251
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Civita P, Franceschi S, Aretini P, Ortenzi V, Menicagli M, Lessi F, Pasqualetti F, Naccarato AG, Mazzanti CM. Laser Capture Microdissection and RNA-Seq Analysis: High Sensitivity Approaches to Explain Histopathological Heterogeneity in Human Glioblastoma FFPE Archived Tissues. Front Oncol 2019; 9:482. [PMID: 31231613 PMCID: PMC6568189 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled with RNA-seq is a powerful tool to identify genes that are differentially expressed in specific histological tumor subtypes. To better understand the role of single tumor cell populations in the complex heterogeneity of glioblastoma, we paired microdissection and NGS technology to study intra-tumoral differences into specific histological regions and cells of human GBM FFPE tumors. We here isolated astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells in 6 different histological contexts: tumor core astrocytes, pseudopalisading astrocytes, perineuronal astrocytes in satellitosis, neurons with satellitosis, tumor blood vessels, and normal blood vessels. A customized protocol was developed for RNA amplification, library construction, and whole transcriptome analysis of each single portion. We first validated our protocol comparing the obtained RNA expression pattern with the gene expression levels of RNA-seq raw data experiments from the BioProject NCBI database, using Spearman's correlation coefficients calculation. We found a good concordance for pseudopalisading and tumor core astrocytes compartments (0.5 Spearman correlation) and a high concordance for perineuronal astrocytes, neurons, normal, and tumor endothelial cells compartments (0.7 Spearman correlation). Then, Principal Component Analysis and differential expression analysis were employed to find differences between tumor compartments and control tissue and between same cell types into distinct tumor contexts. Data consistent with the literature emerged, in which multiple therapeutic targets significant for glioblastoma (such as Integrins, Extracellular Matrix, transmembrane transport, and metabolic processes) play a fundamental role in the disease progression. Moreover, specific cellular processes have been associated with certain cellular subtypes within the tumor. Our results are promising and suggest a compelling method for studying glioblastoma heterogeneity in FFPE samples and its application in both prospective and retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valerio Ortenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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252
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Kvisten M, Mikkelsen VE, Stensjøen AL, Solheim O, Van Der Want J, Torp SH. Microglia and macrophages in human glioblastomas: A morphological and immunohistochemical study. Mol Clin Oncol 2019; 11:31-36. [PMID: 31289674 PMCID: PMC6535640 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2019.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs), a type of highly malignant brain tumour, contain various macrophages/microglia that are known as tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). These TAMs have various roles in tumour biology. Histopathological aspects of TAMs and associations with tumour growth assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are poorly described. In the present study, 16 patients that had sufficient tumour tissue and histological hallmarks were examined. The tumours were classified as either slow- (n=7) or fast-growing (n=9) based on the segmented tumour volumes from MRI scans taken at diagnosis and preoperatively. Using cluster of differentiation (CD)68 and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) antibodies, the number, morphology, localization and distribution of TAMs in the GBM tissue were studied. TAMs were significantly more immunoreactive for anti-Iba1 (TAMsIba1) compared with anti-CD68 (TAMsCD68; P<0.001). In central tumour areas and around vessels in the infiltration zone there were more TAMsCD68 in slow-growing tumours (P=0.003 and P=0.025, respectively). Central tumour areas contained more TAMs compared with the infiltration zone (P=0.001 for TAMsCD68 and P<0.001 for TAMsIba1). The majority of TAMs exhibited a ramified phenotype in the infiltration zone, whereas central TAMs were mostly amoeboid. TAMs were present in high numbers in most regions of the tumour, whereas there were few in necrotic areas. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated and confirmed that the high numbers of TAMs in GBMs assume a range of morphologies consistent with various activation states, and that slow-growing GBMs seem to contain a TAM-population different to their fast-growing counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kvisten
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vilde E Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Line Stensjøen
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Solheim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.,National Competence Centre for Ultrasound and Image Guided Therapy, St. Olavs Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes Van Der Want
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre H Torp
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway
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253
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Sorribes IC, Moore MNJ, Byrne HM, Jain HV. A Biomechanical Model of Tumor-Induced Intracranial Pressure and Edema in Brain Tissue. Biophys J 2019; 116:1560-1574. [PMID: 30979548 PMCID: PMC6486495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor growth and tumor-induced edema result in increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which, in turn, is responsible for conditions as benign as headaches and vomiting or as severe as seizures, neurological damage, or even death. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that tracking ICP dynamics may offer improved prognostic potential in terms of early detection of brain cancer and better delimitation of the tumor boundary. However, translating such theory into clinical practice remains a challenge, in part because of an incomplete understanding of how ICP correlates with tumor grade. Here, we propose a multiphase mixture model that describes the biomechanical response of healthy brain tissue-in terms of changes in ICP and edema-to a growing tumor. The model captures ICP dynamics within the diseased brain and accounts for the ability/inability of healthy tissue to compensate for this pressure. We propose parameter regimes that distinguish brain tumors by grade, thereby providing critical insight into how ICP dynamics vary by severity of disease. In particular, we offer an explanation for clinically observed phenomena, such as a lack of symptoms in low-grade glioma patients versus a rapid onset of symptoms in those with malignant tumors. Our model also takes into account the effects tumor-derived proteases may have on ICP levels and the extent of tumor invasion. This work represents an important first step toward understanding the mechanisms that underlie the onset of edema and ICP in cancer-afflicted brains. Continued modeling effort in this direction has the potential to make an impact in the field of brain cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew N J Moore
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harsh V Jain
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
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254
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Xiao Y, Kim D, Dura B, Zhang K, Yan R, Li H, Han E, Ip J, Zou P, Liu J, Chen AT, Vortmeyer AO, Zhou J, Fan R. Ex vivo Dynamics of Human Glioblastoma Cells in a Microvasculature-on-a-Chip System Correlates with Tumor Heterogeneity and Subtypes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801531. [PMID: 31016107 PMCID: PMC6468969 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The perivascular niche (PVN) plays an essential role in brain tumor stem-like cell (BTSC) fate control, tumor invasion, and therapeutic resistance. Here, a microvasculature-on-a-chip system as a PVN model is used to evaluate the ex vivo dynamics of BTSCs from ten glioblastoma patients. BTSCs are found to preferentially localize in the perivascular zone, where they exhibit either the lowest motility, as in quiescent cells, or the highest motility, as in the invasive phenotype, with migration over long distance. These results indicate that PVN is a niche for BTSCs, while the microvascular tracks may serve as a path for tumor cell migration. The degree of colocalization between tumor cells and microvessels varies significantly across patients. To validate these results, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (10 patients and 21 750 single cells in total) is performed to identify tumor cell subtypes. The colocalization coefficient is found to positively correlate with proneural (stem-like) or mesenchymal (invasive) but not classical (proliferative) tumor cells. Furthermore, a gene signature profile including PDGFRA correlates strongly with the "homing" of tumor cells to the PVN. These findings demonstrate that the model can recapitulate in vivo tumor cell dynamics and heterogeneity, representing a new route to study patient-specific tumor cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Kerou Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Runchen Yan
- School of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Huamin Li
- Applied Math ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Edward Han
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Joshua Ip
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Pan Zou
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Ann Tai Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Alexander O. Vortmeyer
- Department of PathologyIndiana University Health Pathology LaboratoryIndianapolisIN46202USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenCT06520USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer CenterNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer CenterNew HavenCT06520USA
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255
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Xiao Y, Kim D, Dura B, Zhang K, Yan R, Li H, Han E, Ip J, Zou P, Liu J, Chen AT, Vortmeyer AO, Zhou J, Fan R. Ex vivo Dynamics of Human Glioblastoma Cells in a Microvasculature-on-a-Chip System Correlates with Tumor Heterogeneity and Subtypes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801531. [PMID: 31016107 DOI: 10.1101/400739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The perivascular niche (PVN) plays an essential role in brain tumor stem-like cell (BTSC) fate control, tumor invasion, and therapeutic resistance. Here, a microvasculature-on-a-chip system as a PVN model is used to evaluate the ex vivo dynamics of BTSCs from ten glioblastoma patients. BTSCs are found to preferentially localize in the perivascular zone, where they exhibit either the lowest motility, as in quiescent cells, or the highest motility, as in the invasive phenotype, with migration over long distance. These results indicate that PVN is a niche for BTSCs, while the microvascular tracks may serve as a path for tumor cell migration. The degree of colocalization between tumor cells and microvessels varies significantly across patients. To validate these results, single-cell transcriptome sequencing (10 patients and 21 750 single cells in total) is performed to identify tumor cell subtypes. The colocalization coefficient is found to positively correlate with proneural (stem-like) or mesenchymal (invasive) but not classical (proliferative) tumor cells. Furthermore, a gene signature profile including PDGFRA correlates strongly with the "homing" of tumor cells to the PVN. These findings demonstrate that the model can recapitulate in vivo tumor cell dynamics and heterogeneity, representing a new route to study patient-specific tumor cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Burak Dura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Kerou Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Runchen Yan
- School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Huamin Li
- Applied Math Program Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Edward Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Joshua Ip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Pan Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Ann Tai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Alexander O Vortmeyer
- Department of Pathology Indiana University Health Pathology Laboratory Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center New Haven CT 06520 USA
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256
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Tejero R, Huang Y, Katsyv I, Kluge M, Lin JY, Tome-Garcia J, Daviaud N, Wang Y, Zhang B, Tsankova NM, Friedel CC, Zou H, Friedel RH. Gene signatures of quiescent glioblastoma cells reveal mesenchymal shift and interactions with niche microenvironment. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:252-269. [PMID: 30952620 PMCID: PMC6491796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly malignant brain tumor, invariably recurs after therapy. Quiescent GBM cells represent a potential source of tumor recurrence, but little is known about their molecular underpinnings. Methods Patient-derived GBM cells were engineered by CRISPR/Cas9-assisted knock-in of an inducible histone2B-GFP (iH2B-GFP) reporter to track cell division history. We utilized an in vitro 3D GBM organoid approach to isolate live quiescent GBM (qGBM) cells and their proliferative counterparts (pGBM) to compare stem cell properties and therapy resistance. Gene expression programs of qGBM and pGBM cells were analyzed by RNA-Seq and NanoString platforms. Findings H2B-GFP-retaining qGBM cells exhibited comparable self-renewal capacity but higher therapy resistance relative to pGBM. Quiescent GBM cells expressed distinct gene programs that affect cell cycle control, metabolic adaptation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Transcriptome analysis also revealed a mesenchymal shift in qGBM cells of both proneural and mesenchymal GBM subtypes. Bioinformatic analyses and functional assays in GBM organoids established hypoxia and TGFβ signaling as potential niche factors that promote quiescence in GBM. Finally, network co-expression analysis of TCGA glioma patient data identified gene modules that are enriched for qGBM signatures and also associated with survival rate. Interpretation Our in vitro study in 3D GBM organoids supports the presence of a quiescent cell population that displays self-renewal capacity, high therapy resistance, and mesenchymal gene signatures. It also sheds light on how GBM cells may acquire and maintain quiescence through ECM organization and interaction with niche factors such as TGFβ and hypoxia. Our findings provide a starting point for developing strategies to tackle the quiescent population of GBM. Fund National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Tejero
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Katsyv
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jung-Yi Lin
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Biostatistics Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Tome-Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Daviaud
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuanshuo Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline C Friedel
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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257
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Glioblastoma heterogeneity and the tumour microenvironment: implications for preclinical research and development of new treatments. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:625-638. [PMID: 30902924 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the deadliest form of brain cancer. Aside from inadequate treatment options, one of the main reasons glioblastoma is so lethal is the rapid growth of tumour cells coupled with continuous cell invasion into surrounding healthy brain tissue. Significant intra- and inter-tumour heterogeneity associated with differences in the corresponding tumour microenvironments contributes greatly to glioblastoma progression. Within this tumour microenvironment, the extracellular matrix profoundly influences the way cancer cells become invasive, and changes to extracellular (pH and oxygen levels) and metabolic (glucose and lactate) components support glioblastoma growth. Furthermore, studies on clinical samples have revealed that the tumour microenvironment is highly immunosuppressive which contributes to failure in immunotherapy treatments. Although technically possible, many components of the tumour microenvironment have not yet been the focus of glioblastoma therapies, despite growing evidence of its importance to glioblastoma malignancy. Here, we review recent progress in the characterisation of the glioblastoma tumour microenvironment and the sources of tumour heterogeneity in human clinical material. We also discuss the latest advances in technologies for personalised and in vitro preclinical studies using brain organoid models to better model glioblastoma and its interactions with the surrounding healthy brain tissue, which may play an essential role in developing new and more personalised treatments for this aggressive type of cancer.
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258
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Sharifzad F, Ghavami S, Verdi J, Mardpour S, Mollapour Sisakht M, Azizi Z, Taghikhani A, Łos MJ, Fakharian E, Ebrahimi M, Hamidieh AA. Glioblastoma cancer stem cell biology: Potential theranostic targets. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 42:35-45. [PMID: 30877905 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is among the most incurable cancers. GBMs survival rate has not markedly improved, despite new radical surgery protocols, the introduction of new anticancer drugs, new treatment protocols, and advances in radiation techniques. The low efficacy of therapy, and short interval between remission and recurrence, could be attributed to the resistance of a small fraction of tumorigenic cells to treatment. The existence and importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is perceived by some as controversial. Experimental evidences suggest that the presence of therapy-resistant glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) could explain tumor recurrence and metastasis. Some scientists, including most of the authors of this review, believe that GSCs are the driving force behind GBM relapses, whereas others however, question the existence of GSCs. Evidence has accumulated indicating that non-tumorigenic cancer cells with high heterogeneity, could undergo reprogramming and become GSCs. Hence, targeting GSCs as the "root cells" initiating malignancy has been proposed to eradicate this devastating disease. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, which can then cause the recurrence of the disease. To effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of GSCs as well as the mechanisms by which these cells survive during treatment and develop into new tumor, is urgently needed. Herein, we provide an overview of the molecular features of GSCs, and elaborate how to facilitate their detection and efficient targeting for therapeutic interventions. We also discuss GBM classifications based on the molecular stem cell subtypes with a focus on potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sharifzad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Azizi
- Heart Rhythm Program, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Adeleh Taghikhani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland
| | - Esmail Fakharian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Department, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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259
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Mistry AM, Greenplate AR, Ihrie RA, Irish JM. Beyond the message: advantages of snapshot proteomics with single-cell mass cytometry in solid tumors. FEBS J 2019; 286:1523-1539. [PMID: 30549207 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell technologies that can quantify features of individual cells within a tumor are critical for treatment strategies aiming to target cancer cells while sparing or activating beneficial cells. Given that key players in protein networks are often the primary targets of precision oncology strategies, it is imperative to transcend the nucleic acid message and read cellular actions in human solid tumors. Here, we review the advantages of multiplex, single-cell mass cytometry in tissue and solid tumor investigations. Mass cytometry can quantitatively probe nearly any cellular feature or target. In discussing the ability of mass cytometry to reveal and characterize a broad spectrum of cell types, identify rare cells, and study functional behavior through protein signaling networks in millions of individual cells from a tumor, this review surveys publications of scientific advances in solid tumor biology made with the aid of mass cytometry. Advances discussed include functional identification of rare tumor and tumor-infiltrating immune cells and dissection of cellular mechanisms of immunotherapy in solid tumors and the periphery. The review concludes by highlighting ways to incorporate single-cell mass cytometry in solid tumor precision oncology efforts and rapidly developing cytometry techniques for quantifying cell location and sequenced nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshitkumar M Mistry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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260
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Schiffer D, Annovazzi L, Casalone C, Corona C, Mellai M. Glioblastoma: Microenvironment and Niche Concept. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010005. [PMID: 30577488 PMCID: PMC6357107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The niche concept was originally developed to describe the location of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subependymal layer of the sub-ventricular zone. In this paper, its significance has been extended to the location of tumor stem cells in glioblastoma (GB) to discuss the relationship between GB stem cells (GSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Their interaction is basically conceived as responsible for tumor growth, invasion and recurrence. Niches are described as the points of utmost expression of the tumor microenvironment (TME), therefore including everything in the tumor except for tumor cells: NSCs, reactive astrocytes, ECs, glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), myeloid cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, etc. and all intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways. Perivascular (PVNs), perinecrotic (PNNs) and invasive niches were described from the pathological point of view, highlighting the basic significance of the EC/tumor stem cell couple. PNN development was reinterpreted based on the concept that hyperproliferative areas of GB are composed of GSCs/progenitors. TME was depicted in its function as the main regulator of everything that happens in the tumor. A particular emphasis was given to GAMs, pericytes and reactive astrocytes as important elements affecting proliferation, growth, invasion and resistance to therapies of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Professore Emerito di Neurologia, Università di Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Ex Centro Ricerche/Fondazione Policlinico di Monza, Via P. Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Scuola di Medicina, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy.
- Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta-Onlus, Via Malta 3, 13900 Biella, Italy.
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Laplane L, Duluc D, Larmonier N, Pradeu T, Bikfalvi A. The Multiple Layers of the Tumor Environment. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:802-809. [PMID: 30470302 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The notion of tumor microenvironment (TME) has been brought to the forefront of recent scientific literature on cancer. However, there is no consensus on how to define and spatially delineate the TME. We propose that the time is ripe to go beyond an all-encompassing list of the components of the TME, and to construct a multilayered view of cancer. We distinguish six layers of environmental interactions with the tumor and show that they are associated with distinct mechanisms, and ultimately with distinct therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Laplane
- IHPST, CNRS UMR 8590, Paris, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR 8590, France
| | - Dorothée Duluc
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Co-last authors.
| | - Andreas Bikfalvi
- IHPST, CNRS UMR 8590, Paris, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; LAMC-INSERM U1029, Bordeaux, France; Co-last authors.
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262
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Microglia Induce PDGFRB Expression in Glioma Cells to Enhance Their Migratory Capacity. iScience 2018; 9:71-83. [PMID: 30384135 PMCID: PMC6214839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most aggressive and invasive primary brain tumors. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway drives HGG progression, and enhanced expression of PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) is a well-established aberration in a subset of glioblastomas (GBMs). PDGFRA is expressed in glioma cells, whereas PDGFRB is mostly restricted to the glioma-associated stroma. Here we show that the spatial location of TAMMs correlates with the expansion of a subset of tumor cells that have acquired expression of PDGFRB in both mouse and human low-grade glioma and HCGs. Furthermore, M2-polarized microglia but not bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages (BMDMs) induced PDGFRB expression in glioma cells and stimulated their migratory capacity. These findings illustrate a heterotypic cross-talk between microglia and glioma cells that may enhance the migratory and invasive capacity of the latter by inducing PDGFRB. PDGFRB+ glioma cells are in physical contact with IBA1+ TAMMs in mouse and human glioma Aggregation of PDGFRB+ glioma cells correlated with the accumulation of IBA1+ TAMMs Microglia but not bone marrow-derived macrophages induced PDGFRB expression in vitro M2-polarized microglia stimulated glioma cell migration dependent on PDGFRB
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263
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Mendes M, Sousa JJ, Pais A, Vitorino C. Targeted Theranostic Nanoparticles for Brain Tumor Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E181. [PMID: 30304861 PMCID: PMC6321593 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis and rapid recurrence of glioblastoma (GB) are associated to its fast-growing process and invasive nature, which make difficult the complete removal of the cancer infiltrated tissues. Additionally, GB heterogeneity within and between patients demands a patient-focused method of treatment. Thus, the implementation of nanotechnology is an attractive approach considering all anatomic issues of GB, since it will potentially improve brain drug distribution, due to the interaction between the blood⁻brain barrier and nanoparticles (NPs). In recent years, theranostic techniques have also been proposed and regarded as promising. NPs are advantageous for this application, due to their respective size, easy surface modification and versatility to integrate multiple functional components in one system. The design of nanoparticles focused on therapeutic and diagnostic applications has increased exponentially for the treatment of cancer. This dual approach helps to understand the location of the tumor tissue, the biodistribution of nanoparticles, the progress and efficacy of the treatment, and is highly useful for personalized medicine-based therapeutic interventions. To improve theranostic approaches, different active strategies can be used to modulate the surface of the nanotheranostic particle, including surface markers, proteins, drugs or genes, and take advantage of the characteristics of the microenvironment using stimuli responsive triggers. This review focuses on the different strategies to improve the GB treatment, describing some cell surface markers and their ligands, and reports some strategies, and their efficacy, used in the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João José Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Alberto Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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264
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Park SJ, Smith CP, Wilbur RR, Cain CP, Kallu SR, Valasapalli S, Sahoo A, Guda MR, Tsung AJ, Velpula KK. An overview of MCT1 and MCT4 in GBM: small molecule transporters with large implications. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1967-1976. [PMID: 30416849 PMCID: PMC6220151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) represent a diverse group of transmembrane proteins encoded by the SLC16 gene family found ubiquitously across mammalian species. Two members of this family, MCT1 and MCT4, have been linked to key roles in the metabolic activity of tissues through the proton-coupled transport of monocarboxylates, most notably L-lactate, ketone bodies, and pyruvate. This review aims to provide an overview of MCT1 and MCT4, followed by the implications of their expression in a multitude of cancers and in glioblastoma (GBM) specifically. Further, the possible mechanisms underlying these effects will be discussed. Given the relationships between MCT1 and MCT4 and cancer, they offer a unique opportunity for novel treatment strategies. We aim to explore current therapies focused on MCT1 and MCT4 and propose future studies to better understand their role in GBM to optimize future treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Park
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Chase P Smith
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Ryan R Wilbur
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Charles P Cain
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Sankeerth R Kallu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Srijan Valasapalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Arpit Sahoo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Maheedhara R Guda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Tsung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
- Illinois Neurological InstitutePeoria, IL, USA
| | - Kiran K Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at PeoriaPeoria, IL, USA
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265
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Milkina E, Ponomarenko A, Korneyko M, Lyakhova I, Zayats Y, Zaitsev S, Mischenko P, Eliseikina M, Khotimchenko Y, Shevchenko V, Sharma H, Bryukhovetskiy I. Interaction of hematopoietic CD34+ CD45+ stem cells and cancer cells stimulated by TGF‑β1 in a model of glioblastoma in vitro. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2595-2607. [PMID: 30226551 PMCID: PMC6151884 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of modern treatment methods for malignant brain tumors are not sufficiently effective, with a median survival time varying between 9 and 14 months. Metastatic and invasive processes are the principal characteristics of malignant tumors. The most important pathogenic mechanism is epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), which causes epithelial cells to become more mobile, and capable of invading the surrounding tissues and migrating to distant organs. Transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1) serves a key role in EMT‑inducing mechanisms. The current study presented the interaction between hematopoietic stem cells and glioblastoma cells stimulated by TGF‑β1 in vitro. The materials for the study were hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and U87 glioblastoma cells. Cell culture methods, automated monitoring of cell‑cell interactions, confocal laser microscopy, flow cytometry and electron microscopy were used. It was demonstrated that U87 cells have a complex communication system, including adhesive intercellular contacts, areas of interdigitation with dissolution of the cytoplasm, cell fusion, communication microtubes and microvesicles. TGF‑β1 affected glioblastoma cells by modifying the cell shape and intensifying their exocrine function. HSCs migrated to glioblastoma cells, interacted with them and exchanged fluorescent tags. Stimulation of cancer cells with TGF‑β1 weakened the ability of glioblastoma cells to attract HSCs and exchange a fluorescent tag. This process stimulated cancer cell proliferation, which is an indication of the ability of HSCs to 'switch' the proliferation and invasion processes in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Milkina
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Arina Ponomarenko
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Maria Korneyko
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Irina Lyakhova
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Yulia Zayats
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Sergey Zaitsev
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Polina Mischenko
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Valeryi Shevchenko
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Hari Sharma
- International Experimental CNS Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE‑75185, Sweden
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- School of Biomedicine of The Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
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266
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Significance of Glioma Stem-Like Cells in the Tumor Periphery That Express High Levels of CD44 in Tumor Invasion, Early Progression, and Poor Prognosis in Glioblastoma. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:5387041. [PMID: 30210550 PMCID: PMC6126065 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5387041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor and a subpopulation of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) is likely responsible for the invariable recurrence following maximum resection and chemoradiotherapy. As most GSCs that are located in the perivascular and perinecrotic niches should be removed during tumor resection, it is very important to know where surviving GSCs are localized. Here, we investigated the existence and functions of GSCs in the tumor periphery, which is considered to constitute the invasion niche for GSCs in GBM, by analyzing expression of stem cell markers and stem cell-related molecules and measuring particular activities of cultured GSCs. In addition, the relationship between GSCs expressing particular stem cell markers and pathological features on MRI and prognosis in GBM patients was analyzed. We showed that GSCs that express high levels of CD44 are present in the tumor periphery. We also found that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is characteristically expressed at a high level in the tumor periphery. Cultured GSCs obtained from the tumor periphery were highly invasive and have enhanced migration phenotype, both of which were markedly inhibited by CD44 knockdown. Higher expression of CD44 in the tumor periphery than in the core was correlated with a highly invasive feature on MRI and was associated with early tumor progression and worse survival, whereas lower expression of CD44 in the tumor periphery corresponded to low invasion and was associated with longer survival. The low invasion type on MRI tended to show high levels of VEGF expression in the tumor periphery, thus presenting the tumor with high proliferative activity. These results imply the significance of GSCs with high levels of CD44 expression in the tumor periphery compared to the core, not only in tumor invasion but also rapid tumor progression and short survival in patients with GBM.
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267
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Morisse MC, Jouannet S, Dominguez-Villar M, Sanson M, Idbaih A. Interactions between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells in glioblastoma: unraveling promising targeted therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:729-737. [PMID: 30099909 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1510321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest primary malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumor with a median overall survival of 15 months despite a very intensive therapeutic regimen including maximal safe surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Therefore, GBM treatment still raises major biological and therapeutic challenges. Areas covered: One of the hallmarks of the GBM is its tumor microenvironment including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). TAM, accounting for approximately 30% of the GBM bulk cell population, may explain, at least in part, the immunosuppressive features of GBMs. The TAM are active and highly plastic immune cells and include two major ontogenetically different cell populations: (i) microglia and, (ii) monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM). TAM recruited to the tumor bulk can be reprogramed by GBM cells resulting in an ineffective anti-tumor response. Interestingly, interactions between TAM and GBM cells promote tumor oncogenesis (i.e. tumor cells proliferation and migration/invasion). This review aims to explore TAM targeting in GBM as a promising therapeutic option in the near future. Expert Commentary: A better understanding of TAM-GBM interactions and dynamics will certainly uncover new anti-GBM therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mony Chenda Morisse
- a Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP , Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix , Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris , France.,b Department of Medical Oncology , CHU Sud , Amiens , France
| | - Stéphanie Jouannet
- a Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP , Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix , Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris , France
| | | | - Marc Sanson
- a Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP , Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix , Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris , France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- a Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, AP-HP , Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix , Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, Paris , France
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268
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Sharma I, Singh A, Siraj F, Saxena S. IL-8/CXCR1/2 signalling promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion and vascular mimicry in glioblastoma. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:62. [PMID: 30086759 PMCID: PMC6081798 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the lethal malignant tumors of the central nervous system. Despite advances made in understanding this complex disease, little has been achieved in improving clinical efficacy towards it. Factors such as chemokines play important role in shaping the tumor microenvironment which in turn plays a significant role in deciding course of tumor progression. In this study, we investigated the role of chemokine IL-8 in glioblastoma progression with particular emphasis on immunomodulation, cellular proliferation, invasion and vascular mimicry. METHODS Role of IL-8 in GBM immunology was determined by correlating the expression of IL-8 by immunohistochemistry with other immune cell markers such as CD3 and CD68. Effect of high IL-8 expression on overall survival, the difference in expression level between different GBM subgroups and anatomic structures were analyzed using other databases. Two GBM cell lines -U-87MG and LN-18 were used to study the impact of targeting IL-8-CXCR1/2 signalling using neutralizing antibodies and pharmacological antagonist. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the expression of these axes. Impact on cell viability and proliferation was assessed by MTT, proliferation marker-ki-67 and clonogenic survival assays. Multicellular tumor spheroids generated from GBM cell lines were used to study invasion in matrigel. RESULTS Weak Positive correlation was observed between IL-8 and CD3 as well as between IL-8 and CD68. High IL-8 expression in GBM patients was found to be associated with dismal survival. No significant difference in IL-8 expression between different molecular subgroups of GBM was observed. In vitro targeting of IL-8-CXCR1/2 signalling displayed a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation, and spheroid invasion. Furthermore, the presence of CD34-/CXCR1+ vessels in GBM tissues showed the involvement of IL-8/CXCR1 in vascular mimicry structure formation. CONCLUSION These results suggest a direct involvement of IL-8-CXCR1/2 axes in GBM progression by promoting both cell proliferation and invasion and indirectly by promoting neovascularization in the form of vascular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Sharma
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Room No. 610, 6th floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
- Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
| | - Avninder Singh
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Room No. 610, 6th floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Fouzia Siraj
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Room No. 610, 6th floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sunita Saxena
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, Room No. 610, 6th floor, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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269
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A three-dimensional (3D) organotypic microfluidic model for glioma stem cells - Vascular interactions. Biomaterials 2018; 198:63-77. [PMID: 30098794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer. Despite many treatment options, prognosis of GBM remains dismal with a 5-year survival rate of 4.7%. Even then, tumors often recur after treatment. Tumor recurrence is hypothesized to be driven by glioma stem cell (GSC) populations which are highly tumorigenic, invasive, and resistant to several forms of therapy. GSCs are often concentrated around the tumor vasculature, referred to as the vascular niche, which are known to provide microenvironmental cues to maintain GSC stemness, promote invasion, and resistance to therapies. In this work, we developed a 3D organotypic microfluidic platform, integrated with hydrogel-based biomaterials, to mimic the GSC vascular niche and study the influence of endothelial cells (ECs) on patient-derived GSC behavior and identify signaling cues that mediate their invasion and phenotype. The established microvascular network enhanced GSC migration within a 3D hydrogel, promoted invasive morphology as well as maintained GSC proliferation rates and phenotype (Nestin, SOX2, CD44). Notably, we compared migration behavior to in vivo mice model and found similar invasive morphology suggesting that our microfluidic system could represent a physiologically relevant in vivo microenvironment. Moreover, we confirmed that CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling is involved in promoting GSC invasion in a 3D vascular microenvironment by utilizing a CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100), while also demonstrating the effectiveness of the microfluidic as a drug screening assay. Our model presents a potential ex vivo platform for studying the interplay of GSCs with its surrounding microenvironment as well as development of future therapeutic strategies tailored toward disrupting key molecular pathways involved in GSC regulatory mechanisms.
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270
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Breznik B, Limbaeck Stokin C, Kos J, Khurshed M, Hira VVV, Bošnjak R, Lah TT, Van Noorden CJF. Cysteine cathepsins B, X and K expression in peri-arteriolar glioblastoma stem cell niches. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:481-497. [PMID: 30046941 PMCID: PMC6182580 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor also due to malignant and therapy-resistant GBM stem cells (GSCs) that are localized in protecting hypoxic GSC niches. Some members of the cysteine cathepsin family of proteases have been found to be upregulated in GBM. Cathepsin K gene expression is highly elevated in GBM tissue versus normal brain and it has been suggested to regulate GSC migration out of the niches. Here, we investigated the cellular distribution of cathepsins B, X and K in GBM tissue and whether these cathepsins are co-localized in GSC niches. Therefore, we determined expression of these cathepsins in serial paraffin sections of 14 human GBM samples and serial cryostat sections of two samples using immunohistochemistry and metabolic mapping of cathepsin activity using selective fluorogenic substrates. We detected cathepsins B, X and K in peri-arteriolar GSC niches in 9 out of 16 GBM samples, which were defined by co-expression of the GSC marker CD133, the niche marker stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and smooth muscle actin as a marker for arterioles. The expression of cathepsin B and X was detected in stromal cells and cancer cells throughout the GBM sections, whereas cathepsin K expression was more restricted to arteriole-rich regions in the GBM sections. Metabolic mapping showed that cathepsin B, but not cathepsin K is active in GSC niches. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that cathepsins B, X and K have distinct functions in GBM and that cathepsin K is the most likely GSC niche-related cathepsin of the three cathepsins investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Clara Limbaeck Stokin
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 7 Aškerčeva cesta, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vashendriya V V Hira
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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271
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Missiaen R, Mazzone M, Bergers G. The reciprocal function and regulation of tumor vessels and immune cells offers new therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:107-116. [PMID: 29935312 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis and escape of immunosurveillance are two cancer hallmarks that are tightly linked and reciprocally regulated by paracrine signaling cues of cell constituents from both compartments. Formation and remodeling of new blood vessels in tumors is abnormal and facilitates immune evasion. In turn, immune cells in the tumor, specifically in context with an acidic and hypoxic environment, can promote neovascularization. Immunotherapy has emerged as a major therapeutic modality in cancer but is often hampered by the low influx of activated cytotoxic T-cells. On the other hand, anti-angiogenic therapy has been shown to transiently normalize the tumor vasculature and enhance infiltration of T lymphocytes, providing a rationale for a combination of these two therapeutic approaches to sustain and improve therapeutic efficacy in cancer. In this review, we discuss how the tumor vasculature facilitates an immunosuppressive phenotype and vice versa how innate and adaptive immune cells regulate angiogenesis during tumor progression. We further highlight recent results of antiangiogenic immunotherapies in experimental models and the clinic to evaluate the concept that targeting both the tumor vessels and immune cells increases the effectiveness in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindert Missiaen
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, and KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, and KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, and KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Grek CL, Sheng Z, Naus CC, Sin WC, Gourdie RG, Ghatnekar GG. Novel approach to temozolomide resistance in malignant glioma: connexin43-directed therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:79-88. [PMID: 29803991 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of malignant glioma, including glioblastoma (GBM), to the chemotherapeutic temozolomide (TMZ) remains a key obstacle in treatment strategies. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) has complex roles in the establishment, progression, and persistence of malignant glioma. Recent findings demonstrate that connexins play an important role in the microenvironment of malignant glioma and that Cx43 is capable of conferring chemotherapeutic resistance to GBM cells. Carboxyl-terminal Cx43 peptidomimetics show therapeutic promise in overcoming TMZ resistance via mechanisms that may include modulating junctional activity between tumor cells and peritumoral cells and/or downstream molecular signaling events mediated by Cx43 protein binding. High levels of intra-tumor and inter-tumor heterogeneity make it difficult to clearly define specific populations for Cx43-targeted therapy; hence, development of in vitro models that better mimic the microenvironment of malignant glioma, and the incorporation of patient-derived stem cells, could provide opportunities for patient-specific drug screening. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles of Cx43 in malignant glioma, with a special focus on tumor microenvironment, TMZ resistance, and therapeutic opportunity offered by Cx43 peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Science, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wun Chey Sin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Science, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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273
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Bryukhovetskiy I, Ponomarenko A, Lyakhova I, Zaitsev S, Zayats Y, Korneyko M, Eliseikina M, Mischenko P, Shevchenko V, Shanker Sharma H, Sharma A, Khotimchenko Y. Personalized regulation of glioblastoma cancer stem cells based on biomedical technologies: From theory to experiment (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:691-702. [PMID: 29749540 PMCID: PMC6034919 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors. GBM represents >50% of primary tumors of the nervous system and ~20% of intracranial neoplasms. Standard treatment involves surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. However, the prognosis of GBM is usually poor, with a median survival of 15 months. Resistance of GBM to treatment can be explained by the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) among the GBM cell population. At present, there are no effective therapeutic strategies for the elimination of CSCs. The present review examined the nature of human GBM therapeutic resistance and attempted to systematize and put forward novel approaches for a personalized therapy of GBM that not only destroys tumor tissue, but also regulates cellular signaling and the morphogenetic properties of CSCs. The CSCs are considered to be an informationally accessible living system, and the CSC proteome should be used as a target for therapy directed at suppressing clonal selection mechanisms and CSC generation, destroying CSC hierarchy, and disrupting the interaction of CSCs with their microenvironment and extracellular matrix. These objectives can be achieved through the use of biomedical cellular products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Lyakhova
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Sergey Zaitsev
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Yulia Zayats
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Maria Korneyko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Marina Eliseikina
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of Far Eastern Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | | | | | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental CNS Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE‑75185, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental CNS Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE‑75185, Sweden
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274
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Nakod PS, Kim Y, Rao SS. Biomimetic models to examine microenvironmental regulation of glioblastoma stem cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 429:41-53. [PMID: 29746930 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor, is the deadliest form of human cancer with low survival rates because of its highly invasive nature. In recent years, there has been a growing appreciation for the role that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) play during tumorigenesis and tumor recurrence of GBM. GSCs are a specialized subset of GBM cells with stem cell-like features that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. Thus, to enhance therapeutic efficiency and improve survival, targeting GSCs and their microenvironmental niche appears to be a promising approach. To develop this approach, understanding GSC-microenvironment interactions is crucial. This review discusses various biomimetic model systems to understand the impact of biophysical, biochemical, and cellular microenvironmental cues on GSC behaviors. These models include two-dimensional or matrix-free environment models, engineered biomaterial-based three-dimensional models, co-culture models, and mouse and rat in vivo models. These systems have been used to study the effects of biophysical factors, modulation of signaling pathways, extracellular matrix components, and culture conditions on the GSC phenotype. The advantages and disadvantages of these model systems and their impact in the field of GSC research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki S Nakod
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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275
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Glioblastoma niches: from the concept to the phenotypical reality. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1161-1168. [PMID: 29736738 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the concept of niches as sites of tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis in glioblastoma (GB) has been extensively debated. Niches, considered the sites in which glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) reside, have been classified as perivascular, perinecrotic, and invasive. However, from a neuropathological point of view, it is not easy to establish when a tumor structure can be considered a niche. The relevant literature has been reviewed in the light of our recent experience on the subject. As for perinecrotic niches, the occurrence of GSCs around necrosis is interpreted as triggered by hypoxia through HIF-1α. Our alternative hypothesis is that, together with progenitors, they are the cell constituents of hyper-proliferative areas of GB, where perinecrotic niches have developed, and they would, therefore, represent the remnants of GSCs/progenitors spared by the developing necrosis. Perivascular structures originate from both transport vessels and exchange vessels, i.e., venules, arterioles, or the undefinable neo-formed small vessels, but only those in which a direct contact between GSCs/progenitors and endothelial cells occurs can be called niches. Both pericytes and microglia/macrophages play a role in niche function: Macrophages of blood origin invade GB only after the appearance of "mother vessels" with consequent blood-brain barrier disruption. Not all vessel/tumor cell structures can be considered niches, that is, crucial sites of tumor progression, invasion, and angiogenesis.
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276
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Johansson E, Grassi ES, Pantazopoulou V, Tong B, Lindgren D, Berg TJ, Pietras EJ, Axelson H, Pietras A. CD44 Interacts with HIF-2α to Modulate the Hypoxic Phenotype of Perinecrotic and Perivascular Glioma Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1641-1653. [PMID: 28813675 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors enhance glioma stemness, and glioma stem cells have an amplified hypoxic response despite residing within a perivascular niche. Still, little is known about differential HIF regulation in stem versus bulk glioma cells. We show that the intracellular domain of stem cell marker CD44 (CD44ICD) is released at hypoxia, binds HIF-2α (but not HIF-1α), enhances HIF target gene activation, and is required for hypoxia-induced stemness in glioma. In a glioma mouse model, CD44 was restricted to hypoxic and perivascular tumor regions, and in human glioma, a hypoxia signature correlated with CD44. The CD44ICD was sufficient to induce hypoxic signaling at perivascular oxygen tensions, and blocking CD44 cleavage decreased HIF-2α stabilization in CD44-expressing cells. Our data indicate that the stem cell marker CD44 modulates the hypoxic response of glioma cells and that the pseudo-hypoxic phenotype of stem-like glioma cells is achieved by stabilization of HIF-2α through interaction with CD44, independently of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinn Johansson
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisa S Grassi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Pantazopoulou
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bei Tong
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Lindgren
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tracy J Berg
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin J Pietras
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Håkan Axelson
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, Medicon Village 404:C3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden.
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277
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Aderetti DA, Hira VVV, Molenaar RJ, van Noorden CJF. The hypoxic peri-arteriolar glioma stem cell niche, an integrated concept of five types of niches in human glioblastoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:346-354. [PMID: 29684521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary brain tumor and poor survival of glioblastoma patients is attributed to the presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs). These therapy-resistant, quiescent and pluripotent cells reside in GSC niches, which are specific microenvironments that protect GSCs against radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We previously showed the existence of hypoxic peri-arteriolar GSC niches in glioblastoma tumor samples. However, other studies have described peri-vascular niches, peri-hypoxic niches, peri-immune niches and extracellular matrix niches of GSCs. The aim of this review was to critically evaluate the literature on these five different types of GSC niches. In the present review, we describe that the five niche types are not distinct from one another, but should be considered to be parts of one integral GSC niche model, the hypoxic peri-arteriolar GSC niche. Moreover, hypoxic peri-arteriolar GSC niches are structural and functional look-alikes of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches in the bone marrow. GSCs are maintained in peri-arteriolar niches by the same receptor-ligand interactions as HSCs in bone marrow. Our concept should be rigidly tested in the near future and applied to develop therapies to expel and keep GSCs out of their protective niches to render them more vulnerable to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Aderetti
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam at the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vashendriya V V Hira
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam at the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam at the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam at the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam at the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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278
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Liebner S, Dijkhuizen RM, Reiss Y, Plate KH, Agalliu D, Constantin G. Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:311-336. [PMID: 29411111 PMCID: PMC6781630 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult quiescent blood-brain barrier (BBB), a structure organised by endothelial cells through interactions with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia in the neurovascular unit, is highly regulated but fragile at the same time. In the past decade, there has been considerable progress in understanding not only the molecular pathways involved in BBB development, but also BBB breakdown in neurological diseases. Specifically, the Wnt/β-catenin, retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog pathways moved into the focus of BBB research. Moreover, angiopoietin/Tie2 signalling that is linked to angiogenic processes has gained attention in the BBB field. Blood vessels play an essential role in initiation and progression of many diseases, including inflammation outside the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, the potential influence of CNS blood vessels in neurological diseases associated with BBB alterations or neuroinflammation has become a major focus of current research to understand their contribution to pathogenesis. Moreover, the BBB remains a major obstacle to pharmaceutical intervention in the CNS. The complications may either be expressed by inadequate therapeutic delivery like in brain tumours, or by poor delivery of the drug across the BBB and ineffective bioavailability. In this review, we initially describe the cellular and molecular components that contribute to the steady state of the healthy BBB. We then discuss BBB alterations in ischaemic stroke, primary and metastatic brain tumour, chronic inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Throughout the review, we highlight common mechanisms of BBB abnormalities among these diseases, in particular the contribution of neuroinflammation to BBB dysfunction and disease progression, and emphasise unique aspects of BBB alteration in certain diseases such as brain tumours. Moreover, this review highlights novel strategies to monitor BBB function by non-invasive imaging techniques focussing on ischaemic stroke, as well as novel ways to modulate BBB permeability and function to promote treatment of brain tumours, inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. In conclusion, a deep understanding of signals that maintain the healthy BBB and promote fluctuations in BBB permeability in disease states will be key to elucidate disease mechanisms and to identify potential targets for diagnostics and therapeutic modulation of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology, Goethe University Clinic, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Partner site Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Institute of Neurology, Goethe University Clinic, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Partner site Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Institute of Neurology, Goethe University Clinic, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Partner site Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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279
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Cui X, Morales RTT, Qian W, Wang H, Gagner JP, Dolgalev I, Placantonakis D, Zagzag D, Cimmino L, Snuderl M, Lam RHW, Chen W. Hacking macrophage-associated immunosuppression for regulating glioblastoma angiogenesis. Biomaterials 2018; 161:164-178. [PMID: 29421553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary adult brain tumor and its pathology is hallmarked by distorted neovascularization, diffuse tumor-associated macrophage infiltration, and potent immunosuppression. Reconstituting organotypic tumor angiogenesis models with biomimetic cell heterogeneity and interactions, pro-/anti-inflammatory milieu and extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics is critical for preclinical anti-angiogenic therapeutic screening. However, current in vitro systems do not accurately mirror in vivo human brain tumor microenvironment. Here, we engineered a three-dimensional (3D), microfluidic angiogenesis model with controllable and biomimetic immunosuppressive conditions, immune-vascular and cell-matrix interactions. We demonstrate in vitro, GL261 and CT-2A GBM-like tumors steer macrophage polarization towards a M2-like phenotype for fostering an immunosuppressive and proangiogenic niche, which is consistent with human brain tumors. We distinguished that GBM and M2-like immunosuppressive macrophages promote angiogenesis, while M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages suppress angiogenesis, which we coin "inflammation-driven angiogenesis." We observed soluble immunosuppressive cytokines, predominantly TGF-β1, and surface integrin (αvβ3) endothelial-macrophage interactions are required in inflammation-driven angiogenesis. We demonstrated tuning cell-adhesion receptors using an integrin (αvβ3)-specific collagen hydrogel regulated inflammation-driven angiogenesis through Src-PI3K-YAP signaling, highlighting the importance of altered cell-ECM interactions in inflammation. To validate the preclinical applications of our 3D organoid model and mechanistic findings of inflammation-driven angiogenesis, we screened a novel dual integrin (αvβ3) and cytokine receptor (TGFβ-R1) blockade that suppresses GBM tumor neovascularization by simultaneously targeting macrophage-associated immunosuppression, endothelial-macrophage interactions, and altered ECM. Hence, we provide an interactive and controllable GBM tumor microenvironment and highlight the importance of macrophage-associated immunosuppression in GBM angiogenesis, paving a new direction of screening novel anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Renee-Tyler Tan Morales
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Weiyi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Gagner
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dimitris Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Zagzag
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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280
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Noninvasive Glioblastoma Testing: Multimodal Approach to Monitoring and Predicting Treatment Response. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2908609. [PMID: 29581794 PMCID: PMC5822799 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2908609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive adult primary brain tumor which is incurable despite intensive multimodal treatment. Inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity poses one of the biggest barriers in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma, causing differences in treatment response and outcome. Noninvasive prognostic and predictive tests are highly needed to complement the current armamentarium. Noninvasive testing of glioblastoma uses multiple techniques that can capture the heterogeneity of glioblastoma. This set of diagnostic approaches comprises advanced MRI techniques, nuclear imaging, liquid biopsy, and new integrated approaches including radiogenomics and radiomics. New treatment options such as agents targeted at driver oncogenes and immunotherapy are currently being developed, but benefit for glioblastoma patients still has to be demonstrated. Understanding and unraveling tumor heterogeneity and microenvironment can help to create a treatment regime that is patient-tailored to these specific tumor characteristics. Improved noninvasive tests are crucial to this success. This review discusses multiple diagnostic approaches and their effect on predicting and monitoring treatment response in glioblastoma.
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281
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Hira VVV, Wormer JR, Kakar H, Breznik B, van der Swaan B, Hulsbos R, Tigchelaar W, Tonar Z, Khurshed M, Molenaar RJ, Van Noorden CJF. Periarteriolar Glioblastoma Stem Cell Niches Express Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche Proteins. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:155-173. [PMID: 29297738 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417749174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In glioblastoma, a fraction of malignant cells consists of therapy-resistant glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) residing in protective niches that recapitulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches in bone marrow. We have previously shown that HSC niche proteins stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), osteopontin (OPN), and cathepsin K (CatK) are expressed in hypoxic GSC niches around arterioles in five human glioblastoma samples. In HSC niches, HSCs are retained by binding of SDF-1α and OPN to their receptors CXCR4 and CD44, respectively. Protease CatK cleaves SDF-1α to release HSCs out of niches. The aim of the present study was to reproduce the immunohistochemical localization of these GSC markers in 16 human glioblastoma samples with the addition of three novel markers. Furthermore, we assessed the type of blood vessels associated with GSC niches. In total, we found seven GSC niches containing CD133-positive and nestin-positive GSCs as a single-cell layer exclusively around the tunica adventitia of 2% of the CD31-positive and SMA-positive arterioles and not around capillaries and venules. Niches expressed SDF-1α, CXCR4, CatK, OPN, CD44, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor. In conclusion, we show that GSC niches are present around arterioles and express bone marrow HSC niche proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashendriya V V Hira
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill R Wormer
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hala Kakar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Britt van der Swaan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Hulsbos
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wikky Tigchelaar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zbynek Tonar
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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282
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Molecular Determinants of Malignant Brain Cancers: From Intracellular Alterations to Invasion Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122774. [PMID: 29261132 PMCID: PMC5751372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma cells invade the surrounding brain parenchyma, by migrating along the blood vessels, thus promoting cancer growth. The biological bases of these activities are grounded in profound alterations of the metabolism and the structural organization of the cells, which consequently acquire the ability to modify the surrounding microenvironment, by altering the extracellular matrix and affecting the properties of the other cells present in the brain, such as normal glial-, endothelial- and immune-cells. Most of the effects on the surrounding environment are probably exerted through the release of a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain many different classes of molecules, from genetic material to defined species of lipids and enzymes. EV-associated molecules can be either released into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and/or transferred to neighboring cells: as a consequence, both deep modifications of the recipient cell phenotype and digestion of ECM components are obtained, thus causing cancer propagation, as well as a general brain dysfunction. In this review, we first analyze the main intracellular and extracellular transformations required for glioma cell invasion into the brain parenchyma; then we discuss how these events may be attributed, at least in part, to EVs that, like the pawns of a dramatic chess game with cancer, open the way to the tumor cells themselves.
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283
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Plastira I, Bernhart E, Goeritzer M, DeVaney T, Reicher H, Hammer A, Lohberger B, Wintersperger A, Zucol B, Graier WF, Kratky D, Malle E, Sattler W. Lysophosphatidic acid via LPA-receptor 5/protein kinase D-dependent pathways induces a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:253. [PMID: 29258556 PMCID: PMC5735906 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species transmit signals via six different G protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6) and are indispensible for brain development and function of the nervous system. However, under neuroinflammatory conditions or brain damage, LPA levels increase, thereby inducing signaling cascades that counteract brain function. We describe a critical role for 1-oleyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (termed "LPA" throughout our study) in mediating a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype via LPAR5 that couples to protein kinase D (PKD)-mediated pathways. METHODS Using the xCELLigence system and time-lapse microscopy, we investigated the migrational response of microglial cells. Different M1 and M2 markers were analyzed by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. Using qPCR and ELISA, we studied the expression of migratory genes and quantitated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, respectively. Different transcription factors that promote the regulation of pro-inflammatory genes were analyzed by western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, and microglial cytotoxicity were determined using commercially available assay kits. RESULTS LPA induces MAPK family and AKT activation and pro-inflammatory transcription factors' phosphorylation (NF-κB, c-Jun, STAT1, and STAT3) that were inhibited by both LPAR5 and PKD family antagonists. LPA increases migratory capacity, induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and expression of M1 markers, enhances production of ROS and NO by microglia, and augments cytotoxicity of microglial cell-conditioned medium towards neurons. The PKD family inhibitor blunted all of these effects. We propose that interference with this signaling axis could aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches to control neuroinflammation under conditions of overshooting LPA production. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we show that inflammatory LPA levels increased the migratory response of microglia and promoted a pro-inflammatory phenotype via the LPAR5/PKD axis. Interference with this signaling axis reduced microglial migration, blunted microglial cytotoxicity, and abrogated the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Plastira
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - E. Bernhart
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M. Goeritzer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T. DeVaney
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H. Reicher
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A. Hammer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - B. Lohberger
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A. Wintersperger
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - B. Zucol
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - W. F. Graier
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - D. Kratky
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E. Malle
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - W. Sattler
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.452216.6BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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284
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Brooks LJ, Parrinello S. Vascular regulation of glioma stem-like cells: a balancing act. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:8-15. [PMID: 28732340 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are aggressive and therapy-resistant brain tumours driven by glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). GSC behaviour is controlled by the microenvironment, or niche, in which the cells reside. It is well-established that the vasculature is a key component of the GSC niche, which drives maintenance in the tumour bulk and invasion at the margin. Emerging evidence now indicates that the specific properties of the vasculature within these two regions impose different functional states on resident GSCs, generating distinct subpopulations. Here, we review these recent findings, focusing on the mechanisms that underlie GSC/vascular communication. We further discuss how plasticity enables GSCs to respond to vascular changes by interconverting bidirectionally between states, and address the therapeutic implications of this dynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Brooks
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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285
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5-Aminolevulinic Acid Guided Sampling of Glioblastoma Microenvironments Identifies Pro-Survival Signaling at Infiltrative Margins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15593. [PMID: 29142297 PMCID: PMC5688093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains diverse microenvironments with uneven distributions of oncogenic alterations and signaling networks. The diffusely infiltrative properties of GBM result in residual tumor at neurosurgical resection margins, representing the source of relapse in nearly all cases and suggesting that therapeutic efforts should be focused there. To identify signaling networks and potential druggable targets across tumor microenvironments (TMEs), we utilized 5-ALA fluorescence-guided neurosurgical resection and sampling, followed by proteomic analysis of specific TMEs. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) was performed on 205 proteins isolated from the tumor margin, tumor bulk, and perinecrotic regions of 13 previously untreated, clinically-annotated and genetically-defined high grade gliomas. Differential protein and pathway signatures were established and then validated using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and comparable TCGA RPPA datasets. We identified 37 proteins differentially expressed across high-grade glioma TMEs. We demonstrate that tumor margins were characterized by pro-survival and anti-apoptotic proteins, whereas perinecrotic regions were enriched for pro-coagulant and DNA damage response proteins. In both our patient cohort and TCGA cases, the data suggest that TMEs possess distinct protein expression profiles that are biologically and therapeutically relevant.
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286
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Begicevic RR, Falasca M. ABC Transporters in Cancer Stem Cells: Beyond Chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2362. [PMID: 29117122 PMCID: PMC5713331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy is one of the main challenges in cancer treatment and one of the major obstacles to overcome in achieving lasting remission and a definitive cure in patients with cancer is the emergence of cancer resistance. Indeed, drug resistance is ultimately accountable for poor treatment outcomes and tumour relapse. There are various molecular mechanisms involved in multidrug resistance, such as the change in the activity of membrane transporters primarily belonging to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. In addition, it has been proposed that this common feature could be attributed to a subpopulation of slow-cycling cancer stem cells (CSCs), endowed with enhanced tumorigenic potential and multidrug resistance. CSCs are characterized by the overexpression of specific surface markers that vary in different cancer cell types. Overexpression of ABC transporters has been reported in several cancers and more predominantly in CSCs. While the major focus on the role played by ABC transporters in cancer is polarized by their involvement in chemoresistance, emerging evidence supports a more active role of these proteins, in which they release specific bioactive molecules in the extracellular milieu. This review will outline our current understanding of the role played by ABC transporters in CSCs, how their expression is regulated and how they support the malignant metabolic phenotype. To summarize, we suggest that the increased expression of ABC transporters in CSCs may have precise functional roles and provide the opportunity to target, particularly these cells, by using specific ABC transporter inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana-Rea Begicevic
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia.
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287
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Herting CJ, Chen Z, Pitter KL, Szulzewsky F, Kaffes I, Kaluzova M, Park JC, Cimino PJ, Brennan C, Wang B, Hambardzumyan D. Genetic driver mutations define the expression signature and microenvironmental composition of high-grade gliomas. Glia 2017; 65:1914-1926. [PMID: 28836293 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG), including glioblastomas, are characterized by invasive growth, resistance to therapy, and high inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. The key histological hallmarks of glioblastoma are pseudopalisading necrosis and microvascular proliferation, which allow pathologists to distinguish glioblastoma from lower-grade gliomas. In addition to being genetically and molecularly heterogeneous, HGG are also heterogeneous with respect to the composition of their microenvironment. The question of whether this microenvironmental heterogeneity is driven by the molecular identity of the tumor remains controversial. However, this question is of utmost importance since microenvironmental, non-neoplastic cells are key components of the most radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-resistant niches of the tumor. Our work demonstrates a versatile, reliable, and reproducible adult HGG mouse model with NF1-silencing as a driver mutation. This model shows significant differences in tumor microenvironment, expression of subtype-specific markers, and response to standard therapy when compared to our established PDGFB-overexpressing HGG mouse model. PDGFB-overexpressing and NF1-silenced murine tumors closely cluster with human proneural and mesenchymal subtypes, as well as PDGFRA-amplified and NF1-deleted/mutant human tumors, respectively, at both the RNA and protein expression levels. These models can be generated in fully immunocompetent mixed or C57BL/6 genetic background mice, and therefore can easily be incorporated into preclinical studies for cancer cell-specific or immune cell-targeting drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Graduate Division of Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - K L Pitter
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Cancer Kettering Center, New York
| | - F Szulzewsky
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - I Kaffes
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Kaluzova
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J C Park
- CSI Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - P J Cimino
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - C Brennan
- Neurosurgery Department, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - B Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - D Hambardzumyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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288
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Yin J, Oh YT, Kim JY, Kim SS, Choi E, Kim TH, Hong JH, Chang N, Cho HJ, Sa JK, Kim JC, Kwon HJ, Park S, Lin W, Nakano I, Gwak HS, Yoo H, Lee SH, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim SY, Nam DH, Park MJ, Park JB. Transglutaminase 2 Inhibition Reverses Mesenchymal Transdifferentiation of Glioma Stem Cells by Regulating C/EBPβ Signaling. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4973-4984. [PMID: 28754668 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Necrosis is a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM) and is responsible for poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying necrotic microenvironment-induced malignancy of GBM have not been elucidated. Here, we report that transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is upregulated in the perinecrotic region of GBM and triggered mesenchymal (MES) transdifferentiation of glioma stem cells (GSC) by regulating master transcription factors (TF), such as C/EBPβ, TAZ, and STAT3. TGM2 expression was induced by macrophages/microglia-derived cytokines via NF-κB activation and further degraded DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (GADD153) to induce C/EBPβ expression, resulting in expression of the MES transcriptome. Downregulation of TGM2 decreased sphere-forming ability, tumor size, and radioresistance and survival in a xenograft mouse model through a loss of the MES signature. A TGM2-specific inhibitor GK921 blocked MES transdifferentiation and showed significant therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of GSC. Moreover, TGM2 expression was significantly increased in recurrent MES patients and inversely correlated with patient prognosis. Collectively, our results indicate that TGM2 is a key molecular switch of necrosis-induced MES transdifferentiation and an important therapeutic target for MES GBM. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4973-84. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Yin
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Taek Oh
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Yub Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Hong
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Nakho Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Cheol Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Saewhan Park
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ho-Shin Gwak
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. .,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea. .,Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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289
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Poon CC, Sarkar S, Yong VW, Kelly JJP. Glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages: targets for therapies to improve prognosis. Brain 2017; 140:1548-1560. [PMID: 28334886 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and most malignant primary adult human brain tumour. Diagnosis of glioblastoma carries a dismal prognosis. Treatment resistance and tumour recurrence are the result of both cancer cell proliferation and their interaction with the tumour microenvironment. A large proportion of the tumour microenvironment consists of an inflammatory infiltrate predominated by microglia and macrophages, which are thought to be subverted by glioblastoma cells for tumour growth. Thus, glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages are logical therapeutic targets. Their emerging roles in glioblastoma progression are reflected in the burgeoning research into therapeutics directed at their modification or elimination. Here, we review the biology of glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages, and model systems used to study these cells in vitro and in vivo. We discuss translation of results using these model systems and review recent advances in immunotherapies targeting microglia and macrophages in glioblastoma. Significant challenges remain but medications that affect glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages hold considerable promise to improve the prognosis for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John J P Kelly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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290
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Gravina GL, Mancini A, Colapietro A, Vitale F, Vetuschi A, Pompili S, Rossi G, Marampon F, Richardson PJ, Patient L, Patient L, Burbidge S, Festuccia C. The novel CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, reduces tumor cell proliferation and accelerates cancer stem cell differentiation in glioblastoma preclinical models. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28639900 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most lethal primary brain tumor among adults. Standard of care is the association of radiotherapy with concomitant or adjuvant temozolomide. However, to date, recurrence is inevitable. The CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway is upregulated in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment regulating tumor cell proliferation, local invasion, angiogenesis, and the efficacy of radio-chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the novel CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, in preclinical models of glioblastoma. CXCR4 expression and PRX177561 effects were assessed on a panel of 12 human glioblastoma cells lines and 5 patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell cultures. Next, the effect of PRX177561 was tested in vivo, using subcutaneous injection of U87MG, U251, and T98G cells as well as orthotopic intrabrain inoculation of luciferase-transfected U87MG cells. Here we found that PRX177561 impairs the proliferation of human glioblastoma cell lines, increases apoptosis, and reduces CXCR4 expression and cell migration in response to stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha in vitro. PRX177561 reduced the expression of stem cell markers and increased that of E-cadherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in U87MG cells consistent with a reduction in cancer stem cells. In vivo, PRX177561 reduced the weight and increased the time to progression of glioblastoma subcutaneous tumors while increasing disease-free survival and overall survival of mice bearing orthotopic tumors. Our findings suggest that targeting stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha/CXCR4 axis by PRX177561 might represent a novel therapeutic approach against glioblastoma and support further investigation of this compound in more complex preclinical settings in order to determine its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,2 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Colapietro
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Flora Vitale
- 3 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Neurobiology Laboratory, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- 4 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Human Anatomy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Pompili
- 4 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Human Anatomy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- 5 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Lee Patient
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lee Patient
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Festuccia
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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291
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Multiplexed RNAi therapy against brain tumor-initiating cells via lipopolymeric nanoparticle infusion delays glioblastoma progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6147-E6156. [PMID: 28696296 PMCID: PMC5544292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701911114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) have been identified as key contributors to therapy resistance, recurrence, and progression of diffuse gliomas, particularly glioblastoma (GBM). BTICs are elusive therapeutic targets that reside across the blood-brain barrier, underscoring the urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Additionally, intratumoral heterogeneity and adaptations to therapeutic pressure by BTICs impede the discovery of effective anti-BTIC therapies and limit the efficacy of individual gene targeting. Recent discoveries in the genetic and epigenetic determinants of BTIC tumorigenesis offer novel opportunities for RNAi-mediated targeting of BTICs. Here we show that BTIC growth arrest in vitro and in vivo is accomplished via concurrent siRNA knockdown of four transcription factors (SOX2, OLIG2, SALL2, and POU3F2) that drive the proneural BTIC phenotype delivered by multiplexed siRNA encapsulation in the lipopolymeric nanoparticle 7C1. Importantly, we demonstrate that 7C1 nano-encapsulation of multiplexed RNAi is a viable BTIC-targeting strategy when delivered directly in vivo in an established mouse brain tumor. Therapeutic potential was most evident via a convection-enhanced delivery method, which shows significant extension of median survival in two patient-derived BTIC xenograft mouse models of GBM. Our study suggests that there is potential advantage in multiplexed targeting strategies for BTICs and establishes a flexible nonviral gene therapy platform with the capacity to channel multiplexed RNAi schemes to address the challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity.
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292
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Mastorakos P, Zhang C, Song E, Kim YE, Park HW, Berry S, Choi WK, Hanes J, Suk JS. Biodegradable brain-penetrating DNA nanocomplexes and their use to treat malignant brain tumors. J Control Release 2017; 262:37-46. [PMID: 28694032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of powerful genetic targets has spurred clinical development of gene therapy approaches to treat patients with malignant brain tumors. However, lack of success in the clinic has been attributed to the inability of conventional gene vectors to achieve gene transfer throughout highly disseminated primary brain tumors. Here, we demonstrate ex vivo that small nanocomplexes composed of DNA condensed by a blend of biodegradable polymer, poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE), with PBAE conjugated with 5kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules (PBAE-PEG) rapidly penetrate healthy brain parenchyma and orthotopic brain tumor tissues in rats. Rapid diffusion of these DNA-loaded nanocomplexes observed in fresh tissues ex vivo demonstrated that they avoided adhesive trapping in the brain owing to their dense PEG coating, which was critical to achieving widespread transgene expression throughout orthotopic rat brain tumors in vivo following administration by convection enhanced delivery. Transgene expression with the PBAE/PBAE-PEG blended nanocomplexes (DNA-loaded brain-penetrating nanocomplexes, or DNA-BPN) was uniform throughout the tumor core compared to nanocomplexes composed of DNA with PBAE only (DNA-loaded conventional nanocomplexes, or DNA-CN), and transgene expression reached beyond the tumor edge, where infiltrative cancer cells are found, only for the DNA-BPN formulation. Finally, DNA-BPN loaded with anti-cancer plasmid DNA provided significantly enhanced survival compared to the same plasmid DNA loaded in DNA-CN in two aggressive orthotopic brain tumor models in rats. These findings underscore the importance of achieving widespread delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids within brain tumors and provide a promising new delivery platform for localized gene therapy in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mastorakos
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clark Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Biotechnology Education, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hee Won Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sneha Berry
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Biotechnology Education, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Won Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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293
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Mondal A, Kumari Singh D, Panda S, Shiras A. Extracellular Vesicles As Modulators of Tumor Microenvironment and Disease Progression in Glioma. Front Oncol 2017; 7:144. [PMID: 28730141 PMCID: PMC5498789 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are lethal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by infiltrative growth, aggressive nature, and therapeutic resistance. The recent 2016 WHO classification for CNS tumors categorizes diffuse glioma into two major types that include IDH wild-type glioblastoma, which is the predominant type and IDH-mutant glioblastoma, which is less common and displays better prognosis. Recent studies suggest presence of a distinct cell population with stem cell features termed as glioma stem cells (GSCs) to be causal in driving tumor growth in glioblastoma. The presence of a stem and progenitor population possibly makes glioblastoma highly heterogeneous. Significantly, tumor growth is driven by interaction of cells residing within the tumor with the surrounding milieu termed as the tumor microenvironment. It comprises of various cell types such as endothelial cells, secreted factors, and the surrounding extracellular matrix, which altogether help perpetuate the proliferation of GSCs. One of the important mediators critical to the cross talk is extracellular vesicles (EVs). These nano-sized vesicles play important roles in intercellular communication by transporting bioactive molecules into the surrounding milieu, thereby altering cellular functions and/or reprogramming recipient cells. With the growing information on the contribution of EVs in modulation of the tumor microenvironment, it is important to determine their role in both supporting as well as promoting tumor growth in glioma. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the role of EVs in tumor progression and glioma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Mondal
- Lab-3, RNA Biology and Cancer Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Divya Kumari Singh
- Lab-3, RNA Biology and Cancer Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Suchismita Panda
- Lab-3, RNA Biology and Cancer Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Anjali Shiras
- Lab-3, RNA Biology and Cancer Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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294
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Dahlmanns M, Yakubov E, Chen D, Sehm T, Rauh M, Savaskan N, Wrosch JK. Chemotherapeutic xCT inhibitors sorafenib and erastin unraveled with the synaptic optogenetic function analysis tool. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17030. [PMID: 28835855 PMCID: PMC5541984 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for new potential chemotherapeutics, the compounds’ toxicity to healthy cells is an important factor. The brain with its functional units, the neurons, is especially endangered during the radio- and chemotherapeutic treatment of brain tumors. The effect of the potential compounds not only on neuronal survival but also neuronal function needs to be taken into account. Therefore, in this study we aimed to comprehend the biological effects of chemotherapeutic xCT inhibition on healthy neuronal cells with our synaptic optogenetic function analysis tool (SOFA). We combined common approaches, such as investigation of morphological markers, neuronal function and cell metabolism. The glutamate-cystine exchanger xCT (SLC7A11, system Xc−) is the main glutamate exporter in malignant brain tumors and as such a relevant drug target for treating deadly glioblastomas (WHO grades III and IV). Recently, two small molecules termed sorafenib (Nexavar) and erastin have been found to efficiently block xCT function. We investigated neuronal morphology, metabolic secretome profiles, synaptic function and cell metabolism of primary hippocampal cultures (containing neurons and glial cells) treated with sorafenib and erastin in clinically relevant concentrations. We found that sorafenib severely damaged neurons already after 24 h of treatment. Noteworthy, also at a lower concentration, where no morphological damage or metabolic disturbance was monitored, sorafenib still interfered with synaptic and metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, erastin-treated neurons displayed mostly inconspicuous morphology and metabolic rates. Key parameters of proper neuronal function, such as synaptic vesicle pool sizes, were however disrupted following erastin application. In conclusion, our data revealed that while sorafenib and erastin effectively inhibited xCT function they also interfered with essential neuronal (synaptic) function. These findings highlight the particular importance of investigating the effects of potential neurooncological and general cancer chemotherapeutics also on healthy neuronal cells and their function as revealed by the SOFA tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dahlmanns
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eduard Yakubov
- Translational Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Daishi Chen
- Translational Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Sehm
- Translational Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Savaskan
- Translational Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,BiMECON Ent., Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Katharina Wrosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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295
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Peitzsch C, Tyutyunnykova A, Pantel K, Dubrovska A. Cancer stem cells: The root of tumor recurrence and metastases. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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296
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The oxido-metabolic driver ATF4 enhances temozolamide chemo-resistance in human gliomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51164-51176. [PMID: 28881638 PMCID: PMC5584239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are devastating neoplasia with limited curative treatment options. Temozolomide (TMZ, Temcat®, Temodal® or Temodar®) is a first-line treatment for malignant gliomas but the development of drug resistance remains a major concern. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a critical oxido-metabolic regulator in gliomas, and its role in the pathogenesis of TMZ-resistance remains elusive. We investigated the effect of TMZ on human glioma cells under conditions of enhanced ATF4 expression (ATF4OE) and ATF4 knock down (ATF4KD). We monitored cell survival, ATF4 mRNA expression of ATF4 and xCT (SLC7a11) regulation within human gliomas. TMZ treatment induces a transcriptional response with elevated expression of ATF4, xCT and Nrf2, as a sign of ER stress and toxic cell damage response. ATF4 overexpression (ATF4OE) fosters TMZ resistance in human gliomas and inhibits TMZ-induced autophagy. Conversely, ATF4 suppression by small interfering RNAs (ATF4KD) leads to increased TMZ susceptibility and autophagy in comparison to wild type gliomas. ATF4OE gliomas show reduced cell cycle shift and apoptotic cell death, whereas ATF4KD gliomas reveal higher susceptibility towards cell cycle rearrangements. Hence, the migration capacity of ATF4OE glioma cells is almost not affected by TMZ treatment. In contrast, ATF4KD gliomas show a migratory stop following TMZ application. Mechanistically, xCT elevation is a consequence of ATF4 activation and increased levels of xCT amplifies ATF4-induced TMZ resistance. Our data show that ATF4 operates as a chemo-resistance gene in gliomas, and the tumor promoting function of ATF4 is mainly determined by its transcriptional target xCT. Therefore, therapeutic inactivation of ATF4 can be a promising strategy to overcome chemo-resistance and promote drug efficacy in human gliomas.
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297
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Sharma I, Singh A, Sharma KC, Saxena S. Gene Expression Profiling of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Low and High Grade Astrocytoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1307-1313. [PMID: 28610419 PMCID: PMC5555540 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.5.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite intense interest in molecular characterization and searches for novel therapeutic targets, the
glioblastoma remains a formidable clinical challenge. Among many contributors to gliomagenesis, chemokines have
drawn special attention due to their involvement in a plethora of biological processes and pathological conditions. In
the present study we aimed to elucidate any pro-gliomagenic chemokine axis and probable roles in development of
glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Method: An array of 84 chemokines, chemokine receptors and related genes were
studied by real time PCR with comparison between low grade astrocytoma (diffuse astrocytoma – grade II) and high
grade astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme – grade IV). Gene ontology analysis and database mining were performed
to funnel down the important axis in GBM followed by validation at the protein level by immunohistochemistry on tissue
microarrays. Results: Gene expression and gene ontology analysis identified CXCL8 as an important chemokine which
was more frequently up-regulated in GBM as compared to diffuse astrocytoma. Further we demonstrated localization
of CXCL8 and its receptors in glioblastoma possibly affecting autocrine and paracrine signalling that promotes tumor
cell proliferation and neovascularisation with vascular mimicry. Conclusion: From these results CXCL8 appears to be
an important gliomagenic chemokine which may be involved in GBM growth by promoting tumor cell proliferation
and neovascularization via vascular mimicry. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to explore its
potential candidature in anti-GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Sharma
- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,Symbiosis International University, Pune, India.
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298
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Bischof J, Westhoff MA, Wagner JE, Halatsch ME, Trentmann S, Knippschild U, Wirtz CR, Burster T. Cancer stem cells: The potential role of autophagy, proteolysis, and cathepsins in glioblastoma stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692227. [PMID: 28347245 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One major obstacle in cancer therapy is chemoresistance leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Cancer stem cells, in particular glioblastoma stem cells, are highly resistant to chemotherapy, radiation, and immune recognition. In case of immune recognition, several survival mechanisms including, regulation of autophagy, proteases, and cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, are found in glioblastoma stem cells. In different pathways, cathepsins play a crucial role in processing functional proteins that are necessary for several processes and proper cell function. Consequently, strategies targeting these pathways in glioblastoma stem cells are promising approaches to interfere with tumor cell survival and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Bischof
- 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- 2 Department Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Elisabeth Wagner
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Trentmann
- 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Rainer Wirtz
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Burster
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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299
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Chen Z, Feng X, Herting CJ, Garcia VA, Nie K, Pong WW, Rasmussen R, Dwivedi B, Seby S, Wolf SA, Gutmann DH, Hambardzumyan D. Cellular and Molecular Identity of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2266-2278. [PMID: 28235764 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In glioblastoma (GBM), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) represent up to one half of the cells of the tumor mass, including both infiltrating macrophages and resident brain microglia. In an effort to delineate the temporal and spatial dynamics of TAM composition during gliomagenesis, we used genetically engineered and GL261-induced mouse models in combination with CX3CR1GFP/WT;CCR2RFP/WT double knock-in mice. Using this approach, we demonstrated that CX3CR1LoCCR2Hi monocytes were recruited to the GBM, where they transitioned to CX3CR1HiCCR2Lo macrophages and CX3CR1HiCCR2- microglia-like cells. Infiltrating macrophages/monocytes constituted approximately 85% of the total TAM population, with resident microglia accounting for the approximately 15% remaining. Bone marrow-derived infiltrating macrophages/monocytes were recruited to the tumor early during GBM initiation, where they localized preferentially to perivascular areas. In contrast, resident microglia were localized mainly to peritumoral regions. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed differential gene expression patterns unique to infiltrating and resident cells, suggesting unique functions for each TAM population. Notably, limiting monocyte infiltration via genetic Ccl2 reduction prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our findings illuminate the unique composition and functions of infiltrating and resident myeloid cells in GBM, establishing a rationale to target infiltrating cells in this neoplasm. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2266-78. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer Center of Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cameron J Herting
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer Center of Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kai Nie
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer Center of Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Winnie W Pong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rikke Rasmussen
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandra Seby
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer Center of Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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300
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Alshehri MM, Robbins SM, Senger DL. The Role of Neurotrophin Signaling in Gliomagenesis: A Focus on the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75 NTR/CD271). VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 104:367-404. [PMID: 28215302 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR, a.k.a. CD271), a transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tumor necrosis family (TNF) of receptors, was originally identified as a nerve growth factor receptor in the mid-1980s. While p75NTR is recognized to have important roles during neural development, its presence in both neural and nonneural tissues clearly supports the potential to mediate a broad range of functions depending on cellular context. Using an unbiased in vivo selection paradigm for genes underlying the invasive behavior of glioma, a critical characteristic that contributes to poor clinical outcome for glioma patients, we identified p75NTR as a central regulator of glioma invasion. Herein we review the expanding role that p75NTR plays in glioma progression with an emphasis on how p75NTR may contribute to the treatment refractory nature of glioma. Based on the observation that p75NTR is expressed and functional in two critical glioma disease reservoirs, namely, the highly infiltrative cells that evade surgical resection, and the radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor-initiating cells (also referred to as brain tumor stem cells), we propose that p75NTR and its myriad of downstream signaling effectors represent rationale therapeutic targets for this devastating disease. Lastly, we provide the provocative hypothesis that, in addition to the well-documented cell autonomous signaling functions, the neurotrophins, and their respective receptors, contribute in a cell nonautonomous manner to drive the complex cellular and molecular composition of the brain tumor microenvironment, an environment that fuels tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Alshehri
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S M Robbins
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D L Senger
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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