251
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Lipid transporter TMEM24/C2CD2L is a Ca 2+-regulated component of ER-plasma membrane contacts in mammalian neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5775-5784. [PMID: 30819882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820156116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Close appositions between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM) are a general feature of all cells and are abundant in neurons. A function of these appositions is lipid transport between the two adjacent bilayers via tethering proteins that also contain lipid transport modules. However, little is known about the properties and dynamics of these proteins in neurons. Here we focused on TMEM24/C2CD2L, an ER-localized SMP domain containing phospholipid transporter expressed at high levels in the brain, previously shown to be a component of ER-PM contacts in pancreatic β-cells. TMEM24 is enriched in neurons versus glial cells and its levels increase in parallel with neuronal differentiation. It populates ER-PM contacts in resting neurons, but elevations of cytosolic Ca2+ mediated by experimental manipulations or spontaneous activity induce its transient redistribution throughout the entire ER. Dissociation of TMEM24 from the plasma membrane is mediated by phosphorylation of an array of sites in the C-terminal region of the protein. These sites are only partially conserved in C2CD2, the paralogue of TMEM24 primarily expressed in nonneuronal tissues, which correspondingly display a much lower sensitivity to Ca2+ elevations. ER-PM contacts in neurons are also sites where Kv2 (the major delayed rectifier K+ channels in brain) and other PM and ER ion channels are concentrated, raising the possibility of a regulatory feedback mechanism between neuronal excitability and lipid exchange between the ER and the PM.
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252
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Farías GG, Fréal A, Tortosa E, Stucchi R, Pan X, Portegies S, Will L, Altelaar M, Hoogenraad CC. Feedback-Driven Mechanisms between Microtubules and the Endoplasmic Reticulum Instruct Neuronal Polarity. Neuron 2019; 102:184-201.e8. [PMID: 30772082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of neuronal polarity depends on local microtubule (MT) reorganization. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of cisternae and tubules and, like MTs, forms an extensive network throughout the entire cell. How the two networks interact and control neuronal development is an outstanding question. Here we show that the interplay between MTs and the ER is essential for neuronal polarity. ER tubules localize within the axon, whereas ER cisternae are retained in the somatodendritic domain. MTs are essential for axonal ER tubule stabilization, and, reciprocally, the ER is required for stabilizing and organizing axonal MTs. Recruitment of ER tubules into one minor neurite initiates axon formation, whereas ER retention in the perinuclear area or disruption of ER tubules prevent neuronal polarization. The ER-shaping protein P180, present in axonal ER tubules, controls axon specification by regulating local MT remodeling. We propose a model in which feedback-driven regulation between the ER and MTs instructs neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny G Farías
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
| | - Amélie Fréal
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Tortosa
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xingxiu Pan
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Sybren Portegies
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Will
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
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253
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Chen YJ, Quintanilla CG, Liou J. Recent insights into mammalian ER-PM junctions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 57:99-105. [PMID: 30739879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ER-PM junctions are subcellular sites where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM) are kept in close appositions, providing a platform for inter-organelle contact. These membrane contact sites are important for many physiological functions in mammalian cells, including excitation-contraction coupling, store-operated Ca2+ entry, and non-vesicular transfer of lipids between the ER and the PM. Here we review recent insights into the 3D structure and spatial organization of ER-PM junctions in mammalian cells as well as molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and functions of mammalian ER-PM junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Jen Liou
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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254
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Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular system is extensively used by researchers to study neuronal cell biology, and Drosophila glutamatergic motor neurons have become a major model system. There are two main Types of glutamatergic motor neurons, Ib and Is, with different structural and physiological properties at synaptic level at the neuromuscular junction. To generate genetic tools to identify and manipulate motor neurons of each Type, we screened for GAL4 driver lines for this purpose. Here we describe GAL4 drivers specific for examples of neurons within each Type, Ib or Is. These drivers showed high expression levels and were expressed in only few motor neurons, making them amenable tools for specific studies of both axonal and synapse biology in identified Type I motor neurons.
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255
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Witte ME, Schumacher AM, Mahler CF, Bewersdorf JP, Lehmitz J, Scheiter A, Sánchez P, Williams PR, Griesbeck O, Naumann R, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M. Calcium Influx through Plasma-Membrane Nanoruptures Drives Axon Degeneration in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Neuron 2019; 101:615-624.e5. [PMID: 30686733 PMCID: PMC6389591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Axon loss determines persistent disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Here, we use in vivo calcium imaging in a multiple sclerosis model to show that cytoplasmic calcium levels determine the choice between axon loss and survival. We rule out the endoplasmic reticulum, glutamate excitotoxicity, and the reversal of the sodium-calcium exchanger as sources of intra-axonal calcium accumulation and instead identify nanoscale ruptures of the axonal plasma membrane as the critical path of calcium entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E Witte
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adrian-Minh Schumacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph F Mahler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan P Bewersdorf
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jonas Lehmitz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheiter
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Paula Sánchez
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philip R Williams
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Griesbeck
- Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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256
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Donato A, Kagias K, Zhang Y, Hilliard MA. Neuronal sub-compartmentalization: a strategy to optimize neuronal function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1023-1037. [PMID: 30609235 PMCID: PMC6617802 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that consist of three main structural and functional domains: a cell body or soma, an axon, and dendrites. These domains contain smaller compartments with essential roles for proper neuronal function, such as the axonal presynaptic boutons and the dendritic postsynaptic spines. The structure and function of these compartments have now been characterized in great detail. Intriguingly, however, in the last decade additional levels of compartmentalization within the axon and the dendrites have been identified, revealing that these structures are much more complex than previously thought. Herein we examine several types of structural and functional sub-compartmentalization found in neurons of both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, in mammalian neurons the axonal initial segment functions as a sub-compartment to initiate the action potential, to select molecules passing into the axon, and to maintain neuronal polarization. Moreover, work in Drosophila melanogaster has shown that two distinct axonal guidance receptors are precisely clustered in adjacent segments of the commissural axons both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a cell-intrinsic mechanism underlying the compartmentalized receptor localization. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a subset of interneurons exhibits calcium dynamics that are localized to specific sections of the axon and control the gait of navigation, demonstrating a regulatory role of compartmentalized neuronal activity in behaviour. These findings have led to a number of new questions, which are important for our understanding of neuronal development and function. How are these sub-compartments established and maintained? What molecular machinery and cellular events are involved? What is their functional significance for the neuron? Here, we reflect on these and other key questions that remain to be addressed in this expanding field of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Donato
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Konstantinos Kagias
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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257
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Simkó M, Mattsson MO. Activation of the intracellular temperature and ROS sensor membrane protein STIM1 as a mechanism underpinning biological effects of low-level low frequency magnetic fields. Med Hypotheses 2018; 122:68-72. [PMID: 30593427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of low frequency magnetic fields (LF MF) at high flux densities are well known and the underlying mechanism is established. In contrast, health associated effects at lower flux densities, which can be found in the human environment, are controversial, and no accepted interaction mechanism has been presented. Here we present a hypothesis regarding the biological aspect of interaction between LF MF and cells. We suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein STIM1, which functions as a sensor for several cellular conditions (low Ca2+ levels, temperature increase, increased levels of oxygen radicals, hypoxia), is a candidate LF MF sensor. Such a sensor function can be either direct (via local temperature increase caused by intracellularly induced electric fields), or indirect due to responses to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Activated STIM1 leads to downstream effects by activation of signal transduction processes and changes in gene expression leading to secondary events. The nature of these changes would be dependent on both cell type and the particular physiological state the cell displays at the time of STIM1 activation. Results from testing of this hypothesis, as suggested in this paper, would greatly assist in understanding of the possible health-related effects of low-level LF MF. This would benefit both safety assessments regarding MF exposure as well as possible use of MF in medicine. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning MF exposure effects of living matter allows the targeted use of the fields in medical applications. There are several examples already in use based on empiric and not on mechanistic knowledge. Knowledge generated from our hypothesis testing makes it possible for MF based medical applications to be optimized.
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258
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Korecka JA, Talbot S, Osborn TM, de Leeuw SM, Levy SA, Ferrari EJ, Moskites A, Atkinson E, Jodelka FM, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Woolf CJ, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Neurite Collapse and Altered ER Ca 2+ Control in Human Parkinson Disease Patient iPSC-Derived Neurons with LRRK2 G2019S Mutation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:29-41. [PMID: 30595548 PMCID: PMC6335600 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson disease (PD) genetic LRRK2 gain-of-function mutations may relate to the ER pathological changes seen in PD patients at postmortem. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons with the PD pathogenic LRRK2 G2019S mutation exhibited neurite collapse when challenged with the ER Ca2+ influx sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (THP). Baseline ER Ca2+ levels measured with the ER Ca2+ indicator CEPIA-ER were lower in LRRK2 G2019S human neurons, including in differentiated midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro. After THP challenge, PD patient-derived neurons displayed increased Ca2+ influx and decreased intracellular Ca2+ buffering upon membrane depolarization. These effects were reversed following LRRK2 mutation correction by antisense oligonucleotides and gene editing. Gene expression analysis in LRRK2 G2019S neurons identified modified levels of key store-operated Ca2+ entry regulators, with no alterations in ER Ca2+ efflux. These results demonstrate PD gene mutation LRRK2 G2019S ER calcium-dependent pathogenic effects in human neurons. Parkinson-linked LRRK2 G2019S induces neurite collapse upon ER Ca2+ influx block LRRK2 G2019S mutation alters Ca2+ uptake and buffering upon ER Ca2+ influx block The LRRK2 G2019S mutation decreases basal ER Ca2+ levels in human iPSC neurons The LRRK2 G2019S mutation modifies gene expression of key SOCE regulators
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Sebastien Talbot
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teresia M Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Sherida M de Leeuw
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Simon A Levy
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Eliza J Ferrari
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Alyssa Moskites
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Elise Atkinson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Francine M Jodelka
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetics Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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259
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Stacchiotti A, Favero G, Lavazza A, Garcia-Gomez R, Monsalve M, Rezzani R. Perspective: Mitochondria-ER Contacts in Metabolic Cellular Stress Assessed by Microscopy. Cells 2018; 8:cells8010005. [PMID: 30577576 PMCID: PMC6356439 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and their connections, called mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs) or mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), are crucial hubs in cellular stress. These sites are essential for the passage of calcium ions, reactive oxygen species delivery, the sorting of lipids in whole-body metabolism. In this perspective article, we focus on microscopic evidences of the pivotal role of MERCs/MAMs and their changes in metabolic diseases, like obesity, diabetes, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, NSW 2139 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Raquel Garcia-Gomez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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260
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Nguyen M, Wong YC, Ysselstein D, Severino A, Krainc D. Synaptic, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:140-149. [PMID: 30509690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has highlighted the importance of the autophagy/lysosomal and mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathways in disease pathogenesis. However, recently identified PD-linked genes, including DNAJC6 (auxilin), SYNJ1 (synaptojanin 1), and the PD risk gene SH3GL2 (endophilin A1), have also highlighted disruptions in synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) as a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, the roles of other PD genes such as LRRK2, PRKN, and VPS35 in the regulation of SVE are beginning to emerge. Here we discuss the recent work on the contribution of dysfunctional SVE to midbrain dopaminergic neurons' selective vulnerability and highlight pathways that demonstrate the interplay of synaptic, mitochondrial, and lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nguyen
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yvette C Wong
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Severino
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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261
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Lewis TL, Kwon SK, Lee A, Shaw R, Polleux F. MFF-dependent mitochondrial fission regulates presynaptic release and axon branching by limiting axonal mitochondria size. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5008. [PMID: 30479337 PMCID: PMC6258764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons display extreme degrees of polarization, including compartment-specific organelle morphology. In cortical, long-range projecting, pyramidal neurons (PNs), dendritic mitochondria are long and tubular whereas axonal mitochondria display uniformly short length. Here we explored the functional significance of maintaining small mitochondria for axonal development in vitro and in vivo. We report that the Drp1 'receptor' Mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) is required for determining the size of mitochondria entering the axon and then for maintenance of their size along the distal portions of the axon without affecting their trafficking properties, presynaptic capture, membrane potential or ability to generate ATP. Strikingly, this increase in presynaptic mitochondrial size upon MFF downregulation augments their capacity for Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) uptake during neurotransmission, leading to reduced presynaptic [Ca2+]c accumulation, decreased presynaptic release and terminal axon branching. Our results uncover a novel mechanism controlling neurotransmitter release and axon branching through fission-dependent regulation of presynaptic mitochondrial size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Annie Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Reuben Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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262
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Hiester BG, Becker MI, Bowen AB, Schwartz SL, Kennedy MJ. Mechanisms and Role of Dendritic Membrane Trafficking for Long-Term Potentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:391. [PMID: 30425622 PMCID: PMC6218485 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synapses is a major form of plasticity for learning and memory in the central nervous system. While the molecular mechanisms of LTP have been debated for decades, there is consensus that LTP induction activates membrane trafficking pathways within dendrites that are essential for synapse growth and strengthening. Current models suggest that key molecules for synaptic potentiation are sequestered within intracellular organelles, which are mobilized by synaptic activity to fuse with the plasma membrane following LTP induction. While the identity of the factors mobilized to the plasma membrane during LTP remain obscure, the field has narrowly focused on AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Here, we review recent literature and present new experimental data from our lab investigating whether AMPA receptors trafficked from intracellular organelles directly contribute to synaptic strengthening during LTP. We propose a modified model where membrane trafficking delivers distinct factors that are required to maintain synapse growth and AMPA receptor incorporation following LTP. Finally, we pose several fundamental questions that may guide further inquiry into the role of membrane trafficking for synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Hiester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew I Becker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Samantha L Schwartz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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263
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The intracellular environment of eukaryotic cells is highly complex and compact. The limited volume of the cell, usually a few hundred femtoliters, is not only occupied by numerous complicated, diverse membranous and proteinaceous structures, these structures are also highly dynamic due to constant remodeling and trafficking events. Consequently, intracellular interactions are more than just opportunities to exchange molecules; they also involve components physically navigating around each other in a highly confined space. While the biochemical interactions between organelles have been intensely studied in the past decades, the mechanical properties of organelles and the physical interactions between them are only beginning to be unraveled. Indeed, recent studies show that intracellular organelles are, at times, under extreme mechanical strain both in widely used experimental systems as well as in vivo. In this Hypothesis, we highlight known examples of intracellular mechanical challenges in biological systems and focus on the coping mechanisms of two important organelles, the nucleus and mitochondria, for they are the best studied in this aspect. In the case of mitochondria, we propose that ER–mitochondrial contact sites at thin cell peripheries may induce mitochondrial fission by mechanically constricting mitochondrial tubules. We also briefly discuss the mechano-responsiveness of other organelles and interesting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Kornmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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264
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Activity-dependent bulk endocytosis proteome reveals a key presynaptic role for the monomeric GTPase Rab11. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10177-E10186. [PMID: 30301801 PMCID: PMC6205440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809189115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of neurotransmission by synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling is critical to brain function. The dominant SV recycling mode during intense activity is activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE), suggesting it will perform a pivotal role in neurotransmission. However, the role of ADBE is still undetermined, due to the absence of identified molecules specific for this process. The determination of the bulk endosome proteome (a key ADBE organelle) revealed that it has a unique molecular signature and identified a role for Rab11 in presynaptic function. This work provides the molecular inventory of ADBE, a resource that will be of significant value to researchers wishing to modulate neurotransmission during intense neuronal activity in both health and disease. Activity-dependent bulk endocytosis (ADBE) is the dominant mode of synaptic vesicle endocytosis during high-frequency stimulation, suggesting it should play key roles in neurotransmission during periods of intense neuronal activity. However, efforts in elucidating the physiological role of ADBE have been hampered by the lack of identified molecules which are unique to this endocytosis mode. To address this, we performed proteomic analysis on purified bulk endosomes, which are a key organelle in ADBE. Bulk endosomes were enriched via two independent approaches, a classical subcellular fractionation method and isolation via magnetic nanoparticles. There was a 77% overlap in proteins identified via the two protocols, and these molecules formed the ADBE core proteome. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a strong enrichment in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal and signaling molecules, in addition to expected synaptic and trafficking proteins. Network analysis identified Rab GTPases as a central hub within the ADBE proteome. Subsequent investigation of a subset of these Rabs revealed that Rab11 both facilitated ADBE and accelerated clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These findings suggest that the ADBE proteome will provide a rich resource for the future study of presynaptic function, and identify Rab11 as a regulator of presynaptic function.
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265
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Abstract
How neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are lost in disease and aging is unclear. Recently in Cell Metabolism, Wang et al. (2018) discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria tethering by Mitofusin 2 is required to organize a cleft between these two organelles, which, like a lorry, traffics down the axon to distribute calpastatin to terminals where it blocks NMJ degradation.
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266
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Wang JZ, Dehesh K. ER: the Silk Road of interorganellar communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:171-177. [PMID: 30149191 PMCID: PMC6240488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular adaptive responses arise from an array of spatially and temporally distinct biochemical interactions that modulate biological processes and reorganize subcellular structures tailored to the nature of stimulus. As such, cells have evolved elegantly and tightly regulated mechanisms to enable interorganellar communication in part through the dynamic readjustment of physical distance enabling the tethering between two closely apposed membranous organelles and thus formation of Membrane Contact Sites (MCSs). MCSs are dynamic and ubiquitous interorganellar structures that serve as regulatory interfaces to facilitate transmission of signals and to integrate synthesis of metabolic pathways such as lipids required for upholding cellular homeostasis in response to environmental and developmental inputs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most copious endomembrane system that extend throughout the cell, and functions in production, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids, as well as in intracellular signaling. Reminiscent of the ancient Silk Road, ER connection to other membranous organelles via MCSs alters cellular landscape and serves as nexus for coordinating exchange of metabolites such as lipids, ions such as Ca2+, and other small molecules involved in maintaining cellular integrity under prevailing conditions. Delineating the molecular organization of the tethering complexes, molecular action of exchanged molecules and hence the nature of information transmitted will afford insight into underlying basis of interorganellar communication and shed light on the evolutionarily conserved function of ER as the ancient trans-kingdom Silk Road trafficking vital metabolites via the non-vesicular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zheng Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA.
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267
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Alterations in mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum connectivity in human brain biopsies from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:102. [PMID: 30270816 PMCID: PMC6166280 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neuropathology with unknown cause characterised by gait impairment, cognitive decline and ventriculomegaly. These patients often present comorbidity with Alzheimer's disease (AD), including AD pathological hallmarks such as amyloid plaques mainly consisting of amyloid β-peptide and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Even though some of the molecular mechanisms behind AD are well described, little is known about iNPH. Several studies have reported that mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MERCS) regulate amyloid β-peptide metabolism and conversely that amyloid β-peptide can influence the number of MERCS. MERCS have also been shown to be dysregulated in several neurological pathologies including AD.In this study we have used transmission electron microscopy and show, for the first time, several mitochondria contact sites including MERCS in human brain biopsies. These unique human brain samples were obtained during neurosurgery from 14 patients that suffer from iNPH. Three of these 14 patients presented comorbidities with other dementias: one patient with AD, one with AD and vascular dementia and one patient with Lewy body dementia. Furthermore, we report that the numbers of MERCS are increased in biopsies obtained from patients diagnosed with dementia. Moreover, the presence of both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles correlates with decreased contact length between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, while amyloid plaques alone do not seem to affect endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria apposition. Interestingly, we report a significant positive correlation between the number of MERCS and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β-peptide levels, as well as with increasing age of iNPH patients.
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268
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Fischer TD, Dash PK, Liu J, Waxham MN. Morphology of mitochondria in spatially restricted axons revealed by cryo-electron tomography. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006169. [PMID: 30222729 PMCID: PMC6160218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons project axons to local and distal sites and can display heterogeneous morphologies with limited physical dimensions that may influence the structure of large organelles such as mitochondria. Using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), we characterized native environments within axons and presynaptic varicosities to examine whether spatial restrictions within these compartments influence the morphology of mitochondria. Segmented tomographic reconstructions revealed distinctive morphological characteristics of mitochondria residing at the narrowed boundary between presynaptic varicosities and axons with limited physical dimensions (approximately 80 nm), compared to mitochondria in nonspatially restricted environments. Furthermore, segmentation of the tomograms revealed discrete organizations between the inner and outer membranes, suggesting possible independent remodeling of each membrane in mitochondria at spatially restricted axonal/varicosity boundaries. Thus, cryo-ET of mitochondria within axonal subcompartments reveals that spatial restrictions do not obstruct mitochondria from residing within them, but limited available space can influence their gross morphology and the organization of the inner and outer membranes. These findings offer new perspectives on the influence of physical and spatial characteristics of cellular environments on mitochondrial morphology and highlight the potential for remarkable structural plasticity of mitochondria to adapt to spatial restrictions within axons. Neurons are complex cells that communicate with each other via axons that can extend over distances of a meter or longer. Axons place enormous demands on neuronal energy production, and to maintain connections with local and distal targets, neurons have efficient systems that transport mitochondria to areas of high energy consumption. However, axons show variable dimensions, sometimes thinning to a diameter significantly smaller than the standard diameter of mitochondria, raising the question of how mitochondrial structures can adapt to the local spatial environment. In the present study, we employed electron tomography to investigate the physical and structural relationships between thin axons and the mitochondria that reside within them. We discovered that mitochondria exhibit a remarkable constriction of outer and inner membrane structure in regions of restricted physical dimensions of the axonal space. These findings highlight the remarkable structural plasticity of mitochondria and the potential influence of available space within cells on the structure of mitochondria. Given that maintaining a population of properly localized mitochondria is necessary to support synaptic function, the findings also suggest an adaptive role for mitochondrial structure in facilitating efficient axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara D. Fischer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States America
| | - Pramod K. Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Waxham
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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269
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Wegierski T, Kuznicki J. Neuronal calcium signaling via store-operated channels in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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270
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Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Samandari M, Prakash G, Chandrabhatla G, Rellstab-Sánchez PI, Byambaa B, Abadi PPSS, Mandla S, Avery RK, Vallejo-Arroyo A, Nasajpour A, Annabi N, Zhang YS, Khademhosseini A. Chaotic printing: using chaos to fabricate densely packed micro- and nanostructures at high resolution and speed. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2018; 5:813-822. [PMID: 39119486 PMCID: PMC11309736 DOI: 10.1039/c8mh00344k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Nature generates densely packed micro- and nanostructures to enable key functionalities in cells, tissues, and other materials. Current fabrication techniques, due to limitations in resolution and speed, are far less effective at creating microstructures. Yet, the development of extensive amounts of surface area per unit volume will enable applications and manufacturing strategies not possible today. Here, we introduce chaotic printing-the use of chaotic flows for the rapid generation of complex, high-resolution microstructures. A simple and deterministic chaotic flow is induced in a viscous liquid, and its repeated stretching and folding action deforms an "ink" (i.e., a drop of a miscible liquid, fluorescent beads, or cells) at an exponential rate to render a densely packed lamellar microstructure that is then preserved by curing or photocrosslinking. This exponentially fast creation of fine microstructures exceeds the limits of resolution and speed of the currently available 3D printing techniques. Moreover, we show that the architecture of the microstructure to be created with chaotic printing can be predicted by mathematical modelling. We envision diverse applications for this technology, including the development of densely packed catalytic surfaces and highly complex multi-lamellar and multi-component tissue-like structures for biomedical and electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA. Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA. Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran
| | - Gyan Prakash
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Gouri Chandrabhatla
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Pamela Inés Rellstab-Sánchez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA. Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Batzaya Byambaa
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Parisa Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Serena Mandla
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Reginald K Avery
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Vallejo-Arroyo
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA. Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Amir Nasajpour
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115-5000, MA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
- KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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271
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Kirmiz M, Palacio S, Thapa P, King AN, Sack JT, Trimmer JS. Remodeling neuronal ER-PM junctions is a conserved nonconducting function of Kv2 plasma membrane ion channels. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2410-2432. [PMID: 30091655 PMCID: PMC6233057 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) form junctions crucial to ion and lipid signaling and homeostasis. The Kv2.1 ion channel is localized at ER–PM junctions in brain neurons and is unique among PM proteins in its ability to remodel these specialized membrane contact sites. Here, we show that this function is conserved between Kv2.1 and Kv2.2, which differ in their biophysical properties, modulation, and cellular expression. Kv2.2 ER–PM junctions are present at sites deficient in the actin cytoskeleton, and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton affects their spatial organization. Kv2.2-containing ER–PM junctions overlap with those formed by canonical ER–PM tethers. The ability of Kv2 channels to remodel ER–PM junctions is unchanged by point mutations that eliminate their ion conduction but eliminated by point mutations within the Kv2-specific proximal restriction and clustering (PRC) domain that do not impact their ion channel function. The highly conserved PRC domain is sufficient to transfer the ER–PM junction–remodeling function to another PM protein. Last, brain neurons in Kv2 double-knockout mice have altered ER–PM junctions. Together, these findings demonstrate a conserved in vivo function for Kv2 family members in remodeling neuronal ER–PM junctions that is distinct from their canonical role as ion-conducting channels shaping neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirmiz
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stephanie Palacio
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Parashar Thapa
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Anna N King
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jon T Sack
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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272
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Abstract
Our textbook image of organelles has changed. Instead of revealing isolated cellular compartments, the picture now emerging shows organelles as largely interdependent structures that can communicate through membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are sites where opposing organelles are tethered but do not fuse. MCSs provide a hybrid location where the tool kits of two different organelles can work together to perform vital cellular functions, such as lipid and ion transfer, signaling, and organelle division. Here, we focus on MCSs involving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle forming an extensive network of cisternae and tubules. We highlight how the dynamic ER network regulates a plethora of cellular processes through MCSs with various organelles and with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxi Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Pedro Carvalho
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.
| | - Gia K Voeltz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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273
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Stefan CJ. Building ER-PM contacts: keeping calm and ready on alarm. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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274
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wen Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510;
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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275
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Identification of VAPA and VAPB as Kv2 Channel-Interacting Proteins Defining Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Junctions in Mammalian Brain Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7562-7584. [PMID: 30012696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0893-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contacts between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM), or ER-PM junctions, are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and are platforms for lipid and calcium signaling and homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed proteins crucial to the formation and function of ER-PM junctions in non-neuronal cells, but little is known of the ER-PM junctions prominent in aspiny regions of mammalian brain neurons. The Kv2.1 voltage-gated potassium channel is abundantly clustered at ER-PM junctions in brain neurons and is the first PM protein that functions to organize ER-PM junctions. However, the molecular mechanism whereby Kv2.1 localizes to and remodels these junctions is unknown. We used affinity immunopurification and mass spectrometry-based proteomics on brain samples from male and female WT and Kv2.1 KO mice and identified the resident ER vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated proteins isoforms A and B (VAPA and VAPB) as prominent Kv2.1-associated proteins. Coexpression with Kv2.1 or its paralog Kv2.2 was sufficient to recruit VAPs to ER-PM junctions. Multiplex immunolabeling revealed colocalization of Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 with endogenous VAPs at ER-PM junctions in brain neurons from male and female mice in situ and in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, and KO of VAPA in mammalian cells reduces Kv2.1 clustering. The association of VAPA with Kv2.1 relies on a "two phenylalanines in an acidic tract" (FFAT) binding domain on VAPA and a noncanonical phosphorylation-dependent FFAT motif comprising the Kv2-specific clustering or PRC motif. These results suggest that Kv2.1 localizes to and organizes neuronal ER-PM junctions through an interaction with VAPs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our study identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated proteins isoforms A and B (VAPA and VAPB) as proteins copurifying with the plasma membrane (PM) Kv2.1 ion channel. We found that expression of Kv2.1 recruits VAPs to ER-PM junctions, specialized membrane contact sites crucial to distinct aspects of cell function. We found endogenous VAPs at Kv2.1-mediated ER-PM junctions in brain neurons and other mammalian cells and that knocking out VAPA expression disrupts Kv2.1 clustering. We identified domains of VAPs and Kv2.1 necessary and sufficient for their association at ER-PM junctions. Our study suggests that Kv2.1 expression in the PM can affect ER-PM junctions via its phosphorylation-dependent association to ER-localized VAPA and VAPB.
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276
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Breit M, Queisser G. What Is Required for Neuronal Calcium Waves? A Numerical Parameter Study. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 8:9. [PMID: 30006849 PMCID: PMC6045568 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-018-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal calcium signals propagating by simple diffusion and reaction with mobile and stationary buffers are limited to cellular microdomains. The distance intracellular calcium signals can travel may be significantly increased by means of calcium-induced calcium release from internal calcium stores, notably the endoplasmic reticulum. The organelle, which can be thought of as a cell-within-a-cell, is able to sequester large amounts of cytosolic calcium ions via SERCA pumps and selectively release them into the cytosol through ryanodine receptor channels leading to the formation of calcium waves. In this study, we set out to investigate the basic properties of such dendritic calcium waves and how they depend on the three parameters dendrite radius, ER radius and ryanodine receptor density in the endoplasmic membrane. We demonstrate that there are stable and abortive regimes for calcium waves, depending on the above morphological and physiological parameters. In stable regimes, calcium waves can travel across long dendritic distances, similar to electrical action potentials. We further observe that abortive regimes exist, which could be relevant for spike-timing dependent plasticity, as travel distances and wave velocities vary with changing intracellular architecture. For some of these regimes, analytic functions could be derived that fit the simulation data. In parameter spaces, that are non-trivially influenced by the three-dimensional calcium concentration profile, we were not able to derive such a functional description, demonstrating the mathematical requirement to model and simulate biochemical signaling in three-dimensional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breit
- G-CSC, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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277
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Stassart RM, Möbius W, Nave KA, Edgar JM. The Axon-Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:467. [PMID: 30050403 PMCID: PMC6050401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are electrically excitable, cable-like neuronal processes that relay information between neurons within the nervous system and between neurons and peripheral target tissues. In the central and peripheral nervous systems, most axons over a critical diameter are enwrapped by myelin, which reduces internodal membrane capacitance and facilitates rapid conduction of electrical impulses. The spirally wrapped myelin sheath, which is an evolutionary specialisation of vertebrates, is produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells; in most mammals myelination occurs during postnatal development and after axons have established connection with their targets. Myelin covers the vast majority of the axonal surface, influencing the axon's physical shape, the localisation of molecules on its membrane and the composition of the extracellular fluid (in the periaxonal space) that immerses it. Moreover, myelinating cells play a fundamental role in axonal support, at least in part by providing metabolic substrates to the underlying axon to fuel its energy requirements. The unique architecture of the myelinated axon, which is crucial to its function as a conduit over long distances, renders it particularly susceptible to injury and confers specific survival and maintenance requirements. In this review we will describe the normal morphology, ultrastructure and function of myelinated axons, and discuss how these change following disease, injury or experimental perturbation, with a particular focus on the role the myelinating cell plays in shaping and supporting the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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278
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Abstract
Photoreceptor chromophore, 11-cis retinal (11CR) and the photoproduct, all-trans retinal (ATR), are present in the retina at higher concentrations and interact with the visual cells. Non-visual cells in the body are also exposed to retinal that enters the circulation. Although the cornea and the lens of the eye are transparent to the blue light region where retinal can absorb and undergo excitation, the reported phototoxicity in the eye has been assigned to lipophilic non-degradable materials known as lipofuscins, which also includes retinal condensation products. The possibility of blue light excited retinal interacting with cells; intercepting signaling in the presence or absence of light has not been explored. Using live cell imaging and optogenetic signaling control, we uncovered that blue light-excited ATR and 11CR irreversibly change/distort plasma membrane (PM) bound phospholipid; phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) and disrupt its function. This distortion in PIP2 was independent of visual or non-visual G-protein coupled receptor activation. The change in PIP2 was followed by an increase in the cytosolic calcium, excessive cell shape change, and cell death. Blue light alone or retinal alone did not perturb PIP2 or elicit cytosolic calcium increase. Our data also suggest that photoexcited retinal-induced PIP2 distortion and subsequent oxidative damage incur in the core of the PM. These findings suggest that retinal exerts light sensitivity to both photoreceptor and non-photoreceptor cells, and intercepts crucial signaling events, altering the cellular fate.
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279
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Cohen S, Valm AM, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Interacting organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:84-91. [PMID: 30006038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are organized into membrane-bound organelles. These organelles communicate with one another through vesicular trafficking pathways and membrane contact sites (MCSs). MCSs are sites of close apposition between two or more organelles that play diverse roles in the exchange of metabolites, lipids and proteins. Organelle interactions at MCSs also are important for organelle division and biogenesis. For example, the division of several organelles, including mitochondria and endosomes, seem to be regulated by contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, the biogenesis of autophagosomes and peroxisomes involves contributions from the ER and multiple other cellular compartments. Thus, organelle-organelle interactions allow cells to alter the shape and activities of their membrane-bound compartments, allowing them to cope with different developmental and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alex M Valm
- University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
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280
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Kv2 potassium channels form endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane junctions via interaction with VAPA and VAPB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7331-E7340. [PMID: 29941597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805757115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kv2.1 exhibits two distinct forms of localization patterns on the neuronal plasma membrane: One population is freely diffusive and regulates electrical activity via voltage-dependent K+ conductance while a second one localizes to micrometer-sized clusters that contain densely packed, but nonconducting, channels. We have previously established that these clusters represent endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane (ER/PM) junctions that function as membrane trafficking hubs and that Kv2.1 plays a structural role in forming these membrane contact sites in both primary neuronal cultures and transfected HEK cells. Clustering and the formation of ER/PM contacts are regulated by phosphorylation within the channel C terminus, offering cells fast, dynamic control over the physical relationship between the cortical ER and PM. The present study addresses the mechanisms by which Kv2.1 and the related Kv2.2 channel interact with the ER membrane. Using proximity-based biotinylation techniques in transfected HEK cells we identified ER VAMP-associated proteins (VAPs) as potential Kv2.1 interactors. Confirmation that Kv2.1 and -2.2 bind VAPA and VAPB employed colocalization/redistribution, siRNA knockdown, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assays. CD4 chimeras containing sequence from the Kv2.1 C terminus were used to identify a noncanonical VAP-binding motif. VAPs were first identified as proteins required for neurotransmitter release in Aplysia and are now known to be abundant scaffolding proteins involved in membrane contact site formation throughout the ER. The VAP interactome includes AKAPs, kinases, membrane trafficking machinery, and proteins regulating nonvesicular lipid transport from the ER to the PM. Therefore, the Kv2-induced VAP concentration at ER/PM contact sites is predicted to have wide-ranging effects on neuronal cell biology.
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281
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Lee A, Hirabayashi Y, Kwon SK, Lewis TL, Polleux F. Emerging roles of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and neurodegeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 3:82-93. [PMID: 30320242 PMCID: PMC6178220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play numerous critical physiological functions in neurons including ATP production, Ca2+ regulation, lipid synthesis, ROS signaling, and the ability to trigger apoptosis. Recently developed technologies, including in vivo 2-photon imaging in awake behaving mice revealed that unlike in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), mitochondrial transport decreases strikingly along the axons of adult neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the improvements of genetically-encoded biosensors have enabled precise monitoring of the spatial and temporal impact of mitochondria on Ca2+, ATP and ROS homeostasis in a compartment-specific manner. Here, we discuss recent findings that begin to unravel novel physiological and pathophysiological properties of neuronal mitochondria at synapses. We also suggest new directions in the exploration of mitochondrial function in synaptic transmission, plasticity and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Yusuke Hirabayashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Tommy L. Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University
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282
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Abstract
A portfolio is presented documenting economic, high-resolution correlative focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) in routine, comprising: (i) the use of custom-labeled slides and coverslips, (ii) embedding of cells in thin, or ultra-thin resin layers for correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) and (iii) the claim to reach the highest resolution possible with FIB/SEM in xyz. Regions of interest (ROIs) defined in light microscope (LM), can be relocated quickly and precisely in SEM. As proof of principle, HeLa cells were investigated in 3D context at all stages of the cell cycle, documenting ultrastructural changes during mitosis: nuclear envelope breakdown and reassembly, Golgi degradation and reconstitution and the formation of the midzone and midbody.
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283
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Converging cellular themes for the hereditary spastic paraplegias. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 51:139-146. [PMID: 29753924 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are neurologic disorders characterized by prominent lower-extremity spasticity, resulting from a length-dependent axonopathy of corticospinal upper motor neurons. They are among the most genetically-diverse neurologic disorders, with >80 distinct genetic loci and over 60 identified genes. Studies investigating the molecular pathogenesis underlying HSPs have emphasized the importance of converging cellular pathogenic themes in the most common forms of HSP, providing compelling targets for therapy. Most notably, these include organelle shaping and biogenesis as well as membrane and cargo trafficking.
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284
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Fermie J, Liv N, Ten Brink C, van Donselaar EG, Müller WH, Schieber NL, Schwab Y, Gerritsen HC, Klumperman J. Single organelle dynamics linked to 3D structure by correlative live-cell imaging and 3D electron microscopy. Traffic 2018; 19:354-369. [PMID: 29451726 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Live-cell correlative light-electron microscopy (live-cell-CLEM) integrates live movies with the corresponding electron microscopy (EM) image, but a major challenge is to relate the dynamic characteristics of single organelles to their 3-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure. Here, we introduce focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) in a modular live-cell-CLEM pipeline for a single organelle CLEM. We transfected cells with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-green fluorescent protein (LAMP-1-GFP), analyzed the dynamics of individual GFP-positive spots, and correlated these to their corresponding fine-architecture and immediate cellular environment. By FIB-SEM we quantitatively assessed morphological characteristics, like number of intraluminal vesicles and contact sites with endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Hence, we present a novel way to integrate multiple parameters of subcellular dynamics and architecture onto a single organelle, which is relevant to address biological questions related to membrane trafficking, organelle biogenesis and positioning. Furthermore, by using CLEM to select regions of interest, our method allows for targeted FIB-SEM, which significantly reduces time required for image acquisition and data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Fermie
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corlinda Ten Brink
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly G van Donselaar
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wally H Müller
- Section Cryo-EM, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Section Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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285
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Machado SR, Gregório EA, Rodrigues TM. Structural associations between organelle membranes in nectary parenchyma cells. PLANTA 2018; 247:1067-1076. [PMID: 29344723 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The close association between membranes and organelles, and the intense chloroplast remodeling in parenchyma cells of extrafloral nectaries occurred only at the secretion time and suggest a relationship with the nectar secretion. Associations between membranes and organelles have been well documented in different tissues and cells of plants, but poorly explored in secretory cells. Here, we described the close physical juxtaposition between membranes and organelles, mainly with chloroplasts, in parenchyma cells of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaeceae) extrafloral nectaries under transmission electron microscopy, using conventional and microwave fixation. At the time of nectar secretion, nectary parenchyma cells exhibit a multitude of different organelle and membrane associations as mitochondria-mitochondria, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria-chloroplast, chloroplast-nuclear envelope, mitochondria-nuclear envelope, chloroplast-plasmalemma, chloroplast-chloroplast, chloroplast-tonoplast, chloroplast-peroxisome, and mitochondria-peroxisome. These associations were visualized as amorphous electron-dense material, a network of dense fibrillar material and/or dense bridges. Chloroplasts exhibited protrusions variable in shape and extension, which bring them closer to each other and to plasmalemma, tonoplast, and nuclear envelope. Parenchyma cells in the pre- and post-secretory stages did not exhibit any association or juxtaposition of membranes and organelles, and chloroplast protrusions were absent. Chloroplasts had peripheral reticulum that was more developed in the secretory stage. We propose that such subcellular phenomena during the time of nectar secretion optimize the movement of signaling molecules and the exchange of metabolites. Our results open new avenues on the potential mechanisms of organelle contact in parenchyma nectary cells, and reveal new attributes of the secretory cells on the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisa A Gregório
- Center of Electron Microscopy (CME), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M Rodrigues
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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286
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Tao-Cheng JH. Activity-dependent decrease in contact areas between subsurface cisterns and plasma membrane of hippocampal neurons. Mol Brain 2018; 11:23. [PMID: 29661253 PMCID: PMC5902880 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsurface cistern (SSC) in neuronal soma and primary dendrites is a specialized compartment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is in close apposition (10 nm) with the plasma membrane (PM). ER-PM contact areas are thought to be involved in intracellular calcium regulation. Here, structural changes of SSC in hippocampal neurons were examined by electron microscopy upon depolarization with high K+ (90 mM) or application of NMDA (50 μM) in rat dissociated cultures as well as organotypic slice cultures. The number and average length of SSC-PM contact areas in neuronal somas significantly decreased within 30 s under excitatory condition. This decrease in SSC-PM contact area progressed with time and was reversible. These results demonstrate a structural decoupling between the SSC and the PM upon stimulation, suggesting that there may be a functional decoupling of the calcium regulation. Because SSC-PM contact areas may mediate calcium influx, the decrease in contact area may protect neurons from calcium overload upon heightened stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- NINDS Electron Microscopy Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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287
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Bourke AM, Bowen AB, Kennedy MJ. New approaches for solving old problems in neuronal protein trafficking. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:48-66. [PMID: 29649542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental cellular properties are determined by the repertoire and abundance of proteins displayed on the cell surface. As such, the trafficking mechanisms for establishing and maintaining the surface proteome must be tightly regulated for cells to respond appropriately to extracellular cues, yet plastic enough to adapt to ever-changing environments. Not only are the identity and abundance of surface proteins critical, but in many cases, their regulated spatial positioning within surface nanodomains can greatly impact their function. In the context of neuronal cell biology, surface levels and positioning of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors play essential roles in establishing important properties, including cellular excitability and synaptic strength. Here we review our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that control the abundance and localization of proteins important for synaptic function and plasticity, as well as recent technological advances that are allowing the field to investigate protein trafficking with increasing spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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288
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González C, Cornejo VH, Couve A. Golgi bypass for local delivery of axonal proteins, fact or fiction? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:9-14. [PMID: 29631154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although translation of cytosolic proteins is well described in axons, much less is known about the synthesis, processing and trafficking of transmembrane and secreted proteins. A canonical rough endoplasmic reticulum or a stacked Golgi apparatus has not been detected in axons, generating doubts about the functionality of a local route. However, axons contain mRNAs for membrane and secreted proteins, translation factors, ribosomal components, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and post-endoplasmic reticulum elements that may contribute to local biosynthesis and plasma membrane delivery. Here we consider the evidence supporting a local secretory system in axons. We discuss exocytic elements and examples of autonomous axonal trafficking that impact development and maintenance. We also examine whether unconventional post-endoplasmic reticulum pathways may replace the canonical Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina González
- Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Víctor Hugo Cornejo
- Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Andrés Couve
- Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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289
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Riehm JJ, Wang L, Ghadge G, Teng M, Correa AM, Marks JD, Roos RP, Allen MJ. Poloxamer 188 decreases membrane toxicity of mutant SOD1 and ameliorates pathology observed in SOD1 mouse model for ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 115:115-126. [PMID: 29627580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report a gain in function for mutant (mt) superoxide dismutase I (SOD1), a cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), wherein small soluble oligomers of mtSOD1 acquire a membrane toxicity. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipid domains are selectively targeted, which could result in membrane damage or "toxic channels" becoming active in the bilayer. This PG-selective SOD1-mediated membrane toxicity is largely reversible in vitro by a widely-available FDA-approved surfactant and membrane-stabilizer P188. Treatment of G93ASOD1 transgenic mice with P188 significantly delayed symptoms onset, extended survival and decreased motoneuron death. The use of P188 or an analogue, which targets mtSOD1 misfolding-induced membrane toxicity, may provide a new direction for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Riehm
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ghanashyam Ghadge
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Teng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana M Correa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy D Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raymond P Roos
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Michael J Allen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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290
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Abstract
Lysosomes support diverse cellular functions by acting as sites of macromolecule degradation and nutrient recycling. The degradative abilities of lysosomes are conferred by a lumen that is characterized by an acidic pH and which contains numerous hydrolases that support the breakdown of major cellular macromolecules to yield cellular building blocks (amino acids, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids and metals) that are transported into the cytoplasm for their re-use. In addition to these important hydrolytic and recycling functions, lysosomes also serve as a signaling platform that integrates nutrient and metabolic cues to control signaling via the mTORC1 pathway. Due to their extreme longevity, polarity, demands of neurotransmission and metabolic activity, neurons are particularly sensitive to perturbations in lysosome function. The dependence of neurons on optimal lysosome function is highlighted by insights from human genetics that link lysosome dysfunction to a wide range of both rare and common neurological diseases. How then is lysosome function adapted to the unique demands of neurons? This review will focus on the roles played by lysosomes in distinct neuronal sub-compartments, the regulation of neuronal lysosome sub-cellular localization and the implications of such neuronal lysosome regulation for both physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States.
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291
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Kim J, Haque MN, Goo TW, Moon IS. Alleviation of Hippocampal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Allomyrina dichotoma Larvae Extract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:633-650. [PMID: 29595074 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress results in synaptic dysfunction and eventually leads to neurodegeneration. Allomyrina dichotoma larvae are a Chinese ethnomedicine and are widely used in East Asia. In the present study, we investigated the ability of ethanol extract of A. dichotoma larvae (ADE) to improve synaptic structure and function by activating unfolded protein response (UPR) under ER stress in animal and neuron culture models. ER stress was induced in obese mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) or by treating dissociated cultures of rat embryonic (E19) hippocampal neurons with tunicamycin (TM). Western blot and real-time or conventional RT-PCR were performed to analyze the expressions of ER stress marker proteins. In dissociated hippocampal cultures, immunocytochemistry was performed for synaptic proteins, and cultures were stained with styryl dye FM1-43 to assess presynaptic activities. In HFD-fed obese mice, ADE efficiently reduced the expressions of ER stress markers, such as, xbp-1, chop, atf4, erdi4, and eIf2a, and those of the ER chaperone/foldases Bip/grp78, Ero-1l, and PDI. Unconventionally spliced xbp-1s mRNA was not detected. In primary rat hippocampal cultures under ER stress, ADE significantly lowered the nuclear expression of CHOP, inhibited the downregulations of postsynaptic proteins, such as, GluN2A, GluN2B, and PSD-95, and maintained the pool size of recycling presynaptic vesicles. The study shows that ADE potently suppressed the induction of ER stress and maintained the structure and function of hippocampal neurons, and suggests that ADE is a potentially valuable food supplement and preventive therapeutic for ER stress-related nervous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwan Kim
- * Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nazmul Haque
- * Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- † Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Soo Moon
- * Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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292
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Gruber L, Rybak J, Hansson BS, Cantera R. Synaptic Spinules in the Olfactory Circuit of Drosophila melanogaster. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:86. [PMID: 29636666 PMCID: PMC5880883 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on ultrastructural features of brain synapses in the fly Drosophila melanogaster and outline a perspective for the study of their functional significance. Images taken with the aid of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (EM) at 20 nm intervals across olfactory glomerulus DA2 revealed that some synaptic boutons are penetrated by protrusions emanating from other neurons. Similar structures in the brain of mammals are known as synaptic spinules. A survey with transmission EM (TEM) disclosed that these structures are frequent throughout the antennal lobe. Detailed neuronal tracings revealed that spinules are formed by all three major types of neurons innervating glomerulus DA2 but the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) receive significantly more spinules than other olfactory neurons. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) that appear to represent material that has pinched-off from spinules are also most abundant in presynaptic boutons of OSNs. Inside the host neuron, a close association was observed between spinules, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. We propose that by releasing material into the host neuron, through a process triggered by synaptic activity and analogous to axonal pruning, synaptic spinules could function as a mechanism for synapse tagging, synaptic remodeling and neural plasticity. Future directions of experimental work to investigate this theory are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gruber
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG)Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rybak
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG)Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPG)Jena, Germany
| | - Rafael Cantera
- Departamento de Biología del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE)Montevideo, Uruguay.,Zoology Department, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
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293
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Csordás G, Weaver D, Hajnóczky G. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Contactology: Structure and Signaling Functions. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:523-540. [PMID: 29588129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interorganellar contacts are increasingly recognized as central to the control of cellular behavior. These contacts, which typically involve a small fraction of the endomembrane surface, are local communication hubs that resemble synapses. We propose the term contactology to denote the analysis of interorganellar contacts. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with mitochondria were recognized several decades ago; major roles in ion and lipid transfer, signaling, and membrane dynamics have been established, while others continue to emerge. The functional diversity of ER-mitochondrial (ER-mito) contacts is mirrored in their structural heterogeneity, with subspecialization likely supported by multiple, different linker-forming protein structures. The nanoscale size of the contacts has made studying their structure, function, and dynamics difficult. This review focuses on the structure of the ER-mito contacts, methods for studying them, and the roles of contacts in Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Csordás
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David Weaver
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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294
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Kucharz K, Lauritzen M. CaMKII-dependent endoplasmic reticulum fission by whisker stimulation and during cortical spreading depolarization. Brain 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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295
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Regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking and exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:3-9. [PMID: 29545119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of the brain is its ability to modify its function in response to its own activity. This ability for self-modification depends to a large extent on synaptic plasticity. It is now appreciated that for excitatory synapses, a significant part of synaptic plasticity depends upon changes in the post synaptic response to glutamate released from nerve terminals. Modification of the post synaptic response depends, in turn, on changes in the abundances of AMPA receptors in the post synaptic membrane. In this review, we consider mechanisms of trafficking of AMPA receptors to and from synapses that take place in the early trafficking stages, starting in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and continuing into the secretory pathway. We consider mechanisms of AMPA receptor assembly in the ER, highlighting the role of protein synthesis and the selective properties of specific AMPA receptor subunits, as well as regulation of ER exit, including the roles of chaperones and accessory proteins and the incorporation of AMPA receptors into COPII vesicles. We consider these processes in the context of the mechanism of mGluR LTD and discuss a compelling role for the dendritic ER membrane that is found proximal to synapses. The review illustrates the important, yet little studied, contribution of the early stages of AMPA receptor trafficking to synaptic plasticity.
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296
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Napper RMA. Total Number Is Important: Using the Disector Method in Design-Based Stereology to Understand the Structure of the Rodent Brain. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:16. [PMID: 29556178 PMCID: PMC5844935 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of using design-based stereology in the collection of quantitative data, have been highlighted, in numerous publications, since the description of the disector method by Sterio (1984). This review article discusses the importance of total number derived with the disector method, as a key variable that must continue to be used to understand the rodent brain and that such data can be used to develop quantitative networks of the brain. The review article will highlight the huge impact total number has had on our understanding of the rodent brain and it will suggest that neuroscientists need to be aware of the increasing number of studies where density, not total number, is the quantitative measure used. It will emphasize that density can result in data that is misleading, most often in an unknown direction, and that we run the risk of this type of data being accepted into the collective neuroscience knowledge database. It will also suggest that design-based stereology using the disector method, can be used alongside recent developments in electron microscopy, such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to obtain total number data very efficiently at the ultrastructural level. Throughout the article total number is discussed as a key parameter in understanding the micro-networks of the rodent brain as they can be represented as both anatomical and quantitative networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M A Napper
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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297
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Altered Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis Underlying Enhanced Glutamatergic Transmission in Striatal-Enriched Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8084-8102. [PMID: 29508281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific phosphatase involved in synaptic transmission. The current hypothesis on STEP function holds that it opposes synaptic strengthening by dephosphorylating and inactivating key neuronal proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling, such as the MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38, as well as the tyrosine kinase Fyn. Although STEP has a predominant role at the post-synaptic level, it is also expressed in nerve terminals. To better investigate its physiological role at the presynaptic level, we functionally investigated brain synaptosomes and autaptic hippocampal neurons from STEP knockout (KO) mice. Synaptosomes purified from mutant mice were characterized by an increased basal and evoked glutamate release compared with wild-type animals. Under resting conditions, STEP KO synaptosomes displayed increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels accompanied by an enhanced basal activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMKII) and hyperphosphorylation of synapsin I at CaMKII sites. Moreover, STEP KO hippocampal neurons exhibit an increase of excitatory synaptic strength attributable to an increased size of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. These results provide new evidence that STEP plays an important role at nerve terminals in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and neurotransmitter release.
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298
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Gómez-Suaga P, Bravo-San Pedro JM, González-Polo RA, Fuentes JM, Niso-Santano M. ER-mitochondria signaling in Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 29497039 PMCID: PMC5832754 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria form close physical contacts with a specialized domain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM). This association constitutes a key signaling hub to regulate several fundamental cellular processes. Alterations in ER-mitochondria signaling have pleiotropic effects on a variety of intracellular events resulting in mitochondrial damage, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ER stress and defects in lipid metabolism and autophagy. Intriguingly, many of these cellular processes are perturbed in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, increasing evidence highlights that ER-mitochondria signaling contributes to these diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, for which effective mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Several PD-related proteins localize at mitochondria or MAM and have been shown to participate in ER-mitochondria signaling regulation. Likewise, PD-related mutations have been shown to damage this signaling. Could ER-mitochondria associations be the link between pathogenic mechanisms involved in PD, providing a common mechanism? Would this provide a pharmacological target for treating this devastating disease? In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of ER-mitochondria signaling and the recent evidence concerning damage to this signaling in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gómez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - José M Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
- INSERM U1138, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosa A González-Polo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José M Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 18100, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura. Avda. De la Universidad S/N, C.P, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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299
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Terasaki M. Axonal endoplasmic reticulum is very narrow. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210450. [PMID: 29361544 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected network of tubules and sheets. In most tissues of the body, ER tubules have a diameter of ∼60 nm. Using new methods for serial-section electron microscopy, a distinct class of very narrow, 20- to 30-nm-diameter tubules were found in neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system. The narrow tubules appear to be the most abundant form of ER in axons, and are also found interspersed in the cell bodies and dendrites. At the site of branch points, there is a small sheet that has a similarly narrow lumen. The narrowness of the ER is likely to be important for the as yet poorly characterized functions of the axonal ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Terasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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300
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Mathur C, Johnson KR, Tong BA, Miranda P, Srikumar D, Basilio D, Latorre R, Bezanilla F, Holmgren M. Demonstration of ion channel synthesis by isolated squid giant axon provides functional evidence for localized axonal membrane protein translation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2207. [PMID: 29396520 PMCID: PMC5797086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Local translation of membrane proteins in neuronal subcellular domains like soma, dendrites and axon termini is well-documented. In this study, we isolated the electrical signaling unit of an axon by dissecting giant axons from mature squids (Dosidicus gigas). Axoplasm extracted from these axons was found to contain ribosomal RNAs, ~8000 messenger RNA species, many encoding the translation machinery, membrane proteins, translocon and signal recognition particle (SRP) subunits, endomembrane-associated proteins, and unprecedented proportions of SRP RNA (~68% identical to human homolog). While these components support endoplasmic reticulum-dependent protein synthesis, functional assessment of a newly synthesized membrane protein in axolemma of an isolated axon is technically challenging. Ion channels are ideal proteins for this purpose because their functional dynamics can be directly evaluated by applying voltage clamp across the axon membrane. We delivered in vitro transcribed RNA encoding native or Drosophila voltage-activated Shaker KV channel into excised squid giant axons. We found that total K+ currents increased in both cases; with added inactivation kinetics on those axons injected with RNA encoding the Shaker channel. These results provide unambiguous evidence that isolated axons can exhibit de novo synthesis, assembly and membrane incorporation of fully functional oligomeric membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Mathur
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Brian A Tong
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Pablo Miranda
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Deepa Srikumar
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Basilio
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7750000, Chile
| | - Ramon Latorre
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2366103, Chile.
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA.
| | - Miguel Holmgren
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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