251
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Woolf AS. Growing a new human kidney. Kidney Int 2019; 96:871-882. [PMID: 31399199 PMCID: PMC6856720 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are 3 reasons to generate a new human kidney. The first is to learn more about the biology of the developing and mature organ. The second is to generate tissues with which to model congenital and acquired kidney diseases. In particular, growing human kidneys in this manner ultimately should help us understand the mechanisms of common chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and others featuring fibrosis, as well as nephrotoxicity. The third reason is to provide functional kidney tissues that can be used directly in regenerative medicine therapies. The second and third reasons to grow new human kidneys are especially compelling given the millions of persons worldwide whose lives depend on a functioning kidney transplant or long-term dialysis, as well as those with end-stage renal disease who die prematurely because they are unable to access these treatments. As shown in this review, the aim to create healthy human kidney tissues has been partially realized. Moreover, the technology shows promise in terms of modeling genetic disease. In contrast, barely the first steps have been taken toward modeling nongenetic chronic kidney diseases or using newly grown human kidney tissue for regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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252
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Ferrell N, Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA, Brakeman P, Roy S, Fissell WH. Application of physiological shear stress to renal tubular epithelial cells. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 153:43-67. [PMID: 31395384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells are consistently exposed to flow of glomerular filtrate that creates fluid shear stress at the apical cell surface. This biophysical stimulus regulates several critical renal epithelial cell functions, including transport, protein uptake, and barrier function. Defining the in vivo mechanical conditions in the kidney tubule is important for accurately recapitulating these conditions in vitro. Here we provide a summary of the fluid flow conditions in the kidney and how this translates into different levels of fluid shear stress down the length of the nephron. A detailed method is provided for measuring fluid flow in the proximal tubule by intravital microscopy. Devices to mimic in vivo fluid shear stress for in vitro studies are discussed, and we present two methods for culture and analysis of renal tubule epithelial cells exposed physiological levels of fluid shear stress. The first is a microfluidic device that permits application of controlled shear stress to cells cultured on porous membranes. The second is culture of renal tubule cells on an orbital shaker. Each method has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered in the context of the specific experimental objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul Brakeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shuvo Roy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - William H Fissell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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253
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Rivera KR, Yokus MA, Erb PD, Pozdin VA, Daniele M. Measuring and regulating oxygen levels in microphysiological systems: design, material, and sensor considerations. Analyst 2019; 144:3190-3215. [PMID: 30968094 PMCID: PMC6564678 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As microfabrication techniques and tissue engineering methods improve, microphysiological systems (MPS) are being engineered that recapitulate complex physiological and pathophysiological states to supplement and challenge traditional animal models. Although MPS provide unique microenvironments that transcend common 2D cell culture, without proper regulation of oxygen content, MPS often fail to provide the biomimetic environment necessary to activate and investigate fundamental pathways of cellular metabolism and sub-cellular level. Oxygen exists in the human body in various concentrations and partial pressures; moreover, it fluctuates dramatically depending on fasting, exercise, and sleep patterns. Regulating oxygen content inside MPS necessitates a sensitive biological sensor to quantify oxygen content in real-time. Measuring oxygen in a microdevice is a non-trivial requirement for studies focused on understanding how oxygen impacts cellular processes, including angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Quantifying oxygen inside a microdevice can be achieved via an array of technologies, with each method having benefits and limitations in terms of sensitivity, limits of detection, and invasiveness that must be considered and optimized. This article will review oxygen physiology in organ systems and offer comparisons of organ-specific MPS that do and do not consider oxygen microenvironments. Materials used in microphysiological models will also be analyzed in terms of their ability to control oxygen. Finally, oxygen sensor technologies are critically compared and evaluated for use in MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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254
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Musah S, Dimitrakakis N, Camacho DM, Church GM, Ingber DE. Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into mature kidney podocytes and establishment of a Glomerulus Chip. Nat Protoc 2019; 13:1662-1685. [PMID: 29995874 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protocols have been established to direct the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into nephron progenitor cells and organoids containing many types of kidney cells, but it has been difficult to direct the differentiation of iPS cells to form specific types of mature human kidney cells with high yield. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the directed differentiation of human iPS cells into mature, post-mitotic kidney glomerular podocytes with high (>90%) efficiency within 26 d and under chemically defined conditions, without genetic manipulations or subpopulation selection. We also describe how these iPS cell-derived podocytes may be induced to form within a microfluidic organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) culture device to build a human kidney Glomerulus Chip that mimics the structure and function of the kidney glomerular capillary wall in vitro within 35 d (starting with undifferentiated iPS cells). The podocyte differentiation protocol requires skills for culturing iPS cells, and the development of a Glomerulus Chip requires some experience with building and operating microfluidic cell culture systems. This method could be useful for applications in nephrotoxicity screening, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine, as well as mechanistic study of kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Musah
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dimitrakakis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diogo M Camacho
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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255
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Garreta E, Prado P, Tarantino C, Oria R, Fanlo L, Martí E, Zalvidea D, Trepat X, Roca-Cusachs P, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Cozzuto L, Campistol JM, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Hurtado Del Pozo C, Montserrat N. Fine tuning the extracellular environment accelerates the derivation of kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:397-405. [PMID: 30778227 PMCID: PMC9845070 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of organoids is one of the biggest scientific advances in regenerative medicine. Here, by lengthening the time that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) were exposed to a three-dimensional microenvironment, and by applying defined renal inductive signals, we generated kidney organoids that transcriptomically matched second-trimester human fetal kidneys. We validated these results using ex vivo and in vitro assays that model renal development. Furthermore, we developed a transplantation method that utilizes the chick chorioallantoic membrane. This approach created a soft in vivo microenvironment that promoted the growth and differentiation of implanted kidney organoids, as well as providing a vascular component. The stiffness of the in ovo chorioallantoic membrane microenvironment was recapitulated in vitro by fabricating compliant hydrogels. These biomaterials promoted the efficient generation of renal vesicles and nephron structures, demonstrating that a soft environment accelerates the differentiation of hPSC-derived kidney organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Prado
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Tarantino
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Oria
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Fanlo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Martí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dobryna Zalvidea
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Hurtado Del Pozo
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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256
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257
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Troth SP, Simutis F, Friedman GS, Todd S, Sistare FD. Kidney Safety Assessment: Current Practices in Drug Development. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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258
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Qian T, Hernday SE, Bao X, Olson WR, Panzer SE, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Podocytes under Defined Conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2765. [PMID: 30808965 PMCID: PMC6391455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is glomerular disease, which can be attributed to a spectrum of podocyte disorders. Podocytes are non-proliferative, terminally differentiated cells. Thus, the limited supply of primary podocytes impedes CKD research. Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into podocytes has the potential to produce podocytes for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapies. In the podocyte differentiation process described here, hPSCs are first induced to primitive streak-like cells by activating canonical Wnt signaling. Next, these cells progress to mesoderm precursors, proliferative nephron progenitors, and eventually become mature podocytes by culturing in a serum-free medium. Podocytes generated via this protocol adopt podocyte morphology, express canonical podocyte markers, and exhibit podocyte phenotypes, including albumin uptake and TGF-β1 triggered cell death. This study provides a simple, defined strategy to generate podocytes for in vitro modeling of podocyte development and disease or for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcheng Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shaenah E Hernday
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William R Olson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sarah E Panzer
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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259
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Begum S. Engineering renal epithelial cells: programming and directed differentiation towards glomerular podocyte's progenitor and mature podocyte. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1102-1115. [PMID: 30899410 PMCID: PMC6413241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of normal developmental physiology and identification of specific cell types of the kidney at molecular levels enables us to generate various cells of the kidney. The generation of renal specialized cells in vitro with its correct molecular and functional implications is the urgent need for cellular therapy in chronic kidney diseases and for organ formation. Glomerular podocytes are one of the major renal cells lose its functionality to maintain glomerular blood filtration function. In vitro, many inductions or reprogramming methods have been established for podocytes development. In these methods transcription factors, small molecules, and growth factors play the major role to remodel stem cells into podocyte progenitors and towards mature podocytes. Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have been utilizing as another strategy to generate podocyte. In this review, current protocols for in vitro glomerular podocyte differentiation have summarized emphasizing programming methods, signaling modulation, and cytoskeletal changes. Novel ideas are also pointed out, which are required for efficient optimal glomerular podocyte generation and their functional characterization in vitro with nanoarchitecture impression of the glomerular basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumreen Begum
- Stem Cells Research Laboratory (SCRL), Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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260
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Wnorowski A, Yang H, Wu JC. Progress, obstacles, and limitations in the use of stem cells in organ-on-a-chip models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:3-11. [PMID: 29885330 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, drug development costs have soared, primarily due to the failure of preclinical animal and cell culture models, which do not directly translate to human physiology. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a burgeoning technology with the potential to revolutionize disease modeling, drug discovery, and toxicology research by strengthening the relevance of culture-based models while reducing costly animal studies. Although OOC models can incorporate a variety of tissue sources, the most robust and relevant OOC models going forward will include stem cells. In this review, we will highlight the benefits of stem cells as a tissue source while considering current limitations to their complete and effective implementation into OOC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Wnorowski
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford, CA 943055, United States
| | - Huaxiao Yang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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261
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Abstract
One of the problems that has slowed the development and approval of new anticancer therapies is the lack of preclinical models that can be used to identify key molecular, cellular and biophysical features of human cancer progression. This is because most in vitro cancer models fail to faithfully recapitulate the local tissue and organ microenvironment in which tumours form, which substantially contributes to the complex pathophysiology of the disease. More complex in vitro cancer models have been developed, including transwell cell cultures, spheroids and organoids grown within flexible extracellular matrix gels, which better mimic normal and cancerous tissue development than cells maintained on conventional 2D substrates. But these models still lack the tissue-tissue interfaces, organ-level structures, fluid flows and mechanical cues that cells experience within living organs, and furthermore, it is difficult to collect samples from the different tissue microcompartments. In this Review, we outline how recent developments in microfluidic cell culture technology have led to the generation of human organs-on-chips (also known as organ chips) that are now being used to model cancer cell behaviour within human-relevant tissue and organ microenvironments in vitro. Organ chips enable experimentalists to vary local cellular, molecular, chemical and biophysical parameters in a controlled manner, both individually and in precise combinations, while analysing how they contribute to human cancer formation and progression and responses to therapy. We also discuss the challenges that must be overcome to ensure that organ chip models meet the needs of cancer researchers, drug developers and clinicians interested in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate program, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bryan A Hassell
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Nirrin Analytics, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Vascular Biology Program and Department Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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262
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Sun W, Luo Z, Lee J, Kim HJ, Lee K, Tebon P, Feng Y, Dokmeci MR, Sengupta S, Khademhosseini A. Organ-on-a-Chip for Cancer and Immune Organs Modeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801363. [PMID: 30605261 PMCID: PMC6424124 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bridging the gap between findings in preclinical 2D cell culture models and in vivo tissue cultures has been challenging; the simple microenvironment of 2D monolayer culture systems may not capture the cellular response to drugs accurately. Three-dimensional organotypic models have gained increasing interest due to their ability to recreate precise cellular organizations. These models facilitate investigation of the interactions between different sub-tissue level components through providing physiologically relevant microenvironments for cells in vitro. The incorporation of human-sourced tissues into these models further enables personalized prediction of drug responses. Integration of microfluidic units into the 3D models can be used to control their local environment, dynamic simulation of cell behaviors, and real-time readout of drug testing data. Cancer and immune system related diseases are severe burdens to our health care system and have created an urgent need for high-throughput, and effective drug development plans. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of "cancer-on-a-chip" and "immune organs-on-a-chip" systems designed to study disease progression and predict drug-induced responses. Future challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhimin Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yudi Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, ; Harvard – MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California - Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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263
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Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials 2019; 194:195-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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264
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Freedman BS. Producing Purer Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:183-184. [PMID: 30635374 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, .,Kidney Research Institute, .,and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, and .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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265
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Lin DSY, Guo F, Zhang B. Modeling organ-specific vasculature with organ-on-a-chip devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:024002. [PMID: 30395536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae7de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip devices, also known as microphysiological systems, have gained significant attention in recent years. Recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication have enabled these devices to provide more precise control over cellular microenvironments to mimic the tissue-level or organ-level function of the human body. These more complex tissue models can provide either an improvement in the functional expression and maturation of cells or an avenue to probe biological events and function that would otherwise be difficult to visualize and mechanistically study. This high-value information, when complimented with the existing gold-standards of cell-based assays and animal models, could potentially lead to more informed decision-making in drug development. A prevalent biological component in many organ-on-a-chip devices is an engineered vascular interface that is present in almost all organs of the human body. The vasculature and the vascular interface are particularly susceptible to biomechanical forces, they function as the conduits for inter-cellular and inter-organ interactions, and regulate drug transport. In this review, we examine the various approaches taken to model the human vasculature with an emphasis on the engineering of organ-specific vasculatures, and discuss various challenges and opportunities ahead as the field advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Y Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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266
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Yoshimura Y, Taguchi A, Tanigawa S, Yatsuda J, Kamba T, Takahashi S, Kurihara H, Mukoyama M, Nishinakamura R. Manipulation of Nephron-Patterning Signals Enables Selective Induction of Podocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:304-321. [PMID: 30635375 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has elucidated the signals required to induce nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), enabling the generation of kidney organoids. However, selectively controlling differentiation of NPCs to podocytes has been a challenge. METHODS We investigated the effects of various growth factors in cultured mouse embryonic NPCs during three distinct steps of nephron patterning: from NPC to pretubular aggregate, from the latter to epithelial renal vesicle (RV), and from RV to podocyte. We then applied the findings to human PSC-derived NPCs to establish a method for selective induction of human podocytes. RESULTS Mouse NPC differentiation experiments revealed that phase-specific manipulation of Wnt and Tgf-β signaling is critical for podocyte differentiation. First, optimal timing and intensity of Wnt signaling were essential for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and podocyte differentiation. Then, inhibition of Tgf-β signaling supported domination of the RV proximal domain. Inhibition of Tgf-β signaling in the third phase enriched the podocyte fraction by suppressing development of other nephron lineages. The resultant protocol enabled successful induction of human podocytes from PSCs with >90% purity. The induced podocytes exhibited global gene expression signatures comparable to those of adult human podocytes, had podocyte morphologic features (including foot process-like and slit diaphragm-like structures), and showed functional responsiveness to drug-induced injury. CONCLUSIONS Elucidation of signals that induce podocytes during the nephron-patterning process enabled us to establish a highly efficient method for selective induction of human podocytes from PSCs. These PSC-derived podocytes show molecular, morphologic, and functional characteristics of podocytes, and offer a new resource for disease modeling and nephrotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, and.,Departments of Nephrology and
| | - Atsuhiro Taguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, and .,Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shunsuke Tanigawa
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, and
| | - Junji Yatsuda
- Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kamba
- Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, and
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267
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Murphy C, Feifel E, Jennings P, Gstraunthaler G, Wilmes A. A Protocol for One-Step Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mature Podocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1994:93-99. [PMID: 31124107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9477-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the glomerulus, podocytes are highly specialized visceral epithelial cells that are part of the glomerular filtration barrier. Human podocyte cell culture is rather challenging for primary or immortalized cells, due to the nonproliferative state of the cells. In addition, rapid dedifferentiation is often observed. Hence, iPSC-derived podocytes offer an exciting alternative to culture podocyte-like cells from different donors over prolonged time. Here we report a simple and rapid one-step protocol that drives iPSC into podocyte-like cells in 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Murphy
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Feifel
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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268
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Torisawa YS. Microfluidic Organs-on-Chips to Reconstitute Cellular Microenvironments. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6229-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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269
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Ashammakhi N, Elkhammas E, Hasan A. Translating advances in organ‐on‐a‐chip technology for supporting organs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:2006-2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of SurgeryOulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California
- School of Technology and InnovationsUniversity of Vaasa Vaasa Finland
- Biotechnology Research CenterAuthority for Natural Sciences Research and Technology Tripoli Libya
| | - Elmahdi Elkhammas
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Transplant Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringQatar University Doha Qatar
- Biomedical Research CenterQatar University Doha Qatar
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270
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3D organoid-derived human glomeruli for personalised podocyte disease modelling and drug screening. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5167. [PMID: 30514835 PMCID: PMC6279764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The podocytes within the glomeruli of the kidney maintain the filtration barrier by forming interdigitating foot processes with intervening slit diaphragms, disruption in which results in proteinuria. Studies into human podocytopathies to date have employed primary or immortalised podocyte cell lines cultured in 2D. Here we compare 3D human glomeruli sieved from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids with conditionally immortalised human podocyte cell lines, revealing improved podocyte-specific gene expression, maintenance in vitro of polarised protein localisation and an improved glomerular basement membrane matrisome compared to 2D cultures. Organoid-derived glomeruli retain marker expression in culture for 96 h, proving amenable to toxicity screening. In addition, 3D organoid glomeruli from a congenital nephrotic syndrome patient with compound heterozygous NPHS1 mutations reveal reduced protein levels of both NEPHRIN and PODOCIN. Hence, human iPSC-derived organoid glomeruli represent an accessible approach to the in vitro modelling of human podocytopathies and screening for podocyte toxicity. Studies examining human podocytopathies have utilised 2D cultured primary or immortalised podocyte cell lines. Here, the authors demonstrate that 3D human glomeruli sieved from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids retain an improved podocyte identity in vitro facilitating disease modelling and toxicity testing.
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271
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Sung JH, Wang YI, Kim JH, Lee JM, Shuler ML. Application of chemical reaction engineering principles to 'body-on-a-chip' systems. AIChE J 2018; 64:4351-4360. [PMID: 31402795 DOI: 10.1002/aic.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The combination of cell culture models with microscale technology has fostered emergence of in vitro cell-based microphysiological models, also known as organ-on-a-chip systems. Body-on-a-chip systems, which are multi-organ systems on a chip to mimic physiological relations, enable recapitulation of organ-organ interactions and potentially whole-body response to drugs, as well as serve as models of diseases. Chemical reaction engineering principles can be applied to understanding complex reactions inside the cell or human body, which can be treated as a multi-reactor system. These systems use physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to guide the development of microscale systems of the body where organs or tissues are represented by living cells or tissues, and integrated into body-on-a-chip systems. Here, we provide a brief overview on the concept of chemical reaction engineering and how its principles can be applied to understanding and predicting the behavior of body-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Hongik University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ying I. Wang
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Jung Hun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L. Shuler
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
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272
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Mittal R, Woo FW, Castro CS, Cohen MA, Karanxha J, Mittal J, Chhibber T, Jhaveri VM. Organ‐on‐chip models: Implications in drug discovery and clinical applications. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8352-8380. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Frank W. Woo
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Carlo S. Castro
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Madeline A. Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Joana Karanxha
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Tanya Chhibber
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Vasanti M. Jhaveri
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
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273
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Li X, Xie X, Ma Z, Li Q, Liu L, Hu X, Liu C, Li B, Wang H, Chen N, Fan C, Song H. Programming Niche Accessibility and In Vitro Stemness with Intercellular DNA Reactions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804861. [PMID: 30276898 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells generally exist in low abundance and tend to lose stemness in the absence of self-renewal signals. While extracellular-matrix-mimicking techniques have been developed to support stem cell proliferation, the lack of niche cells in these synthetic systems often hampers continuous stem cell expansion and maintenance of pluripotency, which are indispensable for regenerative medicine. Here, an intercellular DNA-reaction-programmed ESPN (expansion of stem cells with pairing niches) strategy is developed for 3D culture of mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Boolean logic operations are implemented to confer DNA-programmed mechanical signaling and genetically engineered morphogen signaling by niche cells, resulting in sustained expansion of MaSCs in vitro. The creation of stem cell niches improves the proliferation of pluripotent cells by four times during one-week culture. This method thus provides a novel approach for logical regulation of stemness and proliferation of stem cells for biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xingjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haiyun Song
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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274
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Maestroni S, Zerbini G. Glomerular endothelial cells versus podocytes as the cellular target in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:1105-1111. [PMID: 30155580 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It usually takes several years (in some cases, decades) for predisposed individuals to move from the onset of type 1 or type 2 diabetes to the development of microalbuminuria, the first sign of diabetic nephropathy. This long, complication-free, period represents the best possible moment to start a successful preventive strategy (primary prevention) aimed to avoid or at least to postpone the increase of albumin excretion rate. Prevention is based on understanding and counteracting the initial mechanisms leading to the development of the disease and unfortunately, in case of diabetic nephropathy, most of them remain unclear. Little is also known about which, among endothelial cells and podocytes, represent the first glomerular target of the complication. Selective damage of the endothelium or of the podocyte results, as a common consequence, in an increase of albumin excretion rate. Albuminuria by itself cannot therefore be of help to solve the case. Endothelium and podocytes are involved in a continuous cross-talk and by studying the impact of diabetes on this "communication" process it should be possible to obtain some information regarding the weak component of the glomerular filter. Finally, the careful investigation of the mechanisms leading to the development podocyturia, a recently identified glomerular dysfunction associated to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, could contribute to shed some more light on the very early stages of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maestroni
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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275
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Ashammakhi N, Wesseling-Perry K, Hasan A, Elkhammas E, Zhang YS. Kidney-on-a-chip: untapped opportunities. Kidney Int 2018; 94:1073-1086. [PMID: 30366681 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The organs-on-a-chip technology has shown strong promise in mimicking the complexity of native tissues in vitro and ex vivo, and recently significant advances have been made in applying this technology to studies of the kidney and its diseases. Individual components of the nephron, including the glomerulus, proximal tubule, and distal tubule/medullary collecting duct, have been successfully mimicked using organs-on-a-chip technology and yielding strong promises in advancing the field of ex vivo drug toxicity testing and augmenting renal replacement therapies. Although these models show promise over 2-dimensional cell systems in recapitulating important nephron features in vitro, nephron functions, such as tubular secretion, intracellular metabolism, and renin and vitamin D production, as well as prostaglandin synthesis are still poorly recapitulated in on-chip models. Moreover, construction of multiple-renal-components-on-a-chip models, in which various structures and cells of the renal system interact with each other, has remained a challenge. Overall, on-chip models show promise in advancing models of normal and pathological renal physiology, in predicting nephrotoxicity, and in advancing treatment of chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Biotechnology Research Center, Libyan Authority for Research, Science and Technology, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Katherine Wesseling-Perry
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Elmahdi Elkhammas
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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276
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Sosa-Hernández JE, Villalba-Rodríguez AM, Romero-Castillo KD, Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías MA, García-Reyes IE, Hernández-Antonio A, Ahmed I, Sharma A, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Organs-on-a-Chip Module: A Review from the Development and Applications Perspective. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E536. [PMID: 30424469 PMCID: PMC6215144 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ever-increasing scientific knowledge and modern high-tech advancements in micro- and nano-scales fabrication technologies have impacted significantly on various scientific fields. A micro-level approach so-called "microfluidic technology" has rapidly evolved as a powerful tool for numerous applications with special reference to bioengineering and biomedical engineering research. Therefore, a transformative effect has been felt, for instance, in biological sample handling, analyte sensing cell-based assay, tissue engineering, molecular diagnostics, and drug screening, etc. Besides such huge multi-functional potentialities, microfluidic technology also offers the opportunity to mimic different organs to address the complexity of animal-based testing models effectively. The combination of fluid physics along with three-dimensional (3-D) cell compartmentalization has sustained popularity as organ-on-a-chip. In this context, simple humanoid model systems which are important for a wide range of research fields rely on the development of a microfluidic system. The basic idea is to provide an artificial testing subject that resembles the human body in every aspect. For instance, drug testing in the pharma industry is crucial to assure proper function. Development of microfluidic-based technology bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo models offering new approaches to research in medicine, biology, and pharmacology, among others. This is also because microfluidic-based 3-D niche has enormous potential to accommodate cells/tissues to create a physiologically relevant environment, thus, bridge/fill in the gap between extensively studied animal models and human-based clinical trials. This review highlights principles, fabrication techniques, and recent progress of organs-on-chip research. Herein, we also point out some opportunities for microfluidic technology in the future research which is still infancy to accurately design, address and mimic the in vivo niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Angel M Villalba-Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Kenya D Romero-Castillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Mauricio A Aguilar-Aguila-Isaías
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Isaac E García-Reyes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Arturo Hernández-Antonio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- School of Medical Science, Understanding Chronic Conditions Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Epigmenio Gonzalez 500, Queretaro CP 76130, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico.
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277
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Novak R, Didier M, Calamari E, Ng CF, Choe Y, Clauson SL, Nestor BA, Puerta J, Fleming R, Firoozinezhad SJ, Ingber DE. Scalable Fabrication of Stretchable, Dual Channel, Microfluidic Organ Chips. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394380 DOI: 10.3791/58151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of lead compounds fail in the pharmaceutical pipeline because animal studies often fail to predict clinical responses in human patients. Human Organ-on-a-Chip (Organ Chip) microfluidic cell culture devices, which provide an experimental in vitro platform to assess efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in humans, may be better predictors of therapeutic efficacy and safety in the clinic compared to animal studies. These devices may be used to model the function of virtually any organ type and can be fluidically linked through common endothelium-lined microchannels to perform in vitro studies on human organ-level and whole body-level physiology without having to conduct experiments on people. These Organ Chips consist of two perfused microfluidic channels separated by a permeable elastomeric membrane with organ-specific parenchymal cells on one side and microvascular endothelium on the other, which can be cyclically stretched to provide organ-specific mechanical cues (e.g., breathing motions in lung). This protocol details the fabrication of flexible, dual channel, Organ Chips through casting of parts using 3D printed molds, enabling combination of multiple casting and post-processing steps. Porous poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) membranes are cast with micrometer sized through-holes using silicon pillar arrays under compression. Fabrication and assembly of Organ Chips involves equipment and steps that can be implemented outside of a traditional cleanroom. This protocol provides researchers with access to Organ Chip technology for in vitro organ- and body-level studies in drug discovery, safety and efficacy testing, as well as mechanistic studies of fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University;
| | - Meredyth Didier
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Apple, Inc
| | - Elizabeth Calamari
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Carlos F Ng
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Youngjae Choe
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Susan L Clauson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Bret A Nestor
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Jefferson Puerta
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Rachel Fleming
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University; Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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278
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Abstract
The blood vessel is part of the circulatory system, and systemic circulation provides the blood supply to all tissues. Arteries are pathways through which the blood is carried, and the capillaries have a key role in material exchange to maintain the tissue environment. Blood vessels have structures appropriate for their functions, and their sizes and cell types are different. In this review, we introduced recent studies of the microfluidic vascular models. The model structures are classified mainly as poly(dimethylsiloxane) and hydrogel microchannels and self-assembled networks. Basic phenomena and functions were realized in vascular models, including fluid shear stress, cell strain, interstitial flow, endothelial permeation, angiogenesis, and thrombosis. In some models, endothelial cells were co-cultured with smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts in an extracellular matrix. Examples of vascular models involving the brain, lung, liver, kidney, placenta, and cancer were also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Sato
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Kiichi Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Science and Technology, Gunma University
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279
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Korolj A, Laschinger C, James C, Hu E, Velikonja C, Smith N, Gu I, Ahadian S, Willette R, Radisic M, Zhang B. Curvature facilitates podocyte culture in a biomimetic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3112-3128. [PMID: 30264844 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most kidney diseases begin with abnormalities in glomerular podocytes, motivating the need for podocyte models to study pathophysiological mechanisms and new treatment options. However, podocytes cultured in vitro face a limited ability to maintain appreciable extents of differentiation hallmarks, raising concerns over the relevance of study results. Many key properties such as nephrin expression and morphology reach plateaus that are far from the in vivo levels. Here, we demonstrate that a biomimetic topography, consisting of microhemispheres arrayed over the cell culture substrate, promotes podocyte differentiation in vitro. We define new methods for fabricating microscale curvature on various substrates, including a thin porous membrane. By growing podocytes on our topographic substrates, we found that these biophysical cues augmented nephrin gene expression, supported full-size nephrin protein expression, encouraged structural arrangement of F-actin and nephrin within the cell, and promoted process formation and even interdigitation compared to the flat substrates. Furthermore, the topography facilitated nephrin localization on curved structures while nuclei lay in the valleys between them. The improved differentiation was also evidenced by tracking barrier function to albumin over time using our custom topomembranes. Overall, our work presents accessible methods for incorporating microcurvature on various common substrates, and demonstrates the importance of biophysical stimulation in supporting higher-fidelity podocyte cultivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Korolj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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280
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Kim H, Schaniel C. Modeling Hematological Diseases and Cancer With Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2243. [PMID: 30323816 PMCID: PMC6172418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) together with recent advances in genome editing, microphysiological systems, tissue engineering and xenograft models present new opportunities for the investigation of hematological diseases and cancer in a patient-specific context. Here we review the progress in the field and discuss the advantages, limitations, and challenges of iPSC-based malignancy modeling. We will also discuss the use of iPSCs and its derivatives as cellular sources for drug target identification, drug development and evaluation of pharmacological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huensuk Kim
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christoph Schaniel
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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281
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Ingber DE. From mechanobiology to developmentally inspired engineering. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170323. [PMID: 30249774 PMCID: PMC6158204 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of mechanobiology emerged based on the recognition of the central role that physical forces play in development and physiology. In this article, which is based on a lecture I presented at the 2018 Royal Society meeting on Mechanics of Development, I review work from my laboratory carried out over the 40 years which helped to birth this field. I will also describe how we are leveraging the fundamental design principles that govern mechanoregulation to develop new experimental tools and organ-engineering approaches as well as novel mechanotherapeutics.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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282
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Recapitulating kidney development: Progress and challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:153-168. [PMID: 30184476 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research into the molecular and cellular regulation of kidney morphogenesis in rodent models, particularly the mouse, has provided both an atlas of the mammalian kidney and a roadmap for recreating kidney cell types with potential applications for the treatment of kidney disease. With advances in both our capacity to maintain nephron progenitors in culture, reprogram to kidney cell types and direct the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to kidney endpoints, renal regeneration via cellular therapy or tissue engineering may be possible. Human kidney models also have potential for disease modelling and drug screening. Such applications will rely upon the accuracy of the model at the cellular level and the capacity for stem-cell derived kidney tissue to recapitulate both normal and diseased kidney tissue. In this review, we will discuss the available cell sources, how well they model the human kidney and how far we are from application either as models or for tissue engineering.
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283
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Rauch C, Feifel E, Kern G, Murphy C, Meier F, Parson W, Beilmann M, Jennings P, Gstraunthaler G, Wilmes A. Differentiation of human iPSCs into functional podocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203869. [PMID: 30222766 PMCID: PMC6141081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes play a critical role in glomerular barrier function, both in health and disease. However, in vivo terminally differentiated podocytes are difficult to be maintained in in vitro culture. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer the unique possibility for directed differentiation into mature podocytes. The current differentiation protocol to generate iPSC-derived podocyte-like cells provides a robust and reproducible method to obtain podocyte-like cells after 10 days that can be employed in in vitro research and biomedical engineering. Previous published protocols were improved by testing varying differentiation media, growth factors, seeding densities, and time course conditions. Modifications were made to optimize and simplify the one-step differentiation procedure. In contrast to earlier protocols, adherent cells for differentiation were used, the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was reduced to a minimum, and thus ß-mercaptoethanol could be omitted. The plating densities of iPSC stocks as well as the seeding densities for differentiation cultures turned out to be a crucial parameter for differentiation results. Conditionally immortalized human podocytes served as reference controls. iPSC-derived podocyte-like cells showed a typical podocyte-specific morphology and distinct expression of podocyte markers synaptopodin, podocin, nephrin and WT-1 after 10 days of differentiation as assessed by immunofluorescence staining or Western blot analysis. qPCR results showed a downregulation of pluripotency markers Oct4 and Sox-2 and a 9-fold upregulation of the podocyte marker synaptopodin during the time course of differentiation. Cultured podocytes exhibited endocytotic uptake of albumin. In toxicological assays, matured podocytes clearly responded to doxorubicin (Adriamycin™) with morphological alterations and a reduction in cell viability after 48 h of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rauch
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Elisabeth Feifel
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Georg Kern
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria
| | - Cormac Murphy
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Beilmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria.,Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck Austria.,Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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284
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Yu SMW, Nissaisorakarn P, Husain I, Jim B. Proteinuric Kidney Diseases: A Podocyte's Slit Diaphragm and Cytoskeleton Approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:221. [PMID: 30255020 PMCID: PMC6141722 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuric kidney diseases are a group of disorders with diverse pathological mechanisms associated with significant losses of protein in the urine. The glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), comprised of the three important layers, the fenestrated glomerular endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), and the podocyte, dictates that disruption of any one of these structures should lead to proteinuric disease. Podocytes, in particular, have long been considered as the final gatekeeper of the GFB. This specialized visceral epithelial cell contains a complex framework of cytoskeletons forming foot processes and mediate important cell signaling to maintain podocyte health. In this review, we will focus on slit diaphragm proteins such as nephrin, podocin, TRPC6/5, as well as cytoskeletal proteins Rho/small GTPases and synaptopodin and their respective roles in participating in the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney diseases. Furthermore, we will summarize the potential therapeutic options targeting the podocyte to treat this group of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mon-Wei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Irma Husain
- Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Belinda Jim
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Renal Division, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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285
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Nys G, Fillet M. Microfluidics contribution to pharmaceutical sciences: From drug discovery to post marketing product management. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:348-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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286
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Bajaj P, Chowdhury SK, Yucha R, Kelly EJ, Xiao G. Emerging Kidney Models to Investigate Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity of Drugs and Xenobiotics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1692-1702. [PMID: 30076203 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a major clearance organ of the body and is responsible for the elimination of many xenobiotics and prescription drugs. With its multitude of uptake and efflux transporters and metabolizing enzymes, the proximal tubule cell (PTC) in the nephron plays a key role in the disposition of xenobiotics and is also a primary site for toxicity. In this minireview, we first provide an overview of the major transporters and metabolizing enzymes in the PTCs responsible for biotransformation and disposition of drugs. Next, we discuss different cell sources that have been used to model PTCs in vitro, their pros and cons, and their characterization. As current technology is inadequate to evaluate reliably drug disposition and toxicity in the kidney, we then discuss recent advancements in kidney microphysiological systems (MPS) and the need to develop robust in vitro platforms that could be routinely used by pharmaceutical companies to screen compounds. Finally, we discuss the new and exciting field of stem cell-derived kidney models as potential cell sources for future kidney MPS. Given the push from both regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies to use more predictive "human-like" in vitro systems in the early stages of drug development to reduce attrition, these emerging models have the potential to be a game changer and may revolutionize how renal disposition and kidney toxicity in drug discovery are evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bajaj
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Swapan K Chowdhury
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Robert Yucha
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation (P.B.) and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department (S.K.C., R.Y., G.X.), Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (E.J.K.)
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287
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A CRISP(e)R view on kidney organoids allows generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney model for drug discovery. Kidney Int 2018; 94:1099-1110. [PMID: 30072040 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of physiologically relevant cellular models with strong translatability to human pathophysiology is critical for identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets. Herein we describe a detailed protocol for generation of an advanced 3-dimensional kidney cellular model using induced pluripotent stem cells, where differentiation and maturation of kidney progenitors and podocytes can be monitored in live cells due to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated fluorescent tagging of kidney lineage markers (SIX2 and NPHS1). Utilizing these cell lines, we have refined the previously published procedures to generate a new, higher throughput protocol suitable for drug discovery. Using paraffin-embedded sectioning and whole-mount immunostaining, we demonstrated that organoids grown in suspension culture express key markers of kidney biology (WT1, ECAD, LTL, nephrin) and vasculature (CD31) within renal cortical structures with microvilli, tight junctions and podocyte foot processes visualized by electron microscopy. Additionally, the organoids resemble the adult kidney transcriptomics profile, thereby strengthening the translatability of our in vitro model. Thus, development of human nephron-like structures in vitro fills a major gap in our ability to assess the effect of potential treatment on key kidney structures, opening up a wide range of possibilities to improve clinical translation.
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288
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Vriend J, Nieskens TTG, Vormann MK, van den Berge BT, van den Heuvel A, Russel FGM, Suter-Dick L, Lanz HL, Vulto P, Masereeuw R, Wilmer MJ. Screening of Drug-Transporter Interactions in a 3D Microfluidic Renal Proximal Tubule on a Chip. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:87. [PMID: 30051196 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-transporter interactions could impact renal drug clearance and should ideally be detected in early stages of drug development to avoid toxicity-related withdrawals in later stages. This requires reliable and robust assays for which current high-throughput screenings have, however, poor predictability. Kidney-on-a-chip platforms have the potential to improve predictability, but often lack compatibility with high-content detection platforms. Here, we combined conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing organic anion transporter 1 (ciPTEC-OAT1) with the microfluidic titer plate OrganoPlate to develop a screenings assay for renal drug-transporter interactions. In this platform, apical localization of F-actin and intracellular tight-junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated appropriate cell polarization. Gene expression levels of the drug transporters organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1; SLC22A6), organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2; SLC22A2), P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 4 (MRP2/4; ABCC2/4) were similar levels to 2D static cultures. Functionality of the efflux transporters P-gp and MRP2/4 was studied as proof-of-concept for 3D assays using calcein-AM and 5-chloromethylfluorescein-diacetate (CMFDA), respectively. Confocal imaging demonstrated a 4.4 ± 0.2-fold increase in calcein accumulation upon P-gp inhibition using PSC833. For MRP2/4, a 3.0 ± 0.2-fold increased accumulation of glutathione-methylfluorescein (GS-MF) was observed upon inhibition with a combination of PSC833, MK571, and KO143. Semi-quantitative image processing methods for P-gp and MRP2/4 was demonstrated with corresponding Z'-factors of 0.1 ± 0.3 and 0.4 ± 0.1, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrate a 3D microfluidic PTEC model valuable for screening of drug-transporter interactions that further allows multiplexing of endpoint read-outs for drug-transporter interactions and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vriend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom T G Nieskens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bartholomeus T van den Berge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Suter-Dick
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Wilmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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289
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Truskey GA. Human Microphysiological Systems and Organoids as in Vitro Models for Toxicological Studies. Front Public Health 2018; 6:185. [PMID: 30042936 PMCID: PMC6048981 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids and microphysiological systems represent two current approaches to reproduce organ function in vitro. These systems can potentially provide unbiased assays of function which are needed to understand the mechanism of action of environmental toxins. Culture models that replicate organ function and interactions among cell types and tissues move beyond existing screens that target individual pathways and provide a means to assay context-dependent function. The current state of organoid cultures and microphysiological systems is reviewed and applications discussed. While few studies have examined environmental pollutants, studies with drugs demonstrate the power of these systems to assess toxicity as well as mechanism of action. Strengths and limitations of organoids and microphysiological systems are reviewed and challenges are identified to produce suitable high capacity functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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290
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Becherucci F, Mazzinghi B, Allinovi M, Angelotti ML, Romagnani P. Regenerating the kidney using human pluripotent stem cells and renal progenitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:795-806. [PMID: 29939787 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1492546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease is a major health-care problem worldwide and its cost is becoming no longer affordable. Indeed, restoring damaged renal structures or building a new kidney represents an ambitious and ideal alternative to renal replacement therapy. Streams of research have explored the possible application of pluripotent stem cells (SCs) (embryonic SCs and induced pluripotent SCs) in different strategies aimed at regenerate functioning nephrons and at understanding the mechanisms of kidney regeneration. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will focus on the main potential applications of human pluripotent SCs to kidney regeneration, including those leading to rebuilding new kidneys or part of them (organoids, scaffolds, biological microdevices) as well as those aimed at understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of renal disease and regenerative processes (modeling of kidney disease, genome editing). Moreover, we will discuss the role of endogenous renal progenitors cells in order to understand and promote kidney regeneration, as an attractive alternative to pluripotent SCs. EXPERT OPINION Opportunities and pitfalls of all these strategies will be underlined, finally leading to the conclusion that a deeper knowledge of the biology of pluripotent SCs is mandatory, in order to allow us to hypothesize their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Becherucci
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Marco Allinovi
- b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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291
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Benedetti V, Brizi V, Guida P, Tomasoni S, Ciampi O, Angeli E, Valbusa U, Benigni A, Remuzzi G, Xinaris C. Engineered Kidney Tubules for Modeling Patient-Specific Diseases and Drug Discovery. EBioMedicine 2018; 33:253-268. [PMID: 30049385 PMCID: PMC6085557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of engineering systems able to faithfully reproduce complex kidney structures in vitro has made it difficult to efficiently model kidney diseases and development. Using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds and a kidney-derived cell line we developed a system to rapidly engineer custom-made 3D tubules with typical renal epithelial properties. This system was successfully employed to engineer patient-specific tubules, to model polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and test drug efficacy, and to identify a potential new pharmacological treatment. By optimizing our system we constructed functional ureteric bud (UB)-like tubules from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and identified a combination of growth factors that induces budding morphogenesis like embryonic kidneys do. Finally, we applied this assay to investigate budding defects in UB-like tubules derived from a patient with a PAX2 mutation. Our system enables the modeling of human kidney disease and development, drug testing and discovery, and lays the groundwork for engineering anatomically correct kidney tissues in vitro and developing personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benedetti
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valerio Brizi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guida
- Nanomed Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Susanna Tomasoni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Osele Ciampi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- Nanomed Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ugo Valbusa
- Nanomed Laboratories, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; 'L. Sacco' Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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292
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Chung HH, Mireles M, Kwarta BJ, Gaborski TR. Use of porous membranes in tissue barrier and co-culture models. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1671-1689. [PMID: 29845145 PMCID: PMC5997570 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Porous membranes enable the partitioning of cellular microenvironments in vitro, while still allowing physical and biochemical crosstalk between cells, a feature that is often necessary for recapitulating physiological functions. This article provides an overview of the different membranes used in tissue barrier and cellular co-culture models with a focus on experimental design and control of these systems. Specifically, we discuss how the structural, mechanical, chemical, and even the optical and transport properties of different membranes bestow specific advantages and disadvantages through the context of physiological relevance. This review also explores how membrane pore properties affect perfusion and solute permeability by developing an analytical framework to guide the design and use of tissue barrier or co-culture models. Ultimately, this review offers insight into the important aspects one must consider when using porous membranes in tissue barrier and lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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293
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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294
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Nanotechnological foundations of a «new» Nephrology. Nefrologia 2018; 38:368-378. [PMID: 29778557 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After contextualising the generic frameworks of nanotechnology and nanomedicine, the 2disciplines are discussed in the field of Nephrology. The potential downside to nanonephrology is the renal clearance of nanoparticles, the use of which is ever-increasing both for nanomedicinal purposes and in nanofoods. The positive impact of nanotechnology in Nephrology is centred on the development of renal nanodiagnostics for basic renal function studies, the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury, reliable and simple follow-up of chronic kidney disease and the improvement of magnetic resonance imaging. Renal drug nanotherapies comprise an important and dual-faceted area: The protection of drugs and nephrotoxic agents (e.g. antibiotics, antiretrovirals, contrast media, etc.) on the one hand, and the development of new kidney disease medications on the other. Renal 'nanotheranostics' is a promising but little-studied area. The impact of nanostructured supports on renal tissue regeneration is also discussed. The article concludes with a brief analysis of the various nanonephrology perspectives.
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295
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Abstract
Although initially developed to replace animal testing in drug development, human 'organ on a chip' (organ chip) microfluidic culture technology offers a new tool for studying tissue development and pathophysiology, which has brought us one step closer to carrying out human experimentation in vitro In this Spotlight article, I discuss the central role that developmental biology played in the early stages of organ-chip technology, and how these models have led to new insights into human physiology and disease mechanisms. Advantages and disadvantages of the organ-chip approach relative to organoids and other human cell cultures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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296
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Madl CM, Heilshorn SC, Blau HM. Bioengineering strategies to accelerate stem cell therapeutics. Nature 2018; 557:335-342. [PMID: 29769665 PMCID: PMC6773426 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although only a few stem cell-based therapies are currently available to patients, stem cells hold tremendous regenerative potential, and several exciting clinical applications are on the horizon. Biomaterials with tuneable mechanical and biochemical properties can preserve stem cell function in culture, enhance survival of transplanted cells and guide tissue regeneration. Rapid progress with three-dimensional hydrogel culture platforms provides the opportunity to grow patient-specific organoids, and has led to the discovery of drugs that stimulate endogenous tissue-specific stem cells and enabled screens for drugs to treat disease. Therefore, bioengineering technologies are poised to overcome current bottlenecks and revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Madl
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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297
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Rahman MS, Spitzhorn LS, Wruck W, Hagenbeck C, Balan P, Graffmann N, Bohndorf M, Ncube A, Guillot PV, Fehm T, Adjaye J. The presence of human mesenchymal stem cells of renal origin in amniotic fluid increases with gestational time. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:113. [PMID: 29695308 PMCID: PMC5918774 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Established therapies for managing kidney dysfunction such as kidney dialysis and transplantation are limited due to the shortage of compatible donated organs and high costs. Stem cell-based therapies are currently under investigation as an alternative treatment option. As amniotic fluid is composed of fetal urine harboring mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs), we hypothesized that third-trimester amniotic fluid could be a novel source of renal progenitor and differentiated cells. Methods Human third-trimester amniotic fluid cells (AFCs) were isolated and cultured in distinct media. These cells were characterized as renal progenitor cells with respect to cell morphology, cell surface marker expression, transcriptome and differentiation into chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. To test for renal function, a comparative albumin endocytosis assay was performed using AF-MSCs and commercially available renal cells derived from kidney biopsies. Comparative transcriptome analyses of first, second and third trimester-derived AF-MSCs were conducted to monitor expression of renal-related genes. Results Regardless of the media used, AFCs showed expression of pluripotency-associated markers such as SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 and C-Kit. They also express the mesenchymal marker Vimentin. Immunophenotyping confirmed that third-trimester AFCs are bona fide MSCs. AF-MSCs expressed the master renal progenitor markers SIX2 and CITED1, in addition to typical renal proteins such as PODXL, LHX1, BRN1 and PAX8. Albumin endocytosis assays demonstrated the functionality of AF-MSCs as renal cells. Additionally, upregulated expression of BMP7 and downregulation of WT1, CD133, SIX2 and C-Kit were observed upon activation of WNT signaling by treatment with the GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99201. Transcriptome analysis and semiquantitative PCR revealed increasing expression levels of renal-specific genes (e.g., SALL1, HNF4B, SIX2) with gestational time. Moreover, AF-MSCs shared more genes with human kidney cells than with native MSCs and gene ontology terms revealed involvement of biological processes associated with kidney morphogenesis. Conclusions Third-trimester amniotic fluid contains AF-MSCs of renal origin and this novel source of kidney progenitors may have enormous future potentials for disease modeling, renal repair and drug screening. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0864-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas-Sebastian Spitzhorn
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagenbeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Percy Balan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Graffmann
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Audrey Ncube
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pascale V Guillot
- Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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298
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Current developments and applications of microfluidic technology toward clinical translation of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 128:54-83. [PMID: 28801093 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems hold great potential for the therapy of many diseases, especially cancer. However, the translation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from academic research to industrial and clinical practice has been slow. This slow translation can be ascribed to the high batch-to-batch variations and insufficient production rate of the conventional preparation methods, and the lack of technologies for rapid screening of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems with high correlation to the in vivo tests. These issues can be addressed by the microfluidic technologies. For example, microfluidics can not only produce nanoparticles in a well-controlled, reproducible, and high-throughput manner, but also create 3D environments with continuous flow to mimic the physiological and/or pathological processes. This review provides an overview of the microfluidic devices developed to prepare nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, including drug nanosuspensions, polymer nanoparticles, polyplexes, structured nanoparticles and theranostic nanoparticles. We also highlight the recent advances of microfluidic systems in fabricating the increasingly realistic models of the in vivo milieu for rapid screening of nanoparticles. Overall, the microfluidic technologies offer a promise approach to accelerate the clinical translation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.
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299
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Liu C, Oikonomopoulos A, Sayed N, Wu JC. Modeling human diseases with induced pluripotent stem cells: from 2D to 3D and beyond. Development 2018. [PMID: 29519889 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) presents unprecedented opportunities to model human diseases. Differentiated cells derived from iPSCs in two-dimensional (2D) monolayers have proven to be a relatively simple tool for exploring disease pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms. In this Spotlight article, we discuss the progress and limitations of the current 2D iPSC disease-modeling platform, as well as recent advancements in the development of human iPSC models that mimic in vivo tissues and organs at the three-dimensional (3D) level. Recent bioengineering approaches have begun to combine different 3D organoid types into a single '4D multi-organ system'. We summarize the advantages of this approach and speculate on the future role of 4D multi-organ systems in human disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA 94035, USA .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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300
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Feng D, DuMontier C, Pollak MR. Mechanical challenges and cytoskeletal impairments in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F921-F925. [PMID: 29363327 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00641.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histologically defined form of kidney injury typically mediated by podocyte dysfunction. Podocytes rely on their intricate actin-based cytoskeleton to maintain the glomerular filtration barrier in the face of mechanical challenges resulting from pulsatile blood flow and filtration of this blood flow. This review summarizes the mechanical challenges faced by podocytes in the form of stretch and shear stress, both of which may play a role in the progression of podocyte dysfunction and detachment. It also reviews how podocytes respond to these mechanical challenges in dynamic fashion through rearranging their cytoskeleton, triggering various biochemical pathways, and, in some disease states, altering their morphology in the form of foot process effacement. Furthermore, this review highlights the growing body of evidence identifying several mutations of important cytoskeleton proteins as causes of FSGS. Lastly, it synthesizes the above evidence to show that a better understanding of how these mutations leave podocytes vulnerable to the mechanical challenges they face is essential to better understanding the mechanisms by which they lead to disease. The review concludes with future research directions to fill this gap and some novel techniques with which to pursue these directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clark DuMontier
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin R Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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