251
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Kronstadt SM, Pottash AE, Levy D, Wang S, Chao W, Jay SM. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Sepsis Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000259. [PMID: 34423113 PMCID: PMC8378673 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly condition lacking a specific treatment despite decades of research. This has prompted the exploration of new approaches, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerging as a focal area. EVs are nanosized, cell-derived particles that transport bioactive components (i.e., proteins, DNA, and RNA) between cells, enabling both normal physiological functions and disease progression depending on context. In particular, EVs have been identified as critical mediators of sepsis pathophysiology. However, EVs are also thought to constitute the biologically active component of cell-based therapies and have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in sepsis models. The dual nature of EVs in sepsis is explored here, discussing their endogenous roles and highlighting their therapeutic properties and potential. Related to the latter component, prior studies involving EVs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other sources are discussed and emerging producer cells that could play important roles in future EV-based sepsis therapies are identified. Further, how methodologies could impact therapeutic development toward sepsis treatment to enhance and control EV potency is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alex E Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and, Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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252
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Dong Z, Gu H, Guo Q, Liang S, Xue J, Yao F, Liu X, Li F, Liu H, Sun L, Zhao K. Profiling of Serum Exosome MiRNA Reveals the Potential of a MiRNA Panel as Diagnostic Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3084-3094. [PMID: 33629272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the older adults. Although much effort has been made in the analyses of diagnostic biomarkers, such as amyloid-β, tau, and neurofilament light chain, identifying peripheral blood-based biomarkers is in extremely urgent need for their minimal invasiveness and more convenience. Here we characterized the miRNA profile by RNA sequencing in human serum exosomes from AD patients and healthy controls (HC) to investigate its potential for AD diagnosis. Subsequently, Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis were performed for the targeted genes from the differentially expressed miRNAs. These basic functions were differentially enriched, including cell adhesion, regulation of transcription, and the ubiquitin system. Functional network analysis highlighted the pathways of proteoglycans in cancer, viral carcinogenesis, signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells, and cellular senescence in AD. A total of 24 miRNAs showed significantly differential expression between AD and HC with more than ± 2.0-fold change at p value < 0.05 and at least 50 reads for each sample. Logistic regression analysis established a model for AD prediction by serum exosomal miR-30b-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-378a-3p. Sequencing results were validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The data showed that miR-30b-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-378a-3p were significantly deregulated in AD, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.668, 0.637, and 0.718, respectively. The combination of the three miRs gained a better diagnostic capability with AUC of 0.880. This finding revealed a miR panel as potential biomarker in the peripheral blood to distinguish AD from HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongjun Gu
- Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital, Shanghai, 201501, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xue
- Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital, Shanghai, 201501, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Shanghai Jinshan Zhongren Aged Care Hospital, Shanghai, 201501, China
| | - Xianglu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 147 Jiankang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201599, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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253
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Shi X, Jiang N, Mao J, Luo D, Liu Y. Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes for organ development and cell‐free therapy. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Center and School of Stomatology Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials Department of Orthodontics National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials Department of Orthodontics National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
- Central Laboratory National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jing Mao
- Center and School of Stomatology Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and Sensor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials Department of Orthodontics National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing P.R. China
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254
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Namburi S, Broxmeyer HE, Hong CS, Whiteside TL, Boyiadzis M. DPP4 + exosomes in AML patients' plasma suppress proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia 2021; 35:1925-1932. [PMID: 33139859 PMCID: PMC10165724 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which acute myeloid leukemia (AML) interferes with normal hematopoiesis are under intense investigation. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomes produced by leukemia blasts suppress hematopoiesis. Exosomes isolated from AML patients' plasma at diagnosis significantly and dose-dependently suppressed colony formation of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Levels of HPC suppression mediated by exosomes of AML patients who achieved complete remission (CR) were significantly decreased compared to those observed at AML diagnosis. Exosomes from plasma of patients who had achieved CR but with incomplete cell count recovery (CRi) after chemotherapy suppressed in vitro colony formation as effectively as did exosomes obtained at AML diagnosis. Dipeptidylpeptidase4 (DPP4/CD26), a serine protease that cleaves select penultimate amino acids of various proteins, has been previously implicated in the regulation of hematopoiesis. DPP4 was carried by exosomes from AML plasma or leukemia cell lines. Leukemia exosomes which suppressed HSC colony formation had markedly higher DPP4 functional activity than that detected in the exosomes of normal donors. Pharmacological inhibition of DPP4 activity in AML exosomes reversed the effects of exosome-mediated myelosuppression. Reversing the negative effects of exosomes on AML hematopoiesis, and thus improving cell count recovery, might emerge as a new therapeutic approach to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Namburi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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255
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Gualerzi A, Picciolini S, Carlomagno C, Rodà F, Bedoni M. Biophotonics for diagnostic detection of extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:229-249. [PMID: 33887403 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are versatile carriers for biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of multiple human disorders. Despite the increasing scientific and commercial interest in EV application in diagnostics, traditional biomolecular techniques usually require consistent sample amount, rely on operator-dependent and time- consuming procedures and cannot cope with the nano-size range of EVs, limiting both sensitivity and reproducibility of results. The application of biophotonics, i.e. light-based methods, for the diagnostic detection of EVs has brought to the development of innovative platforms with excellent sensitivity. In this review, we propose an overview of the most promising and emerging technologies used in the field of EV-related biomarker discovery. When tested on clinical samples, the reported biophotonic approaches in most cases have managed to discriminate between nanovesicles and contaminants, achieved much higher resolution compared to traditional procedures, and reached moderate to excellent diagnostic accuracy, thus demonstrating great potentialities for their clinical translation.
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256
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Human Monocytes Plasticity in Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070717. [PMID: 34201693 PMCID: PMC8301413 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes play a crucial role in immunity and tissue homeostasis. They constitute the first line of defense during the inflammatory process, playing a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, making them an attractive therapeutic target. They are heterogeneous in morphology and surface marker expression, which suggest different molecular and physiological properties. Recent evidences have demonstrated their ability to enter the brain, and, as a consequence, their hypothetical role in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about the correlation between monocyte dysregulation in the brain and/or in the periphery and neurological diseases in humans. Here we will focus on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
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257
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Catoni C, Di Paolo V, Rossi E, Quintieri L, Zamarchi R. Cell-Secreted Vesicles: Novel Opportunities in Cancer Diagnosis, Monitoring and Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1118. [PMID: 34205256 PMCID: PMC8233857 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication playing a pivotal role in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. In particular, there is significant evidence suggesting that tumor-derived EVs exert an immunosuppressive activity during cancer progression, as well as stimulate tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The use of EVs as a liquid biopsy is currently a fast-growing area of research in medicine, with the potential to provide a step-change in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, allowing the prediction of both therapy response and prognosis. EVs could be useful not only as biomarkers but also as drug delivery systems, and may represent a target for anticancer therapy. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge about the techniques used for the isolation of EVs and their roles in cancer biology, as liquid biopsy biomarkers and as therapeutic tools and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Catoni
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Veronica Di Paolo
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Quintieri
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;
| | - Rita Zamarchi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (R.Z.)
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258
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Bazzan E, Tinè M, Casara A, Biondini D, Semenzato U, Cocconcelli E, Balestro E, Damin M, Radu CM, Turato G, Baraldo S, Simioni P, Spagnolo P, Saetta M, Cosio MG. Critical Review of the Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles' Knowledge: From 1946 to Today. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126417. [PMID: 34203956 PMCID: PMC8232679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of particles/vesicles present in blood and body fluids, composed of phospholipid bilayers that carry a variety of molecules that can mediate cell communication, modulating crucial cell processes such as homeostasis, induction/dampening of inflammation, and promotion of repair. Their existence, initially suspected in 1946 and confirmed in 1967, spurred a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications. Paradoxically, the increasing interest for EV content and function progressively reduced the relevance for a precise nomenclature in classifying EVs, therefore leading to a confusing scientific production. The aim of this review was to analyze the evolution of the progress in the knowledge and definition of EVs over the years, with an overview of the methodologies used for the identification of the vesicles, their cell of origin, and the detection of their cargo. The MISEV 2018 guidelines for the proper recognition nomenclature and ways to study EVs are summarized. The review finishes with a “more questions than answers” chapter, in which some of the problems we still face to fully understand the EV function and potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0498213449
| | - Mariaenrica Tinè
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Alvise Casara
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Davide Biondini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Umberto Semenzato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Cocconcelli
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Balestro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Marco Damin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Claudia Maria Radu
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Graziella Turato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Manuel G. Cosio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.T.); (A.C.); (D.B.); (U.S.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (S.B.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (M.G.C.)
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Respiratory Division, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
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259
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Kaneda H, Ida Y, Kuwahara R, Sato I, Nakano T, Tokuda H, Sato T, Murakoshi T, Honke K, Kotani N. Proximity Proteomics Has Potential for Extracellular Vesicle Identification. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3519-3531. [PMID: 34115501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biomarkers and mediators of intercellular communication. In biological samples, EVs are secreted by various types of cells. The proteomic identification of proteins expressed in EVs has potential to contribute to research and clinical applications, particularly for cancer. In this study, the proximity-labeling method-based proteomic approach was used for EV identification, labeling membrane components proximal to a given molecule on the EV membrane surface. Due to the small labeling range, proteins on the surface of the same EVs are likely to be labeled by selecting a given EV surface antigen. The protein group of cancer cell-secreted EV (cEV), which abundantly expresses a close homologue of L1 (CHL1), was examined using a model mouse for lung cancer (LC). cEV-expressed proteins were identified by proteomic analysis of enzyme-mediated activation of radical sources by comparing serum EVs from wild-type and LC mice. SLC4A1 was found to be co-expressed in CHL1-expressing EVs, highlighting EVs expressing both CHL1 and SLC4A1 as candidates for cEVs. Serum EVs expressing both CHL1 and caspase 14 were significantly elevated in LC patients compared with healthy individuals. Thus, the combination of proximity labeling and proteomic analysis allows for effective EV identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Kaneda
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yui Ida
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kuwahara
- Quantum Wave Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Izumi Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Medical Genome Center Biobank, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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260
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Chang YJ, Tuz-Zahra F, Godbole S, Avitia Y, Bellettiere J, Rock CL, Jankowska MM, Allison MA, Dunstan DW, Rana B, Natarajan L, Sears DD. Endothelial-derived cardiovascular disease-related microRNAs elevated with prolonged sitting pattern among postmenopausal women. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11766. [PMID: 34083573 PMCID: PMC8175392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Time spent sitting is positively correlated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease risk. The underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. MicroRNAs contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) reflect cell/tissue status and mediate intercellular communication. We explored the association between sitting patterns and microRNAs isolated from endothelial cell (EC)-derived EVs. Using extant actigraphy based sitting behavior data on a cohort of 518 postmenopausal overweight/obese women, we grouped the woman as Interrupted Sitters (IS; N = 18) or Super Sitters (SS; N = 53) if they were in the shortest or longest sitting pattern quartile, respectively. The cargo microRNA in EC-EVs from the IS and SS women were compared. MicroRNA data were weighted by age, physical functioning, MVPA, device wear days, device wear time, waist circumference, and body mass index. Screening of CVD-related microRNAs demonstrated that miR-199a-5p, let-7d-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-133b level were significantly elevated in SS compared to IS groups. Group differences in let-7d-5p, miR-133b, and miR-142-3p were validated in expanded groups. Pathway enrichment analyses show that mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis and cardiomyocyte adrenergic signaling (P < 0.001) are downstream of the three validated microRNAs. This proof-of-concept study supports the possibility that CVD-related microRNAs in EC-EVs may be molecular transducers of sitting pattern-associated CVD risk in overweight postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ju Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fatima Tuz-Zahra
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suneeta Godbole
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yesenia Avitia
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Bellettiere
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Rock
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brinda Rana
- Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy D Sears
- Department of Family Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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261
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Mitchell MI, Ben‐Dov IZ, Liu C, Ye K, Chow K, Kramer Y, Gangadharan A, Park S, Fitzgerald S, Ramnauth A, Perlin DS, Donato M, Bhoy E, Manouchehri Doulabi E, Poulos M, Kamali‐Moghaddam M, Loudig O. Extracellular Vesicle Capture by AnTibody of CHoice and Enzymatic Release (EV-CATCHER): A customizable purification assay designed for small-RNA biomarker identification and evaluation of circulating small-EVs. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12110. [PMID: 34122779 PMCID: PMC8173589 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating nucleic acids, encapsulated within small extracellular vesicles (EVs), provide a remote cellular snapshot of biomarkers derived from diseased tissues, however selective isolation is critical. Current laboratory-based purification techniques rely on the physical properties of small-EVs rather than their inherited cellular fingerprints. We established a highly-selective purification assay, termed EV-CATCHER, initially designed for high-throughput analysis of low-abundance small-RNA cargos by next-generation sequencing. We demonstrated its selectivity by specifically isolating and sequencing small-RNAs from mouse small-EVs spiked into human plasma. Western blotting, nanoparticle tracking, and transmission electron microscopy were used to validate and quantify the capture and release of intact small-EVs. As proof-of-principle for sensitive detection of circulating miRNAs, we compared small-RNA sequencing data from a subset of small-EVs serum-purified with EV-CATCHER to data from whole serum, using samples from a small cohort of recently hospitalized Covid-19 patients. We identified and validated, only in small-EVs, hsa-miR-146a and hsa-miR-126-3p to be significantly downregulated with disease severity. Separately, using convalescent sera from recovered Covid-19 patients with high anti-spike IgG titers, we confirmed the neutralizing properties, against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, of a subset of small-EVs serum-purified by EV-CATCHER, as initially observed with ultracentrifuged small-EVs. Altogether our data highlight the sensitivity and versatility of EV-CATCHER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan I. Mitchell
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Iddo Z. Ben‐Dov
- Laboratory of Medical TranscriptomicsHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Christina Liu
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Kar Chow
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yael Kramer
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Anju Gangadharan
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Steven Park
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Sean Fitzgerald
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Andrew Ramnauth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Michele Donato
- BiorepositoryHackensack University Medical CenterHackensackNew JerseyUSA
| | - Emily Bhoy
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Michael Poulos
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
| | - Masood Kamali‐Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and InnovationHackensack Meridian HealthNutleyNew JerseyUSA
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262
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Guimarães-Bastos D, Frony AC, Barja-Fidalgo C, Moraes JA. Melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles skew neutrophils into a pro-tumor phenotype. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:585-596. [PMID: 34043843 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0120-050rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that tumor cells abundantly produce and release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can interact with stromal cells and modulate their functions. In the tumor neighborhood, neutrophils can assume both antitumor and pro-tumor phenotypes, known as TAN-N1 and TAN-N2, respectively. Nevertheless, the contribution of tumor-derived EVs to the modulation of TAN phenotypes is still poorly understood. The effects of EVs produced by a metastatic human melanoma cell line (MV3) on the differentiation and functional changes in human neutrophils were investigated. Treatment with MV3-derived EVs induced neutrophil chemotaxis through a signaling pathway involving the CXCR2/PI3K-Akt axis, prolonged neutrophil life span, promoted formation of neutrophil extracellular traps with poor elastase activity, and increased reactive oxygen species production. In contrast, EVs also increased the expression of TAN-N2 molecular markers (such as ARG1, CXCR4, and VEGF) in neutrophils. They also impaired oxide nitric and peroxynitrite production and diminished cytotoxic activity against melanoma cells, inducing neutrophils into a pro-tumor profile. Remarkably, EV-stimulated neutrophils did not exhibit phagocytic activity. These data suggested that melanoma-derived EVs could activate neutrophils, allowing their migration toward the tumor microenvironment, and driving these cells to a pro-tumor/N2 polarization, thus contributing to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guimarães-Bastos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of RedOx Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Frony
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Alfredo Moraes
- Laboratory of RedOx Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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263
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Asaro RJ, Cabrales P. Red Blood Cells: Tethering, Vesiculation, and Disease in Micro-Vascular Flow. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060971. [PMID: 34072241 PMCID: PMC8228733 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The red blood cell has become implicated in the progression of a range of diseases; mechanisms by which red cells are involved appear to include the transport of inflammatory species via red cell-derived vesicles. We review this role of RBCs in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, central retinal vein occlusion, Gaucher disease, atherosclerosis, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. We propose a possibly unifying, and novel, paradigm for the inducement of RBC vesiculation during vascular flow of red cells adhered to the vascular endothelium as well as to the red pulp of the spleen. Indeed, we review the evidence for this hypothesis that links physiological conditions favoring both vesiculation and enhanced RBC adhesion and demonstrate the veracity of this hypothesis by way of a specific example occurring in splenic flow which we argue has various renderings in a wide range of vascular flows, in particular microvascular flows. We provide a mechanistic basis for membrane loss and the formation of lysed red blood cells in the spleen that may mediate their turnover. Our detailed explanation for this example also makes clear what features of red cell deformability are involved in the vesiculation process and hence require quantification and a new form of quantitative indexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Asaro
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-6888; Fax: +1-858-534-6373
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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264
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Li R, Dong C, Jiang K, Sun R, Zhou Y, Yin Z, Lv J, Zhang J, Wang Q, Wang L. Rab27B enhances drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting exosome-mediated drug efflux. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1583-1591. [PMID: 32390047 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a major threat to human life and health, and chemotherapy has been the standard non-surgical treatment for liver cancer. However, the emergence of drug resistance of liver cancer cells has hindered the therapeutic effect of chemical drugs. The discovery of exosomes has provided new insights into the mechanisms underlying tumour cell resistance. In this study, we aimed to determine the proteins associated with drug resistance in tumour cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We found that Rab27B expression in drug (5-fluorouracil, 5Fu)-resistant Bel7402 (Bel/5Fu) cells increased significantly compared with that in drug-sensitive Bel7402 cells. In addition, Bel/5Fu cells secreted more exosomes under 5Fu stimulation. The number of exosomes secreted by Bel/5Fu cells significantly reduced after knocking down Rab27B, and the cellular concentration of 5Fu increased, enhancing its therapeutic effect. We also found that the administration of classical drug efflux pump (P-glycoprotein, P-gp) inhibitors together with knockdown of Rab27B further improved the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy drugs. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Rab27B could be a new therapeutic target in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chengyong Dong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Keqiu Jiang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zeli Yin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Engineering Research Center for New Materials and Precision Treatment Technology of Malignant Tumors Therapy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaxin Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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265
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Zheng D, Zhou H, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Li Q, Li T, Liu L. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles improve intestinal barrier function by restoring mitochondrial dynamic balance in sepsis rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:299. [PMID: 34039427 PMCID: PMC8152336 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a major cause of death in ICU, and intestinal barrier dysfunction is its important complication, while the treatment is limited. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles (MMVs) attract much attention as a strategy of cell-free treatment; whether MMVs are therapeutic in sepsis induced-intestinal barrier dysfunction is obscure. METHODS In this study, cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis rats and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells to investigate the effect of MMVs on intestinal barrier dysfunction. MMVs were harvested from mesenchymal stem cells and were injected into sepsis rats, and the intestinal barrier function was measured. Afterward, MMVs were incubated with intestinal epithelial cells, and the effect of MMVs on mitochondrial dynamic balance was measured. Then the expression of mfn1, mfn2, OPA1, and PGC-1α in MMVs were measured by western blot. By upregulation and downregulation of mfn2 and PGC-1α, the role of MMVs in mitochondrial dynamic balance was investigated. Finally, the role of MMV-carried mitochondria in mitochondrial dynamic balance was investigated. RESULTS MMVs restored the intestinal barrier function by improving mitochondrial dynamic balance and metabolism of mitochondria. Further study revealed that MMVs delivered mfn2 and PGC-1α to intestinal epithelial cells, and promoted mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis, thereby improving mitochondrial dynamic balance. Furthermore, MMVs delivered functional mitochondria to intestinal epithelial cells and enhanced energy metabolism directly. CONCLUSION MMVs can deliver mfn2, PGC-1α, and functional mitochondria to intestinal epithelial cells, synergistically improve mitochondrial dynamic balance of target cells after sepsis, and restore the mitochondrial function and intestinal barrier function. The study illustrated that MMVs might be a promising strategy for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Henan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Daping, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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266
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Lia G, Giaccone L, Leone S, Bruno B. Biomarkers for Early Complications of Endothelial Origin After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Do They Have a Potential Clinical Role? Front Immunol 2021; 12:641427. [PMID: 34093530 PMCID: PMC8170404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction causes a number of early and life-threatening post hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) complications that result in a rapid clinical decline. The main early complications are graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), transplant associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). Post-HCT endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of chemotherapy, infections, and allogeneic reactivity. Despite major advances in transplant immunology and improvements in supportive care medicine, these complications represent a major obstacle for successful HCT. In recent years, different biomarkers have been investigated for early detection of post-transplant endothelial cell dysfunction, but few have been validated. In this review we will define GVHD, TA-TMA and SOS, summarize the current data available in HCT biomarker research and identify promising biomarkers for detection and diagnosis of early HCT complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lia
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Giaccone
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Department of Oncology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sarah Leone
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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267
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Li S, Xu J, Qian J, Gao X. Engineering extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy: recent advances and challenges in clinical translation. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:6978-6991. [PMID: 33155579 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are receiving increasing attention in recent years in the field of cancer treatment. EVs contain specific contents closely related to their donor cells, such as miRNAs, proteins and dsDNAs. As endogenous vesicles, EVs naturally have the characteristics of low toxicity and low immunogenicity and can stably pass through the circulatory system to reach the recipient cells, which make them good carriers to deliver therapeutic agents such as nucleic acid sequences and chemotherapeutics. In many preclinical studies and clinical trials, EVs have demonstrated their unlimited advantages in the field of cancer therapy. However, there are still some challenges that restrict their clinical application, such as yield, heterogeneity, safety, and specificity. In this review, we will focus on the latest breakthrough of EVs in the field of cancer treatment and discuss the challenges in the clinical translation of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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268
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Laurenzana I, Trino S, Lamorte D, Girasole M, Dinarelli S, De Stradis A, Grieco V, Maietti M, Traficante A, Statuto T, Villani O, Musto P, Sgambato A, De Luca L, Caivano A. Analysis of Amount, Size, Protein Phenotype and Molecular Content of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Identifies New Biomarkers in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3141-3160. [PMID: 33994784 PMCID: PMC8114829 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally secreted cellular lipid bilayer particles, which carry a selected molecular content. Owing to their systemic availability and their role in tumor pathogenesis, circulating EVs (cEVs) can be a valuable source of new biomarkers useful for tumor diagnosis, prognostication and monitoring. However, a precise approach for isolation and characterization of cEVs as tumor biomarkers, exportable in a clinical setting, has not been conclusively established. METHODS We developed a novel and laboratory-made procedure based on a bench centrifuge step which allows the isolation of serum cEVs suitable for subsequent characterization of their size, amount and phenotype by nanoparticle tracking analysis, microscopy and flow cytometry, and for nucleic acid assessment by digital PCR. RESULTS Applied to blood from healthy subjects (HSs) and tumor patients, our approach permitted from a small volume of serum (i) the isolation of a great amount of EVs enriched in small vesicles free from protein contaminants; (ii) a suitable and specific cell origin identification of EVs, and (iii) nucleic acid content assessment. In clonal plasma cell malignancy, like multiple myeloma (MM), our approach allowed us to identify specific MM EVs, and to characterize their size, concentration and microRNA content allowing significant discrimination between MM and HSs. Finally, EV associated biomarkers correlated with MM clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Overall, our cEV based procedure can play an important role in malignancy biomarker discovery and then in real-time tumor monitoring using minimal invasive samples. From a practical point of view, it is smart (small sample volume), rapid (two hours), easy (no specific expertise required) and requirements are widely available in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Laurenzana
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Stefania Trino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Daniela Lamorte
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Marco Girasole
- Institute for the Study of the Structure of Matter, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Dinarelli
- Institute for the Study of the Structure of Matter, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Vitina Grieco
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Maddalena Maietti
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Antonio Traficante
- Unit of Clinical Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Teodora Statuto
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Oreste Villani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Scientific Direction, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Luciana De Luca
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Antonella Caivano
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
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269
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Gao X, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Zhou S, Wang H, Wang L, Xu G, Li X, Wang P, Zou X, Zhu D, Lv Y, Zhang S. Plasma-Derived Exosomal ALIX as a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis and Classification of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628346. [PMID: 34026608 PMCID: PMC8131866 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a dismal prognosis due to its insidious early symptoms and poor early detection rate. Exosomes can be released by various cell types and tend to be a potential novel biomarker for PC detection. In this study, we explored the proteomic profiles of plasma exosomes collected from patients with PC at different stages and other pancreatic diseases. Methods Plasma samples were collected from six groups of patients, including PC at stage I/II, PC at stage III/IV, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (P-NET), pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs), chronic pancreatitis (CP), and healthy controls (HCs). Plasma-derived exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified routinely. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) based proteomic analysis along with bioinformatic analysis were performed to elucidate the biological functions of proteins. The expression of exosomal ALIX was further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a larger cohort of patients. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to evaluate the potential of ALIX as a novel diagnostic biomarker. Results The proteomic profile revealed a total of 623 proteins expressed among the six groups, and 16 proteins with differential degrees of abundance were found in PC vs. other pancreatic diseases (including P-NET, PCLs, and CP). Based on the results of proteomic and bioinformatic analyses, exosomal ALIX was subsequently selected as a novel biomarker for PC detection and validated in another clinical cohort. We noticed that ALIX expression was elevated in PC patients compared with patients with other pancreatic diseases or HC, and it was also closely associated with TNM stage and distant metastasis. Interestingly, the combination of exosomal ALIX and serum CA199 has greater values in differentiating both early vs. late PC (AUC value 0.872) and PC vs. other pancreatic diseases (AUC value 0.910) than either ALIX or CA199 alone. Conclusion In summary, our study demonstrated that based on proteomic profiling, proteins isolated from the plasma-derived exosomes may function as ideal non-invasive biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of PC. Importantly, exosomal ALIX combined with CA199 has great potentials in detection of PC, especially in distinguishing PC patients at early stages from advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of General Surgery and Pancreatic Disease Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xihan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery and Pancreatic Disease Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
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270
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Letsiou E, Teixeira Alves LG, Fatykhova D, Felten M, Mitchell TJ, Müller-Redetzky HC, Hocke AC, Witzenrath M. Microvesicles released from pneumolysin-stimulated lung epithelial cells carry mitochondrial cargo and suppress neutrophil oxidative burst. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9529. [PMID: 33953279 PMCID: PMC8100145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are cell-derived extracellular vesicles that have emerged as markers and mediators of acute lung injury (ALI). One of the most common pathogens in pneumonia-induced ALI is Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), but the role of MVs during Spn lung infection is largely unknown. In the first line of defense against Spn and its major virulence factor, pneumolysin (PLY), are the alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). In this study, we aim to characterize MVs shed from PLY-stimulated AEC and explore their contribution in mediating crosstalk with neutrophils. Using in vitro cell and ex vivo (human lung tissue) models, we demonstrated that Spn in a PLY-dependent manner stimulates AEC to release increased numbers of MVs. Spn infected mice also had higher levels of epithelial-derived MVs in their alveolar compartment compared to control. Furthermore, MVs released from PLY-stimulated AEC contain mitochondrial content and can be taken up by neutrophils. These MVs then suppress the ability of neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species, a critical host-defense mechanism. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AEC in response to pneumococcal PLY release MVs that carry mitochondrial cargo and suggest that these MVs regulate innate immune responses during lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - L G Teixeira Alves
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Fatykhova
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Felten
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - T J Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - H C Müller-Redetzky
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A C Hocke
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - M Witzenrath
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, (DZL), Berlin, Germany
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271
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Tian C, Gao L, Zucker IH. Regulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in heart failure: Role of extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:218-231. [PMID: 33741451 PMCID: PMC8096694 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The balance between pro- and antioxidant molecules has been established as an important driving force in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Chronic heart failure is associated with oxidative stress in the myocardium and globally. Redox balance in the heart and brain is controlled, in part, by antioxidant proteins regulated by the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is reduced in the heart failure state. Nrf2 can, in turn, be regulated by a variety of mechanisms including circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from multiple cell types in the heart. Here, we review the role of the Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme signaling pathway in mediating redox balance in the myocardium and the brain in the heart failure state. This review focuses on Nrf2 and antioxidant protein regulation in the heart and brain by miRNA-enriched EVs in the setting of heart failure. We discuss EV-mediated intra- and inter-organ communications especially, communication between the heart and brain via an EV pathway that mediates cardiac function and sympatho-excitation in heart failure. Importantly, we speculate how engineered EVs with specific miRNAs or antagomirs may be used in a therapeutic manner in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Lie Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
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272
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3D Encapsulation and tethering of functionally engineered extracellular vesicles to hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:199-210. [PMID: 33741538 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in their naïve and engineered forms have emerged as potential alternatives to stem cell therapy. While they have a defined therapeutic potential, the spatial and temporal control of their activity in vivo remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to devise a methodology to encapsulate EVs in 3D hydrogels for prolonged delivery. To achieve this, we have leveraged the MSC EV interactions with ECM proteins and their derivative peptides. Using osteoinductive functionally engineered EVs (FEEs) derived from MSCs, we show that FEEs bind to mimetic peptides from collagen (DGEA, GFPGER) and fibronectin (RGD). In in vitro experiments, photocrosslinkable alginate hydrogels containing RGD were able to encapsulate, tether and retain the FEEs over a period of 7 days while maintaining the structural integrity and osteoinductive functionality of the EVs. When employed in a calvarial defect model in vivo, alginate-RGD hydrogels containing the FEEs enhanced bone regeneration by a factor of 4 compared to controls lacking FEEs and by a factor of 2 compared to controls lacking the tethering peptide. These results show that EVs can be tethered to biomaterials to promote bone repair and the importance of prolonged delivery in vivo. Results also provide a prelude to the possible use of this technology for controlled delivery of EVs for other regenerative medicine applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The beneficial effects of human MSC (HMSC) therapy are attributable to paracrine effects of the HMSC derived EVs. While EV engineering has the potential to impact several fields of regenerative medicine, targeted delivery of the engineered EVs with spatial and temporal control is necessary to prevent off-target effects and enhance tissue specificity. Here, we have leveraged the interactions of MSC EVs with ECM proteins to develop a tethering system that can be utilized to prolong EV delivery in vivo while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the EVs. Our work has provided a tunable platform for EV delivery that we envision can be formulated as an injectable material or a bulk hydrogel suitable for regenerative medicine applications.
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273
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Garbayo E, Ruiz-Villalba A, Hernandez SC, Saludas L, Abizanda G, Pelacho B, Roncal C, Sanchez B, Palacios I, Prósper F, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Delivery of cardiovascular progenitors with biomimetic microcarriers reduces adverse ventricular remodeling in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:394-407. [PMID: 33716175 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in cell-based therapies for heart repair, many challenges still exist. To enhance the therapeutic potential of cell therapy one approach is the combination of cells with biomaterial delivery vehicles. Here, we developed a biomimetic and biodegradable micro-platform based on polymeric microparticles (MPs) capable of maximizing the therapeutic potential of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and explored its efficacy in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction. The transplantation of CPCs adhered to MPs within the infarcted myocardial microenvironment improved the long-term engraftment of transplanted cells for up to one month. Furthermore, the enhancement of cardiac cellular retention correlated with an increase in functional recovery. In consonance, better tissue remodeling and vasculogenesis were observed in the animals treated with cells attached to MPs, which presented smaller infarct size, thicker right ventricular free wall, fewer deposition of periostin and greater density of vessels than animals treated with CPCs alone. Finally, we were able to show that part of this beneficial effect was mediated by CPC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Taken together, these findings indicate that the biomimetic microcarriers support stem cell survival and increase cardiac function in chronic myocardial infarction through modulation of cardiac remodeling, vasculogenesis and CPCs-EVs mediated therapeutic effects. The biomimetic microcarriers provide a solution for biomaterial-assisted CPC delivery to the heart. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we evaluate the possibility of using a biomimetic and biodegradable micro-platform to improve cardiovascular progenitor therapy. The strategy reported herein serves as an injectable scaffold for adherent cells due to their excellent injectability through cardiac catheters, capacity for biomimetic three-dimensional stem cell support and controllable biodegradability. In a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction, the biomimetic microcarriers improved cardiac function, reduced chronic cardiac remodeling and increased vasculogenesis through the paracrine signaling of CPCs. We have also shown that extracellular vesicles derived from CPCs cultured on biomimetic substrates display antifibrotic effects, playing an important role in the therapeutic effects of our tissue-engineered approach. Therefore, biomimetic microcarriers represent a promising and effective strategy for biomaterial-assisted CPC delivery to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garbayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Ruiz-Villalba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA) Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - S C Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Saludas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Abizanda
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Pelacho
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Roncal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERCV, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - F Prósper
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Program of Regenerative Medicine, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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274
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D'Souza A, Dave KM, Stetler RA, S. Manickam D. Targeting the blood-brain barrier for the delivery of stroke therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:332-351. [PMID: 33497734 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A variety of neuroprotectants have shown promise in treating ischemic stroke, yet their delivery to the brain remains a challenge. The endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are emerging as a dynamic factor in the response to neurological injury and disease, and the endothelial-neuronal matrix coupling is fundamentally neuroprotective. In this review, we discuss approaches that target the endothelium for drug delivery both across the BBB and to the BBB as a viable strategy to facilitate neuroprotective effects, using the example of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We highlight the advances in cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) used for CNS targeting and drug delivery. We also discuss the potential of engineered EVs as a potent strategy to deliver BDNF or other drug candidates to the ischemic brain, particularly when coupled with internal components like mitochondria that may increase cellular energetics in injured endothelial cells.
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275
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Shaihov-Teper O, Ram E, Ballan N, Brzezinski RY, Naftali-Shani N, Masoud R, Ziv T, Lewis N, Schary Y, Levin-Kotler LP, Volvovitch D, Zuroff EM, Amunts S, Regev-Rudzki N, Sternik L, Raanani E, Gepstein L, Leor J. Extracellular Vesicles From Epicardial Fat Facilitate Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2021; 143:2475-2493. [PMID: 33793321 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.052009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of epicardial fat (eFat)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) has never been studied. We tested the hypothesis that eFat-EVs transmit proinflammatory, profibrotic, and proarrhythmic molecules that induce atrial myopathy and fibrillation. METHODS We collected eFat specimens from patients with (n=32) and without AF (n=30) during elective heart surgery. eFat samples were grown as organ cultures, and the culture medium was collected every 2 days. We then isolated and purified eFat-EVs from the culture medium, and analyzed the EV number, size, morphology, specific markers, encapsulated cytokines, proteome, and microRNAs. Next, we evaluated the biological effects of unpurified and purified EVs on atrial mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells in vitro. To establish a causal association between eFat-EVs and vulnerability to AF, we modeled AF in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. RESULTS Microscopic examination revealed excessive inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis in fresh and cultured eFat tissues. Cultured explants from patients with AF secreted more EVs and harbored greater amounts of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and profibrotic microRNA, as well, than those without AF. The proteomic analysis confirmed the distinctive profile of purified eFat-EVs from patients with AF. In vitro, purified and unpurified eFat-EVs from patients with AF had a greater effect on proliferation and migration of human mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells, compared with eFat-EVs from patients without AF. Last, whereas eFat-EVs from patients with and without AF shortened the action potential duration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, only eFat-EVs from patients with AF induced sustained reentry (rotor) in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS We show, for the first time, a distinctive proinflammatory, profibrotic, and proarrhythmic signature of eFat-EVs from patients with AF. Our findings uncover another pathway by which eFat promotes the development of atrial myopathy and fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shaihov-Teper
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Eilon Ram
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center (E. Ram, E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Nimer Ballan
- The Sohnis Family Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Israel (N.B., L.G.)
| | - Rafael Y Brzezinski
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Nili Naftali-Shani
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Rula Masoud
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (R.M.)
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (T.Z.)
| | - Nir Lewis
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Yeshai Schary
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - La-Paz Levin-Kotler
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - David Volvovitch
- Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Elchanan M Zuroff
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center (E. Ram, E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Sergei Amunts
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center (E. Ram, E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel (N.R.-R.)
| | - Leonid Sternik
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center (E. Ram, E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Ehud Raanani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center (E. Ram, E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
| | - Lior Gepstein
- The Sohnis Family Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Israel (N.B., L.G.)
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld and Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institutes (O.S.-T., R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., J.L.), Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (O.S.-T., E. Ram, R.Y.B., N.N.-S., N.L., Y.S., L.-P.L.-K., D.V., E.M.Z., S.A., L.S., E. Raanani, J.L.)
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276
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Beltraminelli T, Perez CR, De Palma M. Disentangling the complexity of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108960. [PMID: 33826890 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment encompasses an intertwined ensemble of both transformed cancer cells and non-transformed host cells, which together establish a signaling network that regulates tumor progression. By conveying both homo- and heterotypic cell-to-cell communication cues, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) modulate several cancer-associated processes, such as immunosuppression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Herein we discuss how recent methodological advances in the isolation and characterization of tEVs may help to broaden our understanding of their functions in tumor biology and, potentially, establish their utility as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Beltraminelli
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caleb R Perez
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michele De Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Léman (SCCL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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277
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Agarwal T, Fortunato GM, Hann SY, Ayan B, Vajanthri KY, Presutti D, Cui H, Chan AHP, Costantini M, Onesto V, Di Natale C, Huang NF, Makvandi P, Shabani M, Maiti TK, Zhang LG, De Maria C. Recent advances in bioprinting technologies for engineering cardiac tissue. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112057. [PMID: 33947551 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Annually increasing incidence of cardiac-related disorders and cardiac tissue's minimal regenerative capacity have motivated the researchers to explore effective therapeutic strategies. In the recent years, bioprinting technologies have witnessed a great wave of enthusiasm and have undergone steady advancements over a short period, opening the possibilities for recreating engineered functional cardiac tissue models for regenerative and diagnostic applications. With this perspective, the current review delineates recent developments in the sphere of engineered cardiac tissue fabrication, using traditional and advanced bioprinting strategies. The review also highlights different printing ink formulations, available cellular opportunities, and aspects of personalized medicines in the context of cardiac tissue engineering and bioprinting. On a concluding note, current challenges and prospects for further advancements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Gabriele Maria Fortunato
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Bugra Ayan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Yellappa Vajanthri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Dario Presutti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Alex H P Chan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.leTecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Center for Materials Interface, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Pisa, Italy
| | - Majid Shabani
- Center for Materials Interface, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Carmelo De Maria
- Research Center "E. Piaggio" and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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278
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Wang K, Qin B. [Research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:387-391. [PMID: 33719250 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review the research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration, and to provide reference for its related basic research and clinical treatment. Methods The pathophysiology of peripheral nerve after injury, several main factors affecting the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerve, and the fate of axon after mismatch regeneration were summarized by referring to the relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years. Results Distal pathways and target organs can selectively affect the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; different phenotypes of Schwann cells have different effects on the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; studying the mechanism of action of exosomes from different Schwann cells on different types of axons can provide a new direction for solving the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves. Conclusion Peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration is affected by various factors. However, the specific mechanism and characteristics of these factors remain to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunliang Wang
- Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510080, P.R.China
| | - Bengang Qin
- Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510080, P.R.China
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279
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Comparisons of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Epidural Fat-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Fibroblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062889. [PMID: 33809214 PMCID: PMC8000612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated and secreted by cells into the circulatory system. Stem cell-derived EVs have a therapeutic effect similar to that of stem cells and are considered an alternative method for cell therapy. Accordingly, research on the characteristics of EVs is emerging. EVs were isolated from human epidural fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human fibroblast culture media by ultracentrifugation. The characterization of EVs involved the typical evaluation of cluster of differentiation (CD antigens) marker expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, size analysis with dynamic laser scattering, and morphology analysis with transmission electron microscopy. Lastly, the secreted levels of cytokines and chemokines in EVs were determined by a cytokine assay. The isolated EVs had a typical size of approximately 30–200 nm, and the surface proteins CD9 and CD81 were expressed on human epidural fat MSCs and human fibroblast cells. The secreted levels of cytokines and chemokines were compared between human epidural fat MSC-derived EVs and human fibroblast-derived EVs. Human epidural fat MSC-derived EVs showed anti-inflammatory effects and promoted macrophage polarization. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that human epidural fat MSC-derived EVs exhibit inflammatory suppressive potency relative to human fibroblast-derived EVs, which may be useful for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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280
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Brewster LM, Bain AR, Garcia VP, Fandl HK, Stone R, DeSouza NM, Greiner JJ, Tymko MM, Vizcardo-Galindo GA, Figueroa-Mujica RJ, Villafuerte FC, Ainslie PN, DeSouza CA. Global REACH 2018: dysfunctional extracellular microvesicles in Andean highlander males with excessive erythrocytosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1851-H1861. [PMID: 33710927 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00016.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High altitude-related excessive erythrocytosis (EE) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The experimental aim of this study was to determine the effects of microvesicles isolated from Andean highlanders with EE on endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and nitric oxide (NO) production. Twenty-six male residents of Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4,340 m), were studied: 12 highlanders without EE (age: 40 ± 4 yr; BMI: 26.4 ± 1.7; Hb: 17.4 ± 0.5 g/dL, Spo2: 86.9 ± 1.0%) and 14 highlanders with EE (43 ± 4 yr; 26.2 ± 0.9; 24.4 ± 0.4 g/dL; 79.7 ± 1.6%). Microvesicles were isolated, enumerated, and collected from plasma by flow cytometry. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured and treated with microvesicles from highlanders without and with EE. Microvesicles from highlanders with EE induced significantly higher release of interleukin (IL)-6 (89.8 ± 2.7 vs. 77.1 ± 1.9 pg/mL) and IL-8 (62.0 ± 2.7 vs. 53.3 ± 2.2 pg/mL) compared with microvesicles from healthy highlanders. Although intracellular expression of total NF-κB p65 (65.3 ± 6.0 vs. 74.9 ± 7.8.9 AU) was not significantly affected in cells treated with microvesicles from highlanders without versus with EE, microvesicles from highlanders with EE resulted in an ∼25% higher (P < 0.05) expression of p-NF-κB p65 (173.6 ± 14.3 vs. 132.8 ± 12.2 AU). Cell reactive oxygen species production was significantly higher (76.4.7 ± 5.4 vs. 56.7 ± 1.7% of control) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) activation (231.3 ± 15.5 vs. 286.6 ± 23.0 AU) and NO production (8.3 ± 0.6 vs. 10.7 ± 0.7 μM/L) were significantly lower in cells treated with microvesicles from highlanders with versus without EE. Cell apoptotic susceptibility was not significantly affected by EE-related microvesicles. Circulating microvesicles from Andean highlanders with EE increased endothelial cell inflammation and oxidative stress and reduced NO production.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we determined the effects of microvesicles isolated from Andean highlanders with excessive erythrocytosis (EE) on endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NO production. Microvesicles from highlanders with EE induced a dysfunctional response from endothelial cells characterized by increased cytokine release and expression of active nuclear factor-κB and reduced nitric oxide production. Andean highlanders with EE exhibit dysfunctional circulating extracellular microvesicles that induce a proinflammatory, proatherogenic endothelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Madden Brewster
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Anthony R Bain
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinicius P Garcia
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Hannah K Fandl
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Rachel Stone
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noah M DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.,Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jared J Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip N Ainslie
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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281
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Pillai SC, Borah A, Jacob EM, Kumar DS. Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:550-568. [PMID: 33703990 PMCID: PMC7954496 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1892241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is Caesar’s sword, which poses a huge risk to the present generation. Understanding the atherosclerotic disease cycle would allow ensuring improved diagnosis, better care, and treatment. Unfortunately, a highly effective and safe way of treating atherosclerosis in the medical community remains a continuous challenge. Conventional treatments have shown considerable success, but have some adverse effects on the human body. Natural derived medications or nutraceuticals have gained immense popularity in the treatment of atherosclerosis due to their decreased side effects and toxicity-related issues. In hindsight, the contribution of nutraceuticals in imparting enhanced clinical efficacy against atherosclerosis warrants more experimental evidence. On the other hand, nanotechnology and drug delivery systems (DDS) have revolutionized the way therapeutics are performed and researchers have been constantly exploring the positive effects that DDS brings to the field of therapeutic techniques. It could be as exciting as ever to apply nano-mediated delivery of nutraceuticals as an additional strategy to target the atherosclerotic sites boasting high therapeutic efficiency of the nutraceuticals and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu C Pillai
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ankita Borah
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eden Mariam Jacob
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
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282
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Obermayer G, Afonyushkin T, Göderle L, Puhm F, Schrottmaier W, Taqi S, Schwameis M, Ay C, Pabinger I, Jilma B, Assinger A, Mackman N, Binder CJ. Natural IgM antibodies inhibit microvesicle-driven coagulation and thrombosis. Blood 2021; 137:1406-1415. [PMID: 33512411 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis and its associated complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Microvesicles (MVs), a class of extracellular vesicles, are increasingly recognized as mediators of coagulation and biomarkers of thrombotic risk. Thus, identifying factors targeting MV-driven coagulation may help in the development of novel antithrombotic treatments. We have previously identified a subset of circulating MVs that is characterized by the presence of oxidation-specific epitopes and bound by natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies targeting these structures. This study investigated whether natural IgM antibodies, which are known to have important anti-inflammatory housekeeping functions, inhibit the procoagulatory properties of MVs. We found that the extent of plasma coagulation is inversely associated with the levels of both free and MV-bound endogenous IgM. Moreover, the oxidation epitope-specific natural IgM antibody LR04, which recognizes malondialdehyde adducts, reduced MV-dependent plasmatic coagulation and whole blood clotting without affecting thrombocyte aggregation. Intravenous injection of LR04 protected mice from MV-induced pulmonary thrombosis. Of note, LR04 competed the binding of coagulation factor X/Xa to MVs, providing a mechanistic explanation for its anticoagulatory effect. Thus, our data identify natural IgM antibodies as hitherto unknown modulators of MV-induced coagulation in vitro and in vivo and their prognostic and therapeutic potential in the management of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Obermayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taras Afonyushkin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Göderle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Puhm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Soreen Taqi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schwameis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and
| | - Cihan Ay
- Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Clinical Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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283
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Avenick D, Kidd L, Istvan S, Dong F, Richter K, Edwards N, Hisada Y, Posma JJN, Massih CA, Mackman N. Effects of storage and leukocyte reduction on the concentration and procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles in canine packed red cells. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:221-230. [PMID: 33751799 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the size and procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles (EV) that accumulate in canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) over time and the effect of leukocyte reduction on these characteristics. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Private small animal specialty referral hospital and university research laboratories. ANIMALS Ten healthy blood donor dogs. INTERVENTIONS Five pRBCs units were obtained according to standard protocols, and 5 were leukocyte-reduced prior to processing. Platelet-free supernatant from the pRBC units was collected on days 0, 10, 20, 32, and 42. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Nanoparticle tracking analysis was performed to determine the size and concentration of EVs. Thrombin generation associated with phosphatidylserine-positive EVs was determined using a capture assay. Factor Xa generation associated with phosphatidylserine-positive EVs and tissue factor-positive EVs was measured in a subset of EVs isolated by centrifugation of the supernatant at 20,000 × g. R package nparLD and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used to determine the effect of duration of storage and the effect of leukocyte reduction, respectively. Small (mean < 125 nm) procoagulant EVs accumulated over time, with significant increases occurring on or after day 20 in both non-leukocyte reduced and leukocyte-reduced units. The procoagulant activity of the EVs was due to phosphatidylserine, not tissue factor. Increases in EV concentration and procoagulant activity occurred earlier in non-leukocyte reduced units. Extracellular vesicle accumulation and procoagulant activity were not decreased at any individual time point by leukocyte reduction. CONCLUSIONS Further studies characterizing and determining the clinical relevance of small procoagulant EVs in pRBCs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Kidd
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | | | - Fanglong Dong
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Keith Richter
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, California
| | | | - Yohei Hisada
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jens J N Posma
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cherein Abdel Massih
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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284
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Muñoz ER, Caccese JB, Wilson BE, Shuler KT, Santos FV, Cabán CT, Jeka JJ, Langford D, Hudson MB. Effects of purposeful soccer heading on circulating small extracellular vesicle concentration and cargo. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:122-130. [PMID: 33189894 PMCID: PMC7987560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the potential cumulative effects of repetitive head impact (HI) exposure, we need sensitive biomarkers to track short- and long-term effects. Circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) (<200 nm) traffic biological molecules throughout the body and may have diagnostic value as biomarkers for disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the microRNA (miRNA) profile in circulating sEVs derived from human plasma following repetitive HI exposure. METHODS Healthy adult (aged 18-35 years) soccer players were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: the HI group performed 10 standing headers, the leg impact group performed 10 soccer ball trapping maneuvers over 10 min, and the control group did not participate in any soccer drills. Plasma was collected before testing and 24 h afterward, and sEVs were isolated and characterized via nanoparticle tracking analysis. Next-generation sequencing was utilized to identify candidate miRNAs isolated from sEVs, and candidate microRNAs were analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In silico target prediction was performed using TargetScan (Version 7.0; targetscan.org) and miRWalk (http://mirwalk.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/) programs, and target validation was performed using luciferase reporter vectors with a miR-7844-5p mimic in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T/17 cells. RESULTS Plasma sEV concentration and size were not affected across time and group following repetitive HI exposure. After 24 h, the HI read count from next-generation sequencing showed a 4-fold or greater increase in miR-92b-5p, miR-423-5p, and miR-24-3p and a 3-fold or greater decrease in miR-7844-5p, miR-144-5p, miR-221-5p, and miR-22-3p. Analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that leg impact did not alter the candidate miRNA levels. To our knowledge, miR-7844-5p is a previously unknown miRNA. We identified 8 miR-7844-5p mRNA targets: protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B (PPP1R1B), LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 1 (LIMS1), autophagy-related 12 (ATG12), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (MAP1LC3B), integrin subunit alpha-1 (ITGA1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8). CONCLUSION Collectively, these data indicate repetitive HI exposure alters plasma sEV miRNA content, but not sEV size or number. Furthermore, for the first time we demonstrate that previously unknown miR-7844-5p targets mRNAs known to be involved in mitochondrial apoptosis, autophagy regulation, mood disorders, and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Muñoz
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jaclyn B Caccese
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brittany E Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kyle T Shuler
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Fernando V Santos
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Carolina T Cabán
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - John J Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Matthew B Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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285
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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Barrett's Esophagus: A Mini-Review. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:705-713. [PMID: 32277372 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) continues to be a significant public health problem with survival rates that have remained stagnant. Although the population at the highest risk for EAC, i.e., patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) has been clearly defined, patients with EAC continue to do poorly due to advanced stage at diagnosis. The field of extracellular vesicles (EV) could have huge application for the management of patients with BE and EAC by allowing timely diagnosis, serial monitoring, and improved understanding of disease biology. EV are actively packaged and actively secreted vesicles and contain microRNAs, proteins, lipids, and DNA. The contents of EV have been shown to provide useful insights into cellular transformation and pro-oncogenic processes. Early work shows promise but suffers from a high degree of technical and biological variation. The current review not only summarizes the current knowledge about EV as diagnostic biomarkers and their role in disease progression of BE and EAC but also provides the reader practical guidance to devise future experiments to perform well-designed studies.
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286
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Newman LA, Fahmy A, Sorich MJ, Best OG, Rowland A, Useckaite Z. Importance of between and within Subject Variability in Extracellular Vesicle Abundance and Cargo when Performing Biomarker Analyses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030485. [PMID: 33668220 PMCID: PMC7996254 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) have emerged as a potential rich source of biomarkers in human blood and present the intriguing potential for a 'liquid biopsy' to track disease and the effectiveness of interventions. Recently, we have further demonstrated the potential for EV derived biomarkers to account for variability in drug exposure. This study sought to evaluate the variability in abundance and cargo of global and liver-specific circulating sEV, within (diurnal) and between individuals in a cohort of healthy subjects (n = 10). We present normal ranges for EV concentration and size and expression of generic EV protein markers and the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) in samples collected in the morning and afternoon. EV abundance and cargo was generally not affected by fasting, except CD9 which exhibited a statistically significant increase (p = 0.018). Diurnal variability was observed in the expression of CD81 and ASGR1, which significantly decreased (p = 0.011) and increased (p = 0.009), respectively. These results have potential implications for study sampling protocols and normalisation of biomarker data when considering the expression of sEV derived cargo as a biomarker strategy. Specifically, the novel finding that liver-specific EVs exhibit diurnal variability in healthy subjects should have broad implications in the study of drug metabolism and development of minimally invasive biomarkers for liver disease.
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287
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Kupper N, Huppertz B. The endogenous exposome of the pregnant mother: Placental extracellular vesicles and their effect on the maternal system. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:100955. [PMID: 33612320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, there is an intense crosstalk between mother and placenta. During the entire time of pregnancy, the maternal system deals with a huge amount of foreign (fetal) material released from the placenta, which can be referred to as placental exposome. Besides the release of hormones and growth factors, the placenta releases a variety of extracellular vesicles into maternal blood. These vesicles contain specific molecules including proteins, lipids, DNA as well as miRNA, all of which may have specific sites and modes of action on maternal cells. During normal pregnancy, the fine-tuning of factors and vesicles helps maintaining a viable and healthy pregnancy. However, in pregnancy pathologies such as preeclampsia, quantity and quality of the placenta-derived vesicles are altered leading to a deleterious effect on the maternal vascular system. This review focuses on the different types of placenta-derived extracellular vesicles in pregnancy with special emphasis on the interplay between these placental vesicles and the maternal system. Additionally, it displays new techniques and ideas for the analysis of the placental exposome with placental extracellular vesicles as a key aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kupper
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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288
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Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of extracellular vesicle-associated DNA in patients with metastatic cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4016. [PMID: 33597619 PMCID: PMC7889887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (LC-WGS) can provide insight into oncogenic molecular changes. Serum extracellular vesicles (EV) represent a novel liquid biopsy source of tumoral DNA. This study compared copy number alteration (CNA) profiles generated from LC-WGS of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumoral DNA and EV-DNA obtained from cancer patients. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue (n = 3) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (n = 2) were included. LC-WGS (0.5-1X coverage) was performed on FFPE-DNA and serum EV-DNA. Similarity between CNA profiles was analysed using QDNAseq. FFPE samples had a mean CNA of 31 (range 17–50) over 1.9 × 109 (range 1.0–2.6 × 109) bp in length, and EV samples had a mean CNA value of 17 (range 7–19) over 7.6 × 108 (range 2.9–15 × 108) bp in length. A mean of 8 (range 0–21) CNA over 5.9 × 108 (range 1.6–14 × 108) bp in length was found to overlap between EV and FFPE-derived samples per patient. Although the mean correlation efficient between samples was r = 0.34 (range − .08 to 0.99), this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Regions of highest deletion and duplication in FFPE samples were not well reflected in the EV-DNA. Selected CNA regions in EV-associated DNA were reflective of the primary tumor, however appreciation of global CNA and areas of most significant change was lost. The utility of LC-WGS of EV-derived DNA is likely limited to molecular alterations of known interest.
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289
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Liu Y, Wang M, Liang Y, Wang C, Naruse K, Takahashi K. Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041729. [PMID: 33572188 PMCID: PMC7915208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A thrombus in a coronary artery causes ischemia, which eventually leads to myocardial infarction (MI) if not removed. However, removal generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury that damages the tissue and exacerbates the resulting MI. The mechanism of I/R injury is currently extensively understood. However, supplementation of exogenous antioxidants is ineffective against oxidative stress (OS). Enhancing the ability of endogenous antioxidants may be a more effective way to treat OS, and exosomes may play a role as targeted carriers. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles wrapped in biofilms which contain various complex RNAs and proteins. They are important intermediate carriers of intercellular communication and material exchange. In recent years, diagnosis and treatment with exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have gained considerable attention. Herein, we review the new findings of exosomes in the regulation of OS in coronary heart disease, discuss the possibility of exosomes as carriers for the targeted regulation of endogenous ROS generation, and compare the advantages of exosome therapy with those of stem-cell therapy. Finally, we explore several miRNAs found in exosomes against OS.
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290
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Francavilla A, Turoczi S, Tarallo S, Vodicka P, Pardini B, Naccarati A. Exosomal microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs as colorectal cancer biomarkers: a review. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:243-260. [PMID: 31784760 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulating human transcriptome, which includes both coding and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules, represents a rich source of potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) that has only recently been explored. In particular, the release of RNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs), in a multitude of different in vitro cell systems and in a variety of body fluids, has attracted wide interest. The role of RNA species in EVs is still not fully understood, but their capacity to act as a form of distant communication between cells and their higher abundance in association with cancer demonstrated their relevance. In this review, we report the evidence from both in vitro and human studies on microRNAs (miRNAs) and other ncRNA profiles analysed in EVs in relation to CRC as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers. The studies so far highlighted that, in exosomes, the most studied category of EVs, several miRNAs are able to accurately discriminate CRC cases from controls as well as to describe the progression of the disease and its prognosis. Most of the time, the in vitro findings support the miRNA profiles detected in human exosomes. The expression profiles measured in exosomes and other EVs differ and, interestingly, there is a variability of expression also among different subsets of exosomes according to their proteic profile. On the other hand, evidence is still limited for what concerns exosome miRNAs as early diagnostic and predictive markers of treatment. Several other ncRNAs that are carried by exosomes, mostly long ncRNAs and circular RNAs, seem also to be dysregulated in CRC. Besides various technical challenges, such as the standardisation of EVs isolation methods and the optimisation of methodologies to characterise the whole spectrum of RNA molecules in exosomes, further studies are needed in order to elucidate their relevance as CRC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Francavilla
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Szimonetta Turoczi
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Sonia Tarallo
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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291
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Laksono S, Setianto B, Prawara AS, Dwiputra B. Highlighting Exosomes' Function in Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2021; 18:e241121191159. [PMID: 33563169 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x17666210204153526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes as one of the extracellular vesicles' subgroups played an important role in the cell to cell communication. The cargos and surface protein of exosomes have been known to affect the cardiovascular system both positively and negatively in chronic heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. There have been several exosomes that emerged as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in cardiovascular patients. However, the conditions affecting the patients and the method of isolation should be considered to create a standardized normal value of the exosomes and the components. CPC-derived exosomes, ADSCs-derived exosomes, and telocyte-derived exosomes have been proven to be capable ofacting as a therapeutic agent in myocardial infarction models. Exosomes have the potential to become a diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, and therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhi Laksono
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, RSUD PasarRebo, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Tangerang. Indonesia
| | - Budhi Setianto
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, National Cardiac Center Harapan Kita, Faculty of medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. Indonesia
| | | | - Bambang Dwiputra
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, National Cardiac Center Harapan Kita, Faculty of medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. Indonesia
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292
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Liu ZZ, Jose PA, Yang J, Zeng C. Importance of extracellular vesicles in hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:342-353. [PMID: 33517775 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220974600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects approximately 1.13 billion adults worldwide and is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. There is emerging evidence that extracellular vesicles participate in the development and progression of hypertension. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed structures released from nearly all types of eukaryotic cells. During their formation, extracellular vesicles incorporate various parent cell components, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can be transferred to recipient cells. Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, studying the role of circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles in hypertension has the potential to identify novel noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets of different hypertension phenotypes. This review discusses the classification and biogenesis of three EV subcategories (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) and provides a summary of recent discoveries in the potential impact of extracellular vesicles on hypertension with a specific focus on their role in the blood pressure regulation by organs-artery and kidney, as well as renin-angiotensin-system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Z Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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293
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short RNA molecules that mediate the regulation of gene activity through interactions with target mRNAs and subsequent silencing of gene expression. It has become increasingly clear the miRNAs regulate many diverse aspects of bone biology, including bone formation and bone resorption processes. The role of miRNAs specifically in osteoclasts has been of recent investigation, due to clinical interest in discovering new paradigms to control excessive bone resorption, as is observed in multiple conditions including aging, estrogen deprivation, cancer metastases or glucocorticoid use. Therefore understanding the role that miRNAs play during osteoclastic differentiation is of critical importance. In this review, we highlight and discuss general aspects of miRNA function in osteoclasts, including exciting data demonstrating that miRNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) either originating from osteoclasts, or signaling to osteoclast from divergent sites, have important roles in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medicine, UCONN Center on Aging, University Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David G Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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294
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Spinal cord injury alters microRNA and CD81+ exosome levels in plasma extracellular nanoparticles with neuroinflammatory potential. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:165-183. [PMID: 33307173 PMCID: PMC7897251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated mechanistically in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders, including central nervous system injury. However, the role of EVs in spinal cord injury (SCI) has received limited attention to date. Moreover, technical limitations related to EV isolation and characterization methods can lead to misleading or contradictory findings. Here, we examined changes in plasma EVs after mouse SCI at multiple timepoints (1d, 3d, 7d, 14d) using complementary measurement techniques. Plasma EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation (UC) were decreased at 1d post-injury, as shown by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and paralleled an overall reduction in total plasma extracellular nanoparticles. Western blot (WB) analysis of UC-derived plasma EVs revealed increased expression of the tetraspanin exosome marker, CD81, between 1d and 7d post-injury. To substantiate these findings, we performed interferometric and fluorescence imaging of single, tetraspanin EVs captured directly from plasma with ExoView®. Consistent with WB, we observed significantly increased plasma CD81+ EV count and cargo at 1d post-injury. The majority of these tetraspanin EVs were smaller than 50 nm based on interferometry and were insufficiently resolved by flow cytometry-based detection. At the injury site, there was enhanced expression of EV biogenesis proteins that were also detected in EVs directly isolated from spinal cord tissue by WB. Surface expression of tetraspanins CD9 and CD63 increased in multiple cell types at the injury site; however, astrocyte CD81 expression uniquely decreased, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. UC-isolated plasma EV microRNA cargo was also significantly altered at 1d post-injury with changes similar to that reported in EVs released by astrocytes after inflammatory stimulation. When injected into the lateral ventricle, plasma EVs from SCI mice increased both pro- and anti-inflammatory gene as well as reactive astrocyte gene expression in the brain cortex. These studies provide the first detailed characterization of plasma EV dynamics after SCI and suggest that plasma EVs may be involved in posttraumatic brain inflammation.
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295
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Sullivan KM, Scholey J, Moineddin R, Sochett E, Wicklow B, Elia Y, Xiao F, Mederios T, Sadi P, Burger D, Mahmud FH, Dart AB. Urinary podocyte-derived microparticles in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:469-475. [PMID: 33037887 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The release of podocyte-derived microparticles into the urine may reflect early kidney injury in diabetes. We measured the urinary excretion of podocyte-derived microparticles in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and related the values to blood pressure, renal function and blood glucose levels. METHODS Cross-sectional, exploratory analysis of urine samples and clinical data from youth with type 1 (n = 53) and type 2 (n = 50) diabetes was carried out. Urinary podocyte-derived microparticle numbers, measured by flow cytometry, were assessed in relation to measures of blood glucose levels and renal function. RESULTS Podocyte-derived microparticle excretion (MPE) normalised to urinary creatinine (MP/UCr) was higher in type 1 vs type 2 diabetes (median [IQR] MP/UCr: 7.88 [8.97] vs 1.84 [8.62]; p < 0.0001), despite the type 2 diabetes group having higher blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, median [range]: 124 [110-154] vs 114 [94-143] mmHg) and higher proportions of microalbuminuria (44.0% vs 13.2%), but shorter time since diabetes diagnosis (median [range]: 1.2 [0.0-7.0] vs 6.4 [2.0-13.9] years), than the type 1 diabetes cohort. MPE in youth with type 1 diabetes was associated with blood glucose (p = 0.01) and eGFR (p = 0.03) but not HbA1c, systolic or diastolic blood pressure or urine albumin/creatinine ratio. After adjustment for age at baseline, duration of diabetes, sex and BMI, the association with eGFR remained significant (p = 0.04). No associations were found between MPE and these clinical variables in youth with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Significant associations between podocyte MPE, blood glucose levels and eGFR were observed in youth with type 1 diabetes but not in those with type 2 diabetes, notwithstanding increased renal pathology in the type 2 diabetes cohort. These findings suggest that podocyte injury differs in the two diabetes cohorts. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Sullivan
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - James Scholey
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rahim Moineddin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Sochett
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yesmino Elia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Feng Xiao
- Kidney Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thalia Mederios
- Kidney Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pusha Sadi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Farid H Mahmud
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison B Dart
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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296
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Baumgartner JE, Baumgartner LS, Baumgartner ME, Moore EJ, Messina SA, Seidman MD, Shook DR. Progenitor cell therapy for acquired pediatric nervous system injury: Traumatic brain injury and acquired sensorineural hearing loss. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:164-180. [PMID: 33034162 PMCID: PMC7848325 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While cell therapies hold remarkable promise for replacing injured cells and repairing damaged tissues, cell replacement is not the only means by which these therapies can achieve therapeutic effect. For example, recent publications show that treatment with varieties of adult, multipotent stem cells can improve outcomes in patients with neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and hearing loss without directly replacing damaged or lost cells. As the immune system plays a central role in injury response and tissue repair, we here suggest that multipotent stem cell therapies achieve therapeutic effect by altering the immune response to injury, thereby limiting damage due to inflammation and possibly promoting repair. These findings argue for a broader understanding of the mechanisms by which cell therapies can benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Baumgartner
- Advent Health for ChildrenOrlandoFloridaUSA
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of Central Florida College of MedicineOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | | | | | - Ernest J. Moore
- Department of Audiology and Speech Language PathologyUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | | | - Michael D. Seidman
- Advent Health CelebrationCelebrationFloridaUSA
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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297
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Breast Cancer-Derived Microvesicles Are the Source of Functional Metabolic Enzymes as Potential Targets for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020107. [PMID: 33499132 PMCID: PMC7910888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-derived extracellular vesicles, referred to as microvesicles (MVs), have been proposed to participate in several cancer diseases. In this study, MV fractions were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation from a metastatic breast cancer (BC) cell line MDA-MB-231 and a non-cancerous breast cell line MCF10A, then analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 1519 MV proteins were identified from both cell lines. The data obtained were compared to previously analyzed proteins from small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), revealing 1272 proteins present in both MVs and sEVs derived from the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Among the 89 proteins unique to MDA-MB-231 MVs, three enzymes: ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), transaldolase (TALDO1) and bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH) were previously proposed as cancer therapy targets. These proteins were enzymatically validated in cells, sEVs, and MVs derived from both cell lines. The specific activity of OAT and TALDO1 was significantly higher in MDA-MB-231-derived MVs than in MCF10A MVs. BLMH was highly expressed in MDA-MB-231-derived MVs, compared to MCF10A MVs. This study shows that MVs carry functional metabolic enzymes and provides a framework for future studies of their biological role in BC and potential in therapeutic applications.
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298
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Penna C, Femminò S, Alloatti G, Brizzi MF, Angelone T, Pagliaro P. Extracellular Vesicles in Comorbidities Associated with Ischaemic Heart Disease: Focus on Sex, an Overlooked Factor. J Clin Med 2021; 10:327. [PMID: 33477341 PMCID: PMC7830384 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are emerging early markers of myocardial damage and key mediators of cardioprotection. Therefore, EV are becoming fascinating tools to prevent cardiovascular disease and feasible weapons to limit ischaemia/reperfusion injury. It is well known that metabolic syndrome negatively affects vascular and endothelial function, thus creating predisposition to ischemic diseases. Additionally, sex is known to significantly impact myocardial injury and cardioprotection. Therefore, actions able to reduce risk factors related to comorbidities in ischaemic diseases are required to prevent maladaptive ventricular remodelling, preserve cardiac function, and prevent the onset of heart failure. This implies that early diagnosis and personalised medicine, also related to sex differences, are mandatory for primary or secondary prevention. Here, we report the contribution of EV as biomarkers and/or therapeutic tools in comorbidities predisposing to cardiac ischaemic disease. Whenever possible, attention is dedicated to data linking EV to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy;
| | - Saveria Femminò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy;
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Alloatti
- Uni-Astiss, Polo Universitario Rita Levi Montalcini, 14100 Asti, Italy;
| | - Maria F. Brizzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E. and E.S. (Di.B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy;
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy;
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299
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Extracellular vesicle-transferred long noncoding RNAs in bladder cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:34-45. [PMID: 33450212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by a variety of cells, including cancer cells, in the tumor microenvironment play crucial roles in cancer progression by transferring molecular cargos. Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important biomolecules that can be transferred by EVs to modulate cancer development. The potential clinical application of EV-transferred lncRNAs in biological fluids for cancer diagnosis has also been verified. Over the past decade, research on the biological roles and applications of EVs and their contents in human cancers has reached new heights. Therefore, a detailed discussion of the roles of EV-transferred lncRNAs in various cancers, including bladder cancer (BC), will provide a novel strategy for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we summarized and discussed the current studies on the detection technologies of EV-transferred lncRNAs. The diagnostic values of EV-transferred lncRNAs in various biological fluids, including urine, serum, and plasma, for BC diagnosis and prognosis were compared. Moreover, the biofunctional roles and clinical applications of these EV-transferred lncRNAs in BC were further discussed. In addition, we also highlighted the research directions and suggestions for future research on BC-associated EV-transferred lncRNAs. In conclusion, BC-associated EV-transferred lncRNAs show significant potential as noninvasive biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BC diagnosis and treatment.
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300
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Zhang B, Zhao M, Lu Q. Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Functions and Applications. Front Immunol 2021; 11:575712. [PMID: 33519800 PMCID: PMC7841259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have aroused wide interest among researchers in basic and clinical research. EVs, small membrane vesicles are released by almost all kinds of cells into the extracellular environment. According to many recent studies, EVs participate in immunomodulation and play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In addition, EVs have great potential in the diagnosis and therapy of autoimmune diseases. Here, we reviewed the latest research advances on the functions and mechanisms of EVs and their roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU027), Changsha, China
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