251
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Dierker L, Selya A, Lanza S, Li R, Rose J. Depression and marijuana use disorder symptoms among current marijuana users. Addict Behav 2018; 76:161-168. [PMID: 28843729 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most consistent risk factors implicated in both the course of escalating substance use behaviors and in the development of substance dependence symptoms, including those associated with marijuana use. In the present study, we evaluate if depression is associated with marijuana use disorder symptoms across the continuum of marijuana use frequency. METHODS Data were drawn from six annual surveys of the National Survey of Drug Use and Health to include adults who reported using marijuana at least once in the past 30days (N=28,557). RESULTS After statistical control for sociodemographic characteristics and substance use behaviors including marijuana use, alcohol use, smoking, and use of illicit substances other than marijuana, depression was positively and significantly associated with each of the marijuana use disorder symptoms as well as the symptom total score. Adult marijuana users with depression were consistently more likely to experience marijuana use disorder symptoms and a larger number of symptoms, with the magnitude and direction of the relationship generally consistent across all levels of marijuana use frequency from 1day used in the past month to daily marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS Depression is a consistent risk factor for marijuana use disorder symptoms over and above exposure to marijuana suggesting that depressed individuals may represent an important subgroup in need of targeted substance use intervention.
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253
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Kelly JF, Greene MC, Bergman BG. Is recovery from cannabis use problems different from alcohol and other drugs? Results from a national probability-based sample of the United States adult population. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 53:55-64. [PMID: 29287223 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The policy landscape regarding the legal status of cannabis (CAN) in the US and globally is changing rapidly. Research on CAN has lagged behind in many areas, none more so than in understanding how individuals suffering from the broad range of cannabis-related problems resolve those problems, and how their characteristics and problem resolution pathways are similar to or different from alcohol [ALC] or other drugs [OTH]. Greater knowledge could inform national policy debates as well as the nature and scope of any additional needed services as CAN population exposure increases. METHOD National, probability-based, cross-sectional sample of the US non-institutionalized adult population was conducted July-August 2016. Sample consisted of those who responded "yes" to the screening question, "Did you used to have a problem with alcohol or drugs but no longer do?" (63.4% response rate from 39,809 screened adults). Final weighted sample (N = 2002) was mostly male (60.0% [1.53%]), aged 25-49 (45.2% [1.63%]), non-Hispanic White (61.4% [1.64%]), employed (47.7% [1.61%]). Analyses compared CAN to ALC and OTH on demographic, clinical, treatment and recovery support services utilization, and quality of life (QOL) indices. RESULTS 9.1% of the US adult population reported resolving a significant substance problem, and of these, 10.97% were CAN. Compared to ALC (M = 49.79) or OTH (M = 43.80), CAN were significantly younger (M = 39.41, p < 0.01), had the earliest onset of regular use (CAN M = 16.89, ALC M = 19.02, OTH M = 23.29, p < 0.01), and resolved their problem significantly earlier (CAN M = 28.87, ALC M = 37.86, OTH M = 33.06, p < 0.01). Compared to both ALC and OTH, CAN were significantly less likely to report use of inpatient treatment and used substantially less outpatient treatment, overall (p < 0.01), although CAN resolving problems more recently were more likely to have used outpatient treatment (p < 0.01). Lifetime attendance at mutual-help meetings (e.g., AA) was similar, but CAN (M = 1.67) had substantially lower recent attendance compared to ALC (M = 7.70) and OTH (M = 7.65). QOL indices were similar across groups. CONCLUSION Approximately 2.4 million Americans have resolved a significant cannabis problem. Compared to ALC and OTH, the pattern of findings for CAN suggest similarities but also some notable differences in characteristics and problem resolution pathways particularly regarding earlier problem offset and less use of formal and informal services. Within a shifting policy landscape, research is needed to understand how increases in population exposure and potency may affect the nature and magnitude of differences observed in this preliminary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Kelly
- Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - M Claire Greene
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Brandon G Bergman
- Recovery Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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The Correlation between Methadone Dosages among Pairs of Heroin Users in Romantic Relationships and among Pairs of Heroin Users Who Are Siblings. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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255
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Maggio LA, Willinsky JM, Steinberg RM, Mietchen D, Wass JL, Dong T. Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190046. [PMID: 29267345 PMCID: PMC5739466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wikipedia is a gateway to knowledge. However, the extent to which this gateway ends at Wikipedia or continues via supporting citations is unknown. Wikipedia's gateway functionality has implications for information design and education, notably in medicine. This study aims to establish benchmarks for the relative distribution and referral (click) rate of citations-as indicated by presence of a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)-from Wikipedia, with a focus on medical citations. DOIs referred from the English Wikipedia in August 2016 were obtained from Crossref.org. Next, based on a DOI's presence on a WikiProject Medicine page, all DOIs in Wikipedia were categorized as medical (WP:MED) or non-medical (non-WP:MED). Using this categorization, referred DOIs were classified as WP:MED, non-WP:MED, or BOTH, meaning the DOI may have been referred from either category. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of 5.2 million Wikipedia pages, 4.42% (n = 229,857) included at least one DOI. 68,870 were identified as WP:MED, with 22.14% (n = 15,250) featuring one or more DOIs. WP:MED pages featured on average 8.88 DOI citations per page, whereas non-WP:MED pages had on average 4.28 DOI citations. For DOIs only on WP:MED pages, a DOI was referred every 2,283 pageviews and for non-WP:MED pages every 2,467 pageviews. DOIs from BOTH pages accounted for 12% (n = 58,475). The referral of DOI citations found in BOTH could not be assigned to WP:MED or non-WP:MED, as the page from which the referral was made was not provided with the data. While these results cannot provide evidence of greater citation referral from WP:MED than non-WP:MED, they do provide benchmarks to assess strategies for changing referral patterns. These changes might include editors adopting new methods for designing and presenting citations or the introduction of teaching strategies that address the value of consulting citations as a tool for extending learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Maggio
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. Willinsky
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Steinberg
- Lane Medical Library, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mietchen
- Data Science Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Ting Dong
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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256
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Mega TA, Dabe NE. Khat ( Catha Edulis) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2017; 11:146-155. [PMID: 29387278 PMCID: PMC5748832 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401711010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 20 million people worldwide are believed to be using khat. Although some studies reported that khat chewing might result in cardiovascular disorders, conclusive evidence is limited. Method The objective of this review was to synthesize the best available evidence for the effect of khat on the cardiovascular system. Databases searched were PubMed, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, CINAHL, poplin, LILACS, MedNar and Scopus. All papers included in the review were subjected to rigorous appraisal using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) standardized critical appraisal tool. Review Manager Software (Revman 5.3) was used for meta-analysis and effect size and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Result Data was extracted from 10 articles. Our meta-analysis included 9,207 subjects, (2123 chewers and 7084 non-chewers, respectively) to elucidate the effect of khat on heart rate, diastolic and systolic blood pressure. The mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure of khat chewers was higher than the non-chewers with a mean difference of 5.1 mmHg, 95%CI [2.7,7.5] and 7.9 mmHg, 95%CI [2.65, 13.18], respectively. Similarly, the heart rate of the chewers remained consistently higher, making the mean difference of 6.9 beats/min, 95%CI [0.5, 13.3]. In addition, khat was found to have either a causative or worsening effect on stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure. Conclusion We showed that khat chewing could significantly affect the cardiovascular system through its effect on heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, health promotion should be aimed to encourage quitting khat chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshale Ayele Mega
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Nikodimos Eshetu Dabe
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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257
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Gstrein V. Ideation, social construction and drug policy: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 51:75-86. [PMID: 29227842 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Within drug policy scholarship there is a growing body of literature applying ideational and social constructionist approaches to address the complexity of drug policy making and the apparent failure of the evidence-based policy paradigm to free the process from controversy and contestation. Ideational approaches are concerned with the roles played by ideas and beliefs in policy making, while social construction explores the way policy problems are constructed, and agendas are set and delineated by dominant frames and narratives. Interest in these approaches has developed over the last two decades, but has rapidly gained momentum over the last five years. There has been limited reflection on the state of the field, therefore it is timely to conduct a review of the literature to assess the value of these approaches, capture emerging themes and issues, and identify gaps in the literature to support future research directions. Using the Arksey and O'Malley framework, a scoping review was conducted to survey the breadth of the field. Following database and hand searching, 48 studies from 1996 to 2016 were selected for inclusion in the review. A narrative synthesis was undertaken and the literature was grouped into five broad theoretical approaches: ideational policy theory, problem construction, narratives and frames (including media analysis), construction of target populations, and policy transfer and mobilities. The majority of the studies are focused on single countries and drug policy issues, with few studies undertaking comparative work or reflecting on general theoretical developments in the literature. This study found that the Arksey and O'Malley framework was effective in capturing a potentially diverse field of literature and demonstrates the importance of ideational and social constructionist approaches to drug policy scholarship. Further research is required to achieve expanded geographic coverage, test policy making models and undertake comparative work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gstrein
- School of Applied Social and Policy Sciences, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co Antrim, BT37 0QB, UK.
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258
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Akomolafe SF, Oboh G, Akindahunsi AA, Afolayan AJ. Ethanol-induced male infertility: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum. Andrologia 2017; 49. [PMID: 28164351 DOI: 10.1111/and.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Tetracarpidium conophorum leaf extract on infertility induced by ethanol in male rats. Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups of five animals each: Group 1 (positive control) received 0.9% saline only; Group 2 (ethanol alone) were given only 30% ethanol orally at 7 ml/kg body weight per day, thrice in a week; groups 3, 4 and 5 were given ethanol and co-treated with 50, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight of leaf extract, respectively, while Group 6 was given ethanol and co-treated with a fertility drug, clomiphene citrate. Ethanol treatment resulted in significant (p < .05) decrease in LDH activity, G-6PDH activity, glycogen content, 3β and 17β HSD activities and testicular and epididymal Zn and Se contents and furthermore decrease in testicular sperm count, viability and marked increment in total sperm abnormalities, rate of sperm analysis parameters and consequently decreased reproductive hormone levels. Interestingly, co-administration of ethanol with either T. conophorum extract or drug almost ameliorated the toxic assault imposed by ethanol on reproductive organs and improved seminal qualities of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Akomolafe
- Department of Biochemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado - Ekiti, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - G Oboh
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - A A Akindahunsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - A J Afolayan
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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259
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Mihretu A, Teferra S, Fekadu A. Problematic khat use as a possible risk factor for harmful use of other psychoactive substances: a mixed method study in Ethiopia. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017; 12:47. [PMID: 29096691 PMCID: PMC5668959 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-017-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders along with neuropsychiatric disorders contributed about 14% of the global burden of disease. Harmful alcohol use, is a known contributor for many harms (accidents, suicide, violence, and complication of other psychiatric and medical disorders). In the Western countries, alcohol and nicotine are gateway drugs to cannabis use, and cannabis use is a risk factor for other illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Khat use is another psychoactive substance which is common in East African and Arabian Peninsula. But there is a knowledge gap regarding the position of khat use or problematic khat use in sequential progression of different psychoactive substances. Therefore, we aimed to understand and investigate the relationship of problematic khat use and other psychoactive substances in Ethiopia. METHODS Exploratory mixed methods study was employed. Quantitative cross sectional survey was done among 102 khat users, and 4 focus group discussions and 11 in-depth interviews were conducted to understand the pathways between khat use and other psychoactive substances use in 2014. Non random sampling (purposive and snowballing) was employed for both quantitative and qualitative studies. Khat users from khat cafeterias, shops, and from other open markets of khat in Addis Ababa were invited to participate. RESULT Currently significant majorities of khat users (86.3%) used at least one other psychoactive substance after they started khat use. The prevalence of harmful drinking was 53.9% among khat users. Problematic khat use was a significant predictor of harmful drinking (p < 0.05). About one from ten respondents engaged to risky sexual behavior pushed by the effect of khat after chewing. CONCLUSION The proportion of psychoactive substances use especially harmful drinking among khat users was observed higher compared to other cross sectional surveys conducted among general population. In Ethiopia, intervention and policy on harmful alcohol use could consider problematic khat use as one possible risky factor. A rigorous methodology which could test gateway hypothesis of problematic psychoactive substances use could be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoke Mihretu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
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260
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Aviad-Wilchek Y, Levy I, Ben-David S. Readiness to Use Psychoactive Substances Among Second-Generation Adolescent Immigrants and Perceptions of Parental Immigration-Related Trauma. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:1646-1655. [PMID: 28557547 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1298618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research explores the relationship between parental immigration-related trauma and second-generation adolescent substance abuse. To examine this relationship, we focused on Ethiopian adolescents in Israel who are at risk for substance abuse. Many immigrants from Ethiopia experienced severe immigration trauma and research indicates the existence of transgenerational trauma transmission. The current research focuses on the connection between Ethiopian adolescents' perceptions of their parents' immigration trauma and their readiness to use psychoactive substances. DESIGN Five hundred and ten second-generation Ethiopian adolescents (Israeli-born children of Ethiopian immigrants) filled out questionnaires examining socio-demographic characteristics, immigration impact and readiness to consume alcoholic beverages and use illegal drugs. RESULTS Our findings show that readiness levels among Ethiopian adolescents to use psychoactive substances are relatively low, and that parental trauma only affects the readiness to consume alcohol. The levels of readiness to consume drugs were partially related to parental trauma. Conclusions/Importance: Transgenerational trauma transmission should be considered when implementing alcohol and substance abuse treatment and prevention policies among second generation immigrants. This should be done on all levels including personal, interpersonal and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inna Levy
- a Department of Criminology , Ariel University , Ariel , Israel.,b Department of Multidisciplinary Studies , Zefat Academic College , Zefat , Israel
| | - Sarah Ben-David
- a Department of Criminology , Ariel University , Ariel , Israel
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261
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Metabolic and pharmacokinetic characterization of a new synthetic cannabinoid APINAC in rats. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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262
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Brechmann T, Maier C, Kaisler M, Vollert J, Schmiegel W, Pak S, Scherbaum N, Rist F, Riphaus A. Propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy arouses euphoria in a large subset of patients. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 6:536-546. [PMID: 29881609 DOI: 10.1177/2050640617736231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol is recommended for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy (GE), but preliminary data suggest addictive potentials. Objective The objective of this article is to evaluate the frequency of predominantly euphoric reaction after GE and patients' subsequent reminiscences. Methods Eighty-two patients undergoing elective GE under propofol sedation were enrolled in a prospective observational study. The grade of anxiety, expectation or relief about the examination's result and affective state in terms of cheerfulness, relaxation, activation, sedation and anxiety were surveyed using a numeric rating scale (1 to 10) immediately before (t1), after GE (t2) and seven days (t3) later. Statistics: hierarchical cluster analysis, heat map, χ2 test and paired t test. Results Mean propofol dosage was 264 ± 120 mg. Two clusters of mood changes emerged (t1 vs. t2). One (n = 46, 56.1%) was characterized by an unease reaction pattern with equal values regarding cheerfulness, relaxation and anxiety, while relaxation decreased; the other cluster showed a euphoric reaction pattern (n = 36, 43.9%) with markedly increased cheerfulness, relaxation and decreased anxiety. These effects intensified at recall (t3). Despite similar endoscopy results, euphoric cluster patients rated these more positively. Conclusion Propofol induces euphoria in nearly half of the patients undergoing elective GE with persisting, even enhanced reminiscence (germanctr.de, trial number DRKS00011202).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Brechmann
- 1Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Germany
| | - Christoph Maier
- 2Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Pain Medicine, Germany
| | - Miriam Kaisler
- 2Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Pain Medicine, Germany
| | - Jan Vollert
- 2Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Pain Medicine, Germany
| | - Wolff Schmiegel
- 1Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Germany
| | - Svetlana Pak
- 3KRH Klinikum Agnes Karll Laatzen, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Laatzen, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fred Rist
- University of Münster, Department of Psychology, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Riphaus
- 3KRH Klinikum Agnes Karll Laatzen, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Laatzen, Germany
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263
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Athamneh LN, Stein JS, Quisenberry AJ, Pope D, Bickel WK. The association between parental history and delay discounting among individuals in recovery from addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:153-158. [PMID: 28780380 PMCID: PMC5599355 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history of addiction is a risk factor for substance use disorders. Delay discounting (DD) is associated with the risk of substance use and dependence, and is predictive of the likelihood of successful abstinence and treatment outcomes; thus, we investigated the extent to which having parents with addiction (parental history of addiction) and number of addicted parents affect DD among individuals in recovery from addiction. METHODS Data from 177 individuals in recovery from addiction from The International Quit and Recovery Registry (IQRR), an ongoing online data collection program that aims to understand addiction and how people succeed in recovery, were included in the analysis. Participants with no, one, or two parents with addiction were compared on measures of DD using an adjusting-amount task. RESULTS Parental history of addiction was significantly associated with delay discounting. After controlling for age and gender, which were significantly different between groups, participants reporting two biological parents with addiction had significantly higher DD rates compared to those reporting one or no parents with addiction. CONCLUSIONS Participants with two parents with addiction had significantly higher rates of discounting compared to those with no or only one parent with addiction. This information can serve as a foundation to better identify and target important subgroups that need additional or non-traditional intervention strategies to address their larger degree of impulsivity and help maintain abstinence or achieve better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N. Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Amanda J. Quisenberry
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Derek Pope
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States,Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, 300 Turner Street NW, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States,Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
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264
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Meacham MC, Roesch SC, Strathdee SA, Gaines TL. Perceived Treatment Need and Latent Transitions in Heroin and Methamphetamine Polydrug Use among People who Inject Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 50:62-71. [PMID: 28960166 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1370747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
People who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico, use heroin and/or methamphetamine. While polydrug use is associated with HIV risk behavior, less is known about the stability of polydrug use patterns over time and how polydrug use is related to perceived treatment need. Within a cohort of PWID in Tijuana (N = 735) we sought to (1) characterize subgroups of polydrug and polyroute use from baseline to six months; (2) determine the probabilities of transitioning between subgroups; and (3) examine whether self-reported need for help for drug use modified these transition probabilities. Latent transition analysis (LTA) identified four latent statuses: heroin-only injection (38% at both baseline and follow-up); co-injection of heroin with methamphetamine (3% baseline, 15% follow-up); injection of heroin and methamphetamine (37% baseline, 32% follow-up); and polydrug and polyroute users who injected heroin and both smoked and injected methamphetamine (22% baseline, 14% follow-up). Heroin-only injectors had the highest probability of remaining in the same latent status at follow-up. The majority reported great or urgent need for treatment (51%) and these PWID had greater odds of transitioning to a higher-risk status at follow-up, emphasizing the need for evidence-based drug treatment options for PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Meacham
- a Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Psychiatry , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,b Doctoral Student, School of Public Health , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Doctoral Student, Division of Global Public Health , Department of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Scott C Roesch
- d Professor, Department of Psychology , San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- e Professor, Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Tommi L Gaines
- f Assistant Professor, Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine , University of California , San Diego, La Jolla , CA , USA
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Caffino L, Piva A, Mottarlini F, Di Chio M, Giannotti G, Chiamulera C, Fumagalli F. Ketamine Self-Administration Elevates αCaMKII Autophosphorylation in Mood and Reward-Related Brain Regions in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5453-5461. [PMID: 28948570 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of αCaMKII expression and phosphorylation is a feature shared by drugs of abuse with different mechanisms of action. Accordingly, we investigated whether αCaMKII expression and activation could be altered by self-administration of ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor, with antidepressant and psychotomimetic as well as reinforcing properties. Rats self-administered ketamine at a sub-anesthetic dose for 43 days and were sacrificed 24 h after the last drug exposure; reward-related brain regions, such as medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral striatum (vS), and hippocampus (Hip), were used for the measurement of αCaMKII-mediated signaling. αCaMKII phosphorylation was increased in these brain regions suggesting that ketamine, similarly to other reinforcers, activates this kinase. We next measured the two main targets of αCaMKII, i.e., GluN2B (S1303) and GluA1 (S831), and found increased activation of GluN2B (S1303) together with reduced phosphorylation of GluA1 (S831). Since GluN2B, via inhibition of ERK, regulates the membrane expression of GluA1, we measured ERK2 phosphorylation in the crude synaptosomal fraction of these brain regions, which was significantly reduced suggesting that ketamine-induced phosphorylation of αCaMKII promotes GluN2B (S1303) phosphorylation that, in turn, inhibits ERK 2 signaling, an effect that results in reduced membrane expression and phosphorylation of GluA1. Taken together, our findings point to αCaMKII autophosphorylation as a critical signature of ketamine self-administration providing an intracellular mechanism to explain the different effects caused by αCaMKII autophosphorylation on the post-synaptic GluN2B- and GluA1-mediated functions. These data add ketamine to the list of drugs of abuse converging on αCaMKII to sustain their addictive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Caffino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piva
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, P.le Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Mottarlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Chio
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, P.le Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiano Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, P.le Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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266
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Hayden Griffin
- Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Megan E. Webb
- Doctoral Student, Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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267
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Gender Differences in Problematic Alcohol Consumption in University Professors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091069. [PMID: 28914801 PMCID: PMC5615606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of job satisfaction and other psychosocial variables in problematic alcohol consumption within professional settings remains understudied. The aim of this study is to assess the level of problematic alcohol consumption among male and female university professors and associated psychosocial variables. A total of 360 professors (183 men and 177 women) of a large private university in Ecuador were surveyed using standardized instruments for the following psychosocial measures: alcohol consumption, job satisfaction, psychological stress, psychological flexibility, social support and resilience. Problematic alcohol consumption was found in 13.1% of participants, although this was significantly higher (χ² = 15.6; d.f. = 2, p < 0.001) in men (19.1%) than women (6.8%). Problematic alcohol consumption was reported in men with higher perceived stress and job satisfaction. However, 83.3% of women with problematic alcohol use reported lower job satisfaction and higher psychological inflexibility. Results suggest that job satisfaction itself did not prevent problematic alcohol consumption in men; stress was associated with problematic consumption in men and psychological inflexibility in women. Findings from this study support the need to assess aspects of alcohol consumption and problematic behavior differently among men and women. Intervention strategies aimed at preventing or reducing problematic alcohol consumption in university professors must be different for men and women.
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268
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Ruglass LM, Shevorykin A, Brezing C, Hu MC, Hien DA. Demographic and clinical characteristics of treatment seeking women with full and subthreshold PTSD and concurrent cannabis and cocaine use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 80:45-51. [PMID: 28755772 PMCID: PMC5575989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While the detrimental effects of concurrent substance use disorders (SUDs) are now being well documented, very few studies have examined this comorbidity among women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data for these analyses were derived from the "Women and Trauma" study conducted within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. Women with full or subthreshold PTSD and co-occurring cannabis use disorder (CUD) and cocaine use disorder (COD; N=99) were compared to their counterparts with co-occurring CUD only (N=26) and co-occurring COD only (N=161) on rates of trauma exposure, psychiatric disorders, psychosocial problems, and other substance use utilizing a set of multivariate logistic regressions. In models adjusted for age and race/ethnicity, women with PTSD and COD only were significantly older than their counterparts with CUD only and concurrent CUD+COD. Relative to those with CUD only, women with concurrent CUD+COD had higher odds of adult sexual assault. Relative to those with COD only, women with concurrent CUD+COD had higher odds of alcohol use disorder in the past 12months. Finally, relative to those with CUD only, women with COD only had higher odds of ever being arrested/convicted and adult sexual assault. The higher rates of adult sexual assault and alcohol use disorder among those with concurrent CUD+COD suggest the need for trauma-informed approaches that can respond to the needs of this dually-diagnosed population. Moreover, the causal link between repeated traumatic stress exposure and polysubstance use requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia M Ruglass
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC Building, Rm 7/120, New York, NY 10031, United States.
| | - Alina Shevorykin
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, 861 Bedford Road, Pleasantville, NY, United States.
| | - Christina Brezing
- Division on Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside, Drive, Unit 66, Room 3736, United States.
| | - Mei-Chen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Denise A Hien
- Gordon F. Derner Institute for Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University & Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, IAPS, Derner Institute, Hy Weinberg Center, Room 306, Garden City, NY 11530-0701, United States.
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269
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Domaradzka E, Bielecki M. Deadly Attraction - Attentional Bias toward Preferred Cigarette Brand in Smokers. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1365. [PMID: 28848479 PMCID: PMC5554524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that biases in visual attention might be evoked by affective and personally relevant stimuli, for example addiction-related objects. Despite the fact that addiction is often linked to specific products and systematic purchase behaviors, no studies focused directly on the existence of bias evoked by brands. Smokers are characterized by high levels of brand loyalty and everyday contact with cigarette packaging. Using the incentive-salience mechanism as a theoretical framework, we hypothesized that this group might exhibit a bias toward the preferred cigarette brand. In our study, a group of smokers (N = 40) performed a dot probe task while their eye movements were recorded. In every trial a pair of pictures was presented - each of them showed a single cigarette pack. The visual properties of stimuli were carefully controlled, so branding information was the key factor affecting subjects' reactions. For each participant, we compared gaze behavior related to the preferred vs. other brands. The analyses revealed no attentional bias in the early, orienting phase of the stimulus processing and strong differences in maintenance and disengagement. Participants spent more time looking at the preferred cigarettes and saccades starting at the preferred brand location had longer latencies. In sum, our data shows that attentional bias toward brands might be found in situations not involving choice or decision making. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of attentional biases to stimuli of personal relevance and might serve as a first step toward developing new attitude measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Domaradzka
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland
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270
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Moan IS, Storvoll EE, Lund IO. Worries about others' substance use-Differences between alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 48:108-114. [PMID: 28822298 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well documented that many experience harm from others' substance use, little is known about the psychological strain associated with others' use. The aims were: (1) to describe the prevalence of worries about others' alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use, (2) whose substance use people worry about, (3) the overlap in worries, and (4) to examine how worries about others' use of each substance vary according to demographics, own substance use and experience of harm from others' use. METHODS A population survey was conducted among 16-64year old Norwegians (N=1667). Respondents' reported on worries about others' alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use, measures of experiences of harm from others' use of the three substances, and own substance use. RESULTS Worries about others' drinking were most prevalent. Among those who worried, others' cigarette and illegal drug use caused more frequent worry. While worry about cigarette use was mostly associated with family members' use, worry about others' alcohol and illegal drug use more often concerned friends'/acquaintances' use. About half worried about others' use of at least one substance. Across all three substances, experience of harm from others' substance use was most strongly related to worries. CONCLUSION Worries about others' substance use are common and reflect the prevalence of use of the substances in the population. In sum, the findings suggest that worry about others' alcohol and illegal drug use is primarily related to acute harm while worry about others' cigarette smoking is more related to chronic harm.
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271
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Jones AW. Review of Caffeine-Related Fatalities along with Postmortem Blood Concentrations in 51 Poisoning Deaths. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:167-172. [PMID: 28334840 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Publications reporting concentrations of caffeine in postmortem blood were reviewed if the cause of death was attributed to overdosing (poisoning) with drugs. Age and gender of the deceased, the manner of death (accident, suicide or undetermined) and types of co-ingested drugs were evaluated in relation to the concentrations of caffeine in blood (N = 51). The mean age (±SD) of the victims was 39 ± 17.8 years (range 18-84 years) and most were female (N = 31 or 61%). The difference in mean age of males (42 ± 17.2 years) and females (37 ± 18.3 years) was not statistically significant (t = 0.811, P = 0.421). The mean (±SD), median and range of caffeine concentrations in postmortem blood were 187 ± 96 mg/L (180 mg/L) and 33-567 mg/L, respectively. The median concentration of caffeine in males (161 mg/L) was not significantly different from that of females (182 mg/L), z = 1.18, P = 0.235. There was no correlation between the age of the deceased and the concentration of caffeine in postmortem blood (R2 = 0.026, P > 0.05). Manner of death was classified as suicide in 51% of cases (median blood-caffeine 185 mg/L), accidental in 16% (median 183 mg/L) or undetermined in 33% (median 113 mg/L). The median concentration of caffeine in blood was lower when manner of death was undetermined compared with suicide or accidental (P = 0.023). Although other drugs, including ethanol, antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and/or ephedrine, were often identified in postmortem blood, the predominant psychoactive substance was caffeine. The deceased had ingested caffeine in tablet or powder form and it does not seem likely that toxic concentrations of caffeine can be achieved from over-consumption of caffeinated beverages alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wayne Jones
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
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272
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Wong GTW, Manning M. Adolescent Illicit Drug Use and Policy Options in Australia: A Multicriteria Decision Analysis. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042617719444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of illicit substance involvement is a multidimensional problem shaped by factors across individual, social, and environmental domains. In this study, a multicriteria framework is employed to incorporate the input of specialists regarding risk and protective factors and the effectiveness of alternative interventions to mitigate the adverse harms and consequences associated with adolescent drug initiation and subsequent use. Using a seven-stage drug use continuum (nonuse, priming, initial use, experimental use, occasional use, regular use, and dysfunctional use), experts rate social and environmental factors as the most important from nonuse to occasional use. Experts often support preventive and harm-minimizing strategies to interrupt the progression of drug involvement and accumulation of drug-related harms among adolescents. Compared with preferable interventions, less preferable options (e.g., drug testing/monitoring) are considered to have a negative policy impact on key social, environmental, and drug dimension domains, which tend to override their positive impacts on other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T. W. Wong
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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273
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Bachi K, Mani V, Jeyachandran D, Fayad ZA, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N. Vascular disease in cocaine addiction. Atherosclerosis 2017; 262:154-162. [PMID: 28363516 PMCID: PMC5757372 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a powerful vasoconstrictor, induces immune responses including cytokine elevations. Chronic cocaine use is associated with functional brain impairments potentially mediated by vascular pathology. Although the Crack-Cocaine epidemic has declined, its vascular consequences are increasingly becoming evident among individuals with cocaine use disorder of that period, now aging. Paradoxically, during the period when prevention efforts could make a difference, this population receives psychosocial treatment at best. We review major postmortem and in vitro studies documenting cocaine-induced vascular toxicity. PubMed and Academic Search Complete were used with relevant terms. Findings consist of the major mechanisms of cocaine-induced vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, and accelerated atherosclerosis, emphasizing acute, chronic, and secondary effects of cocaine. The etiology underlying cocaine's acute and chronic vascular effects is multifactorial, spanning hypertension, impaired homeostasis and platelet function, thrombosis, thromboembolism, and alterations in blood flow. Early detection of vascular disease in cocaine addiction by multimodality imaging is discussed. Treatment may be similar to indications in patients with traditional risk-factors, with few exceptions such as enhanced supportive care and use of benzodiazepines and phentolamine for sedation, and avoiding β-blockers. Given the vascular toxicity cocaine induces, further compounded by smoking and alcohol comorbidity, and interacting with aging of the crack generation, there is a public health imperative to identify pre-symptomatic markers of vascular impairments in cocaine addiction and employ preventive treatment to reduce silent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Bachi
- Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational Molecular Imaging Institute (TMII), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Devi Jeyachandran
- Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational Molecular Imaging Institute (TMII), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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274
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Piper BJ, Desrosiers CE, Fisher HC, McCall KL, Nichols SD. A New Tool to Tackle the Opioid Epidemic: Description, Utility, and Results from the Maine Diversion Alert Program. Pharmacotherapy 2017; 37:791-798. [PMID: 28543168 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The opioid epidemic continues to impact the United States, and new strategies are needed to combat this epidemic. The objective of this study was to analyze 2015 drug arrest data from Maine's Diversion Alert (DA) program (diversionalert.org), compare arrest data between the first quarters of 2015 and 2016, and provide an analysis of the sex differences in the arrests as well as information about DA use. STUDY DESIGN This was a population-based descriptive study using data from the Maine DA program. The study population consisted of persons arrested for prescription, nonprescription, or illicit drugs. DATA SOURCE DA database. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The DA program addresses Maine's prescription drug abuse epidemic with innovative resources that provide access to drug arrest data for health care providers to identify and respond to patients at risk for overdose, those engaged in illegal prescription drug distribution, and those who need treatment. Drug arrest data from 2015 (2723 arrests) and the first quarter of 2016 (788 arrests) were compared and analyzed. The drugs implicated in the arrests were organized by Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) schedule category and whether they were pharmaceuticals (synthesized and distributed by a pharmaceutical company) or nonpharmaceuticals (grown or synthesized in clandestine laboratories). Most arrests were for possession (64.5%) followed by trafficking (23.8%). Heroin was listed in more than three-quarters (76.4%) of the Schedule I arrests, followed by marijuana (11.7%) and "bath salts" (6.3%). Cocaine and crack cocaine were implicated in almost half (46.7%) of the Schedule II arrests, followed by oxycodone (21.0%) and methamphetamine/amphetamine (15.8%). Buprenorphine was responsible for almost all (96.7%) of the Schedule III arrests. The benzodiazepines alprazolam (34.3%), clonazepam (33.8%), diazepam (11.9%), and lorazepam (8.5%) were listed in the preponderance of the Schedule IV arrests. Arrests increased in 2016 by 49.2% for heroin (p<0.01) and 170.0% for methamphetamine (p≤0.0005) relative to 2015. Arrests for trafficking increased by 42.9% (p<0.05). Males outnumbered females 2:1 in DA. Schedule IV agents accounted for only 6.8% of arrests for males versus 11.5% for females (p≤0.0001). Conversely, Schedule I agents were implicated in 33.0% of arrests for males versus only 27.3% for females (p<0.005). CONCLUSION DA is an important tool for providing timely information for health care providers regarding individuals with a history of past misuse of psychotherapeutic agents, particularly opioids and stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Piper
- Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania.,Neuroscience Program, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | | | - Harriet C Fisher
- Department of Government and Legal Studies, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | | | - Stephanie D Nichols
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Husson University School of Pharmacy, Bangor, Maine.,Department of Pharmacy, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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275
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Wu J, Dong M, Zhang C, Wang Y, Xie M, Chen Y. Magnetic Lateral Flow Strip for the Detection of Cocaine in Urine by Naked Eyes and Smart Phone Camera. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17061286. [PMID: 28587239 PMCID: PMC5492392 DOI: 10.3390/s17061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic lateral flow strip (MLFS) based on magnetic bead (MB) and smart phone camera has been developed for quantitative detection of cocaine (CC) in urine samples. CC and CC-bovine serum albumin (CC-BSA) could competitively react with MB-antibody (MB-Ab) of CC on the surface of test line of MLFS. The color of MB-Ab conjugate on the test line relates to the concentration of target in the competition immunoassay format, which can be used as a visual signal. Furthermore, the color density of the MB-Ab conjugate can be transferred into digital signal (gray value) by a smart phone, which can be used as a quantitative signal. The linear detection range for CC is 5–500 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations are under 10%. The visual limit of detection was 5 ng/mL and the whole analysis time was within 10 min. The MLFS has been successfully employed for the detection of CC in urine samples without sample pre-treatment and the result is also agreed to that of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the popularization of smart phone cameras, the MLFS has large potential in the detection of drug residues in virtue of its stability, speediness, and low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, 95 Yong-an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Mingling Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, 95 Yong-an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, 95 Yong-an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Mengxia Xie
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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276
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Dong H, Yang M, Liu L, Zhang C, Liu M, Shen Y, Liu H, Hao W. Comparison of demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity among methamphetamine-, heroin- and methamphetamine-heroin co- dependent males in Hunan, China. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:183. [PMID: 28499448 PMCID: PMC5427618 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little research of psychiatric comorbidity differences among people with different types of drug dependence in Chinese population. We explored demographic and comorbid psychiatric differences among methamphetamine- dependent males (MDs), heroin-dependent males (HDs) and methamphetamine and heroin co-dependent males (M/HDs) in Hunan province, China. METHODS A cross-sectional, structured and clinical interview method was used to examine differences in DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders among 346 MDs, 698 HDs and 247 M/HDs from three compulsory rehabilitation centers and two voluntary rehabilitation centers in Hunan. RESULTS MDs and M/HDs were younger, more likely to choose inhalation administration, less likely to have a family history of substance use, less likely to have undergone detoxification treatment, had higher incomes and shorter duration of drug use than HDs. Overall, methamphetamine-dependence related to higher rates of current and lifetime psychotic disorders, lifetime hallucinogen use disorders. Heroin-dependence related to higher rates of current and lifetime substance-induced mood disorders, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic and other drug use disorders and current alcohol use disorder. For M/HDs, they were more likely to have any other lifetime substance use disorders than MDs and HDs. CONCLUSIONS There were substantial differences in epidemiological characteristics and comorbidity among MD, HD and M/HD groups, which highlights the urgent need to develop treatment services and policies for drug-specific users in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixi Dong
- 0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Mei Yang
- grid.452897.5Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518020 China
| | - Liang Liu
- 0000 0000 9255 8984grid.89957.3aWuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063 China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- 0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- 0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yidong Shen
- 0000 0001 0379 7164grid.216417.7Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- grid.459419.4Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 238000 China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders & National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China. .,Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 238000, China.
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277
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Dierker L, Mendoza W, Goodwin R, Selya A, Rose J. Marijuana use disorder symptoms among recent onset marijuana users. Addict Behav 2017; 68:6-13. [PMID: 28088055 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With recreational marijuana having recently been legalized in a growing number of U.S. states, as well as the increasing support for its legalization among substantial segments of the American public, an understanding of the development of symptoms associated with marijuana use disorders will assist in guiding both education and policy. METHODS This study examined the prevalence of marijuana use disorder symptoms among a nationally representative sample of recent onset marijuana users ages 12-21 drawn from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (N=9697). RESULTS The most frequently reported marijuana use symptoms were "tolerance", and "time occupied acquiring, using or recovering from the effects of marijuana". Logistic regression analyses indicated an expected positive association between marijuana use frequency and each marijuana use disorder symptom. In many cases the positive trend was quadratic or cubic, with greater increases between rates among low and moderate frequency marijuana users (i.e. 1-10days per month) than among those using at a higher frequency (i.e. >10days per month). Relationships between marijuana use frequency and marijuana use symptoms were largely consistent according to age, gender and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Recognizing symptoms of marijuana use disorders among adolescents and young adults using marijuana infrequently may assist in early identification and intervention for those at risk for problem use.
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278
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New indicators to compare and evaluate harmful drug use among adolescents in 38 European countries. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.2478/nsad-2014-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims New trends in drug consumption reveal increasing polydrug use. Epidemiological indicators in the current use are based on the prevalence and the associated potential harm of a single “main” substance. We propose new indicators to evaluate frequency and potential harm of polydrug use. The indicators are used to compare drug use among countries based on survey data on adolescents' substance use in 38 European countries. Methods The approach is based on analysis of the frequency of use in the various population samples: lifetime use, twelve months use or last thirty days, depending on available data, and on the risk of harm for the substances used. Two indicators are provided: the frequency of use score (FUS) by summing the frequency of use of each substance, and the polydrug use score (PDS) that weight all the substances used by their risk. Results The indicators FUS and PDS were calculated and the distribution functions were used to characterise substance use across ESPAD countries. The analysis shows important differences in poly-substance use severity among countries presenting similar prevention policies. Conclusions Systematic analysis of substance use and the related risk are of paramount interest. The proposed indicators are designed to better monitor and understand consequences of polydrug use and to measure the resulting risk at country or population level. The indicators may also be used to assess the effects of policy interventions.
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279
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Davies AJ, Borschmann R, Kelly SP, Ramsey J, Ferris J, Winstock AR. The prevalence of visual symptoms in poppers users: a global survey. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2017; 1:e000015. [PMID: 29354696 PMCID: PMC5751859 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2016-000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims The use of ‘poppers’ (volatile alkyl nitrites) has been associated with the development of visual symptoms secondary to the development of maculopathy. There are currently no data regarding the prevalence of this condition among poppers users. The aim of this study was to quantify the presence of visual symptoms among poppers users from a global cohort. Design and methods The Global Drug Survey (GDS) conducts annual anonymous online surveys of drug and alcohol use. Within the 2012 GDS, questions were inserted regarding the presence of visual symptoms in poppers users. Results The GDS received a total of 21 575 valid responses, with a total of 17 479 from the UK, Australia, USA and Eurozone. Within these areas, 5152 (29.5%) had used poppers within their lifetime and 1322 (7.6%) within the previous year. Of the ‘last year’ users, when asked the question: ‘Do you think poppers use has affected your eyesight?’, 29 (2.2%) people responded ‘yes’, 130 (10.0%) responded ‘maybe’ and 1146 (87.8%) responded ‘no (17 people did not answer). Both multiple choice and free-text responses regarding the nature of visual symptoms correlated with the central visual disturbance that would be expected from maculopathy. There was significant increased symptom prevalence with age (likelihood ratio (χ2)=19.0; p<0.001). Discussion and conclusions This study demonstrates that a small, yet significant from a public health perspective, proportion of poppers users have visual symptoms. Clinical correlation is required to determine whether these reported symptoms are due to poppers associated maculopathy, or an alternative cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Davies
- Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - John Ramsey
- St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Jason Ferris
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam R Winstock
- Department of Addictions, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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280
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Mihretu A, Teferra S, Fekadu A. What constitutes problematic khat use? An exploratory mixed methods study in Ethiopia. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017; 12:17. [PMID: 28327160 PMCID: PMC5361726 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-017-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Khat is a psycho-stimulant herb, which has been in use in traditional societies in East Africa and the Middle East over many centuries. Although khat is reported to cause various health problems, what constitutes problematic khat use has never been systematically investigated. This study explored the acceptable and problematic uses of khat from the perspective of users. Methods The study used a mixed methods design (exploratory sequential) in which qualitative (emic) data were collected to develop a framework to define problematic khat use. The qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews (N = 13) and focus group discussions (N = 34). By supplementing the emic experiences considered to constitute problematic khat use with an etic definition, DSM-5 criteria for stimulant related disorders, a structured questionnaire was developed. Subsequently a cross-sectional evaluation of 102 respondents was carried out. Respondents both for qualitative and quantitative study were selected through purposive sampling and snowballing methods. Qualitative data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis whereas quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. Results Khat use was acceptable socio-culturally and for functional purposes. However, even in these acceptable contexts there was a restriction to the amount, frequency and type of khat used, and in relation to the experience of the individual using khat and other personal characteristics. More specifically, khat use was considered problematic if there was: 1) Impairment (in social and occupational functioning); 2) loss of control in the use of khat; and 3) withdrawal symptoms when not using khat. Among the participants who use khat (n = 102), 45.1% (n = 46) used khat on a daily basis. The commonest indicators of problematic khat use endorsed by the khat users were loss of control over chewing (73.5%), continuing use of khat despite harm (72.5%) and efforts to avoid withdrawal from khat (61.8%). Conclusion Despite reported religious, sociocultural and functional benefits to the use of khat, those with defined problematic khat use have impaired mental health, and social and occupational performance. Comparison of these respondent defined indicators of problem behavior matched almost completely to the DSM-5 (etic-defined) understanding of problematic stimulant use. Although the findings have relevant clinical, research and policy implications, the study focused on users purposively identified. Future larger scale definitive studies are required to make concrete policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoke Mihretu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Solomon Teferra
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Centre for Affective Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
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281
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Anderson P, Berridge V, Conrod P, Dudley R, Hellman M, Lachenmeier D, Lingford-Hughes A, Miller D, Rehm J, Room R, Schmidt L, Sullivan R, Ysa T, Gual A. Reframing the science and policy of nicotine, illegal drugs and alcohol - conclusions of the ALICE RAP Project. F1000Res 2017; 6:289. [PMID: 28435669 PMCID: PMC5381624 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2013, illegal drug use was responsible for 1.8% of years of life lost in the European Union, alcohol was responsible for 8.2% and tobacco for 18.2%, imposing economic burdens in excess of 2.5% of GDP. No single European country has optimal governance structures for reducing the harm done by nicotine, illegal drugs and alcohol, and existing ones are poorly designed, fragmented, and sometimes cause harm. Reporting the main science and policy conclusions of a transdisciplinary five-year analysis of the place of addictions in Europe, researchers from 67 scientific institutions addressed these problems by reframing an understanding of addictions. A new paradigm needs to account for evolutionary evidence which suggests that humans are biologically predisposed to seek out drugs, and that, today, individuals face availability of high drug doses, consequently increasing the risk of harm. New definitions need to acknowledge that the defining element of addictive drugs is 'heavy use over time', a concept that could replace the diagnostic artefact captured by the clinical term 'substance use disorder', thus opening the door for new substances to be considered such as sugar. Tools of quantitative risk assessment that recognize drugs as toxins could be further deployed to assess regulatory approaches to reducing harm. Re-designed governance of drugs requires embedding policy within a comprehensive societal well-being frame that encompasses a range of domains of well-being, including quality of life, material living conditions and sustainability over time; such a frame adds arguments to the inappropriateness of policies that criminalize individuals for using drugs and that continue to categorize certain drugs as illegal. A health footprint, modelled on the carbon footprint, and using quantitative measures such as years of life lost due to death or disability, could serve as the accountability tool that apportions responsibility for who and what causes drug-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anderson
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginia Berridge
- Centre for History in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Matilda Hellman
- Center for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance (CEACG), Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dirk Lachenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Miller
- Department of Social & Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Schmidt
- Institute for Health Policy Studies and Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roger Sullivan
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tamyko Ysa
- Esade-Gov and Department of Strategy, Esade Business School, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addictions Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences (ICN), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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282
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Moxham-Hall VL, Ritter A. Indexes as a Metric for Drug and Alcohol Policy Evaluation and Assessment. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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283
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Afify EA, Alkreathy HM, Ali AS, Alfaifi HA, Khan LM. Characterization of the Antinociceptive Mechanisms of Khat Extract ( Catha edulis) in Mice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28316587 PMCID: PMC5332354 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antinociceptive mechanisms of khat extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, i.p.) in four pain models: two thermic (hot plate, tail-flick) and two chemical (acetic acid, formalin) models. Male mice were pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the opioid receptor blocker naloxone (5 mg/kg), the cholinergic antagonist atropine (2 mg/kg), the selective α1 blocker prazosin (1 mg/kg), the dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg), or the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline (1 mg/kg) 15 minutes prior to i.p. injection of khat extract (400 mg/kg). Khat extract reduced the nociceptive response of mice in the four pain tests. Naloxone significantly inhibited the antinociceptive effect of khat extract in the hot plate, tail-flick, and the first phase of formalin tests. Bicuculline significantly antagonized the antinociceptive effect of khat extract on the hot plate and tail-flick tests. Haloperidol significantly reversed the antinociceptive effect of khat extract on the tail-flick test and the first phase of formalin test. These results provide strong evidence that the antinociceptive activity of khat extract is mediated via opioidergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic pathways. The mechanism of the antinociceptive action of khat may be linked to the different types of pain generated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Afify
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda M Alkreathy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alfaifi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Lateef M Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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284
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Reinhold B, Fischbein R, Bhamidipalli SS, Bryant J, Kenne DR. Associations of attitudes towards electronic cigarettes with advertisement exposure and social determinants: a cross sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:13. [PMID: 28289369 PMCID: PMC5307872 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposure of young adults to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisements has risen rapidly. E-cigarette ads have been shown to increase short term perceived acceptability of using e-cigarettes in places where traditional cigarettes are banned. We set out to investigate if advertising exposure was related to perceptions of harm, addictiveness, and acceptability of use of e-cigarettes in places where traditional cigarettes are banned. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, 6037 students at a large Midwestern university between the ages of 18-24 were surveyed about e-cigarette use and smoking status. Bivariate analyses were performed associating perception of harm, addictiveness, and acceptability of e-cigarette use in places where smoking is banned with demographic and other background factors, and e-cigarette advertising exposure through different media channels. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the relationship of these factors on perceptions of harm, addictiveness and acceptability of e-cigarette use in places where smoking is banned. RESULTS More than a quarter (27.4%) of respondents had used an e-cigarette, greater than half (53.2%) had seen an advertisement on TV and 42.0% had seen an advertisement on the Internet. Logistic regressions revealed that being white, male, an e-cigarette user, a smoker, having a mother who smoked, and Internet advertisement exposure were associated with lower perceived harm of e-cigarettes. The same factors, plus having seen advertisements on TV, were associated with increased likelihood of perceiving e-cigarette use in bars, stores, at work and in a dorm as acceptable. Perceiving use of e-cigarettes as acceptable in classrooms was also associated with the aforementioned factors and also included race. Only being male and an e-cigarette user were associated with lower perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use is increasing in adolescents and young adults, as is exposure to e-cigarette advertising. Independent of nicotine use and demographics factors, e-cigarette advertising is associated with increased beliefs in acceptability of e-cigarette use in places where cigarettes are banned. E-cigarette advertisements may be responsible for normalizing e-cigarette use. Exposure to internet e-cigarette advertisements was associated with lower perceived harm; this may be due to the false health claims often made in internet advertisements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Reinhold
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, 800 E. Summit St, Kent, 44240 OH USA
| | - Rebecca Fischbein
- Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kent State University, 800 E. Summit St, Kent, 44240 OH USA
| | | | - Jennifer Bryant
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, 800 E. Summit St, Kent, 44240 OH USA
| | - Deric R Kenne
- College of Public Health, Kent State University, 800 E. Summit St, Kent, 44240 OH USA
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285
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Rogeberg O. Drug policy, values and the public health approach –four lessons from drug policy reform movements. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/nsad-2015-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug policies affect a large set of outcomes and may reflect the concerns of several policy stakeholder groups. Researchers analysing policies typically employ a public health approach, extended to reflect concerns beyond population health and longevity. I argue that the resulting approach, as currently practised, fails to capture several concerns seen as important by recent drug policy reform movements, that is, the full harms of illegal markets, the subjectively valued consumption of intoxicants, the dysfunctionality of current policy processes in the drug field and the value of the knowledge gained from policy experiments. I illustrate this by referring to the book Drug policy and the public good, a public health-based review of research evidence and its relevance for drug policy written by leading international researchers in the field.
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286
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Reuter P, Pardo B. New psychoactive substances: Are there any good options for regulating new psychoactive substances? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 40:117-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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287
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Just J, Engel B, Bleckwenn M, Weckbecker K. [Addiction medicine - helpful concepts for pain specialists]. MMW Fortschr Med 2017; 159:54-63. [PMID: 28224560 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-017-9036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Just
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn (AöR), Zone Nord (grün), Gebäude 05, 1.OG, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105, Bonn, Deutschland.
| | - Bettina Engel
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn (AöR), Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Markus Bleckwenn
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn (AöR), Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Klaus Weckbecker
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn (AöR), Bonn, Deutschland
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288
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Negus SS, Banks ML. Decoding the Structure of Abuse Potential for New Psychoactive Substances: Structure-Activity Relationships for Abuse-Related Effects of 4-Substituted Methcathinone Analogs. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:119-131. [PMID: 27696217 PMCID: PMC5425248 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many cathinone analogs act as substrates or inhibitors at dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters (DAT, NET, SERT, respectively). Drug selectivity at DAT vs. SERT is a key determinant of abuse potential for monoamine transporter substrates and inhibitors, such that potency at DAT > SERT is associated with high abuse potential, whereas potency at DAT < SERT is associated with low abuse potential. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies with a series of 4-substituted methcathinone analogs identified volume of the 4-position substituent on the methcathinone phenyl ring as one structural determinant of both DAT vs. SERT selectivity and abuse-related behavioral effects in an intracranial self-stimulation procedure in rats. Subsequent modeling studies implicated specific amino acids in DAT and SERT that might interact with 4-substituent volume to determine effects produced by this series of cathinone analogs. These studies illustrate use of QSAR analysis to investigate pharmacology of cathinones and function of monoamine transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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289
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Uchtenhagen A. Which policy for new psychoactive drugs? Addiction 2017; 112:32-33. [PMID: 27418117 DOI: 10.1111/add.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambros Uchtenhagen
- Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich University, Konradstr. 32, Zurich CH-8031, Switzerland
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290
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Bae S, Kang I, Lee BC, Jeon Y, Cho HB, Yoon S, Lim SM, Kim J, Lyoo IK, Kim JE, Choi IG. Prefrontal Cortical Thickness Deficit in Detoxified Alcohol-dependent Patients. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:333-341. [PMID: 28035184 PMCID: PMC5195819 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.6.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a serious disorder that can be related with a number of potential health-related and social consequences. Cortical thickness measurements would provide important information on the cortical structural alterations in patients with alcohol dependence. Twenty-one patients with alcohol dependence and 22 healthy comparison subjects have been recruited and underwent high-resolution brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and clinical assessments. T1-weighted MR images were analyzed using the cortical thickness analysis program. Significantly thinner cortical thickness in patients with alcohol dependence than healthy comparison subjects was noted in the left superior frontal cortical region, correcting for multiple comparisons and adjusting with age and hemispheric average cortical thickness. There was a significant association between thickness in the cluster of the left superior frontal cortex and the duration of alcohol use. The prefrontal cortical region may particularly be vulnerable to chronic alcohol exposure. It is also possible that the pre-existing deficit in this region may have rendered individuals more susceptible to alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Bae
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Ilhyang Kang
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Boung Chul Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07247, Korea
| | - Yujin Jeon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Han Byul Cho
- The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Soo Mee Lim
- Department of Radiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jungyoon Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.; College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jieun E Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Ihn-Geun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07441, Korea
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291
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Goldenberg M, IsHak WW, Danovitch I. Quality of life and recreational cannabis use. Am J Addict 2016; 26:8-25. [PMID: 28000973 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis is now the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States and use is increasing. Frequent cannabis use has been associated with adverse social and health effects. We sought to evaluate the relationship between recreational cannabis use and Quality of Life (QoL), a person-centered measure that characterizes the overall sense of health and wellbeing. We hypothesized that QoL would be unchanged or increased among recreational cannabis users, who did not meet criteria for a Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) and that QoL would be lower among those who met criteria for a CUD. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, employing guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The results were categorized into tables and identified trends. RESULTS Fourteen studies met our pre-defined selection criteria. The studies were heterogeneous and their quality was low. With one exception, we did not identify any population for whom cannabis use was associated with improved QoL. QoL was lower in persons who used cannabis heavily, or who met criteria for CUD. However, this association was inconsistent and the magnitude was weaker than the relationship between QoL and use of other addictive substances (including tobacco and illicit drugs). CONCLUSION In this systematic review, heavy cannabis use or CUD was associated with reduced QoL. It is unknown whether reduced QoL drives cannabis use, or whether cannabis use can lead to reduced QoL. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the causal relationship between cannabis and QoL. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Furthering the understanding of the relationship between cannabis and QoL can inform public policy, prevention efforts, outcomes, and an objective understanding of the effects of cannabis users. (Am J Addict 2017;26:8-25).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waguih William IsHak
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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292
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Just JM, Bleckwenn M, Schnakenberg R, Skatulla P, Weckbecker K. Drug-related celebrity deaths: A cross-sectional study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2016; 11:40. [PMID: 27938383 PMCID: PMC5148833 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celebrities are at risk for premature mortality as well as drug-related death. Despite being a vulnerable patient group, celebrities influence people's health behaviours through biological, psychological and social processes. Therefore, celebrity endorsement of the topic could be one way to challenge the current "opioid endemic". Our aim was to better understand the factors surrounding drug-related celebrity deaths by investigating the incidence as well as substances used between 1970 and 2015 using a cross-sectional study design. METHOD We searched public databases for drug-related celebrity deaths between 1970 and 2015. They were categorized for sex, profession, age at death, year of death and substances involved. The main outcome measures are descriptive values including number of drug deaths per year and substances involved. Secondary outcome measures are analytical questions to examine whether and which factors influence age at death and year of death (e.g. type of substance use disorder). RESULTS We identified 220 celebrities who died a drug-related death with a clear indication of involved substances between 1970 and 2015. The average age at death was 38.6 years; 75% were male. Most celebrities died between the age of 25 and 40. The number of drug-related deaths increased in the 21st century, with a significant increase in the use of prescription opioids. Deaths involving prescription opioids and heroin were associated with a significantly lower mean age at death compared to deaths where these substances were not involved. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the 20th century, the total number of celebrities who died from a drug-related death in the 21st century increased, possibly due to an increased involvement of prescription opioids. Negative effects on individual health decisions of celebrity's followers could be the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. Just
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bleckwenn
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rieke Schnakenberg
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Skatulla
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Weckbecker
- Bonn University Clinic, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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293
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Tham XC, Xie H, Chng CML, Seah XY, Lopez V, Klainin-Yobas P. Factors Affecting Medication Adherence Among Adults with Schizophrenia: A Literature Review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2016; 30:797-809. [PMID: 27888977 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to summarize empirical evidence concerning factors relating to medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia. A comprehensive search was implemented to recruit articles which met the present eligibility criteria. Twenty-five articles were included whereby only one was a qualitative study. Greater awareness of illness (insight), previous history of medication adherence, positive attitude toward medication, types of atypical antipsychotics, less severe psychotic symptoms, and social support were identified as factors of medication adherence. Knowledge gaps and methodological limitations were also identified. Implications to clinical practice include providing psychoeducation to patients by increasing their knowledge about illness and medication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Violeta Lopez
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piyanee Klainin-Yobas
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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294
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Betzler F, Viohl L, Romanczuk-Seiferth N. Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:34-44. [PMID: 27859780 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Different cognitive impairments have been reported as a result of long-term MDMA/ecstasy use. Increased impulsivity and altered decision-making have been shown to be associated with the development and maintenance of addictive disorders pointing toward the necessity to understand a potential impairment of decision-making due to MDMA use. Thus, assessing the long-term effects of MDMA is crucial in order to evaluate its controversially discussed therapeutic use. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the scientific literature on potential effects of chronic MDMA use on higher order decision-making processes in humans. Therefore, a systematic search for controlled trials relevant to the topic has been performed. Only studies using specific tasks on decision-making were included that involved subjects in the drug-free interval with drug-naïve, and/or polydrug control groups. A total of 12 studies could be identified that met the inclusion criteria, all of which were cross-sectional studies. The findings on decision-making disturbances in MDMA users were heterogeneous. Seven studies reported increased risky decisions, whereas five studies did not find MDMA-specific influences on decision-making. Increased impulsivity was observed both in MDMA groups and in (poly)drug control groups in almost all studies. Thus, the current state of research does not allow for the conclusion that long-term use of MDMA affects decision-making behavior in general. More detailed specifications as well as further investigations of the relevant processes are needed. Significant tendencies toward risky decision-making among long-term MDMA use have been observed, but need to be confirmed by studies using a longitudinal design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Betzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Viohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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295
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Krauss MJ, Grucza RA, Bierut LJ, Cavazos-Rehg PA. "Get drunk. Smoke weed. Have fun.": A Content Analysis of Tweets About Marijuana and Alcohol. Am J Health Promot 2016; 31:200-208. [PMID: 26559715 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.150205-qual-708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the sentiment and themes of Twitter chatter that mentions both alcohol and marijuana. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of tweets mentioning both alcohol and marijuana during 1 month was performed. SETTING The study setting was Twitter. PARTICIPANTS Tweets sent from February 4 to March 5, 2014, were studied. METHOD A random sample (n = 5000) of tweets that mentioned alcohol and marijuana were qualitatively coded as normalizing both substances, preferring one substance over the other, or discouraging both substances. Other common themes were identified. RESULTS More than half (54%) of the tweets normalized marijuana and alcohol (without preferring one substance over the other), and 24% preferred marijuana over alcohol. Only 2% expressed a preference for alcohol over marijuana, 7% discouraged the use of both substances, and the sentiment was unknown for 13% of the tweets. Common themes among tweets that normalized both substances included using the substances with friends (17%) and mentioning substance use in the context of sex or romance (14%). Common themes among tweets that preferred marijuana over alcohol were the beliefs that marijuana is safer than alcohol (46%) and preferences for effects of marijuana over alcohol (40%). CONCLUSION Tweets normalizing polysubstance use or encouraging marijuana use over alcohol use are common. Both online and offline prevention efforts are needed to increase awareness of the risks associated with polysubstance use and marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Krauss
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard A Grucza
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura J Bierut
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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296
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Monaghan M, Yeomans H. Mixing drink and drugs: ‘Underclass’ politics, the recovery agenda and the partial convergence of English alcohol and drugs policy. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2016; 37:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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297
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Irish General Practitioner (GP) Perspectives Toward Decriminalisation, Legalisation and Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes (CTP). Int J Ment Health Addict 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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298
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Osborne GB, Fogel C. Perspectives on Cannabis Legalization Among Canadian Recreational Users. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0091450916670393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the perspectives of a select group of 41 adult Canadian cannabis users on the decriminalization and legalization of cannabis. The research departs from previous research on cannabis use by focusing on employed adults working in a variety of occupations, including white-collar professionals and graduate students, who use cannabis for nonmedical, recreational purposes. Drawing on in-depth interview data, we explore their perspectives on Canadian law and legal policy and on the possible impact of cannabis reform policies on their own cannabis consumption. Overall, the vast majority of interview participants strongly favored the legalization of cannabis use for the following reasons: (a) prohibition is unjust, (b) economic benefits, (c) reducing violent crime associated with the drug trade, (d) reducing the cost of the criminal justice system, (e) increased safety, and (f) reducing the stigma associated with cannabis use. We conclude by discussing the implications of our research for the literature on cannabis normalization and drug policy reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B. Osborne
- University of Alberta, Augustana Campus—Sociology, Camrose, Alberta, Canada
| | - Curtis Fogel
- Department of Sport Management, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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299
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Choo EK, Emery SL. Clearing the haze: the complexities and challenges of research on state marijuana laws. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1394:55-73. [PMID: 27723946 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As states increasingly liberalize marijuana laws, high-quality research is needed that will inform the public and policymakers about the health and societal impact of these laws. However, there are many challenges to studying marijuana policy, including the heterogeneity of the drug and its use, the variability in the laws and their implementation from state to state, the need to capture a wide variety of relevant outcomes, and the poorly understood influence of marijuana commercialization. Furthermore, current instruments generally fail to distinguish between types of users and lack accurate and detailed measures of use. This review provides a background on marijuana laws in the United States and an overview of existing policy research, discusses methodological considerations when planning analysis of state marijuana laws, and highlights specific topics needing further development and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K Choo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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300
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Fox KCR, Fitz NS, Reiner PB. The Multiplicity of Memory Enhancement: Practical and Ethical Implications of the Diverse Neural Substrates Underlying Human Memory Systems. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-016-9282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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