251
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Hippocampal neurons with stable excitatory connectivity become part of neuronal representations. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000928. [PMID: 33141818 PMCID: PMC7665705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiences are represented in the brain by patterns of neuronal activity. Ensembles of neurons representing experience undergo activity-dependent plasticity and are important for learning and recall. They are thus considered cellular engrams of memory. Yet, the cellular events that bias neurons to become part of a neuronal representation are largely unknown. In rodents, turnover of structural connectivity has been proposed to underlie the turnover of neuronal representations and also to be a cellular mechanism defining the time duration for which memories are stored in the hippocampus. If these hypotheses are true, structural dynamics of connectivity should be involved in the formation of neuronal representations and concurrently important for learning and recall. To tackle these questions, we used deep-brain 2-photon (2P) time-lapse imaging in transgenic mice in which neurons expressing the Immediate Early Gene (IEG) Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) could be permanently labeled during a specific time window. This enabled us to investigate the dynamics of excitatory synaptic connectivity—using dendritic spines as proxies—of hippocampal CA1 (cornu ammonis 1) pyramidal neurons (PNs) becoming part of neuronal representations exploiting Arc as an indicator of being part of neuronal representations. We discovered that neurons that will prospectively express Arc have slower turnover of synaptic connectivity, thus suggesting that synaptic stability prior to experience can bias neurons to become part of representations or possibly engrams. We also found a negative correlation between stability of structural synaptic connectivity and the ability to recall features of a hippocampal-dependent memory, which suggests that faster structural turnover in hippocampal CA1 might be functional for memory. The cellular events that bias neurons to become part of neuronal representations and engrams are largely unknown. This study of the dynamics of excitatory synaptic connectivity of CA1 hippocampal neurons expressing the Immediate Early Gene Arc reveals that synaptic stability can bias neurons to become part of representations and that faster structural turnover in dorsal hippocampal CA1 might be functional for memory.
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252
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Lustberg D, Tillage RP, Bai Y, Pruitt M, Liles LC, Weinshenker D. Noradrenergic circuits in the forebrain control affective responses to novelty. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3337-3355. [PMID: 32821984 PMCID: PMC7572912 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In rodents, exposure to novel environments elicits initial anxiety-like behavior (neophobia) followed by intense exploration (neophilia) that gradually subsides as the environment becomes familiar. Thus, innate novelty-induced behaviors are useful indices of anxiety and motivation in animal models of psychiatric disease. Noradrenergic neurons are activated by novelty and implicated in exploratory and anxiety-like responses, but the role of norepinephrine (NE) in neophobia has not been clearly delineated. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the role of central NE transmission in neophilic and neophobic behaviors. METHODS We assessed dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice lacking NE and their NE-competent (Dbh +/-) littermate controls in neophilic (novelty-induced locomotion; NIL) and neophobic (novelty-suppressed feeding; NSF) behavioral tests with subsequent quantification of brain-wide c-fos induction. We complimented the gene knockout approach with pharmacological interventions. RESULTS Dbh -/- mice exhibited blunted locomotor responses in the NIL task and completely lacked neophobia in the NSF test. Neophobia was rescued in Dbh -/- mice by acute pharmacological restoration of central NE with the synthetic precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS), and attenuated in control mice by the inhibitory α2-adrenergic autoreceptor agonist guanfacine. Following either NSF or NIL, Dbh -/- mice demonstrated reduced c-fos in the anterior cingulate cortex, medial septum, ventral hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and basolateral amygdala. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that central NE signaling is required for the expression of both neophilic and neophobic behaviors. Further, we describe a putative noradrenergic novelty network as a potential therapeutic target for treating anxiety and substance abuse disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rachel P Tillage
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Molly Pruitt
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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253
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Xie C, Prasad AA. Probiotics Treatment Improves Hippocampal Dependent Cognition in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111661. [PMID: 33120961 PMCID: PMC7692862 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder with motor dysfunction and a number of psychiatric symptoms. Symptoms such as anxiety and cognitive deficits emerge prior to motor symptoms and persist over time. There are limited treatments targeting PD psychiatric symptoms. Emerging studies reveal that the gut microbe is altered in PD patients. Here we assessed the effect of a probiotic treatment in a rat model of PD. We used the neurotoxin (6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OHDA) in a preclinical PD model to examine the impact of a probiotic treatment (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114) on anxiety and memory. Rats underwent either sham surgery or received 6-OHDA bilaterally into the striatum. Three weeks post-surgery, rats were divided into three experimental groups: a sham group that received probiotics, a 6-OHDA group that received probiotics, and the third group of 6-OHDA received the placebo formula. All rats had access to either placebo or probiotics formula for 6 weeks. All groups were assessed for anxiety-like behaviour using the elevated plus maze. Cognition was assessed for both non-hippocampal and hippocampal dependent tasks using the novel object recognition and novel place recognition. We report that the 6-OHDA lesion induced anxiety-like behaviour and deficits in hippocampal dependent cognition. Interestingly, the probiotics treatment had no impact on anxiety-like behaviour but selectively improved hippocampal dependent cognition deficits. Together, the results presented here highlight the utility of animal models in examining the neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD and the potential of probiotics as adjunctive treatment for non-motor symptoms of PD.
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254
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Dombrovski AY, Luna B, Hallquist MN. Differential reinforcement encoding along the hippocampal long axis helps resolve the explore-exploit dilemma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5407. [PMID: 33106508 PMCID: PMC7589536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When making decisions, should one exploit known good options or explore potentially better alternatives? Exploration of spatially unstructured options depends on the neocortex, striatum, and amygdala. In natural environments, however, better options often cluster together, forming structured value distributions. The hippocampus binds reward information into allocentric cognitive maps to support navigation and foraging in such spaces. Here we report that human posterior hippocampus (PH) invigorates exploration while anterior hippocampus (AH) supports the transition to exploitation on a reinforcement learning task with a spatially structured reward function. These dynamics depend on differential reinforcement representations in the PH and AH. Whereas local reward prediction error signals are early and phasic in the PH tail, global value maximum signals are delayed and sustained in the AH body. AH compresses reinforcement information across episodes, updating the location and prominence of the value maximum and displaying goal cell-like ramping activity when navigating toward it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael N Hallquist
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA.
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255
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Levy SJ, Kinsky NR, Mau W, Sullivan DW, Hasselmo ME. Hippocampal spatial memory representations in mice are heterogeneously stable. Hippocampus 2020; 31:244-260. [PMID: 33098619 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The population of hippocampal neurons actively coding space continually changes across days as mice repeatedly perform tasks. Many hippocampal place cells become inactive while other previously silent neurons become active, challenging the idea that stable behaviors and memory representations are supported by stable patterns of neural activity. Active cell replacement may disambiguate unique episodes that contain overlapping memory cues, and could contribute to reorganization of memory representations. How active cell replacement affects the evolution of representations of different behaviors within a single task is unknown. We trained mice to perform a delayed nonmatching to place task over multiple weeks, and performed calcium imaging in area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus using head-mounted miniature microscopes. Cells active on the central stem of the maze "split" their calcium activity according to the animal's upcoming turn direction (left or right), the current task phase (study or test), or both task dimensions, even while spatial cues remained unchanged. We found that, among reliably active cells, different splitter neuron populations were replaced at unequal rates, resulting in an increasing number of cells modulated by turn direction and a decreasing number of cells with combined modulation by both turn direction and task phase. Despite continual reorganization, the ensemble code stably segregated these task dimensions. These results show that hippocampal memories can heterogeneously reorganize even while behavior is unchanging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Levy
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Kinsky
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Mau
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David W Sullivan
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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256
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Noradrenergic Activity in the Olfactory Bulb Is a Key Element for the Stability of Olfactory Memory. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9260-9271. [PMID: 33097638 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1769-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory stability is essential for animal survival when environment and behavioral state change over short or long time spans. The stability of a memory can be expressed by its duration, its perseverance when conditions change as well as its specificity to the learned stimulus. Using optogenetic and pharmacological manipulations in male mice, we show that the presence of noradrenaline in the olfactory bulb during acquisition renders olfactory memories more stable. We show that while inhibition of noradrenaline transmission during an odor-reward acquisition has no acute effects, it alters perseverance, duration, and specificity of the memory. We use a computational approach to propose a proof of concept model showing that a single, simple network effect of noradrenaline on olfactory bulb dynamics can underlie these seemingly different behavioral effects. Our results show that acute changes in network dynamics can have long-term effects that extend beyond the network that was manipulated.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Olfaction guides the behavior of animals. For successful survival, animals have to remember previously learned information and at the same time be able to acquire new memories. We show here that noradrenaline in the olfactory bulb, the first cortical relay of the olfactory information, is important for creating stable and specific olfactory memories. Memory stability, as expressed in perseverance, duration and specificity of the memory, is enhanced when noradrenergic inputs to the olfactory bulb are unaltered. We show that, computationally, our diverse behavioral results can be ascribed to noradrenaline-driven changes in neural dynamics. These results shed light on how very temporary changes in neuromodulation can have a variety of long-lasting effects on neural processing and behavior.
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257
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Gobbo F, Cattaneo A. Neuronal Activity at Synapse Resolution: Reporters and Effectors for Synaptic Neuroscience. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:572312. [PMID: 33192296 PMCID: PMC7609880 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.572312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of methods for the activity-dependent tagging of neurons enabled a new way to tackle the problem of engram identification at the cellular level, giving rise to groundbreaking findings in the field of memory studies. However, the resolution of activity-dependent tagging remains limited to the whole-cell level. Notably, events taking place at the synapse level play a critical role in the establishment of new memories, and strong experimental evidence shows that learning and synaptic plasticity are tightly linked. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the currently available techniques that enable to identify and track the neuronal activity with synaptic spatial resolution. We also present recent technologies that allow to selectively interfere with specific subsets of synapses. Lastly, we discuss how these technologies can be applied to the study of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gobbo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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258
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Enhanced Retrieval of Taste Associative Memory by Chemogenetic Activation of Locus Coeruleus Norepinephrine Neurons. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8367-8385. [PMID: 32994339 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1720-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of animals to retrieve memories stored in response to the environment is essential for behavioral adaptation. Norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the brain play a key role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity underlying various processes of memory formation. However, the role of the central NE system in memory retrieval remains unclear. Here, we developed a novel chemogenetic activation strategy exploiting insect olfactory ionotropic receptors (IRs), termed "IR-mediated neuronal activation," and used it for selective stimulation of NE neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). Drosophila melanogaster IR84a and IR8a subunits were expressed in LC NE neurons in transgenic mice. Application of phenylacetic acid (a specific ligand for the IR84a/IR8a complex) at appropriate doses induced excitatory responses of NE neurons expressing the receptors in both slice preparations and in vivo electrophysiological conditions, resulting in a marked increase of NE release in the LC nerve terminal regions (male and female). Ligand-induced activation of LC NE neurons enhanced the retrieval process of conditioned taste aversion without affecting taste sensitivity, general arousal state, and locomotor activity. This enhancing effect on taste memory retrieval was mediated, in part, through α1- and β-adrenergic receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA; male). Pharmacological inhibition of LC NE neurons confirmed the facilitative role of these neurons in memory retrieval via adrenergic receptors in the BLA (male). Our findings indicate that the LC NE system, through projections to the BLA, controls the retrieval process of taste associative memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the brain play a key role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity underlying various processes of memory formation, but the role of the NE system in memory retrieval remains unclear. We developed a chemogenetic activation system based on insect olfactory ionotropic receptors and used it for selective stimulation of NE neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) in transgenic mice. Ligand-induced activation of LC NE neurons enhanced the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion, which was mediated, in part, through adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala. Pharmacological blockade of LC activity confirmed the facilitative role of these neurons in memory retrieval. Our findings indicate that the LC-amygdala pathway plays an important role in the recall of taste associative memory.
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259
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Sun P, Wang J, Zhang M, Duan X, Wei Y, Xu F, Ma Y, Zhang YH. Sex-Related Differential Whole-Brain Input Atlas of Locus Coeruleus Noradrenaline Neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:53. [PMID: 33071759 PMCID: PMC7541090 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most important organ in our bodies, the brain plays a critical role in deciding sex-related differential features; however, the underlying neural circuitry basis remains unclear. Here, we used a cell-type-specific rabies virus-mediated monosynaptic tracing system to generate a sex differences-related whole-brain input atlas of locus coeruleus noradrenaline (LC-NE) neurons. We developed custom pipelines for brain-wide comparisons of input sources in both sexes with the registration of the whole-brain data set to the Allen Mouse Brain Reference Atlas. Among 257 distinct anatomical regions, we demonstrated the differential proportions of inputs to LC-NE neurons in male and female mice at different levels. Locus coeruleus noradrenaline neurons of two sexes showed general similarity in the input patterns, but with differentiated input proportions quantitatively from major brain regions and diverse sub-regions. For instance, inputs to male LC-NE neurons were found mainly in the cerebrum, interbrain, and cerebellum, whereas inputs to female LC-NE neurons were found in the midbrain and hindbrain. We further found that specific subsets of nuclei nested within sub-regions contributed to overall sex-related differences in the input circuitry. Furthermore, among the totaled 123 anatomical regions with proportion of inputs >0.1%, we also identified 11 sub-regions with significant statistical differences of total inputs between male and female mice, and seven of them also showed such differences in ipsilateral hemispheres. Our study not only provides a structural basis to facilitate our understanding of sex differences at a circuitry level but also provides clues for future sexually differentiated functional studies related to LC-NE neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sun
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Duan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfei Wei
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Centre for Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ma
- HUST-WHBC United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, Wuhan Blood Center (WHBC), Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Hui Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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260
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Kätzel D, Wolff AR, Bygrave AM, Bannerman DM. Hippocampal Hyperactivity as a Druggable Circuit-Level Origin of Aberrant Salience in Schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:486811. [PMID: 33178010 PMCID: PMC7596262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.486811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of current neuroleptics was largely aiming to decrease excessive dopaminergic signaling in the striatum. However, the notion that abnormal dopamine creates psychotic symptoms by causing an aberrant assignment of salience that drives maladaptive learning chronically during disease development suggests a therapeutic value of early interventions that correct salience-related neural processing. The mesolimbic dopaminergic output is modulated by several interconnected brain-wide circuits centrally involving the hippocampus and key relays like the ventral and associative striatum, ventral pallidum, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus reuniens, lateral and medial septum, prefrontal and cingulate cortex, among others. Unraveling the causal relationships between these circuits using modern neuroscience techniques holds promise for identifying novel cellular-and ultimately molecular-treatment targets for reducing transition to psychosis and symptoms of schizophrenia. Imaging studies in humans have implicated a hyperactivity of the hippocampus as a robust and early endophenotype in schizophrenia. Experiments in rodents, in turn, suggested that the activity of its output region-the ventral subiculum-may modulate dopamine release from ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons in the ventral striatum. Even though these observations suggested a novel circuit-level target for anti-psychotic action, no therapy has yet been developed along this rationale. Recently evaluated treatment strategies-at least in part-target excess glutamatergic activity, e.g. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), levetiracetam, and mGluR2/3 modulators. We here review the evidence for the central implication of the hippocampus-VTA axis in schizophrenia-related pathology, discuss its symptom-related implications with a particular focus on aberrant assignment of salience, and evaluate some of its short-comings and prospects for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kätzel
- Institute for Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Amy R. Wolff
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alexei M. Bygrave
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David M. Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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261
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Xia SH, Hu SW, Ge DG, Liu D, Wang D, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Yuan L, Li YQ, Yang JX, Wu P, Zhang H, Han MH, Ding HL, Cao JL. Chronic Pain Impairs Memory Formation via Disruption of Neurogenesis Mediated by Mesohippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:597-610. [PMID: 32307038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain patients often complain of their poor memory. The mechanisms underlying chronic pain-related memory impairment remain elusive, and there are few clinical therapeutic strategies available for this condition. METHODS In a neuropathic pain model induced by chronic constrictive injury of the sciatic nerve in male mice, we used circuit-specific electrophysiological recording, combined with chemogenetic, molecular, and pharmacologic methods, to examine the circuit and molecular mechanisms underlying chronic pain-related memory impairment. RESULTS Our current results show that chronic neuropathic pain impaired the acquisition of spatial memory and, meanwhile, reduced adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Experimentally reducing dentate gyrus neurogenesis mimicked this pain-induced effect on spatial memory formation in naïve mice. Furthermore, pain-associated impairments of both hippocampal neurogenesis and memory formation were rescued or mimicked by chemogenetic activation or deactivation, respectively, of the ventral tegmental area dopaminergic projection, through which ventral tegmental area-released brain-derived neurotrophic factor was required. Importantly, we found that chronic, but not acute, systematic administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine, while without relieving pain, ameliorated chronic pain-related impairment of spatial memory formation, potentially by rescuing brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated dentate gyrus neurogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a novel, circuit-based mechanistic link between chronic pain and memory formation deficit, and potential new therapeutic options for chronic pain-related learning deficit and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hui Xia
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Su-Wan Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - De-Gao Ge
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Di Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xia Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hai-Lei Ding
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Jun-Li Cao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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262
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Midbrain circuits of novelty processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 176:107323. [PMID: 33053429 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novelty triggers an increase in orienting behavior that is critical to evaluate the potential salience of unknown events. As novelty becomes familiar upon repeated encounters, this increase in response rapidly habituates as a form of behavioral adaptation underlying goal-directed behaviors. Many neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are associated with abnormal responses to novelty and/or familiarity, although the neuronal circuits and cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying these natural behaviors in the healthy brain are largely unknown, as is the maladaptive processes that occur to induce impairment of novelty signaling in diseased brains. In rodents, the development of cutting-edge tools that allow for measurements of real time activity dynamics in selectively identified neuronal ensembles by gene expression signatures is beginning to provide advances in understanding the neural bases of the novelty response. Accumulating evidence indicate that midbrain circuits, the majority of which linked to dopamine transmission, promote exploratory assessments and guide approach/avoidance behaviors to different types of novelty via specific projection sites. The present review article focuses on midbrain circuit analysis relevant to novelty processing and habituation with familiarity.
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263
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Chen S, He L, Huang AJY, Boehringer R, Robert V, Wintzer ME, Polygalov D, Weitemier AZ, Tao Y, Gu M, Middleton SJ, Namiki K, Hama H, Therreau L, Chevaleyre V, Hioki H, Miyawaki A, Piskorowski RA, McHugh TJ. A hypothalamic novelty signal modulates hippocampal memory. Nature 2020; 586:270-274. [PMID: 32999460 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recognize information that is incongruous with previous experience is critical for survival. Novelty signals have therefore evolved in the mammalian brain to enhance attention, perception and memory1,2. Although the importance of regions such as the ventral tegmental area3,4 and locus coeruleus5 in broadly signalling novelty is well-established, these diffuse monoaminergic transmitters have yet to be shown to convey specific information on the type of stimuli that drive them. Whether distinct types of novelty, such as contextual and social novelty, are differently processed and routed in the brain is unknown. Here we identify the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) as a novelty hub in the hypothalamus6. The SuM region is unique in that it not only responds broadly to novel stimuli, but also segregates and selectively routes different types of information to discrete cortical targets-the dentate gyrus and CA2 fields of the hippocampus-for the modulation of mnemonic processing. Using a new transgenic mouse line, SuM-Cre, we found that SuM neurons that project to the dentate gyrus are activated by contextual novelty, whereas the SuM-CA2 circuit is preferentially activated by novel social encounters. Circuit-based manipulation showed that divergent novelty channelling in these projections modifies hippocampal contextual or social memory. This content-specific routing of novelty signals represents a previously unknown mechanism that enables the hypothalamus to flexibly modulate select components of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan.
| | - Linmeng He
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arthur J Y Huang
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Roman Boehringer
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Vincent Robert
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France
| | - Marie E Wintzer
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Denis Polygalov
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Adam Z Weitemier
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Yanqiu Tao
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Mingxiao Gu
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Steven J Middleton
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Kana Namiki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hama
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Ludivine Therreau
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Chevaleyre
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France.,GHU PARIS Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan.,Biotechnological Optics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Rebecca A Piskorowski
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France.,GHU PARIS Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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264
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Lothmann K, Deitersen J, Zilles K, Amunts K, Herold C. New boundaries and dissociation of the mouse hippocampus along the dorsal-ventral axis based on glutamatergic, GABAergic and catecholaminergic receptor densities. Hippocampus 2020; 31:56-78. [PMID: 32986281 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, gene-expression, neuronal tuning, connectivity and neurogenesis studies have postulated that the dorsal, the intermediate and the ventral hippocampal formation (HF) are distinct entities. These findings are underpinned by behavioral studies showing a dissociable role of dorsal and ventral HF in learning, memory, stress and emotional processing. However, up to now, the molecular basis of such differences in relation to discrete boundaries is largely unknown. Therefore, we analyzed binding site densities for glutamatergic AMPA, NMDA, kainate and mGluR2/3 , GABAergic GABAA (including benzodiazepine binding sites), GABAB , dopaminergic D1/5 and noradrenergic α1 and α2 receptors as key modulators for signal transmission in hippocampal functions, using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography along the dorsal-ventral axis of the mouse HF. Beside general different receptor profiles of the dentate gyrus (DG) and Cornu Ammonis fields (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4/hilus), we detected substantial differences between dorsal, intermediate and ventral subdivisions and individual layers for all investigated receptor types, except GABAB . For example, striking higher densities of α2 receptors were detected in the ventral DG, while the dorsal DG possesses higher numbers of kainate, NMDA, GABAA and D1/5 receptors. CA1 dorsal and intermediate subdivisions showed higher AMPA, NMDA, mGluR2/3 , GABAA , D1/5 receptors, while kainate receptors are higher expressed in ventral CA1, and noradrenergic α1 and α2 receptors in the intermediate region of CA1. CA2 dorsal was distinguished by higher kainate, α1 and α2 receptors in the intermediate region, while CA3 showed a more complex dissociation. Our findings resulted not only in a clear segmentation of the mouse hippocampus along the dorsal-ventral axis, but also provides insights into the neurochemical basis and likely associated physiological processes in hippocampal functions. Therein, the presented data has a high impact for future studies modeling and investigating dorsal, intermediate and ventral hippocampal dysfunction in relation to neurodegenerative diseases or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Lothmann
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Deitersen
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Herold
- C. & O. Vogt-Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Clinic Düsseldof, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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265
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266
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Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091248. [PMID: 32867327 PMCID: PMC7564266 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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267
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Mäki-Marttunen V, Andreassen OA, Espeseth T. The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:298-314. [PMID: 32768486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have suggested for decades a role for norepinephrine (NE) in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Recent experimental findings reveal anatomical and physiological properties of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system and its involvement in brain function and cognition. Here, we integrate these two lines of evidence. First, we review the functional and structural properties of the LC-NE system and its impact on functional brain networks, cognition, and stress, with special emphasis on recent experimental and theoretical advances. Subsequently, we present an update about the role of LC-associated functions for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, focusing on the cognitive and motivational deficits. We propose that schizophrenia phenomenology, in particular cognitive symptoms, may be explained by an abnormal interaction between genetic susceptibility and stress-initiated LC-NE dysfunction. This in turn, leads to imbalance between LC activity modes, dysfunctional regulation of brain network integration and neural gain, and deficits in cognitive functions. Finally, we suggest how recent development of experimental approaches can be used to characterize LC function in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Building 49, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Bjørknes College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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268
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Sharp ME, Duncan K, Foerde K, Shohamy D. Dopamine is associated with prioritization of reward-associated memories in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 143:2519-2531. [PMID: 32844197 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have reduced reward sensitivity related to dopaminergic neuron loss, which is associated with impairments in reinforcement learning. Increasingly, however, dopamine-dependent reward signals are recognized to play an important role beyond reinforcement learning. In particular, it has been shown that reward signals mediated by dopamine help guide the prioritization of events for long-term memory consolidation. Meanwhile, studies of memory in patients with Parkinson's disease have focused on overall memory capacity rather than what is versus what isn't remembered, leaving open questions about the effect of dopamine replacement on the prioritization of memories by reward and the time-dependence of this effect. The current study sought to fill this gap by testing the effect of reward and dopamine on memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. We tested the effect of dopamine modulation and reward on two forms of long-term memory: episodic memory for neutral objects and memory for stimulus-value associations. We measured both forms of memory in a single task, adapting a standard task of reinforcement learning with incidental episodic encoding events of trial-unique objects. Objects were presented on each trial at the time of feedback, which was either rewarding or not. Memory for the trial-unique images and for the stimulus-value associations, and the influence of reward on both, was tested immediately after learning and 2 days later. We measured performance in Parkinson's disease patients tested either ON or OFF their dopaminergic medications and in healthy older control subjects. We found that dopamine was associated with a selective enhancement of memory for reward-associated images, but that it did not influence overall memory capacity. Contrary to predictions, this effect did not differ between the immediate and delayed memory tests. We also found that while dopamine had an effect on reward-modulated episodic memory, there was no effect of dopamine on memory for stimulus-value associations. Our results suggest that impaired prioritization of cognitive resource allocation may contribute to the early cognitive deficits of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karin Foerde
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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269
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Kim R, Yamamoto N, Kitamura T. Extra neural ensemble disrupts memory recall. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:905-907. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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270
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Grau-Perales A, Gallo M. The auditory context-dependent attenuation of taste neophobia depends on D1 dopamine receptor activity in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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271
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Tian J, Guo L, Sui S, Driskill C, Phensy A, Wang Q, Gauba E, Zigman JM, Swerdlow RH, Kroener S, Du H. Disrupted hippocampal growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α interaction with dopamine receptor D1 plays a role in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/505/eaav6278. [PMID: 31413143 PMCID: PMC6776822 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav6278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal lesions are a defining pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie hippocampal synaptic injury in AD have not been fully elucidated. Current therapeutic efforts for AD treatment are not effective in correcting hippocampal synaptic deficits. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1α (GHSR1α) is critical for hippocampal synaptic physiology. Here, we report that GHSR1α interaction with β-amyloid (Aβ) suppresses GHSR1α activation, leading to compromised GHSR1α regulation of dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) in the hippocampus from patients with AD. The simultaneous application of the selective GHSR1α agonist MK0677 with the selective DRD1 agonist SKF81297 rescued Ghsr1α function from Aβ inhibition, mitigating hippocampal synaptic injury and improving spatial memory in an AD mouse model. Our data reveal a mechanism of hippocampal vulnerability in AD and suggest that a combined activation of GHSR1α and DRD1 may be a promising approach for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shaomei Sui
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Christopher Driskill
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Aarron Phensy
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Esha Gauba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sven Kroener
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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272
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Kuo CC, Hsieh JC, Tsai HC, Kuo YS, Yau HJ, Chen CC, Chen RF, Yang HW, Min MY. Inhibitory interneurons regulate phasic activity of noradrenergic neurons in the mouse locus coeruleus and functional implications. J Physiol 2020; 598:4003-4029. [PMID: 32598024 DOI: 10.1113/jp279557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The locus coeruleus (LC) contains noradrenergic (NA) neurons that respond to novel stimuli in the environment with phasic activation to initiate an orienting response; phasic LC activation is also triggered by stimuli, representing the outcome of task-related decision processes, to facilitate ensuing behaviours and help optimize task performance. Here, we report that LC-NA neurons exhibit bursts of action potentials in vitro resembling phasic LC activation in vivo, and the activity is gated by inhibitory interneurons (I-INs) located in the peri-LC. We also observe that inhibition of peri-LC I-INs enhances prepulse inhibition and axons from cortical areas that play important roles in evaluating the cost/reward of a stimulus synapse on both peri-LC I-INs and LC-NA neurons. The results help us understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of phasic LC activation with a focus on the role of peri-LC I-INs. ABSTRACT Noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) have global axonal projection to the brain. These neurons discharge action potentials phasically in response to either novel stimuli in the environment to initiate an orienting behaviour or stimuli representing the outcome of task-related decision processes to facilitate ensuing behaviours and help optimize task performance. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of phasic LC activation remain unknown. We report here that LC-NA neurons recorded in brain slices exhibit bursts of action potentials that resembled the phasic activation-pause profile observed in animals. The activity was referred to as phasic-like activity (PLA) and was suppressed and enhanced by blocking excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmissions, respectively. These results suggest the existence of a local circuit to drive PLA, and the activity could be regulated by the excitatory-inhibitory balance of the circuit. In support of this notion, we located a population of inhibitory interneurons (I-INs) in the medial part of the peri-LC that exerted feedforward inhibition of LC-NA neurons through GABAergic and glycinergic transmissions. Selective inhibition of peri-LC I-INs with chemogenetic methods could enhance PLA in brain slices and increase prepulse inhibition in animals. Moreover, axons from the orbitofrontal and prelimbic cortices, which play important roles in evaluating the cost/reward of a stimulus, synapse on both peri-LC I-INs and LC-NA neurons. These observations demonstrate functional roles of peri-LC I-INs in integrating inputs of the frontal cortex onto LC-NA neurons and gating the phasic LC output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chun Tsai
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Kuo
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University and Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Jie Yau
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Feng Chen
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Wen Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University and Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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273
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Okuda K, Højgaard K, Privitera L, Bayraktar G, Takeuchi T. Initial memory consolidation and the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6826-6849. [PMID: 32649022 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Everyday memories are retained automatically in the hippocampus and then decay very rapidly. Memory retention can be boosted when novel experiences occur shortly before or shortly after the time of memory encoding via a memory stabilization process called "initial memory consolidation." The dopamine release and new protein synthesis in the hippocampus during a novel experience are crucial for this novelty-induced memory boost. The mechanisms underlying initial memory consolidation are not well-understood, but the synaptic tagging and capture (STC) hypothesis provides a conceptual basis of synaptic plasticity events occurring during initial memory consolidation. In this review, we provide an overview of the STC hypothesis and its relevance to dopaminergic signalling, in order to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus. We summarize electrophysiological STC processes based on the evidence from two-pathway experiments and a behavioural tagging hypothesis, which translates the STC hypothesis into a related behavioural hypothesis. We also discuss the function of two types of molecules, "synaptic tags" and "plasticity-related proteins," which have a crucial role in the STC process and initial memory consolidation. We describe candidate molecules for the roles of synaptic tag and plasticity-related proteins and interpret their candidacy based on evidence from two-pathway experiments ex vivo, behavioural tagging experiments in vivo and recent cutting-edge optical imaging experiments. Lastly, we discuss the direction of future studies to advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the STC process, which are critical for initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuda
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Højgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lucia Privitera
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gülberk Bayraktar
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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274
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Chen N, Tsai TC, Hsu KS. Exposure to Novelty Promotes Long-Term Contextual Fear Memory Formation in Juvenile Mice: Evidence for a Behavioral Tagging. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3956-3968. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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275
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Abstract
Noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus were associated with aversive learning and arousal. In this issue of Neuron, Kaufman et al. (2020) show that they also shape the spatial map after translocation of reward.
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276
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Koch G, Motta C, Bonnì S, Pellicciari MC, Picazio S, Casula EP, Maiella M, Di Lorenzo F, Ponzo V, Ferrari C, Scaricamazza E, Caltagirone C, Martorana A. Effect of Rotigotine vs Placebo on Cognitive Functions Among Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2010372. [PMID: 32667654 PMCID: PMC7364345 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Impairment of dopaminergic transmission may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether therapy with dopaminergic agonists may affect cognitive functions in patients with AD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This phase 2, monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Italy. Patients with mild to moderate AD were enrolled between September 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from July 1 to September 1, 2019. INTERVENTIONS A rotigotine 2 mg transdermal patch for 1 week followed by a 4 mg patch for 23 weeks (n = 47) or a placebo transdermal patch for 24 weeks (n = 47). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was change from baseline on the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale. Secondary end points were changes in Frontal Assessment Battery, Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores. Prefrontal cortex activity was evaluated by transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography. RESULTS Among 94 patients randomized (mean [SD] age, 73.9 [5.6] years; 58 [62%] women), 78 (83%) completed the study. Rotigotine, as compared with placebo, had no significant effect on the primary end point: estimated mean change in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale score was 2.92 (95% CI, 2.51-3.33) for the rotigotine group and 2.66 (95% CI, 2.31-3.01) for the placebo group. For the secondary outcomes, there were significant estimated mean changes between groups for Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living score (-3.32 [95% CI, -4.02 to -2.62] for rotigotine and -7.24 [95% CI, -7.84 to -6.64] for placebo) and Frontal Assessment Battery score (0.48 [95% CI, 0.31 to 0.65] for rotigotine and -0.66 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.52] for placebo). There was no longitudinal change in Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores (1.64 [95% CI, 1.06-2.22] for rotigotine and 1.26 [95% CI, 0.77-1.75] for placebo group). Neurophysiological analysis of electroencephalography results indicated that prefrontal cortical activity increased in rotigotine but not in the placebo group. Adverse events were more common in the rotigotine group, with 11 patients dropping out compared with 5 in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, rotigotine treatment did not significantly affect global cognition in patients with mild to moderate AD; however, improvement was observed in cognitive functions highly associated with the frontal lobe and in activities of daily living. These findings suggest that treatment with the dopaminergic agonist rotigotine may reduce symptoms associated with frontal lobe cognitive dysfunction and thus may delay the impairment of activities of daily living. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03250741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Koch
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caterina Motta
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bonnì
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Picazio
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Elias Paolo Casula
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Maiella
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Lorenzo
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Unit of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martorana
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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277
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Duffy KB, Ray B, Lahiri DK, Tilmont EM, Tinkler GP, Herbert RL, Greig NH, Ingram DK, Ottinger MA, Mattison JA. Effects of Reducing Norepinephrine Levels via DSP4 Treatment on Amyloid-β Pathology in Female Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta). J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:115-126. [PMID: 30689563 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The degeneration in the locus coeruleus associated with Alzheimer's disease suggests an involvement of the noradrenergic system in the disease pathogenesis. The role of depleted norepinephrine was tested in adult and aged rhesus macaques to develop a potential model for testing Alzheimer's disease interventions. Monkeys were injected with the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) or vehicle at 0, 3, and 6 months; brains were harvested at 9 months. Reduced norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus was accompanied by decreased dopamine β-hydroxylase staining and increased amyloid-β load in the aged group, and the proportion of potentially toxic amyloid-β42 peptide was increased. Immunohistochemistry revealed no effects on microglia or astrocytes. DSP4 treatment altered amyloid processing, but these changes were not associated with the induction of chronic neuroinflammation. These findings suggest norepinephrine deregulation is an essential component of a nonhuman primate model of Alzheimer's disease, but further refinement is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara B Duffy
- Animal and Avian Sciences Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Balmiki Ray
- Myriad Neuroscience (Assurex Health), Mason, OH, USA (present address).,Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Edward M Tilmont
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH Animal Center, Dickerson, MD, USA
| | - Gregory P Tinkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Richard L Herbert
- Clinical Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Dickerson, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald K Ingram
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Animal and Avian Sciences Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA (present address)
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH Animal Center, Dickerson, MD, USA
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278
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Rouhani N, Norman KA, Niv Y, Bornstein AM. Reward prediction errors create event boundaries in memory. Cognition 2020; 203:104269. [PMID: 32563083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We remember when things change. Particularly salient are experiences where there is a change in rewards, eliciting reward prediction errors (RPEs). How do RPEs influence our memory of those experiences? One idea is that this signal directly enhances the encoding of memory. Another, not mutually exclusive, idea is that the RPE signals a deeper change in the environment, leading to the mnemonic separation of subsequent experiences from what came before, thereby creating a new latent context and a more separate memory trace. We tested this in four experiments where participants learned to predict rewards associated with a series of trial-unique images. High-magnitude RPEs indicated a change in the underlying distribution of rewards. To test whether these large RPEs created a new latent context, we first assessed recognition priming for sequential pairs that included a high-RPE event or not (Exp. 1: n = 27 & Exp. 2: n = 83). We found evidence of recognition priming for the high-RPE event, indicating that the high-RPE event is bound to its predecessor in memory. Given that high-RPE events are themselves preferentially remembered (Rouhani, Norman, & Niv, 2018), we next tested whether there was an event boundary across a high-RPE event (i.e., excluding the high-RPE event itself; Exp. 3: n = 85). Here, sequential pairs across a high RPE no longer showed recognition priming whereas pairs within the same latent reward state did, providing initial evidence for an RPE-modulated event boundary. We then investigated whether RPE event boundaries disrupt temporal memory by asking participants to order and estimate the distance between two events that had either included a high-RPE event between them or not (Exp. 4). We found (n = 49) and replicated (n = 77) worse sequence memory for events across a high RPE. In line with our recognition priming results, we did not find sequence memory to be impaired between the high-RPE event and its predecessor, but instead found worse sequence memory for pairs across a high-RPE event. Moreover, greater distance between events at encoding led to better sequence memory for events across a low-RPE event, but not a high-RPE event, suggesting separate mechanisms for the temporal ordering of events within versus across a latent reward context. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that high-RPE events are both more strongly encoded, show intact links with their predecessor, and act as event boundaries that interrupt the sequential integration of events. We captured these effects in a variant of the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model (CMR; Polyn, Norman, & Kahana, 2009), modified to incorporate RPEs into the encoding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rouhani
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, United States of America.
| | - Kenneth A Norman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, United States of America
| | - Yael Niv
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, United States of America
| | - Aaron M Bornstein
- Department of Cognitive Sciences and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, United States of America
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279
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Moreno A. Molecular mechanisms of forgetting. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6912-6932. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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280
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Brain dynamics for confidence-weighted learning. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007935. [PMID: 32484806 PMCID: PMC7292419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning in a changing, uncertain environment is a difficult problem. A popular solution is to predict future observations and then use surprising outcomes to update those predictions. However, humans also have a sense of confidence that characterizes the precision of their predictions. Bayesian models use a confidence-weighting principle to regulate learning: for a given surprise, the update is smaller when the confidence about the prediction was higher. Prior behavioral evidence indicates that human learning adheres to this confidence-weighting principle. Here, we explored the human brain dynamics sub-tending the confidence-weighting of learning using magneto-encephalography (MEG). During our volatile probability learning task, subjects’ confidence reports conformed with Bayesian inference. MEG revealed several stimulus-evoked brain responses whose amplitude reflected surprise, and some of them were further shaped by confidence: surprise amplified the stimulus-evoked response whereas confidence dampened it. Confidence about predictions also modulated several aspects of the brain state: pupil-linked arousal and beta-range (15–30 Hz) oscillations. The brain state in turn modulated specific stimulus-evoked surprise responses following the confidence-weighting principle. Our results thus indicate that there exist, in the human brain, signals reflecting surprise that are dampened by confidence in a way that is appropriate for learning according to Bayesian inference. They also suggest a mechanism for confidence-weighted learning: confidence about predictions would modulate intrinsic properties of the brain state to amplify or dampen surprise responses evoked by discrepant observations. Learning in a changing and uncertain world is difficult. In this context, facing a discrepancy between my current belief and new observations may reflect random fluctuations (e.g. my commute train is unexpectedly late, but it happens sometimes), if so, I should ignore this discrepancy and not change erratically my belief. However, this discrepancy could also denote a profound change (e.g. the train company changed and is less reliable), in this case, I should promptly revise my current belief. Human learning is adaptive: we change how much we learn from new observations, in particular, we promote flexibility when facing profound changes. A mathematical analysis of the problem shows that we should increase flexibility when the confidence about our current belief is low, which occurs when a change is suspected. Here, I show that human learners entertain rational confidence levels during the learning of changing probabilities. This confidence modulates intrinsic properties of the brain state (oscillatory activity and neuromodulation) which in turn amplifies or reduces, depending on whether confidence is low or high, the neural responses to discrepant observations. This confidence-weighting mechanism could underpin adaptive learning.
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281
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282
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Samanta A, Alonso A, Genzel L. Memory reactivations and consolidation: considering neuromodulators across wake and sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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283
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Bari BA, Chokshi V, Schmidt K. Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine: basic functions and insights into Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1006-1013. [PMID: 31823870 PMCID: PMC7034292 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus is a pontine nucleus that produces much of the brain's norepinephrine. Despite its small size, the locus coeruleus is critical for a myriad of functions and is involved in many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the physiology and anatomy of the locus coeruleus system and focus on norepinephrine's role in synaptic plasticity. We highlight Parkinson's disease as a disorder with motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be understood as aberrations in the normal functions of locus coeruleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Abdul Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Varun Chokshi
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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284
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Asfestani MA, Brechtmann V, Santiago J, Peter A, Born J, Feld GB. Consolidation of Reward Memory during Sleep Does Not Require Dopaminergic Activation. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1688-1703. [PMID: 32459129 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sleep enhances memories, especially if they are related to future rewards. Although dopamine has been shown to be a key determinant during reward learning, the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission for amplifying reward-related memories during sleep remains unclear. In this study, we scrutinize the idea that dopamine is needed for the preferential consolidation of rewarded information. We impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, thereby aiming to wipe out preferential sleep-dependent consolidation of high- over low-rewarded memories during sleep. Following a double-blind, balanced, crossover design, 17 young healthy men received the dopamine d2-like receptor blocker sulpiride (800 mg) or placebo, after learning a motivated learning task. The task required participants to memorize 80 highly and 80 lowly rewarded pictures. Half of them were presented for a short (750 msec) and a long (1500 msec) duration, respectively, which permitted dissociation of the effects of reward on sleep-associated consolidation from those of mere encoding depth. Retrieval was tested after a retention interval of approximately 22 hr that included 8 hr of nocturnal sleep. As expected, at retrieval, highly rewarded memories were remembered better than lowly rewarded memories, under placebo. However, there was no evidence for an effect of reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission with sulpiride during sleep on this differential retention of rewarded information. This result indicates that dopaminergic activation likely is not required for the preferential consolidation of reward-associated memory. Rather, it appears that dopaminergic activation only tags such memories at encoding for intensified reprocessing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Santiago
- University of Tübingen.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,University Hospital of Tübingen
| | - Jan Born
- University of Tübingen.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
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285
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Abstract
Contemporary brain research seeks to understand how cognition is reducible to neural activity. Crucially, much of this effort is guided by a scientific paradigm that views neural activity as essentially driven by external stimuli. In contrast, recent perspectives argue that this paradigm is by itself inadequate and that understanding patterns of activity intrinsic to the brain is needed to explain cognition. Yet, despite this critique, the stimulus-driven paradigm still dominates-possibly because a convincing alternative has not been clear. Here, we review a series of findings suggesting such an alternative. These findings indicate that neural activity in the hippocampus occurs in one of three brain states that have radically different anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates, together implying different functional roles in cognition. This three-state framework also indicates that neural representations in the hippocampus follow a surprising pattern of organization at the timescale of ∼1 s or longer. Lastly, beyond the hippocampus, recent breakthroughs indicate three parallel states in the cortex, suggesting shared principles and brain-wide organization of intrinsic neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Loren M Frank
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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286
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Ano Y, Nakayama H. Novel lacto-peptides improve cognitive decline. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1615-1616. [PMID: 30923261 PMCID: PMC6461184 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Ano
- Research Laboratories for Health Science and Food Technologies, Kirin Company Ltd, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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287
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Kinsky NR, Mau W, Sullivan DW, Levy SJ, Ruesch EA, Hasselmo ME. Trajectory-modulated hippocampal neurons persist throughout memory-guided navigation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2443. [PMID: 32415083 PMCID: PMC7229120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trajectory-dependent splitter neurons in the hippocampus encode information about a rodent's prior trajectory during performance of a continuous alternation task. As such, they provide valuable information for supporting memory-guided behavior. Here, we employed single-photon calcium imaging in freely moving mice to investigate the emergence and fate of trajectory-dependent activity through learning and mastery of a continuous spatial alternation task. In agreement with others, the quality of trajectory-dependent information in hippocampal neurons correlated with task performance. We thus hypothesized that, due to their utility, splitter neurons would exhibit heightened stability. We find that splitter neurons were more likely to remain active and retained more consistent spatial information across multiple days than other neurons. Furthermore, we find that both splitter neurons and place cells emerged rapidly and maintained stable trajectory-dependent/spatial activity thereafter. Our results suggest that neurons with useful functional coding exhibit heightened stability to support memory guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R. Kinsky
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA ,0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine St. Rm 7433, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - William Mau
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - David W. Sullivan
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Samuel J. Levy
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA ,0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Evan A. Ruesch
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Michael E. Hasselmo
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, 610 Commonwealth Ave, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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288
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Neurotransmission through dopamine D1 receptors is required for aversive memory formation and Arc activation in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 2020; 156:58-65. [PMID: 32380131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurotransmission is considered to play an important role not only in reward-based learning, but also in aversive learning. Here, we investigated the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission via dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) in aversive memory formation in a passive avoidance test using D1R knockdown (KD) mice, in which the expression of D1Rs can conditionally and reversibly be controlled by doxycycline (Dox) treatment. We also performed whole-brain imaging after aversive footshock stimulation in activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein (Arc)-dVenus D1RKD mice, which were crossbred from Arc-dVenus transgenic mice and D1RKD mice, to examine the distribution of Arc-controlled dVenus expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during aversive memory formation. Knockdown of D1R expression following Dox treatment resulted in impaired performance in the passive avoidance test and was associated with a decrease in dVenus expression in the cerebral cortex (visual, somatosensory, and motor cortices), but not the hippocampus, compared with control mice without Dox treatment. These findings indicate that D1R-mediated dopaminergic transmission is critical for aversive memory formation, specifically by influencing Arc expression in the cerebral cortex.
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289
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Bornstein AM, Pickard H. "Chasing the first high": memory sampling in drug choice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:907-915. [PMID: 31896119 PMCID: PMC7162911 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although vivid memories of drug experiences are prevalent within clinical contexts and addiction folklore ("chasing the first high"), little is known about the relevance of cognitive processes governing memory retrieval to substance use disorder. Drawing on recent work that identifies episodic memory's influence on decisions for reward, we propose a framework in which drug choices are biased by selective sampling of individual memories during two phases of addiction: (i) downward spiral into persistent use and (ii) relapse. Consideration of how memory retrieval influences the addiction process suggests novel treatment strategies. Rather than try to break learned associations between drug cues and drug rewards, treatment should aim to strengthen existing and/or create new associations between drug cues and drug-inconsistent rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Bornstein
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Hanna Pickard
- Department of Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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290
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The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:373-407. [PMID: 32298711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
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291
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Paredes-Rodriguez E, Vegas-Suarez S, Morera-Herreras T, De Deurwaerdere P, Miguelez C. The Noradrenergic System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:435. [PMID: 32322208 PMCID: PMC7157437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is well accepted that in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the neurodegenerative process occurs in stages and that damage to other areas precedes the neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is considered a pathophysiological hallmark of PD. This heterogeneous and progressive neurodegeneration may explain the diverse symptomatology of the disease, including motor and non-motor alterations. In PD, one of the first areas undergoing degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC). This noradrenergic nucleus provides extensive innervation throughout the brain and plays a fundamental neuromodulator role, participating in stress responses, emotional memory, and control of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Early in the disease, LC neurons suffer modifications that can condition the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments, and importantly, can lead to the appearance of common non-motor symptomatology. The noradrenergic system also exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect on the dopaminergic degeneration and noradrenergic damage can consequently condition the progress of the disease. From the pharmacological point of view, it is also important to understand how the noradrenergic system performs in PD, since noradrenergic medication is often used in these patients, and drug interactions can take place when combining them with the gold standard drug therapy in PD, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). This review provides an overview about the functional status of the noradrenergic system in PD and its contribution to the efficacy of pharmacological-based treatments. Based on preclinical and clinical publications, a special attention will be dedicated to the most prevalent non-motor symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paredes-Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Sergio Vegas-Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA UMR 5287), Bordeaux, France
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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292
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293
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Broadbent N, Lumeij LB, Corcoles M, Ayres AI, Bin Ibrahim MZ, Masatsugu B, Moreno A, Carames JM, Begg E, Strickland L, Mazidzoglou T, Padanyi A, Munoz-Lopez M, Takeuchi T, Peters M, Morris RGM, Tse D. A stable home-base promotes allocentric memory representations of episodic-like everyday spatial memory. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1539-1558. [PMID: 31944427 PMCID: PMC7614820 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A key issue in neurobiological studies of episodic-like memory is the geometric frame of reference in which memory traces of experience are stored. Assumptions are sometimes made that specific protocols favour either allocentric (map-like) or egocentric (body-centred) representations. There are, however, grounds for suspecting substantial ambiguity about coding strategy, including the necessity to use both frames of reference occasionally, but tests of memory representation are not routinely conducted. Using rats trained to find and dig up food in sandwells at a particular place in an event arena (episodic-like 'action-where' encoding), we show that a protocol previously thought to foster allocentric encoding is ambiguous but more predisposed towards egocentric encoding. Two changes in training protocol were examined with a view to promoting preferential allocentric encoding-one in which multiple start locations were used within a session as well as between sessions; and another that deployed a stable home-base to which the animals had to carry food reward. Only the stable home-base protocol led to excellent choice performance which rigorous analyses revealed to be blocked by occluding extra-arena cues when this was done after encoding but before recall. The implications of these findings for studies of episodic-like memory are that the representational framework of memory at the start of a recall trial will likely include a path direction in the egocentric case but path destination in the allocentric protocol. This difference should be observable in single-unit recording or calcium-imaging studies of spatially-tuned cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Berend Lumeij
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Corcoles
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alice I Ayres
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Andrea Moreno
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jose-Maria Carames
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elizabeth Begg
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lauren Strickland
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Theofilos Mazidzoglou
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Padanyi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Monica Munoz-Lopez
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), School of Medicine, Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marco Peters
- Dart Neuroscience, San Diego, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Richard G M Morris
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dorothy Tse
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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294
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Kobayashi K, Mikahara Y, Murata Y, Morita D, Matsuura S, Segi-Nishida E, Suzuki H. Predominant Role of Serotonin at the Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapse with Redundant Monoaminergic Modulation. iScience 2020; 23:101025. [PMID: 32283526 PMCID: PMC7155202 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) synapse has been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Alterations of dopaminergic and serotonergic modulations at this synapse are candidate mechanisms underlying antidepressant and other related treatments. However, these monoaminergic modulations share the intracellular signaling pathway at the MF synapse, which implies redundancy in their functions. We here show that endogenous monoamines can potentiate MF synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal slices by activating the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor. Dopamine receptors were not effectively activated by endogenous agonists, suggesting that the dopaminergic modulation is latent. Electroconvulsive treatment enhanced the 5-HT4 receptor-mediated serotonergic synaptic potentiation specifically at the MF synapse, increased the hippocampal serotonin content, and produced an anxiolytic-like behavioral effect in a 5-HT4 receptor-dependent manner. These results suggest that serotonin plays a predominant role in monoaminergic modulations at the MF synapse. Augmentation of this serotonergic modulation may mediate anxiolytic effects of electroconvulsive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Mikahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuka Murata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Morita
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Sumire Matsuura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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295
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Koga K, Yamada A, Song Q, Li XH, Chen QY, Liu RH, Ge J, Zhan C, Furue H, Zhuo M, Chen T. Ascending noradrenergic excitation from the locus coeruleus to the anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Brain 2020; 13:49. [PMID: 32216807 PMCID: PMC7098117 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays important roles in sensory perception including pain and itch. Neurons in the ACC receive various neuromodulatory inputs from subcortical structures, including locus coeruleus noradrenaline (LC-NA) neurons. Few studies have been reported about synaptic and behavioral functions of LC-NA projections to the ACC. Using viral-genetic method (AAV-DIO-eYFP) on DBH-cre mice, we found that LC-NA formed synaptic connections to ACC pyramidal cells but not interneurons. This is further supported by the electron microscopic study showing NAergic fibers contact the presynaptic inputs and post-synaptic areas of the pyramidal cells. NA application produced both pre- and post-synaptic potentiation effects in ACC excitatory transmission in vivo and in vitro. Activation of LC-NA projection to the ACC by optogenetic method produced enhancement of excitatory transmission in vitro and induced scratching and behavioral sensitization for mechanical stimulation. Our results demonstrate that LC-NA projections enhance or facilitate brain responses to pain and itch by potentiating glutamatergic synaptic transmissions in the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Qian Song
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Qi-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ren-Hao Liu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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296
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Ravotto L, Duffet L, Zhou X, Weber B, Patriarchi T. A Bright and Colorful Future for G-Protein Coupled Receptor Sensors. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:67. [PMID: 32265667 PMCID: PMC7098945 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurochemicals have a large impact on brain states and animal behavior but are notoriously hard to detect accurately in the living brain. Recently developed genetically encoded sensors obtained from engineering a circularly permuted green fluorescent protein into G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) provided a vital boost to neuroscience, by innovating the way we monitor neural communication. These new probes are becoming widely successful due to their flexible combination with state of the art optogenetic tools and in vivo imaging techniques, mainly fiber photometry and 2-photon microscopy, to dissect dynamic changes in brain chemicals with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we highlight current approaches and challenges as well as novel insights in the process of GPCR sensor development, and discuss possible future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ravotto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Duffet
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xuehan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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297
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Excitatory VTA to DH projections provide a valence signal to memory circuits. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1466. [PMID: 32193428 PMCID: PMC7081331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive or negative value (valence) of past experiences is normally integrated into neuronal circuits that encode episodic memories and plays an important role in guiding behavior. Here, we show, using mouse behavioral models, that glutamatergic afferents from the ventral tegmental area to the dorsal hippocampus (VTA→DH) signal negative valence to memory circuits, leading to the formation of fear-inducing context memories and to context-specific reinstatement of fear. To a lesser extent, these projections also contributed to opioid-induced place preference, suggesting a role in signaling positive valence as well, and thus a lack of dedicated polarity. Manipulations of VTA terminal activity were more effective in females and paralleled by sex differences in glutamatergic signaling. By prioritizing retrieval of negative and positive over neutral memories, the VTA→DH circuit can facilitate the selection of adaptive behaviors when current and past experiences are valence congruent. The neuronal pathway that signals the positive or negative value of memories is not well understood. Here, the authors report that an excitatory projection from the ventral tegmental area to the dorsal hippocampus carries the valence information, contributing, especially in females, to the recurrence of fear and to drug seeking behavior.
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298
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Brzdak P, Wójcicka O, Zareba-Koziol M, Minge D, Henneberger C, Wlodarczyk J, Mozrzymas JW, Wójtowicz T. Synaptic Potentiation at Basal and Apical Dendrites of Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons Involves Activation of a Distinct Set of Extracellular and Intracellular Molecular Cues. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:283-304. [PMID: 29228131 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, several forms of experience-dependent plasticity, learning and memory require the activity-dependent control of synaptic efficacy. Despite substantial progress in describing synaptic plasticity, mechanisms related to heterogeneity of synaptic functions at local circuits remain elusive. Here we studied the functional and molecular aspects of hippocampal circuit plasticity by analyzing excitatory synapses at basal and apical dendrites of mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells (CA1 region) in acute brain slices. In the past decade, activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been implicated as a widespread and critical factor in plasticity mechanisms at various projections in the CNS. However, in the present study we discovered that in striking contrast to apical dendrites, synapses located within basal dendrites undergo MMP-independent synaptic potentiation. We demonstrate that synapse-specific molecular pathway allowing MMPs to rapidly upregulate function of NMDARs in stratum radiatum involved protease activated receptor 1 and intracellular kinases and GTPases activity. In contrast, MMP-independent scaling of synaptic strength in stratum oriens involved dopamine D1/D5 receptors and Src kinases. Results of this study reveal that 2 neighboring synaptic systems differ significantly in extracellular and intracellular cascades that control synaptic gain and provide long-searched transduction pathways relevant for MMP-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Brzdak
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Wójcicka
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Zareba-Koziol
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Minge
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Henneberger
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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299
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Weidner TCS, Vincenz D, Brocka M, Tegtmeier J, Oelschlegel AM, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J, Lippert MT. Matching stimulation paradigms resolve apparent differences between optogenetic and electrical VTA stimulation. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:363-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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300
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Fast Localization and Sectioning of Mouse Locus Coeruleus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4860735. [PMID: 32190666 PMCID: PMC7071797 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4860735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The locus nucleus (LC) is a multifunctional nucleus which is also the source of norepinephrine in the brain. To date, there is no simple and easy method to locate the small LC in brain sectioning. Here we report a fast, accurate, and easy-to-follow protocol for the localization of mice LC in frozen sectioning. After fixation and dehydration, the intact brains of adult mice were placed on a horizontal surface and vertically cut along the posterior margin of the bilateral cerebral cortex. In the coronal cutting plane, the aqueduct of midbrain can be seen easily with the naked eyes. After embedding the cerebellum part with optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound, coronal brain slices were cut from the cutting plane, within 1 mm, the aqueduct of midbrain disappeared and the fourth ventricle appeared, then the brain slices contained LC and were collected. From the first collection, at ~200 μm, the noradrenergic neurons' most enriched brain slices can be collected. The tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the localization of LC with this method is accurate and the noradrenergic neuron most abundant slices can be determined with this method.
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