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Van Wyngene L, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Reprogramming of basic metabolic pathways in microbial sepsis: therapeutic targets at last? EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8712. [PMID: 29976786 PMCID: PMC6079534 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly lethal and urgent unmet medical need. It is the result of a complex interplay of several pathways, including inflammation, immune activation, hypoxia, and metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, the regulation and the impact of the latter have become better understood in which the highly catabolic status during sepsis and its similarity with starvation responses appear to be essential in the poor prognosis in sepsis. It seems logical that new interventions based on the recognition of new therapeutic targets in the key metabolic pathways should be developed and may have a good chance to penetrate to the bedside. In this review, we concentrate on the pathological changes in metabolism, observed during sepsis, and the presumed underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the level of the organism and the interplay between different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Van Wyngene
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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252
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Perrin-Cocon L, Aublin-Gex A, Diaz O, Ramière C, Peri F, André P, Lotteau V. Toll-like Receptor 4-Induced Glycolytic Burst in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Results from p38-Dependent Stabilization of HIF-1α and Increased Hexokinase II Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1510-1521. [PMID: 30037846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell metabolism now appears as an essential regulator of immune cells activation. In particular, TLR stimulation triggers metabolic reprogramming of dendritic cells (DCs) with an increased glycolytic flux, whereas inhibition of glycolysis alters their functional activation. The molecular mechanisms involved in the control of glycolysis upon TLR stimulation are poorly understood for human DCs. TLR4 activation of human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) stimulated glycolysis with an increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Global hexokinase (HK) activity, controlling the initial rate-limiting step of glycolysis, was also increased. TLR4-induced glycolytic burst correlated with a differential modulation of HK isoenzymes. LPS strongly enhanced the expression of HK2, whereas HK3 was reduced, HK1 remained unchanged, and HK4 was not expressed. Expression of the other rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes was not significantly increased. Exploring the signaling pathways involved in LPS-induced glycolysis with various specific inhibitors, we observed that only the inhibitors of p38-MAPK (SB203580) and of HIF-1α DNA binding (echinomycin) reduced both the glycolytic activity and production of cytokines triggered by TLR4 stimulation. In addition, LPS-induced HK2 expression required p38-MAPK-dependent HIF-1α accumulation and transcriptional activity. TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 stimulation increased glucose consumption by MoDCs through alternate mechanisms that are independent of p38-MAPK activation. TBK1 contributed to glycolysis regulation when DCs were stimulated via TLR2/6. Therefore, our results indicate that TLR4-dependent upregulation of glycolysis in human MoDCs involves a p38-MAPK-dependent HIF-1α accumulation, leading to an increased HK activity supported by enhanced HK2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Perrin-Cocon
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Biologie Cellulaire des Infections Virales, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; and
| | - Anne Aublin-Gex
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Biologie Cellulaire des Infections Virales, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; and
| | - Olivier Diaz
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Biologie Cellulaire des Infections Virales, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; and
| | - Christophe Ramière
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Biologie Cellulaire des Infections Virales, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; and
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Biologie Cellulaire des Infections Virales, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; and
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Biologie Cellulaire des Infections Virales, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; and
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253
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Gaber T, Chen Y, Krauß PL, Buttgereit F. Metabolism of T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:95-148. [PMID: 30635095 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses that occur in infection, cancer, and autoimmune as well as allergic diseases involve the participation of T cells. T cells travel throughout the body searching for antigens, which are recognized via the major histocompatibility complexes. In the healthy organism, these T cells maintain metabolic quiescence until they encounter a potentially cognate antigen. Once activated, e.g., during an infection or tissue damage, T cells switch their metabolic program to gain energy and building blocks to maintain cellular homeostasis and to fulfill their specific immune functions involving clonal expansion and/or differentiation into effector and memory T cells to ultimately ensure host survival. Thus, differences in metabolism in healthy and pathogenic T cells provide an explanation for dysfunctionality of T-cell responses in metabolic disorders, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on T-cell metabolism during the maintenance of homeostasis, activation, and differentiation as well as over the course of time that memory is generated in health and in diseased states such as autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gaber
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuling Chen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Krauß
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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254
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Sirtuin1 Targeting Reverses Innate and Adaptive Immune Tolerance in Septic Mice. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2402593. [PMID: 30069485 PMCID: PMC6057336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2402593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance and tolerance to infection are two universal fitness and survival strategies used by inflammation and immunity in organisms and cells to guard homeostasis. During sepsis, however, both strategies fail, and animal and human victims often die from combined innate and adaptive immune suppression with persistent bacterial and viral infections. NAD+-sensing nuclear sirtuin1 (SIRT1) epigenetically guards immune and metabolic homeostasis during sepsis. Pharmacologically inhibiting SIRT1 deacetylase activity in septic mice reverses monocyte immune tolerance, clears infection, rebalances glycolysis and glucose oxidation, resolves organ dysfunction, and prevents most septic deaths. Whether SIRT1 inhibition during sepsis treatment concomitantly reverses innate and T cell antigen-specific immune tolerance is unknown. Here, we show that treating septic mice with a SIRT1 selective inhibitor concordantly reverses immune tolerance splenic dendritic and antigen-specific tolerance of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. SIRT1 inhibition also increases the ratio of IL12 p40+ and TNFα proinflammatory/immune to IL10 and TGFβ anti-inflammatory/immune cytokines and decreases the ratio of CD4+ TReg repressor to CD4+ activator T cells. These findings support the unifying concept that nuclear NAD+ sensor SIRT1 broadly coordinates innate and adaptive immune reprogramming during sepsis and is a druggable immunometabolic enhancement target.
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255
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Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, Swaggerty CL, He H, Broom L. Inflammatory phenotypes in the intestine of poultry: not all inflammation is created equal. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2339-2346. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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256
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Perspectives on the physiological roles of microRNAs in immune-metabolism: Where are we now? Cancer Lett 2018; 426:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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257
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Loftus RM, Assmann N, Kedia-Mehta N, O'Brien KL, Garcia A, Gillespie C, Hukelmann JL, Oefner PJ, Lamond AI, Gardiner CM, Dettmer K, Cantrell DA, Sinclair LV, Finlay DK. Amino acid-dependent cMyc expression is essential for NK cell metabolic and functional responses in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2341. [PMID: 29904050 PMCID: PMC6002377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with important anti-tumour functions. Cytokine activation of NK cell glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are essential for robust NK cell responses. However, the mechanisms leading to this metabolic phenotype are unclear. Here we show that the transcription factor cMyc is essential for IL-2/IL-12-induced metabolic and functional responses in mice. cMyc protein levels are acutely regulated by amino acids; cMyc protein is lost rapidly when glutamine is withdrawn or when system L-amino acid transport is blocked. We identify SLC7A5 as the predominant system L-amino acid transporter in activated NK cells. Unlike other lymphocyte subsets, glutaminolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle do not sustain OXPHOS in activated NK cells. Glutamine withdrawal, but not the inhibition of glutaminolysis, results in the loss of cMyc protein, reduced cell growth and impaired NK cell responses. These data identify an essential role for amino acid-controlled cMyc for NK cell metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín M Loftus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nadine Assmann
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nidhi Kedia-Mehta
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katie L O'Brien
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Arianne Garcia
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Conor Gillespie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jens L Hukelmann
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.,Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Clair M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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258
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Denson LA, Jurickova I, Karns R, Shaw KA, Cutler DJ, Okou D, Dodd A, Quinn K, Mondal K, Aronow BJ, Haberman Y, Linn A, Price A, Bezold R, Lake K, Jackson K, Walters TD, Griffiths A, Baldassano RN, Noe JD, Hyams JS, Crandall WV, Kirschner BS, Heyman MB, Snapper S, Guthery SL, Dubinsky MC, Leleiko NS, Otley AR, Xavier RJ, Stevens C, Daly MJ, Zwick ME, Kugathasan S. Clinical and Genomic Correlates of Neutrophil Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Pediatric Patients With Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:2097-2110. [PMID: 29454792 PMCID: PMC5985211 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Individuals with monogenic disorders of phagocyte function develop chronic colitis that resembles Crohn's disease (CD). We tested for associations between mutations in genes encoding reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, neutrophil function, and phenotypes of CD in pediatric patients. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequence analysis to identify mutations in genes encoding NADPH oxidases (such as CYBA, CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4, RAC1, and RAC2) using DNA from 543 pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Blood samples were collected from an additional 129 pediatric patients with CD and 26 children without IBD (controls); we performed assays for neutrophil activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and bacteria uptake and killing. Whole-exome sequence analysis was performed using DNA from 46 of the children with CD to examine associations with NADPH gene mutations; RNA sequence analyses were performed using blood cells from 46 children with CD to test for variations in neutrophil gene expression associated with ROS production. RESULTS We identified 26 missense mutations in CYBA, CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, and NCF4. Patients with CD who carried mutations in these genes were 3-fold more likely to have perianal disease (P = .0008) and stricturing complications (P = .002) than children with CD without these mutations. Among patients with CD with none of these mutations, 9% had undergone abdominal surgery; among patients with mutations in these NADPH oxidase genes, 31% had undergone abdominal surgery (P = .0004). A higher proportion of neutrophils from children with CD had low ROS production (47%) than from controls (15%) among the 129 patients tested for ROS (P = .002). Minor alleles of the NADPH genes were detected in 7% of children with CD whose neutrophils produced normal levels of ROS vs 38% of children whose neutrophils produced low levels of ROS (P = .009). Neutrophils that produced low levels of ROS had specific alterations in genes that regulate glucose metabolism and antimicrobial responses. CONCLUSIONS We identified missense mutations in genes that encode NADPH oxidases in children with CD; these were associated with a more aggressive disease course and reduced ROS production by neutrophils from the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A. Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,to whom correspondence should be addressed: MLC 2010, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, Tel: 513-636-7575, Fax: 513-636-5581,
| | - Ingrid Jurickova
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly A. Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Okou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne Dodd
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn Quinn
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kajari Mondal
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yael Haberman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Linn
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam Price
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ramona Bezold
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen Lake
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Jackson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas D. Walters
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert N. Baldassano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D. Noe
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Wallace V. Crandall
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Melvin B. Heyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott Snapper
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Neal S. Leleiko
- Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anthony R. Otley
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark J. Daly
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael E. Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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259
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Krzywinska E, Stockmann C. Hypoxia, Metabolism and Immune Cell Function. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E56. [PMID: 29762526 PMCID: PMC6027519 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of inflamed, infected or damaged tissue, and the adaptation to inadequate tissue oxygenation is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are key mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia, but they are also associated with pathological stress such as inflammation, bacteriological infection or cancer. In addition, HIFs are central regulators of many innate and adaptive immunological functions, including migration, antigen presentation, production of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides, phagocytosis as well as cellular metabolic reprogramming. A characteristic feature of immune cells is their ability to infiltrate and operate in tissues with low level of nutrients and oxygen. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of HIFs in the function of innate and adaptive immune cells in hypoxia, with a focus on how hypoxia modulates immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krzywinska
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Unit 970, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Christian Stockmann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Unit 970, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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260
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A Flow Cytometry-Based Protocol to Measure Lymphocyte Viability Upon Metabolic Stress. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29480493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7598-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Distinct lymphocyte subpopulations display discrete metabolic profiles and are differently affected by metabolic resource variations, making the analysis of lymphocyte survival in a complex tissue in response to metabolic stress highly challenging. Here we describe a flow cytometry-based method allowing simultaneous cell identification and viable cell counting in mixed lymphocyte populations without extensive cell subset purification procedures. The example provided herein illustrates the role of AMPK in T lymphocyte survival in response to the mitochondrial poison oligomycin.
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261
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Xiong J, Kawagishi H, Yan Y, Liu J, Wells QS, Edmunds LR, Fergusson MM, Yu ZX, Rovira II, Brittain EL, Wolfgang MJ, Jurczak MJ, Fessel JP, Finkel T. A Metabolic Basis for Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Mol Cell 2018; 69:689-698.e7. [PMID: 29429925 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a cellular process often initiated by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of ligands. Although required for normal heart valve development, deregulated EndoMT is linked to a wide range of pathological conditions. Here, we demonstrate that endothelial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is a critical in vitro and in vivo regulator of EndoMT. We further show that this FAO-dependent metabolic regulation of EndoMT occurs through alterations in intracellular acetyl-CoA levels. Disruption of FAO via conditional deletion of endothelial carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (Cpt2E-KO) augments the magnitude of embryonic EndoMT, resulting in thickening of cardiac valves. Consistent with the known pathological effects of EndoMT, adult Cpt2E-KO mice demonstrate increased permeability in multiple vascular beds. Taken together, these results demonstrate that endothelial FAO is required to maintain endothelial cell fate and that therapeutic manipulation of endothelial metabolism could provide the basis for treating a growing number of EndoMT-linked pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kawagishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ye Yan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lia R Edmunds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria M Fergusson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ilsa I Rovira
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evan L Brittain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joshua P Fessel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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262
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Yoon BR, Oh YJ, Kang SW, Lee EB, Lee WW. Role of SLC7A5 in Metabolic Reprogramming of Human Monocyte/Macrophage Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:53. [PMID: 29422900 PMCID: PMC5788887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are necessary nutrients which act not only as building blocks in protein synthesis but also in crucial anabolic cellular signaling pathways. It has been demonstrated that SLC7A5 is a critical transporter that mediates uptake of several essential amino acids in highly proliferative tumors and activated T cells. However, the dynamics and relevance of SLC7A5 activity in monocytes/macrophages is still poorly understood. We provide evidence that SLC7A5-mediated leucine influx contributes to pro-inflammatory cytokine production via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-induced glycolytic reprograming in activated human monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, expression of SLC7A5 is significantly elevated in monocytes derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, and was also markedly induced by LPS stimulation of both monocytes and macrophages from healthy individuals. Further, pharmacological blockade or silencing of SLC7A5 led to a significant reduction of IL-1β downstream of leucine-mediated mTORC1 activation. Inhibition of SLC7A5-mediated leucine influx was linked to downregulation of glycolytic metabolism as evidenced by the decreased extracellular acidification rate, suggesting a regulatory role for this molecule in glycolytic reprograming. Furthermore, the expression of SLC7A5 on circulating monocytes from RA patients positively correlated with clinical parameters, suggesting that SLC7A5-mediated AA influx is related to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ruem Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jeong Oh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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263
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Pallet N, Fernández-Ramos AA, Loriot MA. Impact of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Metabolism of T Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:169-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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264
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Dyck L, Lynch L. Cancer, obesity and immunometabolism - Connecting the dots. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:11-20. [PMID: 29253522 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Dyck
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lydia Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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265
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Menga M, Trotta R, Scrima R, Pacelli C, Silvestri V, Piccoli C, Capitanio N, Liso A. Febrile temperature reprograms by redox-mediated signaling the mitochondrial metabolic phenotype in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:685-699. [PMID: 29246446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever-like hyperthermia is known to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Hyperthermia-induced immune stimulation is also accompanied with, and likely conditioned by, changes in the cell metabolism and, in particular, mitochondrial metabolism is now recognized to play a pivotal role in this context, both as energy supplier and as signaling platform. In this study we asked if challenging human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with a relatively short-time thermal shock in the fever-range, typically observed in humans, caused alterations in the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. We found that following hyperthermic stress (3h exposure at 39°C) TNF-α-releasing dendritic cells undergo rewiring of the oxidative metabolism hallmarked by decrease of the mitochondrial respiratory activity and of the oxidative phosphorylation and increase of lactate production. Moreover, enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and accumulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ was consistently observed in hyperthermia-conditioned dendritic cells and exhibited a reciprocal interplay. The hyperthermia-induced impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory activity was (i) irreversible following re-conditioning of cells to normothermia, (ii) mimicked by exposing normothermic cells to the conditioned medium of the hyperthermia-challenged cells, (iii) largely prevented by antioxidant and inhibitors of the nitric oxide synthase and of the mitochondrial calcium porter, which also inhibited release of TNF-α. These observations combined with gene expression analysis support a model based on a thermally induced autocrine signaling, which rewires and sets a metabolism checkpoint linked to immune activation of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosa Trotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Veronica Silvestri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Arcangelo Liso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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266
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Dela Cruz CS, Kang MJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:37-44. [PMID: 29221810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation represents a comprehensive host response to external stimuli for the purpose of eliminating the offending agent, minimizing injury to host tissues and fostering repair of damaged tissues back to homeostatic levels. In normal physiologic context, inflammatory response culminates with the resolution of infection and tissue damage response. However, in a pathologic context, persistent or inappropriately regulated inflammation occurs that can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent scientific advances have integrated the role of innate immune response to be an important arm of the inflammatory process. Accordingly, the dysregulation of innate immunity has been increasingly recognized as a driving force of chronic inflammatory diseases. Mitochondria have recently emerged as organelles which govern fundamental cellular functions including cell proliferation or differentiation, cell death, metabolism and cellular signaling that are important in innate immunity and inflammation-mediated diseases. As a natural consequence, mitochondrial dysfunction has been highlighted in a myriad of chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, the similarities between mitochondrial and bacterial constituents highlight the intrinsic links in the innate immune mechanisms that control chronic inflammation in diseases where mitochondrial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) have been involved. Here in this review, the role of mitochondria in innate immune responses is discussed and how it pertains to the mitochondrial dysfunction or DAMPs seen in chronic inflammatory diseases is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, United States.
| | - Min-Jong Kang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, United States.
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267
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Keustermans GC, Kofink D, Eikendal A, de Jager W, Meerding J, Nuboer R, Waltenberger J, Kraaijeveld AO, Jukema JW, Sels JW, Garssen J, Prakken BJ, Asselbergs FW, Kalkhoven E, Hoefer IE, Pasterkamp G, Schipper HS. Monocyte gene expression in childhood obesity is associated with obesity and complexity of atherosclerosis in adults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16826. [PMID: 29203885 PMCID: PMC5714995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity coincides with increased numbers of circulating classical CD14++CD16- and intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocytes. Monocytes are key players in the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis, which prompts the question as to whether the monocytosis in childhood obesity contributes to atherogenesis over the years. Here, we dissected the monocyte gene expression profile in childhood obesity using an Illumina microarray platform on sorted monocytes of 35 obese children and 16 lean controls. Obese children displayed a distinctive monocyte gene expression profile compared to lean controls. Upon validation with quantitative PCR, we studied the association of the top 5 differentially regulated monocyte genes in childhood obesity with obesity and complexity of coronary atherosclerosis (SYNTAX score) in a cohort of 351 adults at risk for ischemic cardiovascular disease. The downregulation of monocyte IMPDH2 and TMEM134 in childhood obesity was also observed in obese adults. Moreover, downregulation of monocyte TMEM134 was associated with a higher SYNTAX atherosclerosis score in adults. In conclusion, childhood obesity entails monocyte gene expression alterations associated with obesity and enhanced complexity of coronary atherosclerosis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Keustermans
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Kofink
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Eikendal
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal medicine, Gastroenterology and Pulmonology, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - W de Jager
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Meerding
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Nuboer
- Department of Pediatrics, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - J Waltenberger
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - A O Kraaijeveld
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Sels
- Departments of Cardiology and Intensive Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B J Prakken
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Kalkhoven
- Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I E Hoefer
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Pasterkamp
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H S Schipper
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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268
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Kogut M. Issues and consequences of using nutrition to modulate the avian immune response. J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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269
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Scrima R, Menga M, Pacelli C, Agriesti F, Cela O, Piccoli C, Cotoia A, De Gregorio A, Gefter JV, Cinnella G, Capitanio N. Para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate inhibits the pro-inflammatory stimulation of macrophage preventing LPS-mediated nitro-oxidative unbalance and immunometabolic shift. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188683. [PMID: 29176872 PMCID: PMC5703549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting metabolism is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for modulation of the immune response in human diseases. In the presented study we used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation of RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell line as a model to investigate changes in the metabolic phenotype and to test the effect of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (pHPP) on it. pHPP is an intermediate of the PHE/TYR catabolic pathway, selected as analogue of the ethyl pyruvate (EP), which proved to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results obtained show that LPS-priming of RAW 264.7 cell line to the activated M1 state resulted in up-regulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and consequently of NO production and in release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. All these effects were prevented dose dependently by mM concentrations of pHPP more efficiently than EP. Respirometric and metabolic flux analysis of LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells unveiled a marked metabolic shift consisting in downregulation of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and upregulation of aerobic glycolysis respectively. The observed respiratory failure in LPS-treated cells was accompanied with inhibition of the respiratory chain complexes I and IV and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Inhibition of the respiratory activity was also observed following incubation of human neonatal fibroblasts (NHDF-neo) with sera from septic patients. pHPP prevented all the observed metabolic alteration caused by LPS on RAW 264.7 or by septic sera on NHDF-neo. Moreover, we provide evidence that pHPP is an efficient reductant of cytochrome c. On the basis of the presented results a working model, linking pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-mediated immune response to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, is put forward along with suggestions for its therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Scrima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- * E-mail: (RS); (NC)
| | - Marta Menga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Agriesti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS CROB, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy
| | - Olga Cela
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Cotoia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Julia V. Gefter
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Gilda Cinnella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- * E-mail: (RS); (NC)
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270
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He N, Fan W, Henriquez B, Yu RT, Atkins AR, Liddle C, Zheng Y, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic control of regulatory T cell (Treg) survival and function by Lkb1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12542-12547. [PMID: 29109251 PMCID: PMC5703326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715363114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic programs of functionally distinct T cell subsets are tailored to their immunologic activities. While quiescent T cells use oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production, and effector T cells (Teffs) rely on glycolysis for proliferation, the distinct metabolic features of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are less well established. Here we show that the metabolic sensor LKB1 is critical to maintain cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis in Tregs. Treg-specific deletion of Lkb1 in mice causes loss of Treg number and function, leading to a fatal, early-onset autoimmune disorder. Tregs lacking Lkb1 have defective mitochondria, compromised OXPHOS, depleted cellular ATP, and altered cellular metabolism pathways that compromise their survival and function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the function of LKB1 in Tregs is largely independent of the AMP-activated protein kinase, but is mediated by the MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinases and salt-inducible kinases. Our results define a metabolic checkpoint in Tregs that couples metabolic regulation to immune homeostasis and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhai He
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brian Henriquez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
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271
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Miller A, Nagy C, Knapp B, Laengle J, Ponweiser E, Groeger M, Starkl P, Bergmann M, Wagner O, Haschemi A. Exploring Metabolic Configurations of Single Cells within Complex Tissue Microenvironments. Cell Metab 2017; 26:788-800.e6. [PMID: 28889950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, plenty of evidence has emerged illustrating how metabolism supports many aspects of cellular function and how metabolic reprogramming can drive cell differentiation and fate. Here, we present a method to assess the metabolic configuration of single cells within their native tissue microenvironment via the visualization and quantification of multiple enzymatic activities measured at saturating substrate conditions combined with subsequent cell type identification. After careful validation of the approach and to demonstrate its potential, we assessed the intracellular metabolic configuration of different human immune cell populations in healthy and tumor colon tissue. Additionally, we analyzed the intercellular metabolic relationship between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in a breast cancer tissue array. This study demonstrates that the determination of metabolic configurations in single cells could be a powerful complementary tool for every researcher interested to study metabolic networks in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Csörsz Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Knapp
- Department of Statistics, Protein Informatics Group, University of Oxford, OX13SY Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Laengle
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Ponweiser
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Groeger
- Core Facility Imaging, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM-Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arvand Haschemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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272
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Lewis CA, Vander Heiden MG. InterFeriNg with Acetγlation: Stress-Levels of Acetate Improve Memory T Cell Function. Immunity 2017; 44:1243-5. [PMID: 27332725 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Catabolic stress can lead to changes in circulating acetate levels. In this issue of Immunity, Balmer et al. (2016) report that serum acetate increases in response to acute infection and describe a mechanism by which this results in acetylation of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH and improves the recall function of memory CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Lewis
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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273
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Miyajima M, Zhang B, Sugiura Y, Sonomura K, Guerrini MM, Tsutsui Y, Maruya M, Vogelzang A, Chamoto K, Honda K, Hikida T, Ito S, Qin H, Sanuki R, Suzuki K, Furukawa T, Ishihama Y, Matsuda F, Suematsu M, Honjo T, Fagarasan S. Metabolic shift induced by systemic activation of T cells in PD-1-deficient mice perturbs brain monoamines and emotional behavior. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1342-1352. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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274
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Yong CS, Abba Moussa D, Cretenet G, Kinet S, Dardalhon V, Taylor N. Metabolic orchestration of T lineage differentiation and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3104-3118. [PMID: 28901530 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells are stimulated by the engagement of antigen, cytokine, pathogen, and hormone receptors. While research performed over many years has focused on deciphering the molecular components of these pathways, recent data underscore the importance of the metabolic environment in conditioning responses to receptor engagement. The ability of T cells to undergo a massive proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to receptor signals requires alterations to their bioenergetic homeostasis, allowing them to meet new energetic and biosynthetic demands. The metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells is regulated not only by changes in intracellular nutrient uptake and utilization but also by nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the extracellular environment. Notably, the extracellular environment can be profoundly altered by pathological conditions such as infections and tumors, thereby perturbing the metabolism and function of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. This review highlights the interplay between diverse metabolic networks and the transcriptional/epigenetic states that condition T-cell differentiation, comparing the metabolic features of T lymphocytes with other immune cells. We further address recent discoveries in the metabolic pathways that govern T-cell function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Yong
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Naomi Taylor
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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275
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Li L, Lu J, Xue W, Wang L, Zhai Y, Fan Z, Wu G, Fan F, Li J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Target of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome merge lung cancer: based on big data platform. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21567-21578. [PMID: 28423489 PMCID: PMC5400607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on our hospital database, the incidence of lung cancer diagnoses was similar in obstructive sleep apnea Syndrome (OSAS) and hospital general population; among individual with a diagnosis of lung cancer, the presence of OSAS was associated with an increased risk for mortality. In the gene expression and network-level information, we revealed significant alterations of molecules related to HIF1 and metabolic pathways in the hypoxic-conditioned lung cancer cells. We also observed that GBE1 and HK2 are downstream of HIF1 pathway important in hypoxia-conditioned lung cancer cell. Furthermore, we used publicly available datasets to validate that the late-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients showed higher expression HK2 and GBE1 than early-stage ones. In terms of prognostic features, a survival analysis revealed that the high GBE1 and HK2 expression group exhibited poorer survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients. By analyzing and integrating multiple datasets, we identify molecular convergence between hypoxia and lung cancer that reflects their clinical profiles and reveals molecular pathways involved in hypoxic-induced lung cancer progression. In conclusion, we show that OSAS severity appears to increase the risk of lung cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenhua Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yunkai Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Digital Telemedicine Service, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhirui Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ge Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Digital Telemedicine Service, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Feifei Fan
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Respiratoty and Sleep Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jieyao Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Digital Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Digital Telemedicine Service, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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276
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Srebp-controlled glucose metabolism is essential for NK cell functional responses. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1197-1206. [PMID: 28920951 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated natural killer (NK) cells engage in a robust metabolic response that is required for normal effector function. Using genetic, pharmacological and metabolic analyses, we demonstrated an essential role for Srebp transcription factors in cytokine-induced metabolic reprogramming of NK cells that was independent of their conventional role in the control of lipid synthesis. Srebp was required for elevated glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and promoted a distinct metabolic pathway configuration in which glucose was metabolized to cytosolic citrate via the citrate-malate shuttle. Preventing the activation of Srebp or direct inhibition of the citrate-malate shuttle inhibited production of interferon-γ and NK cell cytotoxicity. Thus, Srebp controls glucose metabolism in NK cells, and this Srebp-dependent regulation is critical for NK cell effector function.
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277
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Warren M, Subramani K, Schwartz R, Raju R. Mitochondrial dysfunction in rat splenocytes following hemorrhagic shock. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2526-2533. [PMID: 28844961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondrial function is critical in cellular homeostasis following hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock results in fluid loss and reduced availability of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ playing a key role in 'filtering the blood' and in the innate and adaptive immune responses. To understand the molecular basis of hemorrhagic shock, we investigated the changes in splenocyte mitochondrial respiration, and concomitant immune and metabolic alterations. The hemorrhagic injury (HI) in our rat model was induced by bleeding 60% of the total blood volume followed by resuscitation with Ringers lactate. Another group of animals was subjected to hemorrhage, but did not receive fluid resuscitation. Oxygen consumption rate of splenocytes were determined using a Seahorse analyzer. We found a significantly reduced oxygen consumption rate in splenocytes following HI compared to sham operated rats. The mitochondrial stress test revealed a decreased basal oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity. The mitochondrial membrane potential, and citrate synthase activity, were also reduced in the splenocytes following HI. Hypoxic response in the splenocyte was confirmed by increased gene expression of Hif1α. Elevated level of mitochondrial stress protein, hsp60 and induction of high mobility group box1 protein (HMGB1) were observed in splenocytes following HI. An increased inflammatory response was demonstrated by significantly increased expression of IL-6, IFN-β, Mip-1α, IL-10 and NFκbp65. In summary, we conclude that splenocyte oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism were severely compromised following HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Warren
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | | | | | - Raghavan Raju
- Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States..
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278
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Zheng Z, Ma H, Zhang X, Tu F, Wang X, Ha T, Fan M, Liu L, Xu J, Yu K, Wang R, Kalbfleisch J, Kao R, Williams D, Li C. Enhanced Glycolytic Metabolism Contributes to Cardiac Dysfunction in Polymicrobial Sepsis. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1396-1406. [PMID: 28368517 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac dysfunction is present in >40% of sepsis patients and is associated with mortality rates of up to 70%. Recent evidence suggests that glycolytic metabolism plays a critical role in host defense and inflammation. Activation of Toll-like receptors on immune cells can enhance glycolytic metabolism. This study investigated whether modulation of glycolysis by inhibition of hexokinase will be beneficial to septic cardiomyopathy. Methods Male C57B6/J mice were treated with a hexokinase inhibitor (2-deoxy-d-glucose [2-DG], 0.25-2 g/kg, n = 6-8) before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced sepsis. Untreated septic mice served as control. Sham surgically operated mice treated with or without the 2-DG inhibitor served as sham controls. Cardiac function was assessed 6 hours after CLP sepsis by echocardiography. Serum was harvested for measurement of inflammatory cytokines and lactate. Results Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction was significantly attenuated by administration of 2-DG. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening in 2-DG-treated septic mice were significantly (P < .05) greater than in untreated CLP mice. 2-DG administration also significantly improved survival outcome, reduced kidney and liver injury, attenuated sepsis-increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β as well as lactate, and enhanced the expression of Sirt1 and Sirt3 in the myocardium, which play an important role in mitochondrial function and metabolism. In addition, 2-DG administration suppresses sepsis-increased expression of apoptotic inducers Bak and Bax as well as JNK phosphorylation in the myocardium. Conclusions Glycolytic metabolism plays an important role in mediating sepsis-induced septic cardiomyopathy. The mechanisms may involve regulation of inflammatory response and apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zheng
- Departments of Surgery.,Biometry and Medical Computing, and
| | - He Ma
- Departments of Surgery.,Department of Nephrology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, and
| | | | | | | | - Tuanzhu Ha
- Departments of Surgery.,Department of Nephrology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, and
| | | | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and
| | | | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Heilonjiang,China
| | - Ruitao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Heilonjiang,China
| | - John Kalbfleisch
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City.,Department of Nephrology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, and
| | - Race Kao
- Departments of Surgery.,Department of Nephrology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, and
| | - David Williams
- Departments of Surgery.,Department of Nephrology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, and
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Departments of Surgery.,Department of Nephrology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, and
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279
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van Niekerk G, Davis T, Engelbrecht AM. Hyperglycaemia in critically ill patients: the immune system's sweet tooth. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:202. [PMID: 28768529 PMCID: PMC5541425 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate regarding the efficacy of glycaemic control in critically ill patients. Here we briefly highlight the key function of elevated glucose in critically ill patients, namely, to enable elevation of aerobic glycolysis in rapidly dividing cells. In particular, aerobic glycolysis provides metabolic intermediates necessary for expansion of biomass in immune cells and promotion of tissue repair. Furthermore, we emphasise that insulin may inhibit autophagy, a cell survival process used in the bulk degradation of cellular debris and damaged organelles. These observations provide a rational basis for tolerating elevated glucose levels in certain critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Tanja Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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280
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Ahn SS, Hwang SH, Jung SM, Lee SW, Park YB, Yun M, Song JJ. The clinical utility of splenic fluorodeoxyglucose uptake for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with macrophage activation syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7901. [PMID: 28834911 PMCID: PMC5572033 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate splenic glucose metabolism in macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), characterized by overwhelming systemic inflammation. Splenic F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake was compared in patients with MAS and sepsis using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).Clinical and FDG-PET/CT findings from patients with MAS and those with culture-proven sepsis were evaluated. The standardized uptake value (SUV) for the spleen and liver were measured. The maximum of the spleen to liver SUV ratio (SLRmax) was calculated as spleen SUVmax/liver SUVmean. The radiological splenic volume was also measured, and splenic metabolic volume (MV) was defined as the total splenic volume with an SLRmean > 1.14. The association between clinical features, laboratory variables, and SLRmax was analyzed.The median SLRmax and splenic MV were significantly higher in patients with MAS (n = 38) than they were in those with sepsis (n = 15) (SLRmax: 1.51 vs 1.09, P = .001; MV: 346.0 vs 154.0, P = .015). Multivariate analyses revealed that SLRmax > 1.31 was useful for discriminating between MAS and sepsis. SLRmax positively correlated with ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase level in MAS. Furthermore, MAS patients with high splenic FDG uptake (SLRmax > 1.72) had higher in-hospital mortality compared to those with moderate to low splenic FDG uptake (P = .013).This study was the first to demonstrate that splenic FDG uptake is significantly elevated in patients with MAS compared to those with sepsis. This may be useful to differentiate between MAS and sepsis, and to predict poor prognosis in patients with MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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281
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Gammon JM, Adapa AR, Jewell CM. Control of autoimmune inflammation using liposomes to deliver positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Gammon
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park Maryland
| | - Arjun R. Adapa
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park Maryland
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege Park Maryland
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland Medical SchoolBaltimore Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer CenterBaltimore Maryland
- University States Department of Veteran AffairsBaltimore Maryland
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282
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Garziera M, Scarabel L, Toffoli G. Hypoxic Modulation of HLA-G Expression through the Metabolic Sensor HIF-1 in Human Cancer Cells. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4587520. [PMID: 28781970 PMCID: PMC5525073 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4587520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is considered an immune checkpoint molecule involved in tumor immune evasion. Hypoxia and the metabolic sensor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) are hallmarks of metastasization, angiogenesis, and intense tumor metabolic activity. The purpose of this review was to examine original in vitro studies carried out in human cancer cell lines, which reported data about HLA-G expression and HIF-1 mediated-HLA-G expression in response to hypoxia. The impact of HLA-G genomic variability on the hypoxia responsive elements (HREs) specific for HIF-1 binding was also discussed. Under hypoxia, HLA-G-negative cell lines might transcribe HLA-G without translation of the protein while in contrast, HLA-G-positive cell lines, showed a reduced HLA-G transcriptional activity and protein level. HIF-1 modulation of HLA-G expression induced by hypoxia was demonstrated in different cell lines. HLA-G SNPs rs1632947 and rs41551813 located in distinct HREs demonstrated a prominent role of HIF-1 binding by DNA looping. Our research revealed a fine regulation of HLA-G in hypoxic conditions through HIF-1, depending on the cellular type and HLA-G genomic variability. Specifically, SNPs found in HREs should be considered in future investigations as markers with potential clinical value especially in metastatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Lucia Scarabel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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283
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Dixon AE, Poynter ME. Mechanisms of Asthma in Obesity. Pleiotropic Aspects of Obesity Produce Distinct Asthma Phenotypes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:601-8. [PMID: 26886277 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0017ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with severe or difficult-to-control asthma in the United States are obese. Epidemiological studies have clearly established that obese patients tend to have worse asthma control and increased hospitalizations and do not respond to standard controller therapy as well as lean patients with asthma. Less clear are the mechanistic underpinnings for the striking clinical differences between lean and obese patients with asthma. Because obesity is principally a disorder of metabolism and energy regulation, processes fundamental to the function of every cell and system within the body, it is not surprising that it affects the respiratory system; it is perhaps surprising that it has taken so long to appreciate how dysfunctional metabolism and energy regulation lead to severe airway disease. Although early investigations focused on identifying a common factor in obesity that could promote airway disease, an appreciation has emerged that the asthma of obesity is a manifestation of multiple anomalies related to obesity affecting all the different pathways that cause asthma, and likely also to de novo airway dysfunction. Consequently, all the phenotypes of asthma currently recognized in lean patients (which are profoundly modified by obesity), as well as those unique to one's obesity endotype, likely contribute to obese asthma in a particular individual. This perspective reviews what we have learned from clinical studies and animal models about the phenotypes of asthma in obesity, which show how specific aspects of obesity and altered metabolism might lead to de novo airway disease and profoundly modify existing airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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284
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Linke M, Fritsch SD, Sukhbaatar N, Hengstschläger M, Weichhart T. mTORC1 and mTORC2 as regulators of cell metabolism in immunity. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3089-3103. [PMID: 28600802 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that senses intra- and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns to regulate the function of innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In this review, we focus on the role of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 in the regulation of the cellular energy metabolism of these immune cells to regulate and support immune responses. In this regard, mTORC1 and mTORC2 generally promote an anabolic response by stimulating protein synthesis, glycolysis, mitochondrial functions, and lipid synthesis to influence proliferation and survival, effector and memory responses, innate training and tolerance as well as hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Deactivation of mTOR restores cell homeostasis after immune activation and optimizes antigen presentation and memory T-cell generation. These findings show that the mTOR pathway integrates spatiotemporal information of the environmental and cellular energy status by regulating cellular metabolic responses to guide immune cell activation. Elucidation of the metabolic control mechanisms of immune responses will help to generate a systemic understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Linke
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Deborah Fritsch
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nyamdelger Sukhbaatar
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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285
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Lawless SJ, Kedia-Mehta N, Walls JF, McGarrigle R, Convery O, Sinclair LV, Navarro MN, Murray J, Finlay DK. Glucose represses dendritic cell-induced T cell responses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15620. [PMID: 28555668 PMCID: PMC5459989 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose and glycolysis are important for the proinflammatory functions of many immune cells, and depletion of glucose in pathological microenvironments is associated with defective immune responses. Here we show a contrasting function for glucose in dendritic cells (DCs), as glucose represses the proinflammatory output of LPS-stimulated DCs and inhibits DC-induced T-cell responses. A glucose-sensitive signal transduction circuit involving the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), HIF1α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) coordinates DC metabolism and function to limit DC-stimulated T-cell responses. When multiple T cells interact with a DC, they compete for nutrients, which can limit glucose availability to the DCs. In such DCs, glucose-dependent signalling is inhibited, altering DC outputs and enhancing T-cell responses. These data reveal a mechanism by which T cells regulate the DC microenvironment to control DC-induced T-cell responses and indicate that glucose is an important signal for shaping immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Lawless
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nidhi Kedia-Mehta
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica F Walls
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ryan McGarrigle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Orla Convery
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria N Navarro
- Departamento Medicina/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/Diego de Léon, 62, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - James Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearce Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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286
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Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:200-221. [PMID: 27702700 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity and mortality rates. In the combination of sarcopenia and obesity, the state called sarcopenic obesity (SOB), some key age- and obesity-mediated factors and pathways may aggravate sarcopenia. This review will analyze the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of SOB. In obese adipose tissue (AT), adipocytes undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia and activation resulted in accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and other immune cells as well as dysregulated production of various adipokines that together with senescent cells and the immune cell-released cytokines and chemokines create a local pro-inflammatory status. In addition, obese AT is characterized by excessive production and disturbed capacity to store lipids, which accumulate ectopically in skeletal muscle. These intramuscular lipids and their derivatives induce mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by impaired β-oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species formation providing lipotoxic environment and insulin resistance as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory myokines capable of inducing muscle dysfunction by auto/paracrine manner. In turn, by endocrine manner, these myokines may exacerbate AT inflammation and also support chronic low grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), overall establishing a detrimental vicious circle maintaining AT and skeletal muscle inflammation, thus triggering and supporting SOB development. Under these circumstances, we believe that AT inflammation dominates over skeletal muscle inflammation. Thus, in essence, it redirects the vector of processes from "sarcopenia→obesity" to "obesity→sarcopenia". We therefore propose that this condition be defined as "obese sarcopenia", to reflect the direction of the pathological pathway.
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287
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Mobasheri A, Rayman MP, Gualillo O, Sellam J, van der Kraan P, Fearon U. The role of metabolism in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:302-311. [PMID: 28381830 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is important for cartilage and synovial joint function. Under adverse microenvironmental conditions, mammalian cells undergo a switch in cell metabolism from a resting regulatory state to a highly metabolically activate state to maintain energy homeostasis. This phenomenon also leads to an increase in metabolic intermediates for the biosynthesis of inflammatory and degradative proteins, which in turn activate key transcription factors and inflammatory signalling pathways involved in catabolic processes, and the persistent perpetuation of drivers of pathogenesis. In the past few years, several studies have demonstrated that metabolism has a key role in inflammatory joint diseases. In particular, metabolism is drastically altered in osteoarthritis (OA) and aberrant immunometabolism may be a key feature of many phenotypes of OA. This Review focuses on aberrant metabolism in the pathogenesis of OA, summarizing the current state of knowledge on the role of impaired metabolism in the cells of the osteoarthritic joint. We also highlight areas for future research, such as the potential to target metabolic pathways and mediators therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis and MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesia da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jérémie Sellam
- Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 184 Rue de Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), INSERM, UMR S938, Sorbonne University, University of Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Peter van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Department of Molecular Rheumatology, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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288
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Gardiner CM, Finlay DK. What Fuels Natural Killers? Metabolism and NK Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:367. [PMID: 28421073 PMCID: PMC5376555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that cellular metabolism is important in determining the course of lymphocyte responses. Additionally, changes in metabolic processes have been linked to dysfunctional lymphocyte functions in a number of different diseases. While most early studies of metabolic regulation of lymphocyte function focused on T lymphocytes, an understanding of how metabolic pathways impact upon natural killer (NK) cell responses is now starting to emerge. In this review article, we will discuss how cellular metabolism influences lymphocyte function with a particular focus upon NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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289
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Kouidhi S, Elgaaied AB, Chouaib S. Impact of Metabolism on T-Cell Differentiation and Function and Cross Talk with Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2017; 8:270. [PMID: 28348562 PMCID: PMC5346542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system and metabolism are highly integrated and multilevel interactions between metabolic system and T lymphocyte signaling and fate exist. Accumulating evidence indicates that the regulation of nutrient uptake and utilization in T cells is critically important for the control of their differentiation and manipulating metabolic pathways in these cells can shape their function and survival. This review will discuss some potential cell metabolism pathways involved in shaping T lymphocyte function and differentiation. It will also describe show subsets of T cells have specific metabolic requirements and signaling pathways that contribute to their respective function. Examples showing the apparent similarity between cancer cell metabolism and T cells during activation are illustrated and finally some mechanisms being used by tumor microenvironment to orchestrate T-cell metabolic dysregulation and the subsequent emergence of immune suppression are discussed. We believe that targeting T-cell metabolism may provide an additional opportunity to manipulate T-cell function in the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Kouidhi
- ISBST, Laboratory BVBGR, LR11ES31, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia; Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Benammar Elgaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Salem Chouaib
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1186, Laboratory «Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology», Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2015, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Gustave Roussy, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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290
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Abstract
Immune cell activation and proliferation are closely linked to their metabolic programming. These activated immune cells share many features with tumor cells and are capable to respond to stimulations quickly and reprogram their metabolism to fight with invading pathogens. The corresponding changes in metabolism provide immune cells with energy and bio-precursors to match with necessity of immune functions. The major metabolic pathways utilized by immune cells for the purpose of protecting body from invading pathogens are glycolysis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, and mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. These pathways play crucial roles in immune cell activation and differentiation. In this review, we describe how immune cells engage in certain metabolic processes according to their functional needs with a focus on T cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - X Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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291
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Hou KL, Lin SK, Kok SH, Wang HW, Lai EHH, Hong CY, Yang H, Wang JS, Lin LD, Chang JZC. Increased Expression of Glutaminase in Osteoblasts Promotes Macrophage Recruitment in Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2017; 43:602-608. [PMID: 28190586 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, we have shown that tissue hypoxia stimulates the progression of periapical lesions by up-regulating glycolysis-dependent apoptosis of osteoblasts. Other facets of hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming in disease pathogenesis require further investigation. In this study, we examined the connection between hypoxia-augmented glutamine catabolism in osteoblasts and the development of periapical lesions. METHODS Primary human osteoblasts were cultured under hypoxia. The expression of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) was examined using Western blot analysis. The production of glutamate was measured by colorimetric assay. Knockdown of GLS1 was performed with small interfering RNA technology. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion and chemotaxis of J774 macrophages were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. In a rat model of induced periapical lesions, the relations between disease progression and osteoblastic expression of GLS1 or macrophage recruitment were studied. RESULTS Hypoxia enhanced GLS1 expression and subsequent glutamate production in osteoblasts. Glutamate induced chemoattraction of macrophages by osteoblasts through up-regulation of CCL2 synthesis. Hypoxia promoted CCL2 secretion and macrophage recruitment through augmentation of glutaminolysis. Knockdown of GLS1 abolished hypoxia-induced effects. In rat periapical lesions, progressive bone resorption was significantly related to elevated GLS1 expression in osteoblasts and increased macrophage recruitment. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the rise in glycolytic activity, the progression of periapical lesions is also associated with enhanced glutamine catabolism in osteoblasts. GLS1 may be a potential therapeutic target in the management of periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Liang Hou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sze-Kwan Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Heng Kok
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eddie Hsiang-Hua Lai
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Hong
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Yang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juo-Song Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Deh Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenny Zwei-Chieng Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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292
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Kolev M, Kemper C. Keeping It All Going-Complement Meets Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28149297 PMCID: PMC5241319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionary old and crucial component of innate immunity, which is key to the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was initially discovered as a liver-derived sentinel system circulating in serum, the lymph, and interstitial fluids that mediate the opsonization and lytic killing of bacteria, fungi, and viruses and the initiation of the general inflammatory responses. Although work performed specifically in the last five decades identified complement also as a critical instructor of adaptive immunity—indicating that complement’s function is likely broader than initially anticipated—the dominant opinion among researchers and clinicians was that the key complement functions were in principle defined. However, there is now a growing realization that complement activity goes well beyond “classic” immune functions and that this system is also required for normal (neuronal) development and activity and general cell and tissue integrity and homeostasis. Furthermore, the recent discovery that complement activation is not confined to the extracellular space but occurs within cells led to the surprising understanding that complement is involved in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, particularly those of metabolic nature—mostly via novel crosstalks between complement and intracellular sensor, and effector, pathways that had been overlooked because of their spatial separation. These paradigm shifts in the field led to a renaissance in complement research and provide new platforms to now better understand the molecular pathways underlying the wide-reaching effects of complement functions in immunity and beyond. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement’s emerging relationship with the cellular metabolism machinery with a focus on the functional differences between serum-circulating versus intracellularly active complement during normal cell survival and induction of effector functions. We will also discuss how taking a closer look into the evolution of key complement components not only made the functional connection between complement and metabolism rather “predictable” but how it may also give clues for the discovery of additional roles for complement in basic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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293
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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294
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Park DW, Zmijewski JW. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Immune Cell Metabolism in Sepsis. Infect Chemother 2017; 49:10-21. [PMID: 28378540 PMCID: PMC5382045 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2017.49.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life threatening condition mediated by systemic infection, but also triggered by hemorrhage and trauma. These are significant causes of organ injury implicated in morbidity and mortality, as well as post-sepsis complications associated with dysfunction of innate and adaptive immunity. The role of cellular bioenergetics and loss of metabolic plasticity of immune cells is increasingly emerging in the pathogenesis of sepsis. This review describes mitochondrial biology and metabolic alterations of immune cells due to sepsis, as well as indicates plausible therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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295
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Metabolic pathways in T cell activation and lineage differentiation. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:514-524. [PMID: 27825556 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism support the concept that fundamental processes in T cell biology, such as TCR-mediated activation and T helper lineage differentiation, are closely linked to changes in the cellular metabolic programs. Although the major task of the intermediate metabolism is to provide the cell with a constant supply of energy and molecular precursors for the production of biomolecules, the dynamic regulation of metabolic pathways also plays an active role in shaping T cell responses. Key metabolic processes such as glycolysis, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism are now recognized as crucial players in T cell activation and differentiation, and their modulation can differentially affect the development of T helper cell lineages. In this review, we describe the diverse metabolic processes that T cells engage during their life cycle from naïve towards effector and memory T cells. We consider in particular how the cellular metabolism may actively support the function of T cells in their different states. Moreover, we discuss how molecular regulators such as mTOR or AMPK link environmental changes to adaptations in the cellular metabolism and elucidate the consequences on T cell differentiation and function.
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296
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Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that play a key role in inflammatory and tissue reparative responses. Over the past decade it has become clear that shifts in cellular metabolism are important determinants of macrophage function and phenotype. At the same time, our appreciation of macrophage diversity in vivo has also been increasing. Factors such as cell origin and tissue localization are now recognized as important variables that influence macrophage biology. Whether different macrophage populations also have unique metabolic phenotypes has not been extensively explored. In this article, we will discuss the importance of understanding how macrophage origin can modulate metabolic programming and influence inflammatory responses.
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297
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James MO, Jahn SC, Zhong G, Smeltz MG, Hu Z, Stacpoole PW. Therapeutic applications of dichloroacetate and the role of glutathione transferase zeta-1. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:166-180. [PMID: 27771434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) has several therapeutic applications based on its pharmacological property of inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. DCA has been used to treat inherited mitochondrial disorders that result in lactic acidosis, as well as pulmonary hypertension and several different solid tumors, the latter through its ability to reverse the Warburg effect in cancer cells and restore aerobic glycolysis. The main clinically limiting toxicity is reversible peripheral neuropathy. Although administration of high doses to rodents can result in liver cancer, there is no evidence that DCA is a human carcinogen. In all studied species, including humans, DCA has the interesting property of inhibiting its own metabolism upon repeat dosing, resulting in alteration of its pharmacokinetics. The first step in DCA metabolism is conversion to glyoxylate catalyzed by glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1), for which DCA is a mechanism-based inactivator. The rate of GSTZ1 inactivation by DCA is influenced by age, GSTZ1 haplotype and cellular concentrations of chloride. The effect of DCA on its own metabolism complicates the selection of an effective dose with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States.
| | - Stephan C Jahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Guo Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Marci G Smeltz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0226, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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298
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Girardot T, Mouillaux J, Idealisoa E, Poujol F, Rouget C, Rimmelé T, Monneret G, Textoris J, Venet F. An optimized protocol for adenosine triphosphate quantification in T lymphocytes of lymphopenic patients. J Immunol Methods 2016; 439:59-66. [PMID: 27720850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In several clinical contexts, the measurement of ATP concentration in T lymphocytes has been proposed as a biomarker of immune status, predictive of secondary infections. However, the use of such biomarker in lymphopenic patients requires some adaptations in the ATP dosage protocol. We used blood from healthy volunteers to determine the optimal experimental settings. We investigated technical aspects such as the type of anticoagulant for blood sampling, the effect of freeze and thaw cycles, the reagent and sample mixing sequence, and the optimal dilution buffer. We also shortened the incubation time to 8h, and even showed that a 30min incubation may be sufficient. To evaluate the ATP rise upon lymphocyte activation, the optimal dose of stimulant was defined to be 4μg/mL of phytohaemagglutinin. Lastly, we determined that the number of T cells needed for this measurement was as low as 50,000, which is compatible with the existing lymphopenia in clinical settings. This optimized protocol appears ready to be assessed in lymphopenic patients to further investigate the interconnection between T lymphocyte metabolism and impaired phenotype and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Girardot
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Mouillaux
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Estellie Idealisoa
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Poujol
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Rouget
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- EA 7426 (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux) Joint Research Unit "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression - PI3", Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
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299
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Halligan DN, Murphy SJE, Taylor CT. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) couples immunity with metabolism. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:469-477. [PMID: 27717536 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between metabolic and immune pathways has recently become appreciated to be key to the regulation of host defence. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor which was initially described as a ubiquitous master regulator of the transcriptional response to hypoxia. In this role, HIF regulates genes promoting adaptation to hypoxia including a number which influence the cellular metabolic strategy of a cell. It has more recently been appreciated that the regulation of HIF is not restricted to oxygen-dependent pathways, and is now known to be mediated by a number of additional metabolic and immune cues including metabolites and cytokines respectively. Furthermore, our understanding of the functional role of HIF has expanded to it now being appreciated as a major regulator of host immunity. This places HIF in an ideal position to act as a regulatory hub which links metabolic activity with immunity. In this review we synthesise recent data which identifies HIF as both a target and effector for metabolic and immune processes. Developing our understanding of the role of HIF in this context will uncover new therapeutic targets for inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug N Halligan
- Conway Institute, Charles Institute & Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland; Sigmoid Pharma, Invent Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Stephen J E Murphy
- Conway Institute, Charles Institute & Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Conway Institute, Charles Institute & Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland; IRCAN, Centre A. Lacassagne, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 33 Avenue Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France; Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), 8, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco.
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300
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Lemma S, Sboarina M, Porporato PE, Zini N, Sonveaux P, Di Pompo G, Baldini N, Avnet S. Energy metabolism in osteoclast formation and activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:168-180. [PMID: 27590854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis are energy-consuming processes supported by high metabolic activities. In human osteoclasts derived from the fusion of monocytic precursors, we found a substantial increase in the number of mitochondria with differentiation. In mature osteoclasts, mitochondria were also increased in size, rich of cristae and arranged in a complex tubular network. When compared with immature cells, fully differentiated osteoclasts showed higher levels of enzymes of the electron transport chain, a higher mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and a lower glycolytic efficiency, as evaluated by extracellular flux analysis and by the quantification of metabolites in the culture supernatant. Thus, oxidative phosphorylation appeared the main bioenergetic source for osteoclast formation. Conversely, we found that bone resorption mainly relied on glycolysis. In fact, osteoclast fuelling with galactose, forcing cells to depend on Oxidative Phosphorylation by reducing the rate of glycolysis, significantly impaired Type I collagen degradation, whereas non-cytotoxic doses of rotenone, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial complex I, enhanced osteoclast activity. Furthermore, we found that the enzymes associated to the glycolytic pathway are localised close to the actin ring of polarised osteoclasts, where energy-demanding activities associated with bone degradation take place. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the energy required for osteoclast differentiation mainly derives from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, whereas the peripheral cellular activities associated with bone matrix degradation are supported by glycolysis. A better understanding of human osteoclast energy metabolism holds the potential for future therapeutic interventions aimed to target osteoclast activity in different pathological conditions of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lemma
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Medical School, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Medical School, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Medical School, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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