251
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Bonaguidi MA, Stadel RP, Berg DA, Sun J, Ming GL, Song H. Diversity of Neural Precursors in the Adult Mammalian Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:a018838. [PMID: 26988967 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aided by advances in technology, recent studies of neural precursor identity and regulation have revealed various cell types as contributors to ongoing cell genesis in the adult mammalian brain. Here, we use stem-cell biology as a framework to highlight the diversity of adult neural precursor populations and emphasize their hierarchy, organization, and plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bonaguidi
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
| | - Ryan P Stadel
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Human Genetics Predoctoral Program, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniel A Berg
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685 Human Genetics Predoctoral Program, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Helman A, Klochendler A, Azazmeh N, Gabai Y, Horwitz E, Anzi S, Swisa A, Condiotti R, Granit RZ, Nevo Y, Fixler Y, Shreibman D, Zamir A, Tornovsky-Babeay S, Dai C, Glaser B, Powers AC, Shapiro AMJ, Magnuson MA, Dor Y, Ben-Porath I. p16(Ink4a)-induced senescence of pancreatic beta cells enhances insulin secretion. Nat Med 2016; 22:412-20. [PMID: 26950362 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is thought to contribute to age-associated deterioration of tissue physiology. The senescence effector p16(Ink4a) is expressed in pancreatic beta cells during aging and limits their proliferative potential; however, its effects on beta cell function are poorly characterized. We found that beta cell-specific activation of p16(Ink4a) in transgenic mice enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In mice with diabetes, this leads to improved glucose homeostasis, providing an unexpected functional benefit. Expression of p16(Ink4a) in beta cells induces hallmarks of senescence--including cell enlargement, and greater glucose uptake and mitochondrial activity--which promote increased insulin secretion. GSIS increases during the normal aging of mice and is driven by elevated p16(Ink4a) activity. We found that islets from human adults contain p16(Ink4a)-expressing senescent beta cells and that senescence induced by p16(Ink4a) in a human beta cell line increases insulin secretion in a manner dependent, in part, on the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ proteins. Our findings reveal a novel role for p16(Ink4a) and cellular senescence in promoting insulin secretion by beta cells and in regulating normal functional tissue maturation with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Helman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Narmen Azazmeh
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Gabai
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Horwitz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Anzi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reba Condiotti
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Z Granit
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Computation Center, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Fixler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dorin Shreibman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Zamir
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharona Tornovsky-Babeay
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Veteran Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ittai Ben-Porath
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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253
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Bayoglu B, Yuksel H, Cakmak HA, Dirican A, Cengiz M. Polymorphisms in the long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 may contribute to higher systolic blood pressure levels in hypertensive patients. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:821-7. [PMID: 26944720 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension (HT) is a complex disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a major risk locus for atherosclerosis on chromosome 9p21.3. SNPs within the coding sequences of CDKN2A/B and the long non-coding RNA CDKN2B-AS1 could potentially contribute to HT development. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether the frequency of four SNPs on chromosome 9p21.3 affects blood pressure (BP) levels in Turkish HT patients, and to examine correlations between these SNPs, specific SNP haplotypes, and HT. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a case-control study comparing HT patients and healthy controls. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was utilized to detect SNPs rs10757274, rs2383207, rs10757278, and rs1333049 in 170 HT patients and 180 healthy controls. RESULTS Each SNP was detected at significantly higher frequencies in HT patients than in controls (p values 0.001); however, there was no significant link between rs10757274, rs2383207, rs10757278, and rs1333049 SNPs and HT grades. Furthermore, there was a significant association between elevated systolic BP levels and rs1333049 GG genotype (p=0.047), while weight gain and increased fasting glucose levels were significantly associated with rs2383207 AA genotype (p=0.020 and p=0.009, respectively). Lastly, we detected a correlation between GG, GA, and AG haplotypes in block 1 (rs10757274, rs2383207) and GC and AG haplotypes in block 2 (rs10757278, rs1333049) and HT. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SNPs rs10757274, rs2383207, rs10757278, and rs1333049, particularly those within the CDKN2B-AS1 gene, and related haplotypes may confer increased susceptibility to HT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Bayoglu
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Husniye Yuksel
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Dirican
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mujgan Cengiz
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey
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254
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Thomas PD, Kahn M. Kat3 coactivators in somatic stem cells and cancer stem cells: biological roles, evolution, and pharmacologic manipulation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:61-81. [PMID: 27008332 PMCID: PMC7458431 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived somatic stem cells regenerate adult tissues throughout our lifetime. However, with aging, there is a significant deterioration in the function of stem and progenitor cells, which contribute to diseases of aging. The decision for a long-lived somatic stem cell to become activated and subsequently to undergo either a symmetric or an asymmetric division is a critical cellular decision process. The decision to preferentially divide symmetrically or asymmetrically may be the major fundamental intrinsic difference between normal somatic stem cells and cancer stem cells. Based upon work done primarily in our laboratory over the past 15 years, this article provides a perspective on the critical role of somatic stem cells in aging. In particular, we discuss the importance of symmetric versus asymmetric divisions in somatic stem cells and the role of the differential usage of the highly similar Kat3 coactivators, CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300, in stem cells. We describe and propose a more complete model for the biological mechanism and roles of these two coactivators, their evolution, and unique roles and importance in stem cell biology. Finally, we discuss the potential to pharmacologically manipulate Kat3 coactivator interactions in endogenous stem cells (both normal and cancer stem cells) to potentially ameliorate the aging process and common diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Thomas
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 2501, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- USC Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 4501, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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255
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Kim KA, Jeong JJ, Yoo SY, Kim DH. Gut microbiota lipopolysaccharide accelerates inflamm-aging in mice. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:9. [PMID: 26772806 PMCID: PMC4715324 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive inflammation that characterizes advanced age is termed inflamm-aging. This process is associated with age-related changes to immune homeostasis and gut microbiota. We investigated the relationship between aging and gut microbiota lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible inflammation. RESULTS A taxonomy-based analysis showed that aging resulted in increased prevalence of the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and a reduced prevalence of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes, resulting in an increase in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. The levels of plasmatic and fecal lipopolysaccharides were higher in aged mice. Aging induced the expression of p16 and the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the colon of aged mice. Interestingly, the expression level of sterile α-motif domain- and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) in the colon was higher in aged mice than in young mice, while cyclin-dependent kinase-2 and cyclin E levels were lower in aged mice than in young mice. The lipopolysaccharide fraction of fecal lysates (LFL) from young or aged mice increased p16 and SAMHD1 expression and NF-κB activation in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice, in a TLR4-dependent manner. However, LFLs did not induce NF-κB activation and SAMHD1 expression in peritoneal macrophages from TLR4-deificent mice, whereas they significantly induced p16 expression. Nevertheless, p16 expression was induced more potently in macrophages from WT mice than in macrophages from TLR4-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Aging increased p16 and SAMHD1 expression, gut microbiota LPS production, and NF-κB activation; thereby, signifying that gut microbiota LPS may accelerate inflamm-aging and SAMHD1 may be an inflamm-aging marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Song Won University, 73, Songamro, Nam-gu, Gwangju, 503-742, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Sul-Young Yoo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul, 130-701, Korea.
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256
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Zimmerman SM, Hinkson IV, Elias JE, Kim SK. Reproductive Aging Drives Protein Accumulation in the Uterus and Limits Lifespan in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005725. [PMID: 26656270 PMCID: PMC4676719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging in Caenorhabditis elegans is characterized by widespread physiological and molecular changes, but the mechanisms that determine the rate at which these changes occur are not well understood. In this study, we identify a novel link between reproductive aging and somatic aging in C. elegans. By measuring global age-related changes in the proteome, we identify a previously uncharacterized group of secreted proteins in the adult uterus that dramatically increase in abundance with age. This accumulation is blunted in animals with an extended reproductive period and accelerated in sterile animals lacking a germline. Uterine proteins are not removed in old post-reproductive animals or in young vulvaless worms, indicating that egg-laying is necessary for their rapid removal in wild-type young animals. Together, these results suggest that age-induced infertility contributes to extracellular protein accumulation in the uterus with age. Finally, we show that knocking down multiple age-increased proteins simultaneously extends lifespan. These results provide a mechanistic example of how the cessation of reproduction contributes to detrimental changes in the soma, and demonstrate how the timing of reproductive decline can influence the rate of aging. To understand the process of aging at the molecular level in C. elegans, we measured changes in protein abundance with age, determined whether these age-related protein changes lead to dysfunction in old animals, and have elucidated one of the upstream pathways responsible for these aging changes. We found that egg-laying in young worms permits removal of a novel class of proteins present in the uterus. When the reproductive period ends, the removal of uterine proteins stops, causing them to accumulate to toxic levels. This shows that the timing of reproductive decline influences the rate of somatic aging. The concept that the reproductive period has a direct role in specifying the rate of aging of the soma likely applies to other species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Zimmerman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Izumi V. Hinkson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stuart K. Kim
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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257
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Li J, Han S, Cousin W, Conboy IM. Age-specific functional epigenetic changes in p21 and p16 in injury-activated satellite cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:951-61. [PMID: 25447026 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of muscle dramatically decreases with age because old muscle stem cells fail to proliferate in response to tissue damage. Here, we uncover key age-specific differences underlying this proliferative decline: namely, the genetic loci of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (CDKIs) p21 and p16 are more epigenetically silenced in young muscle stem cells, as compared to old, both in quiescent cells and those responding to tissue injury. Interestingly, phosphorylated ERK (pERK) induced in these cells by ectopic FGF2 is found in association with p21 and p16 promoters, and moreover, only in the old cells. Importantly, in the old satellite cells, FGF2/pERK silences p21 epigenetically and transcriptionally, which leads to reduced p21 protein levels and enhanced cell proliferation. In agreement with the epigenetic silencing of the loci, young muscle stem cells do not depend as much as old on ectopic FGF/pERK for their myogenic proliferation. In addition, other CDKIs, such asp15(INK4B) and p27(KIP1) , become elevated in satellite cells with age, confirming and explaining the profound regenerative defect of old muscle. This work enhances our understanding of tissue aging, promoting strategies for combating age-imposed tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), Berkeley, California, USA
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258
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DeCarolis NA, Kirby ED, Wyss-Coray T, Palmer TD. The Role of the Microenvironmental Niche in Declining Stem-Cell Functions Associated with Biological Aging. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/12/a025874. [PMID: 26627453 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is strongly correlated with decreases in neurogenesis, the process by which neural stem and progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into new neurons. In addition to stem-cell-intrinsic factors that change within the aging stem-cell pool, recent evidence emphasizes new roles for systemic and microenvironmental factors in modulating the neurogenic niche. This article focuses on new insights gained through the use of heterochronic parabiosis models, in which an old mouse and a young circulatory system are joined. By studying the brains of both young and old mice, researchers are beginning to uncover circulating proneurogenic "youthful" factors and "aging" factors that decrease stem-cell activity and neurogenesis. Ultimately, the identification of factors that influence stem-cell aging may lead to strategies that slow or even reverse age-related decreases in neural-stem-cell (NSC) function and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A DeCarolis
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Elizabeth D Kirby
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Administration, Palo Alto Health Care Systems, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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259
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Kempermann G. Activity Dependency and Aging in the Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a018929. [PMID: 26525149 PMCID: PMC4632662 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Age and activity might be considered the two antagonistic key regulators of adult neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis decreases with age but remains present, albeit at a very low level, even in the oldest individuals. Activity, be it physical or cognitive, increases adult neurogenesis and thereby seems to counteract age effects. It is, thus, proposed that activity-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis might contribute to some sort of "neural reserve," the brain's ability to compensate functional loss associated with aging or neurodegeneration. Activity can have nonspecific and specific effects on adult neurogenesis. Mechanistically, nonspecific stimuli that largely affect precursor cell stages might be related by the local microenvironment, whereas more specific, survival-promoting effects take place at later stages of neuronal development and require the synaptic integration of the new cell and its particular synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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260
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Van houcke J, De Groef L, Dekeyster E, Moons L. The zebrafish as a gerontology model in nervous system aging, disease, and repair. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:358-68. [PMID: 26538520 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Considering the increasing number of elderly in the world's population today, developing effective treatments for age-related pathologies is one of the biggest challenges in modern medical research. Age-related neurodegeneration, in particular, significantly impacts important sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, seriously constraining life quality of many patients. Although our understanding of the causal mechanisms of aging has greatly improved in recent years, animal model systems still have much to tell us about this complex process. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have gained enormous popularity for this research topic over the past decade, since their life span is relatively short but, like humans, they are still subject to gradual aging. In addition, the extensive characterization of its well-conserved molecular and cellular physiology makes the zebrafish an excellent model to unravel the underlying mechanisms of aging, disease, and repair. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made in zebrafish gerontology, with special emphasis on nervous system aging. We review the evidence that classic hallmarks of aging can also be recognized within this small vertebrate, both at the molecular and cellular level. Moreover, we illustrate the high level of similarity with age-associated human pathologies through a survey of the functional deficits that arise as zebrafish age.
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261
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Yun MH. Changes in Regenerative Capacity through Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25392-432. [PMID: 26512653 PMCID: PMC4632807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms experience changes in regenerative abilities through their lifespan. During aging, numerous tissues exhibit a progressive decline in homeostasis and regeneration that results in tissue degeneration, malfunction and pathology. The mechanisms responsible for this decay are both cell intrinsic, such as cellular senescence, as well as cell-extrinsic, such as changes in the regenerative environment. Understanding how these mechanisms impact on regenerative processes is essential to devise therapeutic approaches to improve tissue regeneration and extend healthspan. This review offers an overview of how regenerative abilities change through lifespan in various organisms, the factors that underlie such changes and the avenues for therapeutic intervention. It focuses on established models of mammalian regeneration as well as on models in which regenerative abilities do not decline with age, as these can deliver valuable insights for our understanding of the interplay between regeneration and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximina H Yun
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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262
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Bose B, Shenoy PS. Aging induced loss of stemness with concomitant gain of myogenic properties of a pure population of CD34(+)/CD45(-) muscle derived stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 70:1-12. [PMID: 26655331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by the functional decline of cells, tissues, and organs, as well as, a striking increase in susceptibility to a wide range of diseases. Within a tissue, both differentiated cells and adult stem cells are susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic changes while aging. Muscle derived stem cells (MDSCs) are tissue specific stem cells which have been studied well for their multipotential nature. Although there are reports relating to diminished function and regenerative capacity of aged MDSCs as compared to their young counterparts, not much has been reported relating to the concomitant gain in unipotent nature of aged MDSCs. In this study, we report an inverse correlation between aging and expression of adult/mesenchymal stem cell markers and a direct correlation between aging and myogenecity in MDSCs. Aged MDSCs were able to generate a greater number of dystrophin positive myofibres, as compared to, the young MDSCs when transplanted in muscle of dystrophic mice. Our data, therefore, suggests that aging stress adds to the decline in stem cell characteristics with a concomitant increase in unipotency, in terms of, myogenecity of MDSCs. This study, hence, also opens the possibilities of using unipotent aged MDSCs as potential candidates for transplantation in patients with muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Bose
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - P Sudheer Shenoy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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263
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Farioli-Vecchioli S, Tirone F. Control of the Cell Cycle in Adult Neurogenesis and its Relation with Physical Exercise. Brain Plast 2015; 1:41-54. [PMID: 29765834 PMCID: PMC5928538 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain the neurogenesis is mainly restricted to two neurogenic regions: newly generated neurons arise at the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and at the subgranular zone of the hippocampal subregion named the dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory paradigms and the generation of new hippocampal neurons has been hypothesized to be a pivotal form of plasticity involved in the process. Moreover the dysregulation of hippocampal adult neurogenesis has been recognized and could anticipate several varieties of brain disease such as Alzheimer disease, epilepsy and depression. Over the last few decades numerous intrinsic, epigenetic and environmental factors have been revealed to deeply influence the process of adult neurogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Growing evidence indicates that physical exercise represents one of the main extrinsic factor able to profoundly increase hippocampal adult neurogenesis, by altering neurochemistry and function of newly generated neurons. The present review surveys how neurogenesis can be modulated by cell cycle kinetics and highlights the putative role of the cell cycle length as a key component of the beneficial effect of running for hippocampal adult neurogenesis, both in physiological conditions and in the presence of defective neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
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264
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Capilla-Gonzalez V, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM. The aged brain: genesis and fate of residual progenitor cells in the subventricular zone. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:365. [PMID: 26441536 PMCID: PMC4585225 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the adult mammalian brain through life. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest source of stem cells in the nervous system, and continuously generates new neuronal and glial cells involved in brain regeneration. During aging, the germinal potential of the SVZ suffers a widespread decline, but the causes of this turn down are not fully understood. This review provides a compilation of the current knowledge about the age-related changes in the NSC population, as well as the fate of the newly generated cells in the aged brain. It is known that the neurogenic capacity is clearly disrupted during aging, while the production of oligodendroglial cells is not compromised. Interestingly, the human brain seems to primarily preserve the ability to produce new oligodendrocytes instead of neurons, which could be related to the development of neurological disorders. Further studies in this matter are required to improve our understanding and the current strategies for fighting neurological diseases associated with senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Capilla-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Department of Stem Cells, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, CIBERNED Valencia, Spain ; Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroregeneration Mixed Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain
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266
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Xavier JM, Morgado AL, Rodrigues CM, Solá S. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid increases neural stem cell pool and neuronal conversion by regulating mitochondria-cell cycle retrograde signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3576-89. [PMID: 25483094 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.962951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The low survival and differentiation rates of stem cells after either transplantation or neural injury have been a major concern of stem cell-based therapy. Thus, further understanding long-term survival and differentiation of stem cells may uncover new targets for discovery and development of novel therapeutic approaches. We have previously described the impact of mitochondrial apoptosis-related events in modulating neural stem cell (NSC) fate. In addition, the endogenous bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) was shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models of neurodegenerative disorders by acting as an anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant molecule at the mitochondrial level. Here, we hypothesize that TUDCA might also play a role on NSC fate decision. We found that TUDCA prevents mitochondrial apoptotic events typical of early-stage mouse NSC differentiation, preserves mitochondrial integrity and function, while enhancing self-renewal potential and accelerating cell cycle exit of NSCs. Interestingly, TUDCA prevention of mitochondrial alterations interfered with NSC differentiation potential by favoring neuronal rather than astroglial conversion. Finally, inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) scavenger and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase revealed that the effect of TUDCA is dependent on mtROS and ATP regulation levels. Collectively, these data underline the importance of mitochondrial stress control of NSC fate decision and support a new role for TUDCA in this process.
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Key Words
- ATP
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CsA, cyclosporin A
- DiOC6(3), 3, 3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NSC, neural stem cells
- OGG1, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase
- OligA, oligomycin A
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sox2, sex determining region Y- box 2
- TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- cell cycle
- mitochondrial oxidative stress
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
- neural stem cell fate
- tauroursodeoxycholic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Xavier
- a Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) ; Faculty of Pharmacy ; Universidade de Lisboa ; Lisbon , Portugal
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267
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Fiorelli R, Azim K, Fischer B, Raineteau O. Adding a spatial dimension to postnatal ventricular-subventricular zone neurogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2109-20. [PMID: 26081572 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis does not stop abruptly at birth, but persists in specific brain regions throughout life. The neural stem cells (NSCs) located in the largest germinal region of the forebrain, the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), replenish olfactory neurons throughout life. However, V-SVZ NSCs are heterogeneous: they have different embryonic origins and give rise to distinct neuronal subtypes depending on their location. In this Review, we discuss how this spatial heterogeneity arises, how it affects NSC biology, and why its consideration in future studies is crucial for understanding general principles guiding NSC self-renewal, differentiation and specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fiorelli
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA
| | - Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fischer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 Avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron 69500, France Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron 69500, France
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268
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Sousa-Victor P, Perdiguero E, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Geroconversion of aged muscle stem cells under regenerative pressure. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3183-90. [PMID: 25485497 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle relies on a population of quiescent stem cells (satellite cells) and is impaired in very old (geriatric) individuals undergoing sarcopenia. Stem cell function is essential for organismal homeostasis, providing a renewable source of cells to repair damaged tissues. In adult organisms, age-dependent loss-of-function of tissue-specific stem cells is causally related with a decline in regenerative potential. Although environmental manipulations have shown good promise in the reversal of these conditions, recently we demonstrated that muscle stem cell aging is, in fact, a progressive process that results in persistent and irreversible changes in stem cell intrinsic properties. Global gene expression analyses uncovered an induction of p16(INK4a) in satellite cells of physiologically aged geriatric and progeric mice that inhibits satellite cell-dependent muscle regeneration. Aged satellite cells lose the repression of the INK4a locus, which switches stem cell reversible quiescence into a pre-senescent state; upon regenerative or proliferative pressure, these cells undergo accelerated senescence (geroconversion), through Rb-mediated repression of E2F target genes. p16(INK4a) silencing rejuvenated satellite cells, restoring regeneration in geriatric and progeric muscles. Thus, p16(INK4a)/Rb-driven stem cell senescence is causally implicated in the intrinsic defective regeneration of sarcopenic muscle. Here we discuss on how cellular senescence may be a common mechanism of stem cell aging at the organism level and show that induction of p16(INK4a) in young muscle stem cells through deletion of the Polycomb complex protein Bmi1 recapitulates the geriatric phenotype.
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269
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Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. Noncoding RNA control of cellular senescence. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2015; 6:615-29. [PMID: 26331977 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in normal tissues with advancing age and arise by long-term culture of primary cells. Senescence develops following exposure to a range of stress-causing agents and broadly influences the physiology and pathology of tissues, organs, and systems in the body. While many proteins are known to control senescence, numerous noncoding (nc)RNAs are also found to promote or repress the senescent phenotype. Here, we review the regulatory ncRNAs (primarily microRNAs and lncRNAs) identified to-date as key modulators of senescence. We highlight the major senescent pathways (p53/p21 and pRB/p16), as well as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and other senescence-associated events governed by ncRNAs, and discuss the importance of understanding comprehensively the ncRNAs implicated in cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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270
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Hommerding CJ, Childs BG, Baker DJ. The Role of Stem Cell Genomic Instability in Aging. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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271
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Effects of Ginko biloba leaf extract on the neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the elderly mice. Anat Sci Int 2015; 91:280-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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272
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Abstract
Aging is an inevitable and progressive biological process involving dysfunction and eventually destruction of every tissue and organ. This process is driven by a tightly regulated and complex interplay between genetic and acquired factors. Klotho is an antiaging gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane protein, klotho, which serves as an aging suppressor through a wide variety of mechanisms, such as antioxidation, antisenescence, antiautophagy, and modulation of many signaling pathways, including insulin-like growth factor and Wnt. Klotho deficiency activates Wnt expression and activity contributing to senescence and depletion of stem cells, which consequently triggers tissue atrophy and fibrosis. In contrast, the klotho protein was shown to suppress Wnt-signaling transduction, and inhibit cell senescence and preserve stem cells. A better understanding of the potential effects of klotho on stem cells could offer novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of klotho deficiency-related aging and disease. The klotho protein may be a promising therapeutic agent for aging and aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Bian
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Javier A Neyra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Ming Zhan
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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273
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Carrasco-Garcia E, Arrizabalaga O, Serrano M, Lovell-Badge R, Matheu A. Increased gene dosage of Ink4/Arf and p53 delays age-associated central nervous system functional decline. Aging Cell 2015; 14:710-4. [PMID: 25990896 PMCID: PMC4531087 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of the activity of the brain is a major feature of aging, which coincides with a decrease in the function of neural stem cells. We have previously shown that an extra copy of regulated Ink4/Arf and p53 activity, in s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice, elongates lifespan and delays aging. In this work, we examined the physiology of the s-Ink4/Arf/p53 brain with aging, focusing on the neural stem cell (NSC) population. We show that cells derived from old s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice display enhanced neurosphere formation and self-renewal activity compared with wt controls. This correlates with augmented expression of Sox2, Sox9, Glast, Ascl1, and Ars2 NSC markers in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) niches. Furthermore, aged s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice express higher levels of Doublecortin and PSA-NCAM (neuroblasts) and NeuN (neurons) in the olfactory bulbs (OB) and DG, indicating increased neurogenesis in vivo. Finally, aged s-Ink4/Arf/p53 mice present enhanced behavioral and neuromuscular coordination activity. Together, these findings demonstrate that increased but regulated Ink4/Arf and p53 activity ameliorates age-related deterioration of the central nervous system activity required to maintain the stem cell pool, providing a mechanism not only for the extended lifespan but also for the health span of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olatz Arrizabalaga
- Neuro-Oncology Group; Biodonostia Institute; Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n San Sebastian 20014 Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO); 3 Melchor Fernandez Almagro st Madrid 28029 Spain
| | | | - Ander Matheu
- Neuro-Oncology Group; Biodonostia Institute; Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n San Sebastian 20014 Spain
- Francis Crick Institute; Mill Hill London NW7 1AA UK
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274
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Chen L, Liu J, Tao X, Wang G, Wang Q, Liu X. The role of Pin1 protein in aging of human tendon stem/progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:487-92. [PMID: 26150353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) can lead to tissue degeneration and subsequent injury. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling TSPC aging are not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of Pin1 in aging of human TSPCs. Pin1 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased during prolonged in vitro culture of human TSPCs. Furthermore, overexpression of Pin1 delayed the progression of cellular senescence, as confirmed by downregulation of senescence-associated β-galactosidase, increased telomerase activity and decreased levels of the senescence marker, p16(INK4A). Conversely, Pin1 siRNA transfection promoted senescence in TSPCs. In addition, miR-140-5p regulated Pin1 expression at the translational level via directly targeting its 3'UTR. Our results collectively demonstrate that Pin1 acts as an important regulator of TSPC aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ximing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, China.
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275
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Abstract
'Cellular senescence', a term originally defining the characteristics of cultured cells that exceed their replicative limit, has been broadened to describe durable states of proliferative arrest induced by disparate stress factors. Proposed relationships between cellular senescence, tumour suppression, loss of tissue regenerative capacity and ageing suffer from lack of uniform definition and consistently applied criteria. Here, we highlight caveats in interpreting the importance of suboptimal senescence-associated biomarkers, expressed either alone or in combination. We advocate that more-specific descriptors be substituted for the now broadly applied umbrella term 'senescence' in defining the suite of diverse physiological responses to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Sharpless
- Department of Medicine and Genetics and The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
| | - Charles J Sherr
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
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276
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Vousooghi N, Shirazi MSS, Goodarzi A, Abharian PH, Zarrindast MR. X Chromosome Inactivation in Opioid Addicted Women. Basic Clin Neurosci 2015; 6:179-84. [PMID: 26904175 PMCID: PMC4656991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a process during which one of the two X chromosomes in female human is silenced leading to equal gene expression with males who have only one X chromosome. Here we have investigated XCI ratio in females with opioid addiction to see whether XCI skewness in women could be a risk factor for opioid addiction. METHODS 30 adult females meeting DSM IV criteria for opioid addiction and 30 control females with no known history of addiction were included in the study. Digested and undigested DNA samples which were extracted from blood were analyzed after amplification of the polymorphic androgen receptor (AR) gene located on the X chromosome. XCI skewness was studied in 3 ranges: 50:50-64:36 (random inactivation), 65:35-80:20 (moderately skewed) and >80:20 (highly skewed). RESULTS XCI from informative females in control group was 63% (N=19) random, 27% (N=8) moderately skewed and 10% (N=3) highly skewed. Addicted women showed 57%, 23% and 20%, respectively. The distribution and frequency of XCI status in women with opioid addiction was not significantly different from control group (P=0.55). DISCUSSION Our data did not approve our hypothesis of increased XCI skewness among women with opioid addiction or unbalanced (non-random) expression of genes associated with X chromosome in female opioid addicted subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra-Sadat Sadat Shirazi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Goodarzi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Hassani Abharian
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Genomics Center, School of Advanced Sciences, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Zarrindast, PhD, Address: Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +98 (21) 88991118 Fax: +98 (21) 88991117 E-mail:
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277
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Soriano‐Cantón R, Perez‐Villalba A, Morante‐Redolat JM, Marqués‐Torrejón MÁ, Pallás M, Pérez‐Sánchez F, Fariñas I. Regulation of the p19(Arf)/p53 pathway by histone acetylation underlies neural stem cell behavior in senescence-prone SAMP8 mice. Aging Cell 2015; 14:453-62. [PMID: 25728253 PMCID: PMC4406674 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with increased neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis. B1/neural stem cells (B1-NSCs) of the mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) support the ongoing production of olfactory bulb interneurons, but their neurogenic potential is progressively reduced as mice age. Although age-related changes in B1-NSCs may result from increased expression of tumor suppressor proteins, accumulation of DNA damage, metabolic alterations, and microenvironmental or systemic changes, the ultimate causes remain unclear. Senescence-accelerated-prone mice (SAMP8) relative to senescence-accelerated-resistant mice (SAMR1) exhibit signs of hastened senescence and can be used as a model for the study of aging. We have found that the B1-NSC compartment is transiently expanded in young SAMP8 relative to SAMR1 mice, resulting in disturbed cytoarchitecture of the SEZ, B1-NSC hyperproliferation, and higher yields of primary neurospheres. These unusual features are, however, accompanied by premature loss of B1-NSCs. Moreover, SAMP8 neurospheres lack self-renewal and enter p53-dependent senescence after only two passages. Interestingly, in vitro senescence of SAMP8 cells could be prevented by inhibition of histone acetyltransferases and mimicked in SAMR1 cells by inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC). Our data indicate that expression of the tumor suppressor p19, but not of p16, is increased in SAMP8 neurospheres, as well as in SAMR1 neurospheres upon HDAC inhibition, and suggest that the SAMP8 phenotype may, at least in part, be due to changes in chromatin status. Interestingly, acute HDAC inhibition in vivo resulted in changes in the SEZ of SAMR1 mice that resembled those found in young SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Soriano‐Cantón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Ana Perez‐Villalba
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - José Manuel Morante‐Redolat
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - María Ángeles Marqués‐Torrejón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Mercé Pallás
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Química Terapéutica Instituto de Biomedicina de la Universidad de Barcelona Barcelona 08028Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez‐Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100 Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular Universidad de Valencia Burjassot 46100Spain
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278
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Vinué Á, Andrés-Blasco I, Herrero-Cervera A, Piqueras L, Andrés V, Burks DJ, Sanz MJ, González-Navarro H. Ink4/Arf locus restores glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by reducing hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice with impaired IRS2-dependent signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1729-42. [PMID: 26022372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms near the Ink4/Arf locus have been associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies indicate a protective role of the locus in the carbohydrate metabolism derangement associated with ageing in wild-type mice. The present study demonstrates that the increased Ink4/Arf locus expression in 1-year-old mice, partially-deficient for the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)2 (Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice) ameliorates hepatic steatosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice displayed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared with Irs2+/- mice which were glucose intolerant and insulin resistant compared with age-matched wild-type mice. These changes in Irs2+/- mice were accompanied by enhanced hepatic steatosis, proinflammatory macrophage phenotype, increased Ly6C(hi)-monocyte percentage, T-lymphocyte activation and MCP1 and TNF-α cytokine levels. In Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice, steatosis and inflammatory parameters were markedly reduced and similar to those of wild-type counterparts. In vivo insulin signalling also revealed reduced activation of the IRS/AKT-dependent signalling in Irs2+/- mice. This was restored upon increased locus expression in Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice which display similar activation levels as those for wild-type mice. In vivo treatment of Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice with TNF-α diminished insulin canonical IRS/AKT-signalling and enhanced the stress SAPK/JNK-phosphoSer307IRS1-pathway suggesting that cytokine levels might potentially affect glucose homeostasis through changes in these insulin-signalling pathways. Altogether, these results indicate that enhanced Ink4/Arf locus expression restores glucose homeostasis and that this is associated with diminished hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice with insulin resistance. Therefore, pharmacological interventions targeted to modulate the Ink4/Arf locus expression could be a tentative therapeutic approach to alleviate the inflammation associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Department of Atherothrombosis, Imaging and Epidemiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah J Burks
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - María Jesús Sanz
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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279
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The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Disrupted Hippocampal Neurogenesis of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Potential Therapeutic Target? Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1319-32. [PMID: 26012365 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the most common clinical neurological disorders. One of the major pathological findings in temporal lobe epilepsy is hippocampal sclerosis, characterized by massive neuronal loss and severe gliosis. The epileptogenesis process of temporal lobe epilepsy usually starts with initial precipitating insults, followed by neurodegeneration, abnormal hippocampus circuitry reorganization, and the formation of hypersynchronicity. Experimental and clinical evidence strongly suggests that dysfunctional neurogenesis is involved in the epileptogenesis. Recent data demonstrate that neurogenesis is induced by acute seizures or precipitating insults, whereas the capacity of neuronal recruitment and proliferation substantially decreases in the chronic phase of epilepsy. Participation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in neurogenesis reveals its importance in epileptogenesis; its dysfunction contributes to the structural and functional abnormality of temporal lobe epilepsy, while rescuing this pathway exerts neuroprotective effects. Here, we summarize data supporting the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. We also propose that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may serve as a promising therapeutic target for temporal lobe epilepsy treatment.
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280
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Bhattacharya R, Mustafi SB, Street M, Dey A, Dwivedi SKD. Bmi-1: At the crossroads of physiological and pathological biology. Genes Dis 2015; 2:225-239. [PMID: 26448339 PMCID: PMC4593320 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bmi-1 is a member of the Polycomb repressor complex 1 that mediates gene silencing by regulating chromatin structure and is indispensable for self-renewal of both normal and cancer stem cells. Despite three decades of research that have elucidated the transcriptional regulation, post-translational modifications and functions of Bmi-1 in regulating the DNA damage response, cellular bioenergetics, and pathologies, the entire potential of a protein with such varied functions remains to be realized. This review attempts to synthesize the current knowledge on Bmi-1 with an emphasis on its role in both normal physiology and cancer. Additionally, since cancer stem cells are emerging as a new paradigm for therapy resistance, the role of Bmi-1 in this perspective is also highlighted. The wide spectrum of malignancies that implicate Bmi-1 as a signature for stemness and oncogenesis also make it a suitable candidate for therapy. Nonetheless, new approaches are vitally needed to further characterize physiological roles of Bmi-1 with the long-term goal of using Bmi-1 as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Mark Street
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
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281
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Sato S, Kawamata Y, Takahashi A, Imai Y, Hanyu A, Okuma A, Takasugi M, Yamakoshi K, Sorimachi H, Kanda H, Ishikawa Y, Sone S, Nishioka Y, Ohtani N, Hara E. Ablation of the p16(INK4a) tumour suppressor reverses ageing phenotypes of klotho mice. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7035. [PMID: 25923845 PMCID: PMC4421814 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The p16INK4a tumour suppressor has an established role in the implementation of cellular senescence in stem/progenitor cells, which is thought to contribute to organismal ageing. However, since p16INK4a knockout mice die prematurely from cancer, whether p16INK4a reduces longevity remains unclear. Here we show that, in mutant mice homozygous for a hypomorphic allele of the α-klotho ageing-suppressor gene (klkl/kl), accelerated ageing phenotypes are rescued by p16INK4a ablation. Surprisingly, this is due to the restoration of α-klotho expression in klkl/kl mice and does not occur when p16INK4a is ablated in α-klotho knockout mice (kl−/−), suggesting that p16INK4a is an upstream regulator of α-klotho expression. Indeed, p16INK4a represses α-klotho promoter activity by blocking the functions of E2Fs. These results, together with the observation that the expression levels of p16INK4a are inversely correlated with those of α-klotho throughout ageing, indicate that p16INK4a plays a previously unrecognized role in downregulating α-klotho expression during ageing. The protein p16INK4a promotes senescence in tissue stem cells and thereby contributes to organismal ageing. Here the authors reveal that p16INK4a also downregulates expression of a-klotho, thereby revealing an additional ageing-promoting function of 16INK4a that is independent from its role in senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidai Sato
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawamata
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imai
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Aki Hanyu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okuma
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masaki Takasugi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kimi Yamakoshi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanda
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Saburo Sone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Eiji Hara
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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282
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ocampo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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283
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Yaswen P, MacKenzie KL, Keith WN, Hentosh P, Rodier F, Zhu J, Firestone GL, Matheu A, Carnero A, Bilsland A, Sundin T, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Helferich B, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Niccolai E, Aquilano K, Ashraf SS, Nowsheen S, Yang X. Therapeutic targeting of replicative immortality. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S104-S128. [PMID: 25869441 PMCID: PMC4600408 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of malignant cell populations is the ability to undergo continuous proliferation. This property allows clonal lineages to acquire sequential aberrations that can fuel increasingly autonomous growth, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. Innate cellular mechanisms have evolved to regulate replicative potential as a hedge against malignant progression. When activated in the absence of normal terminal differentiation cues, these mechanisms can result in a state of persistent cytostasis. This state, termed “senescence,” can be triggered by intrinsic cellular processes such as telomere dysfunction and oncogene expression, and by exogenous factors such as DNA damaging agents or oxidative environments. Despite differences in upstream signaling, senescence often involves convergent interdependent activation of tumor suppressors p53 and p16/pRB, but can be induced, albeit with reduced sensitivity, when these suppressors are compromised. Doses of conventional genotoxic drugs required to achieve cancer cell senescence are often much lower than doses required to achieve outright cell death. Additional therapies, such as those targeting cyclin dependent kinases or components of the PI3K signaling pathway, may induce senescence specifically in cancer cells by circumventing defects in tumor suppressor pathways or exploiting cancer cells’ heightened requirements for telomerase. Such treatments sufficient to induce cancer cell senescence could provide increased patient survival with fewer and less severe side effects than conventional cytotoxic regimens. This positive aspect is countered by important caveats regarding senescence reversibility, genomic instability, and paracrine effects that may increase heterogeneity and adaptive resistance of surviving cancer cells. Nevertheless, agents that effectively disrupt replicative immortality will likely be valuable components of new combinatorial approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | | | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, HUVR, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universdad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amr Amin
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - S Salman Ashraf
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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284
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Janesick A, Wu SC, Blumberg B. Retinoic acid signaling and neuronal differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1559-76. [PMID: 25558812 PMCID: PMC11113123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of neurological symptoms caused by vitamin A deficiency pointed to a critical, early developmental role of vitamin A and its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). The ability of RA to induce post-mitotic, neural phenotypes in various stem cells, in vitro, served as early evidence that RA is involved in the switch between proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies have expanded this "opposing signal" model, and the number of primary neurons an embryo develops is now known to depend critically on the levels and spatial distribution of RA. The proneural and neurogenic transcription factors that control the exit of neural progenitors from the cell cycle and allow primary neurons to develop are partly elucidated, but the downstream effectors of RA receptor (RAR) signaling (many of which are putative cell cycle regulators) remain largely unidentified. The molecular mechanisms underlying RA-induced primary neurogenesis in anamniote embryos are starting to be revealed; however, these data have been not been extended to amniote embryos. There is growing evidence that bona fide RARs are found in some mollusks and other invertebrates, but little is known about their necessity or functions in neurogenesis. One normal function of RA is to regulate the cell cycle to halt proliferation, and loss of RA signaling is associated with dedifferentiation and the development of cancer. Identifying the genes and pathways that mediate cell cycle exit downstream of RA will be critical for our understanding of how to target tumor differentiation. Overall, elucidating the molecular details of RAR-regulated neurogenesis will be decisive for developing and understanding neural proliferation-differentiation switches throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Janesick
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300 USA
| | - Stephanie Cherie Wu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300 USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences 3, University of California, Irvine, 92697-2300 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
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285
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Awano H, Blaeser A, Wu B, Lu P, Keramaris-Vrantsis E, Lu Q. Dystroglycanopathy muscles lacking functional glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan retain regeneration capacity. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 25:474-84. [PMID: 25937147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In dystroglycanopathies, lack of glycosylated alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) alters membrane fragility leading to fiber damage and repetitive cycles of muscle degeneration and regeneration. However the effect of the glycosylation of α-DG on muscle regeneration is not clearly understood. In this study, we examined the regenerative capacity of dystrophic muscles in vivo in FKRP mutant and LARGE(myd) mice with little and complete lack of functionally glycosylated α-DG (F-α-DG) respectively. The number of regenerating fibers expressing embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMyHC) in the diseased muscles up to the age of 10 months is higher than or at similar levels to wild type muscle after notexin and polyethyleminine insults. The process of fiber maturation is not significantly affected by the lack of F-α-DG assessed by size distribution. The earlier appearance of a larger number of regenerating fibers after injury is consistent with the observation that the populations of myogenic satellite cells are increased and being readily activated in the dystroglycanopathy muscles. F-α-DG is expressed at trace amounts in undifferentiated myoblasts, but increases in differentiated myotubes in vitro. We therefore conclude that muscle regeneration is not impaired in the early stage of the dystroglycanopathies, and F-α-DG does not play a significant role in myogenic cell proliferation and fiber formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Awano
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Anthony Blaeser
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Bo Wu
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Elizabeth Keramaris-Vrantsis
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Qi Lu
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
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286
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Gonzalez-Valdes I, Hidalgo I, Bujarrabal A, Lara-Pezzi E, Padron-Barthe L, Garcia-Pavia P, Gómez-del Arco P, Gomez P, Redondo JM, Ruiz-Cabello JM, Jimenez-Borreguero LJ, Enriquez JA, de la Pompa JL, Hidalgo A, Gonzalez S. Bmi1 limits dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure by inhibiting cardiac senescence. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6473. [PMID: 25751743 PMCID: PMC5603726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most frequent cause of heart failure and the leading indication for heart transplantation. Here we show that epigenetic regulator and central transcriptional instructor in adult stem cells, Bmi1, protects against DCM by repressing cardiac senescence. Cardiac-specific Bmi1 deletion induces the development of DCM, which progresses to lung congestion and heart failure. In contrast, Bmi1 overexpression in the heart protects from hypertrophic stimuli. Transcriptome analysis of mouse and human DCM samples indicates that p16INK4a derepression, accompanied by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is linked to severely impaired ventricular dimensions and contractility. Genetic reduction of p16INK4a levels reverses the pathology of Bmi1-deficient hearts. In parabiosis assays, the paracrine senescence response underlying the DCM phenotype does not transmit to healthy mice. As senescence is implicated in tissue repair and the loss of regenerative potential in aging tissues, these findings suggest a source for cardiac rejuvenation. The epigenetic factor Bmi1 regulates self-renewal of many adult stem cells, but its role in heart function is unknown. Here the authors show that Bmi1 prevents cardiac senescence by inhibiting the tumor suppressor protein p16INK4a in adult mice, protecting them from dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gonzalez-Valdes
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Hidalgo
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Bujarrabal
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Lara-Pezzi
- Molecular Regulation of Heart Development and Disease Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Padron-Barthe
- 1] Molecular Regulation of Heart Development and Disease Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain [2] Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Manuel de Falla, 1, E-28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Garcia-Pavia
- Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Manuel de Falla, 1, E-28222 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - P Gomez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Ruiz-Cabello
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Ciber de Enfermedades respiratorias and UCM, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - L J Jimenez-Borreguero
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Ciber de Enfermedades respiratorias and UCM, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Enriquez
- Functional Genetics of the Oxidative Phosphorylation System, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling In Cardiovascular Development and Disease Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Hidalgo
- Imaging the Cardiovascular Inflammation and the Immune Response, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Gonzalez
- Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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287
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Fonseca Costa SS, Ripperger JA. Impact of the circadian clock on the aging process. Front Neurol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 25798127 PMCID: PMC4351613 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of life expectancy and the decline of biological functions with advancing age are impending obstacles for our society. In general, age-related changes can be separated into two processes. Primary aging is based on programs governing gradual changes which are generally not harmful. On the other hand, secondary aging or senescence is more aleatory in nature and it is at this stage that the progressive impairment of metabolic, physiological, and neurological functions increases the risk of death. Exploiting genetic animal models, we obtain more and more information on the underlying regulatory networks. The aim of this review is to identify potential links between the output of the circadian oscillator and secondary aging. The reasons to suspect such links rely on the fact that the mouse models without functional circadian clocks sometimes exhibit reduced life expectancy. This may be due to their inability to properly control and synchronize energy expenditure, affecting, for example, the integrity of neurons in the brain. Hence, it is tempting to speculate that re-synchronization of metabolic and physiological functions by the circadian clock may slow down the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Fonseca Costa
- Department of Biology/Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A Ripperger
- Department of Biology/Biochemistry, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
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288
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Sarlak G, Vincent B. The Roles of the Stem Cell-Controlling Sox2 Transcription Factor: from Neuroectoderm Development to Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1679-1698. [PMID: 25691455 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a component of the core transcriptional regulatory network which maintains the totipotency of the cells during embryonic preimplantation period, the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and the multipotency of neural stem cells. This maintenance is controlled by internal loops between Sox2 and other transcription factors of the core such as Oct4, Nanog, Dax1, and Klf4, downstream proteins of extracellular ligands, epigenetic modifiers, and miRNAs. As Sox2 plays an important role in the balance between stem cells maintenance and commitment to differentiated lineages throughout the lifetime, it is supposed that Sox2 could regulate stem cells aging processes. In this review, we provide an update concerning the involvement of Sox2 in neurogenesis during normal aging and discuss its possible role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golmaryam Sarlak
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
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289
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Cellular senescence: a hitchhiker’s guide. Hum Cell 2015; 28:51-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-015-0110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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290
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Di Marzo V, Stella N, Zimmer A. Endocannabinoid signalling and the deteriorating brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:30-42. [PMID: 25524120 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by the progressive impairment of physiological functions and increased risk of developing debilitating disorders, including chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders have common molecular mechanisms that can be targeted therapeutically. In the wake of the approval of the first cannabinoid-based drug for the symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis, we examine how endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling controls--and is affected by--normal ageing and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. We propose a conceptual framework linking eCB signalling to the control of the cellular and molecular hallmarks of these processes, and categorize the key components of endocannabinoid signalling that may serve as targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nephi Stella
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington. [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute for Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
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291
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Chang BS, Choi YJ, Kim JH. Collagen complexes increase the efficiency of iPS cells generated using fibroblasts from adult mice. J Reprod Dev 2015; 61:145-53. [PMID: 25740096 PMCID: PMC4410313 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Different interventions are being tested for restoration of the youthfulness of adult mouse-derived fibroblasts. However, fundamental issues, such as the decline of adult mouse-derived fibroblast activity with age, remain unresolved. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether treatment with collagen complexes has beneficial effects on the rejuvenation or reprogramming of adult mouse-derived fibroblasts. Further, we investigated the mechanisms of rejuvenation of adult mouse-derived fibroblasts during treatment with total collagen complexes. We isolated total collagen complexes from the tails of young mice and cultured adult mouse-derived fibroblasts with or without the collagen complexes. When compared with fibroblasts cultured without collagen complexes, adult-derived fibroblasts cultured with collagen complexes over five consecutive passages showed a more youthful state, expanded at a higher rate, and exhibited reduced spontaneous cell death. The fibroblasts cultured in the presence of collagen complexes also showed extensive demethylation in the promoter regions of cell cycle-related genes such as PCNA, increased proliferation, and decreased senescence. In addition, the efficiency of reprogramming of fibroblasts to become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells was significantly higher in young- and adult-derived fibroblasts cultured with collagen complexes than in adult-derived fibroblasts cultured alone. Furthermore, mechanistic evidence shows that genes involved in anti-proliferative pathways, including Ink4a/Arf locus genes and p53, were downregulated in fibroblasts exposed to collagen complexes. Interestingly, our results suggest that the rejuvenation process was mediated via the α2β1 integrin-dependent Bmi-1 pathway. Thus, collagen complexes both stimulate proliferation and inhibit cell death and growth arrest in fibroblasts, which appears to be a promising approach for improving the efficiency of reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Soo Chang
- Department of Cosmetology, Hanseo University, Chungnam 356-706, Republic of Korea
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292
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Le Grand JN, Gonzalez-Cano L, Pavlou MA, Schwamborn JC. Neural stem cells in Parkinson's disease: a role for neurogenesis defects in onset and progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:773-97. [PMID: 25403878 PMCID: PMC11113294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, leading to a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Interestingly, non-motor symptoms often appear a decade or more before the first signs of motor symptoms. Some of these non-motor symptoms are remarkably similar to those observed in cases of impaired neurogenesis and several PD-related genes have been shown to play a role in embryonic or adult neurogenesis. Indeed, animal models deficient in Nurr1, Pitx3, SNCA and PINK1 display deregulated embryonic neurogenesis and LRRK2 and VPS35 have been implicated in neuronal development-related processes such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, adult neurogenesis is affected in both PD patients and PD animal models and is regulated by dopamine and dopaminergic (DA) receptors, by chronic neuroinflammation, such as that observed in PD, and by differential expression of wild-type or mutant forms of PD-related genes. Indeed, an increasing number of in vivo studies demonstrate a role for SNCA and LRRK2 in adult neurogenesis and in the generation and maintenance of DA neurons. Finally, the roles of PD-related genes, SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 have been studied in NSCs, progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating a role for some of these genes in stem/progenitor cell proliferation and maintenance. Together, these studies strongly suggest a link between deregulated neurogenesis and the onset and progression of PD and present strong evidence that, in addition to a neurodegenerative disorder, PD can also be regarded as a developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Nicole Le Grand
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Cano
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Angeliki Pavlou
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C. Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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293
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Boquoi A, Arora S, Chen T, Litwin S, Koh J, Enders GH. Reversible cell cycle inhibition and premature aging features imposed by conditional expression of p16Ink4a. Aging Cell 2015; 14:139-47. [PMID: 25481981 PMCID: PMC4326901 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p16Ink4a (p16) is a canonical mediator of cellular senescence and accumulates in aging tissues, where it constrains proliferation of some progenitor cells. However, whether p16 induction in tissues is sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation, mediate senescence, and/or impose aging features has remained unclear. To address these issues, we generated transgenic mice that permit conditional p16 expression. Broad induction at weaning inhibited proliferation of intestinal transit-amplifying and Lgr5+ stem cells and rapidly imposed features of aging, including hair loss, skin wrinkling, reduced body weight and subcutaneous fat, an increased myeloid fraction in peripheral blood, poor dentition, and cataracts. Aging features were observed with multiple combinations of p16 transgenes and transactivators and were largely abrogated by a germline Cdk4 R24C mutation, confirming that they reflect Cdk inhibition. Senescence markers were not found, and de-induction of p16, even after weeks of sustained expression, allowed rapid recovery of intestinal cell proliferation and reversal of aging features in most mice. These results suggest that p16-mediated inhibition of Cdk activity is sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation and impose aging features in somatic tissues of mammals and that at least some of these aging features are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Boquoi
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sanjeevani Arora
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sam Litwin
- Department of Biostatistics Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - James Koh
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA
| | - Greg H. Enders
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
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294
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The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:145-57. [PMID: 25579391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is an important process in the regulation of brain function and behaviour, highly active in early development and continuing throughout life. Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis is modulated by inflammatory cytokines in response to an activated immune system. To disentangle the effects of the different cytokines on neurogenesis, here we summarise and discuss in vitro studies on individual cytokines. We show that inflammatory cytokines have both a positive and negative role on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Hence, this strengthens the notion that inflammation is involved in molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with complex cognitive processes and, therefore, that alterations in brain-immune communication are relevant to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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295
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Abstract
Adult tissue homoeostasis requires continual replacement of cells that are lost due to normal turnover, injury and disease. However, aging is associated with an overall decline in tissue function and homoeostasis, suggesting that the normal regulatory processes that govern self-renewal and regeneration may become impaired with age. Tissue-specific SCs (stem cells) lie at the apex of organismal conservation and regeneration, ultimately being responsible for continued tissue maintenance. In many tissues, there are changes in SC numbers, or alteration of their growth properties during aging, often involving imbalances in tumour-suppressor- and oncogene-mediated pathways. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms leading to changes in SC function during aging will provide an essential tool to address tissue-specific age-related pathologies. In the present review, we summarize the age-related alterations found in different tissue SC populations, highlighting recently identified changes in aged HFSCs (hair-follicle SCs) in the skin.
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296
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The systemic milieu as a mediator of dietary influence on stem cell function during ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 19:53-64. [PMID: 25481406 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative decline of organisms during ageing is linked to the reduced proliferative activity, impaired function and exhaustion of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells. Studies using heterochronic parabiosis, involving the surgical attachment of young and old organisms so that they share a common vascular system, have revealed that the systemic environment has a profound effect on stem cell function. In particular, specific youthful rejuvenating circulatory factors reverse age-related declines in stem cell function, whereas the old milieu contains inhibitory factors that impede stem cell function in young animals. Similarly, the effects of certain dietary interventions, namely calorie restriction, also induce a more youthful cellular and molecular phenotype in ageing stem cells throughout the body. Further to this, there are key molecular pathways involved in translating the availability of nutrients into altered stem cell function, including signalling in the insulin and insulin-like growth factor and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. In this review, we discuss the potential role of dietary interventions to promote a more rejuvenating systemic milieu in order to enhance stem cell function and promote healthy ageing.
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297
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INK4 locus of the tumor-resistant rodent, the naked mole rat, expresses a functional p15/p16 hybrid isoform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:1053-8. [PMID: 25550505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418203112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a long-lived and tumor-resistant rodent. Tumor resistance in the naked mole rat is mediated by the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan of very high molecular weight (HMW-HA). HMW-HA triggers hypersensitivity of naked mole rat cells to contact inhibition, which is associated with induction of the INK4 (inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinase 4) locus leading to cell-cycle arrest. The INK4a/b locus is among the most frequently mutated in human cancer. This locus encodes three distinct tumor suppressors: p15(INK4b), p16(INK4a), and ARF (alternate reading frame). Although p15(INK4b) has its own ORF, p16(INK4a) and ARF share common second and third exons with alternative reading frames. Here, we show that, in the naked mole rat, the INK4a/b locus encodes an additional product that consists of p15(INK4b) exon 1 joined to p16(INK4a) exons 2 and 3. We have named this isoform pALT(INK4a/b) (for alternative splicing). We show that pALT(INK4a/b) is present in both cultured cells and naked mole rat tissues but is absent in human and mouse cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that pALT(INK4a/b) expression is induced during early contact inhibition and upon a variety of stresses such as UV, gamma irradiation-induced senescence, loss of substrate attachment, and expression of oncogenes. When overexpressed in naked mole rat or human cells, pALT(INK4a/b) has stronger ability to induce cell-cycle arrest than either p15(INK4b) or p16(INK4a). We hypothesize that the presence of the fourth product, pALT(INK4a/b) of the INK4a/b locus in the naked mole rat, contributes to the increased resistance to tumorigenesis of this species.
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298
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Sun D, Luo M, Jeong M, Rodriguez B, Xia Z, Hannah R, Wang H, Le T, Faull KF, Chen R, Gu H, Bock C, Meissner A, Göttgens B, Darlington GJ, Li W, Goodell MA. Epigenomic profiling of young and aged HSCs reveals concerted changes during aging that reinforce self-renewal. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:673-88. [PMID: 24792119 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the cell-intrinsic aging mechanisms that erode the function of somatic stem cells during aging, we have conducted a comprehensive integrated genomic analysis of young and aged cells. We profiled the transcriptome, DNA methylome, and histone modifications of young and old murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Transcriptome analysis indicated reduced TGF-β signaling and perturbation of genes involved in HSC proliferation and differentiation. Aged HSCs exhibited broader H3K4me3 peaks across HSC identity and self-renewal genes and showed increased DNA methylation at transcription factor binding sites associated with differentiation-promoting genes combined with a reduction at genes associated with HSC maintenance. Altogether, these changes reinforce HSC self-renewal and diminish differentiation, paralleling phenotypic HSC aging behavior. Ribosomal biogenesis emerged as a particular target of aging with increased transcription of ribosomal protein and RNA genes and hypomethylation of rRNA genes. This data set will serve as a reference for future epigenomic analysis of stem cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Sun
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mira Jeong
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin Rodriguez
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Hills Road, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Hui Wang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thuc Le
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christoph Bock
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Hills Road, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Wei Li
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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299
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Martin N, Beach D, Gil J. Ageing as developmental decay: insights from p16INK4a. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:667-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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300
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Daynac M, Pineda JR, Chicheportiche A, Gauthier LR, Morizur L, Boussin FD, Mouthon MA. TGFβ Lengthens the G1 Phase of Stem Cells in Aged Mouse Brain. Stem Cells 2014; 32:3257-65. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Jose R. Pineda
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Alexandra Chicheportiche
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Laurent R. Gauthier
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Lise Morizur
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - François D. Boussin
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Marc-André Mouthon
- CEA DSV iRCM SCSR; Laboratoire de Radiopathologie; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- INSERM, U967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 967; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
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