivo studies which indicate that the nonselective opioid agonist, biphalin, achieves enhanced neuroprotective potency compared to any of the selective opioid agonists, evidenced by reduced edema and infarct ratios. Reduction of edema and infarction was accompanied by neurological improvement of the animals in two independent behavioral tests. Collectively these data strongly suggest that concurrent agonist stimulation of mu, kappa and delta ORs with biphalin is neuroprotective and superior to neuroprotection by activation of any single OR subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad R Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter Drive, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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295
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Aras AB, Guven M, Akman T, Ozkan A, Sen HM, Duz U, Kalkan Y, Silan C, Cosar M. Neuroprotective effects of daidzein on focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:146-52. [PMID: 25788936 PMCID: PMC4357099 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.150724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Daidzein, a plant extract, has antioxidant activity. It is hypothesized, in this study, that daidzein exhibits neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia. Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were intraperitoneally administered daidzein. Biochemical and immunohistochemical tests showed that superoxide dismutase and nuclear respiratory factor 1 expression levels in the brain tissue decreased after ischemia and they increased obviously after daidzein administration; malondialdehyde level and apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase caspase-3 and caspase-9 immunoreactivity in the brain tissue increased after ischemia and they decreased obviously after daidzein administration. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and luxol fast blue staining results showed that intraperitoneal administration of daidzein markedly alleviated neuronal damage in the ischemic brain tissue. These findings suggest that daidzein exhibits neuroprotective effects on ischemic brain tissue by decreasing oxygen free radical production, which validates the aforementioned hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Bozkurt Aras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Tarık Akman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Adile Ozkan
- Department of Neurology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Sen
- Department of Neurology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ugur Duz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ministry of Health, Administration of Public Health, Hakkari, Turkey
| | - Yıldıray Kalkan
- Deparment of Histology and Embryology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Coskun Silan
- Department of Pharmacology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Murat Cosar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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296
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Sierakowiak A, Monnot C, Aski SN, Uppman M, Li TQ, Damberg P, Brené S. Default mode network, motor network, dorsal and ventral basal ganglia networks in the rat brain: comparison to human networks using resting state-fMRI. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120345. [PMID: 25789862 PMCID: PMC4366046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models are developed to enhance understanding of the underlying biology of different brain disorders. However, before interpreting findings from animal models in a translational aspect to understand human disease, a fundamental step is to first have knowledge of similarities and differences of the biological systems studied. In this study, we analyzed and verified four known networks termed: default mode network, motor network, dorsal basal ganglia network, and ventral basal ganglia network using resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) in humans and rats. Our work supports the notion that humans and rats have common robust resting state brain networks and that rsfMRI can be used as a translational tool when validating animal models of brain disorders. In the future, rsfMRI may be used, in addition to short-term interventions, to characterize longitudinal effects on functional brain networks after long-term intervention in humans and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sierakowiak
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Cyril Monnot
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sahar Nikkhou Aski
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Uppman
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tie-Qiang Li
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Damberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Brené
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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297
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Loznikova SG, Sukhodola AA, Shcharbina NY, Shcharbin DG. The effects of magnesium, acetylsalicylic acid, and emoxypine on platelet aggregation. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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298
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Wang PF, Zhou Y, Fang H, Lin S, Wang YC, Liu Y, Xia J, Eslick GD, Yang QW. Treatment of acute cerebral ischemia using animal models: a meta-analysis. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:47-58. [PMID: 28123790 PMCID: PMC4936615 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous potential treatments assessed for acute cerebral ischemia using animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of these treatments in terms of infarct size and neurobehavioral change. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine if any of these treatments provide a superior benefit so that they might be used on humans. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using several electronic databases for controlled animal studies using only nonsurgical interventions for acute cerebral ischemia. A random-effects model was used. RESULTS After an extensive literature search, 145 studies were included in the analysis. These studies included 1408 treated animals and 1362 control animals. Treatments that had the most significant effect on neurobehavioral scales included insulin, various antagonists, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ACEA1021, calmodulin antagonist DY-9760e, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist YM872, and antiviral agents. Treatments providing the greatest effect on infarct size included statins, sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist (fingolimod), alcohol, angiotensin, and leukotrienes. Treatments offering the greatest reduction in brain water content included various agonists, including sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist fingolimod, statins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Treatment groups with more than one study all had high heterogeneity (I2 > 80%), however, using meta-regression we determined several sources of heterogeneity including sample size of the treatment and control groups, the occlusion time, but not the year when the study was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Some treatments stand out when compared to others for acute cerebral ischemia in animals. Greater replication of treatment studies is required before any treatments are selected for future human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Histoembryology and Neurobiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Systematic Review Solutions, China
| | - Guy D Eslick
- Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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299
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Burrows FE, Bray N, Denes A, Allan SM, Schiessl I. Delayed reperfusion deficits after experimental stroke account for increased pathophysiology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:277-84. [PMID: 25407273 PMCID: PMC4426745 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in the first few hours after reperfusion following ischemic stroke are critical for therapeutic interventions but are not well understood. We investigate changes in oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) concentration in the cortex during and after ischemic stroke, using multispectral optical imaging in anesthetized mice, a remote filament to induce either 30 minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), sham surgery or anesthesia alone. Immunohistochemistry establishes cortical injury and correlates the severity of damage with the change of oxygen perfusion. All groups were imaged for 6 hours after MCAo or sham surgery. Oxygenation maps were calculated using a pathlength scaling algorithm. The MCAo group shows a significant drop in HbO2 during occlusion and an initial increase after reperfusion. Over the subsequent 6 hours HbO2 concentrations decline to levels below those observed during stroke. Platelets, activated microglia, interleukin-1α, evidence of BBB breakdown and neuronal stress increase within the stroked hemisphere and correlate with the severity of the delayed reperfusion deficit but not with the ΔHbO2 during stroke. Despite initial restoration of HbO2 after 30 min MCAo there is a delayed compromise that coincides with inflammation and could be a target for improved stroke outcome after thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Burrows
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Natasha Bray
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Denes
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest , Hungary
| | - Stuart M Allan
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, UK
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300
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Akinmoladun AC, Akinrinola BL, Olaleye MT, Farombi EO. Kolaviron, a Garcinia kola biflavonoid complex, protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury: pertinent mechanistic insights from biochemical and physical evaluations in rat brain. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:777-87. [PMID: 25638229 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of stroke is characterized by biochemical and physical alterations in the brain. Modulation of such aberrations by therapeutic agents affords insights into their mechanism of action. Incontrovertible evidences that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of neurologic disorders have brought antioxidative compounds, especially plant phytochemicals, under increasing focus as potential remedies for the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) was evaluated for neuroprotectivity in brains of male Wistar rats submitted to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced global ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). Animals were divided into six groups: sham treated, vehicle (I/R), 50 mg/kg kolaviron + I/R, 100 mg/kg kolaviron + I/R, 200 mg/kg kolaviron + I/R and quercetin (20 mg/kg i.p.) + I/R. The common carotid arteries were occluded for 30 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Relative brain weight and brain water content were determined and oxidative stress and neurochemical markers were also evaluated. I/R caused significant decreases in glutathione level and the activities of enzymic antioxidants, the sodium pump and acetylcholinesterase while significant increases were recorded in relative brain weight, brain water content, lipid peroxidation and the activities of glutamine synthetase and myeloperoxidase. There was a remarkable ablation of I/R induced oxidative stress, neurochemical aberrations and brain edema in animals pretreated with kolaviron. The results suggested that the protection afforded by kolaviron probably involved regulation of redox and electrolyte homeostasis as well as anti-inflammatory and antiexcitotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afolabi C Akinmoladun
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, School of Sciences, Akure, Nigeria,
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