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Smith C, Buhlmann JE, Wang X, Bartlett A, Lim B, Barrington RA. CD275-Independent IL-17-Producing T Follicular Helper-like Cells in Lymphopenic Autoimmune-Prone Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4935-46. [PMID: 27183569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo homeostatic expansion and acquire an activated phenotype in lymphopenic microenvironments. Restoration of normal lymphocyte numbers typically re-establishes normal homeostasis, and proinflammatory cytokine production returns to baseline. Mice deficient in guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 exhibit dysregulated homeostatic expansion, which manifests as lymphoproliferative disease with autoantibody production. Our previous work revealed that autoreactive B cells lacking RasGRP1 break tolerance early during development, as well as during germinal center responses, suggesting that T cell-independent and T cell-dependent mechanisms are responsible. Examination of whether a particular T cell subset is involved in the breach of B cell tolerance revealed increased Th17 cells in Rasgrp1-deficient mice relative to control mice. Rasgrp1-deficient mice lacking IL-17R had fewer germinal centers, and germinal centers that formed contained fewer autoreactive B cells, suggesting that IL-17 signaling is required for a break in B cell tolerance in germinal centers. Interestingly, a fraction of Th17 cells from Rasgrp1-deficient mice were CXCR5(+) and upregulated levels of CD278 coordinate with their appearance in germinal centers, all attributes of T follicular helper cells (Tfh17). To determine whether CD278-CD275 interactions were required for the development of Tfh17 cells and for autoantibody, Rasgrp1-deficient mice were crossed with CD275-deficient mice. Surprisingly, mice deficient in RasGRP1 and CD275 formed Tfh17 cells and germinal centers and produced similar titers of autoantibodies as mice deficient in only RasGRP1. Therefore, these studies suggest that requirements for Tfh cell development change in lymphopenia-associated autoimmune settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
| | - Janet E Buhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xiaogan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
| | - Amber Bartlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
| | - Bing Lim
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert A Barrington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688; and
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252
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Li J, Lu E, Yi T, Cyster JG. EBI2 augments Tfh cell fate by promoting interaction with IL-2-quenching dendritic cells. Nature 2016; 533:110-4. [PMID: 27147029 PMCID: PMC4883664 DOI: 10.1038/nature17947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of T cells carrying the CD4 antigen; they are important in supporting plasma cell and germinal centre responses. The initial induction of Tfh cell properties occurs within the first few days after activation by antigen recognition on dendritic cells, although how dendritic cells promote this cell-fate decision is not fully understood. Moreover, although Tfh cells are uniquely defined by expression of the follicle-homing receptor CXCR5 (refs 1, 2), the guidance receptor promoting the earlier localization of activated T cells at the interface of the B-cell follicle and T zone has been unclear. Here we show that the G-protein-coupled receptor EBI2 (GPR183) and its ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol mediate positioning of activated CD4 T cells at the interface of the follicle and T zone. In this location they interact with activated dendritic cells and are exposed to Tfh-cell-promoting inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) ligand. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that has multiple influences on T-cell fate, including negative regulation of Tfh cell differentiation. We demonstrate that activated dendritic cells in the outer T zone further augment Tfh cell differentiation by producing membrane and soluble forms of CD25, the IL-2 receptor α-chain, and quenching T-cell-derived IL-2. Mice lacking EBI2 in T cells or CD25 in dendritic cells have reduced Tfh cells and mount defective T-cell-dependent plasma cell and germinal centre responses. These findings demonstrate that distinct niches within the lymphoid organ T zone support distinct cell fate decisions, and they establish a function for dendritic-cell-derived CD25 in controlling IL-2 availability and T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erick Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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253
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Choi G, Chung Y. Blockade of STAT3 in T Cells Inhibits Germinal Center Reactions against Intranasal Allergens. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:244-51. [PMID: 27133258 PMCID: PMC4859787 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the developmental mechanisms of humoral immunity against intranasal antigens is essential for the development of therapeutic approaches against air-borne pathogens as well as allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells expressing CXCR5 are required for humoral immunity by providing IL-21 and ICOS costimulation to activated B cells. However, the regulation of Tfh cell responses against intranasal antigens remains unclear. Here, we found that the generation of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells in the bronchial lymph node against intranasal proteinase antigens was independent of TGF-β. In contrast, administration of STAT3 inhibitor STA-21 suppressed the generation of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells. Compared with wild-type OT-II T cells, STAT3-deficient OT-II T cells transferred into recipients lacking T cells not only showed significantly reduced frequency Tfh cells, but also induced diminished IgG as well as IgE specific for the intranasal antigens. Cotransfer study of wild-type OT-II and STAT3-deficient OT-II T cells revealed that the latter failed to differentiate into Tfh cells. These findings demonstrate that T cell-intrinsic STAT3 is required for the generation of Tfh cells to intranasal antigens and that targeting STAT3 might be an effective approach to ameliorate antibody-mediated pathology in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Choi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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254
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
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255
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O'Leary CE, Riling CR, Spruce LA, Ding H, Kumar S, Deng G, Liu Y, Seeholzer SH, Oliver PM. Ndfip-mediated degradation of Jak1 tunes cytokine signalling to limit expansion of CD4+ effector T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11226. [PMID: 27088444 PMCID: PMC4837450 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nedd4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases have been shown to restrict T-cell function and impact T-cell differentiation. We show here that Ndfip1 and Ndfip2, activators of Nedd4 family ligases, together limit accumulation and function of effector CD4+ T cells. Using a three-part proteomics approach in primary T cells, we identify stabilization of Jak1 in Ndfip1/2-deficient T cells stimulated through the TCR. Jak1 degradation is aborted in activated T cells that lack Ndfips. In wild-type cells, Jak1 degradation lessens CD4+ cell sensitivity to cytokines during TCR stimulation, while in Ndfip-deficient cells cytokine responsiveness persists, promoting increased expansion and survival of pathogenic effector T cells. Thus, Ndfip1/Ndfip2 regulate the cross talk between the T-cell receptor and cytokine signalling pathways to limit inappropriate T-cell responses. Ndfip1 is an activator of Itch E3 ubiquitin ligase that limits T cell activation. Here the authors identify Jak1 in a proteomic screen for Ndfip dependent substrates, and show that Ndfip1/2 double-deficient T cells have reduced degradation of Jak1 and as a result are hyper-responsive to cytokine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Leary
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Christopher R Riling
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lynn A Spruce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | - Guoping Deng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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256
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Emerging Roles for MicroRNAs in T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:297-309. [PMID: 27068008 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and the development of long-lived humoral immunity. Tfh cell differentiation is a multistep process driven by the balanced expression of key transcription factors that form a regulatory network in which small changes in gene expression determine the Tfh cell fate decision. Here, we review recent findings that have revealed that certain microRNAs act as important mediators within this network, with roles in tuning gene expression. We integrate these findings into the current understanding of the mechanisms governing T helper cell differentiation, and propose a model in which the establishment of Tfh cell identity is dependent on the differential expression and concerted action of distinct microRNAs and transcription factors.
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257
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Activation of the adenosine A2A receptor exacerbates experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats in association with enhanced humoral immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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258
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Villarino A, Laurence A, Robinson GW, Bonelli M, Dema B, Afzali B, Shih HY, Sun HW, Brooks SR, Hennighausen L, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) paralog dose governs T cell effector and regulatory functions. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26999798 PMCID: PMC4856466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT5 is fundamental to the mammalian immune system. However, the relationship between its two paralogs, STAT5A and STAT5B, and the extent to which they are functionally distinct, remain uncertain. Using mouse models of paralog deficiency, we demonstrate that they are not equivalent for CD4+ 'helper' T cells, the principal orchestrators of adaptive immunity. Instead, we find that STAT5B is dominant for both effector and regulatory (Treg) responses and, therefore, uniquely necessary for immunological tolerance. Comparative analysis of genomic distribution and transcriptomic output confirm that STAT5B has fargreater impact but, surprisingly, the data point towards asymmetric expression (i.e. paralog dose), rather than distinct functional properties, as the key distinguishing feature. Thus, we propose a quantitative model of STAT5 paralog activity whereby relative abundance imposes functional specificity (or dominance) in the face of widespread structural homology. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08384.001 The immune system in mammals is one of the most complex networks in the animal kingdom. One way that its many components communicate is via proteins called cytokines, which are released by cells and detected by receptors on the surface of other cells. This leads to the activation of signals inside the responding cells that alter the activity of genes and, ultimately, direct how they behave. STAT5 is a signal protein that is activated when certain cytokines bind to receptors on the cell surface. Consequently, it is an attractive target for drug therapies that seek to alter immune responses and there is keen interest in understanding how it works. It is an unusual protein in that there are two versions – termed STAT5A and STAT5B – that are produced by two separate genes. Together, STAT5A and STAT5B are fundamental to the immune system but there is considerable debate about whether they perform the same job or have distinct roles. Villarino et al. used a combination of genetic and genomic approaches to investigate how both versions of STAT5 work in mice. The experiments show that STAT5B plays a much bigger role in immune cells than STAT5A. Unexpectedly, the experiments indicate that the disparity is not due to differences in protein activity, but is caused by differences in the amount of these proteins in cells. Villarino et al.’s findings resolve longstanding questions about the relationship between STAT5A and STAT5B within the immune system. A logical next step is to find the molecular mechanisms responsible for causing different amounts of STAT5A and STAT5B to be produced in immune cells. Future work will also compare the roles of STAT5A and STAT5B in non-immune cells and explore whether it might be possible to develop therapies that specifically target one version and not the other. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08384.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gertraud W Robinson
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Barbara Dema
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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259
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Targeted Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibition suppresses murine and human chronic GVHD through a Stat3-dependent mechanism. Blood 2016; 127:2144-54. [PMID: 26983850 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-678706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a major complication following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The discovery of novel therapeutics is dependent on assessment in preclinical murine models of cGVHD. Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) recently was shown to be implicated in regulation of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-17 secretion in mice and humans. Here, we report that the selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 effectively ameliorates cGVHD in multiple models: a full major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatch model of multiorgan system cGVHD with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and a minor MHC mismatch model of sclerodermatous GVHD. Treatment with KD025 resulted in normalization of pathogenic pulmonary function, which correlates with a marked reduction of antibody and collagen deposition in the lungs of treated mice to levels comparable to non-cGVHD controls. Spleens of mice treated with KD025 had decreased frequency of T follicular helper cells and increased frequency of T follicular regulatory cells, accompanied by a reduction in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and concurrent increase in STAT5 phosphorylation. The critical role of STAT3 in this cGVHD model was confirmed by data showing that mice transplanted with inducible STAT3-deficient T cells had pulmonary function comparable to the healthy negative controls. The therapeutic potential of targeted ROCK2 inhibition in the clinic was solidified further by human data demonstrating the KD025 inhibits the secretion of IL-21, IL-17, and interferon γ along with decreasing phosphorylated STAT3 and reduced protein expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 and B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from active cGVHD patients. Together these data highlight the potential of targeted ROCK2 inhibition for clinical cGVHD therapy.
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260
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Wu H, Chen Y, Liu H, Xu LL, Teuscher P, Wang S, Lu S, Dent AL. Follicular regulatory T cells repress cytokine production by follicular helper T cells and optimize IgG responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1152-61. [PMID: 26887860 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide crucial help to germinal center B (GCB) cells for proper antibody production, and a specialized subset of regulatory T cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, modulate this process. However, Tfr-cell function in the GC is not well understood. Here, we define Tfr cells as a CD4(+) Foxp3(+) CXCR5(hi) PD-1(hi) CD25(low) TIGIT(high) T-cell population. Furthermore, we have used a novel mouse model ("Bcl6FC") to delete the Bcl6 gene in Foxp3(+) T cells and thus specifically deplete Tfr cells. Following immunization, Bcl6FC mice develop normal Tfh- and GCB-cell populations. However, Bcl6FC mice produce altered antigen-specific antibody responses, with reduced titers of IgG and significantly increased IgA. Bcl6FC mice also developed IgG antibodies with significantly decreased avidity to antigen in an HIV-1 gp120 "prime-boost" vaccine model. In an autoimmune lupus model, we observed strongly elevated anti-DNA IgA titers in Bcl6FC mice. Additionally, Tfh cells from Bcl6FC mice consistently produce higher levels of Interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-21. Loss of Tfr cells therefore leads to highly abnormal Tfh-cell and GCB-cell responses. Overall, our study has uncovered unique regulatory roles for Tfr cells in the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paula Teuscher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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261
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Stauss D, Brunner C, Berberich-Siebelt F, Höpken UE, Lipp M, Müller G. The transcriptional coactivator Bob1 promotes the development of follicular T helper cells via Bcl6. EMBO J 2016; 35:881-98. [PMID: 26957522 PMCID: PMC4972135 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are key regulators of the germinal center reaction and long‐term humoral immunity. Tfh cell differentiation requires the sustained expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6; however, its regulation in CD4+ T cells is incompletely understood. Here, we report that the transcriptional coactivator Bob1, encoded by the Pou2af1 gene, promotes Bcl6 expression and Tfh cell development. We found that Bob1 together with the octamer transcription factors Oct1/Oct2 can directly bind to and transactivate the Bcl6 and Btla promoters. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Bob1 is required for the expression of normal levels of Bcl6 and BTLA, thereby controlling the pool size and composition of the Tfh compartment in a T cell‐intrinsic manner. Our data indicate that T cell‐expressed Bob1 is directly involved in Tfh cell differentiation and required for mounting normal T cell‐dependent B‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Stauss
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lipp
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Müller
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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262
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Itk is required for Th9 differentiation via TCR-mediated induction of IL-2 and IRF4. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10857. [PMID: 26936133 PMCID: PMC4782063 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells produce interleukin (IL)-9, a cytokine implicated in allergic asthma and autoimmunity. Here we show that Itk, a mediator of T cell receptor signalling required for Th2 immune responses and the development of asthma, is a positive regulator of Th9 differentiation. In a model of allergic lung disease, Itk-deficient mice show reduced pulmonary inflammation and IL-9 production by T cells and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2), despite normal early induction of ILC2s. In vitro, Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells do not produce IL-9 and have reduced levels of IRF4 (Interferon Regulator Factor 4), a critical transcription factor for effector T cell function. Both IL-9 and IRF4 expression are rescued by either IL-2 or constitutively active STAT5, but not NFATc1. STAT5 binds the Irf4 promoter, demonstrating one mechanism by which IL-2 rescues weakly activated T cells. Itk inhibition also reduces IL-9 expression by human T cells, implicating ITK as a key regulator of Th9 induction.
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263
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Genome-wide Analysis Identifies Bcl6-Controlled Regulatory Networks during T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1735-1747. [PMID: 26876184 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cell is a unique T cell subset specialized in promoting humoral immunity. B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl6) has been identified as an obligatory transcription factor in Tfh cells; however, the molecular mechanism underlying Bcl6 function remains largely unknown. Here, we defined Bcl6 target genes in Tfh cells by analyzing genome-wide Bcl6 occupancy together with transcriptome profiling. With consensus sequences being different from those in Th9, B cells, and macrophages, Bcl6 binding in Tfh cell was closely associated with a decrease in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Importantly, Bcl6 promoted Tfh cell differentiation through antagonizing IL-7R (CD127)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 axis; deletion of the Bcl6 gene in T cells resulted in enhanced IL-7R-STAT5 signaling and substantial expansion of CD127(hi) non-Tfh cells. Thus, our study systemically examines Bcl6-controlled regulatory networks and provides important insights into Bcl6's biological functions in Tfh cells.
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264
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Martinez GJ, Hu JK, Pereira RM, Crampton JS, Togher S, Bild N, Crotty S, Rao A. Cutting Edge: NFAT Transcription Factors Promote the Generation of Follicular Helper T Cells in Response to Acute Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2015-9. [PMID: 26851216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CD4(+) Th (Tfh) cells provide B cell help in germinal center reactions that support class switching, somatic hypermutation, and the generation of high-affinity Abs. In this article, we show that deficiency in NFAT1 and NFAT2 in CD4(+) T cells leads to impaired germinal center reactions upon viral infection because of reduced Tfh cell differentiation and defective expression of proteins involved in T/B interactions and B cell help, including ICOS, PD-1, and SLAM family receptors. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation data suggest that NFAT proteins likely directly participate in regulation of genes important for Tfh cell differentiation and function. NFAT proteins are important TCR and Ca(2+)-dependent regulators of T cell biology, and in this article we demonstrate a major positive role of NFAT family members in Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Joyce K Hu
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Renata M Pereira
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jordan S Crampton
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Susan Togher
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicholas Bild
- Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Shane Crotty
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anjana Rao
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
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265
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Jandl C, King C. Cytokines in the Germinal Center Niche. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010005. [PMID: 31557986 PMCID: PMC6698856 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted, glycoproteins that specifically affect the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, and they are extremely potent, ligating high affinity cell surface receptors to elicit changes in gene expression and protein synthesis in the responding cell. Cytokines produced during the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells within the germinal center (GC) niche play an important role in ensuring that the humoral immune response is robust, whilst retaining flexibility, during the generation of affinity matured antibodies. Cytokines produced by B cells, antigen presenting cells and stromal cells are important for the differentiation of Tfh cells and Tfh cell produced cytokines act both in an autocrine fashion to firm Tfh cell differentiation and in a paracrine fashion to support the differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines during the GC reaction with a particular focus on the influence of cytokines on Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Cecile King
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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266
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Blanco P, Ueno H, Schmitt N. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in lupus: Activation and involvement in SLE pathogenesis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:281-90. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Blanco
- Univ. Bordeaux; CIRID, UMR/CNRS; 5164 Bordeaux France
- CNRS; CIRID, UMR; 5164 Bordeaux France
- CHU de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research; Dallas USA
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267
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Sasidharan Nair V, Song MH, Oh KI. Vitamin C Facilitates Demethylation of the Foxp3 Enhancer in a Tet-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2119-31. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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268
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van Panhuys N. TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26834747 PMCID: PMC4725058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into effector subsets underpins their ability to shape the immune response and mediate host protection. During T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4+ T cells, both the quality and quantity of specific activatory peptide/MHC ligands have been shown to control the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells in addition to co-stimulatory and cytokine-based signals. Recently, advances in two--photon microscopy and tetramer-based cell tracking methods have allowed investigators to greatly extend the study of the role of TCR signaling in effector differentiation under in vivo conditions. In this review, we consider data from recent in vivo studies analyzing the role of TCR signal strength in controlling the outcome of CD4+ T cell differentiation and discuss the role of TCR in controlling the critical nature of CD4+ T cell interactions with dendritic cells during activation. We further propose a model whereby TCR signal strength controls the temporal aspects of T-DC interactions and the implications for this in mediating the downstream signaling events, which influence the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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269
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Abstract
The success of most vaccines relies on the generation of antibodies to provide protection against subsequent infection; this in turn depends on a robust germinal centre (GC) response that culminates in the production of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells. The size and quality of the GC response are directed by a specialised subset of CD4
+ T cells: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells provide growth and differentiation signals to GC B cells and mediate positive selection of high-affinity B cell clones in the GC, thereby determining which B cells exit the GC as plasma cells and memory B cells. Because of their central role in the production of long-lasting humoral immunity, Tfh cells represent an interesting target for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Danika L Hill
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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270
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Wikenheiser DJ, Ghosh D, Kennedy B, Stumhofer JS. The Costimulatory Molecule ICOS Regulates Host Th1 and Follicular Th Cell Differentiation in Response to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:778-91. [PMID: 26667167 PMCID: PMC4705592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection requires cell- and Ab-mediated immunity to control acute and persistent infection, respectively. ICOS regulates CD4(+) T cell activation and promotes the induction of follicular Th (TFH) cells, CD4(+) T cells that support B cell affinity maturation within germinal centers (GCs), resulting in the production of high-affinity Abs. In this article, we demonstrate that, in response to P. c. chabaudi AS infection, the absence of ICOS resulted in an enhanced Th1 immune response that reduced peak parasitemia. Despite the absence of ICOS, CD4(+) T cells were capable of expressing PD-1, B cell lymphoma 6, and CXCR5 during early infection, indicating TFH development was not impaired. However, by day 21 postinfection, Icos(-/-) mice accumulated fewer splenic TFHs compared with Icos(+/+) mice, leading to substantially fewer GC B cells and a decrease in affinity, but not production, of parasite-specific isotype-switched Abs. Moreover, treatment of mice with anti-ICOS ligand Abs to modulate ICOS-ICOS ligand signaling revealed a requirement for ICOS in TFH differentiation only after day 6 postinfection. Ultimately, the quality and quantity of isotype-switched Abs produced in Icos(-/-) mice declined over time, resulting in impaired control of persistent parasitemia. Collectively, these data suggest ICOS is not required for TFH induction during P. c. chabaudi AS infection or production of isotype-switched Abs, but it is necessary for maintenance of a sustained high-affinity, protective Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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271
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McDonald PW, Read KA, Baker CE, Anderson AE, Powell MD, Ballesteros-Tato A, Oestreich KJ. IL-7 signalling represses Bcl-6 and the TFH gene program. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10285. [PMID: 26743592 PMCID: PMC4729877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 is linked to the development of both CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) and central memory T (TCM) cells. Here, we demonstrate that in response to decreased IL-2 signalling, T helper 1 (TH1) cells upregulate Bcl-6 and co-initiate TFH- and TCM-like gene programs, including expression of the cytokine receptors IL-6Rα and IL-7R. Exposure of this potentially bi-potent cell population to IL-6 favours the TFH gene program, whereas IL-7 signalling represses TFH-associated genes including Bcl6 and Cxcr5, but not the TCM-related genes Klf2 and Sell. Mechanistically, IL-7-dependent activation of STAT5 contributes to Bcl-6 repression. Importantly, antigen-specific IL-6Rα+IL-7R+ CD4+ T cells emerge from the effector population at late time points post influenza infection. These data support a novel role for IL-7 in the repression of the TFH gene program and evoke a divergent regulatory mechanism by which post-effector TH1 cells may contribute to long-term cell-mediated and humoral immunity. It remains incompletely understood how cytokines shape TH1 cell differentiation to central memory T (TCM) and follicular T helper (TFH) cells. Here the authors show that TH1 cells can co-initiate the expression of both TFH and TCM gene programs and that IL-7 signalling represses TFH-associated but not TCM-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W McDonald
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Read
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Chandra E Baker
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Ashlyn E Anderson
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
| | | | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA
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272
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Jang E, Cho WS, Oh YK, Cho ML, Kim JM, Paik DJ, Youn J. Splenic Long-Lived Plasma Cells Promote the Development of Follicular Helper T Cells during Autoimmune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1026-35. [PMID: 26729802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) develop under the help of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and reside mainly in the bone marrow. However, these cells are unusually abundant in the spleen of several autoimmune models including K/BxNsf mice, yet their pathogenic impact remains unknown. To investigate a previously unappreciated role of splenic LLPCs, we sorted splenic plasma cells (PCs) from K/BxNsf and K/BxN mice, corresponding to LLPCs and conventional short-lived PCs, respectively, and compared their phenotypes and ability to prime and induce the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into effector cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that K/BxNsf PCs had lower levels of the Ag presentation machinery and costimulators than K/BxN PCs, and also a lower CD4(+) T cell priming capacity. Autoantigen-pulsed K/BxNsf PCs selectively polarized cognate CD4(+) T cells toward the expression of molecules necessary for Tfh development and function. As a result, the K/BxNsf PC-primed CD4(+) T cells were more effective in stimulating B cells to produce autoantigen-specific IgGs than K/BxN PCs or even dendritic cells. Adoptive transfer of K/BxNsf PCs, but not K/BxN PCs, to K/BxN mice increased numbers of Tfh cells in draining lymph nodes. These results propose that abnormal accumulation of LLPCs in the spleen of autoimmune models drives the differentiation of autoantigen-primed CD4(+) T cells to Tfh cells. This positive feedback loop between splenic LLPCs and Tfh cells may contribute to the persistence of humoral autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyeong Jang
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Wang Sik Cho
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Oh
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, South Korea; and
| | - Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Paik
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea;
| | - Jeehee Youn
- Laboratory of Autoimmunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea;
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273
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Regulation of IL-4 Expression in Immunity and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:31-77. [PMID: 27734408 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 was first identified as a T cell-derived growth factor for B cells. Studies over the past several decades have markedly expanded our understanding of its cellular sources and function. In addition to T cells, IL-4 is produced by innate lymphocytes, such as NTK cells, and myeloid cells, such as basophils and mast cells. It is a signature cytokine of type 2 immune response but also has a nonimmune function. Its expression is tightly regulated at several levels, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA. This chapter will review in detail the molecular mechanism regulating the cell type-specific expression of IL-4 in physiological and pathological type 2 immune responses.
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274
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Lloyd C, Harker J. Location, Location, Location: Localized Memory Cells Take Residence in the Allergic Lung. Immunity 2016; 44:13-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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275
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Pérol L, Piaggio E. New Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Tolerance: Tolerogenic Actions of IL-2. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1371:11-28. [PMID: 26530792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3139-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an old molecule with brand new functions. Indeed, IL-2 has been first described as a T-cell growth factor but recent data pointed out that its main function in vivo is the maintenance of immune tolerance. Mechanistically, IL-2 is essential for the development and function of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) that are essential players in the control of immune responded to self, tumors, microbes and grafts. Treg cells are exquisitely sensitive to IL-2 due to their constitutive expression of the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and the new paradigm suggests that low-doses of IL-2 could selectively boost Treg cells in vivo. Consequently, a growing body of clinical research is aiming at using IL-2 at low doses as a tolerogenic drug to boost endogenous Treg cells in patients suffering from autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. In this manuscript, we briefly review IL-2/IL-2R biology and the role of IL-2 in the development, maintenance, and function of Treg cells; and also its effects on other immune cell populations such as CD4(+) T helper cells and CD8(+) memory T cells. Then, focusing on type 1 diabetes, we review the preclinical studies and clinical trials supporting the use of low-doses IL-2 as a tolerogenic immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the limitations and future directions for IL-2 based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérol
- INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- INSERM U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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276
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Kang S, Keener AB, Jones SZ, Benschop RJ, Caro-Maldonado A, Rathmell JC, Clarke SH, Matsushima GK, Whitmire JK, Vilen BJ. IgG-Immune Complexes Promote B Cell Memory by Inducing BAFF. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:196-206. [PMID: 26621863 PMCID: PMC4684997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cell responses are vital for protection against infections but must also be regulated to prevent autoimmunity. Cognate T cell help, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation within germinal centers (GCs) are required for high-affinity memory B cell formation; however, the signals that commit GC B cells to the memory pool remain unclear. In this study, we identify a role for IgG-immune complexes (ICs), FcγRs, and BAFF during the formation of memory B cells in mice. We found that early secretion of IgG in response to immunization with a T-dependent Ag leads to IC-FcγR interactions that induce dendritic cells to secrete BAFF, which acts at or upstream of Bcl-6 in activated B cells. Loss of CD16, hematopoietic cell-derived BAFF, or blocking IC:FcγR regions in vivo diminished the expression of Bcl-6, the frequency of GC and memory B cells, and secondary Ab responses. BAFF also contributed to the maintenance and/or expansion of the follicular helper T cell population, although it was dispensable for their formation. Thus, early Ab responses contribute to the optimal formation of B cell memory through IgG-ICs and BAFF. Our work defines a new role for FcγRs in GC and memory B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunAh Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amanda B Keener
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Shannon Z Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | | | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Stephen H Clarke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Glenn K Matsushima
- Neuroscience Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Barbara J Vilen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
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277
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Jones GW, Jones SA. Ectopic lymphoid follicles: inducible centres for generating antigen-specific immune responses within tissues. Immunology 2015; 147:141-51. [PMID: 26551738 PMCID: PMC4717241 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid neogenesis is traditionally viewed as a pre‐programmed process that promotes the formation of lymphoid organs during development. Here, the spatial organization of T and B cells in lymph nodes and spleen into discrete structures regulates antigen‐specific responses and adaptive immunity following immune challenge. However, lymphoid neogenesis is also triggered by chronic or persistent inflammation. Here, ectopic (or tertiary) lymphoid organs frequently develop in inflamed tissues as a response to infection, auto‐immunity, transplantation, cancer or environmental irritants. Although these structures affect local immune responses, the contribution of these lymphoid aggregates to the underlining pathology are highly context dependent and can elicit either protective or deleterious outcomes. Here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ectopic lymphoid neogenesis and consider the relevance of these structures in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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278
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Cubas R, van Grevenynghe J, Wills S, Kardava L, Santich BH, Buckner CM, Muir R, Tardif V, Nichols C, Procopio F, He Z, Metcalf T, Ghneim K, Locci M, Ancuta P, Routy JP, Trautmann L, Li Y, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Petrovas C, Migueles SA, Connors M, Tomaras GD, Moir S, Crotty S, Haddad EK. Reversible Reprogramming of Circulating Memory T Follicular Helper Cell Function during Chronic HIV Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5625-36. [PMID: 26546609 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in curtailing viral load in HIV-infected individuals, ART does not fully restore cellular and humoral immunity. HIV-infected individuals under ART show reduced responses to vaccination and infections and are unable to mount an effective antiviral immune response upon ART cessation. Many factors contribute to these defects, including persistent inflammation, especially in lymphoid tissues, where T follicular helper (Tfh) cells instruct and help B cells launch an effective humoral immune response. In this study we investigated the phenotype and function of circulating memory Tfh cells as a surrogate of Tfh cells in lymph nodes and found significant impairment of this cell population in chronically HIV-infected individuals, leading to reduced B cell responses. We further show that these aberrant memory Tfh cells exhibit an IL-2-responsive gene signature and are more polarized toward a Th1 phenotype. Treatment of functional memory Tfh cells with IL-2 was able to recapitulate the detrimental reprogramming. Importantly, this defect was reversible, as interfering with the IL-2 signaling pathway helped reverse the abnormal differentiation and improved Ab responses. Thus, reversible reprogramming of memory Tfh cells in HIV-infected individuals could be used to enhance Ab responses. Altered microenvironmental conditions in lymphoid tissues leading to altered Tfh cell differentiation could provide one explanation for the poor responsiveness of HIV-infected individuals to new Ags. This explanation has important implications for the development of therapeutic interventions to enhance HIV- and vaccine-mediated Ab responses in patients under ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cubas
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval H7V 1B7, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saintedym Wills
- Department of Immunology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian H Santich
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Clarisa M Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Roshell Muir
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Carmen Nichols
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Francesco Procopio
- Service d'Immunologie et Allergie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhong He
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Talibah Metcalf
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Michela Locci
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Petronella Ancuta
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Yuxing Li
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rick A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven A Migueles
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark Connors
- HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Immunology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987;
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Kim HJ, Barnitz RA, Kreslavsky T, Brown FD, Moffett H, Lemieux ME, Kaygusuz Y, Meissner T, Holderried TAW, Chan S, Kastner P, Haining WN, Cantor H. Stable inhibitory activity of regulatory T cells requires the transcription factor Helios. Science 2015; 350:334-9. [PMID: 26472910 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of immune homeostasis requires regulatory T cells (T(regs)). Given their intrinsic self-reactivity, T(regs) must stably maintain a suppressive phenotype to avoid autoimmunity. We report that impaired expression of the transcription factor (TF) Helios by FoxP3(+) CD4 and Qa-1-restricted CD8 T(regs) results in defective regulatory activity and autoimmunity in mice. Helios-deficient T(regs) develop an unstable phenotype during inflammatory responses characterized by reduced FoxP3 expression and increased effector cytokine expression secondary to diminished activation of the STAT5 pathway. CD8 T(regs) also require Helios-dependent STAT5 activation for survival and to prevent terminal T cell differentiation. The definition of Helios as a key transcription factor that stabilizes T(regs) in the face of inflammatory responses provides a genetic explanation for a core property of T(regs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - R Anthony Barnitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Flavian D Brown
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Howell Moffett
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Yasemin Kaygusuz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Torsten Meissner
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Tobias A W Holderried
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Susan Chan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France. Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Kastner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France. Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA.
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280
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Trans-presentation of IL-15 modulates STAT5 activation and Bcl-6 expression in TH1 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15722. [PMID: 26500048 PMCID: PMC4620557 DOI: 10.1038/srep15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, naïve CD4+ T helper cells differentiate into specialized effector subsets based upon environmental signals propagated by the cytokine milieu. Recently, this paradigm has been complicated by the demonstration that alterations in the cytokine environment can result in varying degrees of plasticity between effector T helper cell populations. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms by which cytokines regulate T helper cell differentiation decisions is increasingly important. The gamma common cytokine IL-15 is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of malignancies, due to its well-established role in the regulation of natural killer and CD8+ T cell immune responses. However, the effect of IL-15 signaling on CD4+ T cell activity is incompletely understood. One mechanism by which IL-15 activity is conferred is through trans-presentation via the IL-15 receptor alpha subunit. Here, we demonstrate that differentiated TH1 cells are responsive to trans-presented IL-15. Importantly, while trans-presentation of IL-15 results in STAT5 activation and maintenance of the TH1 gene program, IL-15 treatment alone allows for increased Bcl-6 expression and the upregulation of a TFH-like profile. Collectively, these findings describe a novel role for IL-15 in the modulation of CD4+ T cell responses and provide valuable insight for the use of IL-15 in immunotherapeutic approaches.
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281
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Bcl6 middle domain repressor function is required for T follicular helper cell differentiation and utilizes the corepressor MTA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13324-9. [PMID: 26460037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507312112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential providers of help to B cells. The transcription factor B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is a lineage-defining regulator of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells. In B cells, Bcl6 has the potential to recruit distinct transcriptional corepressors through its BTB domain or its poorly characterized middle domain (also known as RDII), but in Tfh cells the roles of the Bcl6 middle domain have yet to be clarified. Mimicked acetylation of the Bcl6 middle domain (K379Q) in CD4 T cells results in significant reductions in Tfh differentiation in vivo. Blimp1 (Prdm1) is a potent inhibitor of Tfh cell differentiation. Although Bcl6 K379Q still bound to the Prdm1 cis-regulatory elements in Tfh cells, Prdm1 expression was derepressed. This was a result of the failure of Bcl6 K379Q to recruit metastasis-associated protein 3 (MTA3). The loss of Bcl6 function in Bcl6 K379Q-expressing CD4 T cells could be partially rescued by abrogating Prdm1 expression. In addition to Prdm1, we found that Bcl6 recruits MTA3 to multiple genes involved in Tfh cell biology, including genes important for cell migration, cell survival, and alternative differentiation pathways. Thus, Bcl6 middle domain mediated repression is a major mechanism of action by which Bcl6 controls CD4 T-cell fate and function.
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282
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283
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IFN-γ Priming Effects on the Maintenance of Effector Memory CD4(+) T Cells and on Phagocyte Function: Evidences from Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:202816. [PMID: 26509177 PMCID: PMC4609814 DOI: 10.1155/2015/202816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been established that effector memory CD4+ T cells play an important role in the protective immunity against chronic infections, little is known about the exact mechanisms responsible for their functioning and maintenance, as well as their effects on innate immune cells. Here we review recent data on the role of IFN-γ priming as a mechanism affecting both innate immune cells and effector memory CD4+ T cells. Suboptimal concentrations of IFN-γ are seemingly crucial for the optimization of innate immune cell functions (including phagocytosis and destruction of reminiscent pathogens), as well as for the survival and functioning of effector memory CD4+ T cells. Thus, IFN-γ priming can thus be considered an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
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284
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Ray JP, Staron MM, Shyer JA, Ho PC, Marshall HD, Gray SM, Laidlaw BJ, Araki K, Ahmed R, Kaech SM, Craft J. The Interleukin-2-mTORc1 Kinase Axis Defines the Signaling, Differentiation, and Metabolism of T Helper 1 and Follicular B Helper T Cells. Immunity 2015; 43:690-702. [PMID: 26410627 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of CD4(+) helper T cell subsets with diverse effector functions is accompanied by changes in metabolism required to meet their bioenergetic demands. We find that follicular B helper T (Tfh) cells exhibited less proliferation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial respiration, accompanied by reduced mTOR kinase activity compared to T helper 1 (Th1) cells in response to acute viral infection. IL-2-mediated activation of the Akt kinase and mTORc1 signaling was both necessary and sufficient to shift differentiation away from Tfh cells, instead promoting that of Th1 cells. These findings were not the result of generalized signaling attenuation in Tfh cells, because they retained the ability to flux calcium and activate NFAT-transcription-factor-dependent cytokine production. These data identify the interleukin-2 (IL-2)-mTORc1 axis as a critical orchestrator of the reciprocal balance between Tfh and Th1 cell fates and their respective metabolic activities after acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Ray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew M Staron
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Justin A Shyer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Koichi Araki
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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285
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Wu T, Shin HM, Moseman EA, Ji Y, Huang B, Harly C, Sen JM, Berg LJ, Gattinoni L, McGavern DB, Schwartzberg PL. TCF1 Is Required for the T Follicular Helper Cell Response to Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2015; 12:2099-110. [PMID: 26365183 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) and T helper 1 (Th1) cells generated after viral infections are critical for the control of infection and the development of immunological memory. However, the mechanisms that govern the differentiation and maintenance of these two distinct lineages during viral infection remain unclear. We found that viral-specific TFH and Th1 cells showed reciprocal expression of the transcriptions factors TCF1 and Blimp1 early after infection, even before the differential expression of the canonical TFH marker CXCR5. Furthermore, TCF1 was intrinsically required for the TFH cell response to viral infection; in the absence of TCF1, the TFH cell response was severely compromised, and the remaining TCF1-deficient TFH cells failed to maintain TFH-associated transcriptional and metabolic signatures, which were distinct from those in Th1 cells. Mechanistically, TCF1 functioned through forming negative feedback loops with IL-2 and Blimp1. Our findings demonstrate an essential role of TCF1 in TFH cell responses to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoqi Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bonnie Huang
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jyoti M Sen
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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286
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Ballesteros-Tato A. Beyond regulatory T cells: the potential role for IL-2 to deplete T-follicular helper cells and treat autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1207-20. [PMID: 25496335 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 administration suppresses unwanted immune responses in mice and humans, thus evidencing the potential of IL-2 to treat autoimmune disorders. Increased Tregs activity is one of the potential mechanisms by which low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy induces immunosuppression. In addition, recent data indicate that IL-2 may contribute to prevent unwanted self-reactive responses by preventing the developing of T-follicular helper cells, a CD4(+) T-cell subset that expands in autoimmune disease patients and promotes long-term effector B-cell responses. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of low-dose IL-2 administration, focusing on the role of this cytokine in promoting Treg-mediated suppression and preventing self-reactive T-follicular helper cell responses.
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287
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Walker LSK, von Herrath M. CD4 T cell differentiation in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:16-29. [PMID: 26102289 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly infiltrate the islets, yet their activation and propagation probably requires CD4 T cell help. CD4 T cells can select from several differentiation fates following activation, and this choice has profound consequences for their subsequent cytokine production and migratory potential. In turn, these features dictate which other immune cell types T cells interact with and influence, thereby determining downstream effector functions. Obtaining an accurate picture of the type of CD4 T cell differentiation associated with a particular immune-mediated disease therefore constitutes an important clue when planning intervention strategies. Early models of T cell differentiation focused on the dichotomy between T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses, with type 1 diabetes (T1D) being viewed mainly as a Th1-mediated pathology. However, several additional fate choices have emerged in recent years, including Th17 cells and follicular helper T cells. Here we revisit the issue of T cell differentiation in autoimmune diabetes, highlighting new evidence from both mouse models and patient samples. We assess the strengths and the weaknesses of the Th1 paradigm, review the data on interleukin (IL)-17 production in type 1 diabetes and discuss emerging evidence for the roles of IL-21 and follicular helper T cells in this disease setting. A better understanding of the phenotype of CD4 T cells in T1D will undoubtedly inform biomarker development, improve patient stratification and potentially reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - M von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA and Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research and Development Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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288
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LEF-1 and TCF-1 orchestrate T(FH) differentiation by regulating differentiation circuits upstream of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6. Nat Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26214741 PMCID: PMC4545301 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are specialized effector CD4+ T cells that help B cells develop germinal centers and memory. However, the transcription factors that regulate TFH differentiation remain incompletely understood. Here we report that selective loss of either Lef1 (LEF-1) or Tcf7 (TCF-1) resulted in TFH defects, while deletion of Lef1 and Tcf7 severely impaired TFH differentiation and germinal centers. Forced expression of LEF-1 enhanced TFH differentiation. LEF-1 and TCF-1 coordinated TFH differentiation by two general mechanisms. First, they established the responsiveness of naïve CD4+ T cells to TFH signals. Second, they promoted early TFH differentiation via the multipronged approach of sustaining expression of IL-6Rα and gp130, enhancing ICOS expression, and promoting expression of Bcl6.
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289
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The transcription factor TCF-1 initiates the differentiation of T(FH) cells during acute viral infection. Nat Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26214740 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 in CD4(+) T cells is critical for the differentiation of follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells), which are essential for B cell-mediated immunity. In contrast, the transcription factor Blimp1 (encoded by Prdm1) inhibits T(FH) differentiation by antagonizing Bcl-6. Here we found that the transcription factor TCF-1 was essential for both the initiation of T(FH) differentiation and the effector function of differentiated T(FH) cells during acute viral infection. Mechanistically, TCF-1 bound directly to the Bcl6 promoter and Prdm1 5' regulatory regions, which promoted Bcl-6 expression but repressed Blimp1 expression. TCF-1-null T(FH) cells upregulated genes associated with non-T(FH) cell lineages. Thus, TCF-1 functions as an important hub upstream of the Bcl-6-Blimp1 axis to initiate and secure the differentiation of T(FH) cells during acute viral infection.
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290
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Giordano M, Henin C, Maurizio J, Imbratta C, Bourdely P, Buferne M, Baitsch L, Vanhille L, Sieweke MH, Speiser DE, Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Verdeil G. Molecular profiling of CD8 T cells in autochthonous melanoma identifies Maf as driver of exhaustion. EMBO J 2015; 34:2042-58. [PMID: 26139534 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells infiltrating neoplasms express surface molecules typical of chronically virus-stimulated T cells, often termed "exhausted" T cells. We compared the transcriptome of "exhausted" CD8 T cells infiltrating autochthonous melanomas to those of naïve and acutely stimulated CD8 T cells. Despite strong similarities between transcriptional signatures of tumor- and virus-induced exhausted CD8 T cells, notable differences appeared. Among transcriptional regulators, Nr4a2 and Maf were highly overexpressed in tumor-exhausted T cells and significantly upregulated in CD8 T cells from human melanoma metastases. Transduction of murine tumor-specific CD8 T cells to express Maf partially reproduced the transcriptional program associated with tumor-induced exhaustion. Upon adoptive transfer, the transduced cells showed normal homeostasis but failed to accumulate in tumor-bearing hosts and developed defective anti-tumor effector responses. We further identified TGFβ and IL-6 as main inducers of Maf expression in CD8 T cells and showed that Maf-deleted tumor-specific CD8 T cells were much more potent to restrain tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, the melanoma microenvironment contributes to skewing of CD8 T cell differentiation programs, in part by TGFβ/IL-6-mediated induction of Maf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Giordano
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Coralie Henin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Maurizio
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Imbratta
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Bourdely
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Buferne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Lukas Baitsch
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vanhille
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille Cedex 9, France INSERM U1104, Marseille, France CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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291
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Abstract
Most currently available vaccines rely on the induction of long-lasting protective humoral immune responses by memory B cells and plasma cells. Antibody responses against most antigens require interactions between antigen-specific B cells and CD4(+) T cells. Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are specialized subset of T cells that provide help to B cells and are essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of high-affinity antibodies. TFH-cell differentiation is a multistage process involving B-cell lymphoma 6 and other transcription factors, cytokines, and costimulation through inducible costimulator (ICOS) and several other molecules. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of TFH cell biology, including their differentiation, transcriptional regulation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- a Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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292
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Harker JA, Wong KA, Dolgoter A, Zuniga EI. Cell-Intrinsic gp130 Signaling on CD4+ T Cells Shapes Long-Lasting Antiviral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1071-81. [PMID: 26085685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IL-6 cytokine family utilizes the common signal transduction molecule gp130, which can mediate a diverse range of outcomes. To clarify the role of gp130 signaling in vivo during acute viral infection, we infected Cd4-cre Il6st(fl/fl) mice, in which gp130 is conditionally ablated in T cells, with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. We found that by day 12, but not at day 8, after infection the number of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells was reduced in the absence of gp130, and this was sustained for up to 2 mo postinfection. Additionally, gp130-deficient T follicular helper cells had lower expression of Maf, IL-21, and ICOS, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of germinal center B cells and plasmablasts. Remarkably, at 2 mo postinfection the proportion of IgG2a/c(+) memory B cells and the systemic levels of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific IgG2 Abs were dramatically decreased, whereas there was a corresponding increase in IgG1(+) memory B cells and virus-specific IgG1 Abs. In the same animals gp130-deficient virus-specific CD8(+) T cells showed a reduced proportion of memory cells, which expressed lower levels of Tcf7, and displayed diminished recall responses on secondary infection. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that the aforementioned gp130 effects on CD4(+) T cells were cell intrinsic. Overall, our data show that gp130 signaling in T cells influences the quantity and quality of long-lasting CD4(+) T cell responses as well as CD8(+) T cell- and Ab-mediated immunity after acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kurt A Wong
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Aleksandr Dolgoter
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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293
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Bao K, Reinhardt RL. The differential expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and its impact on type-2 immunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:25-37. [PMID: 26073683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic disease represents a significant global health burden, and disease incidence continues to rise in urban areas of the world. As such, a better understanding of the basic immune mechanisms underlying disease pathology are key to developing therapeutic interventions to both prevent disease onset as well as to ameliorate disease morbidity in those individuals already suffering from a disorder linked to type-2 inflammation. Two factors central to type-2 immunity are interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which have been linked to virtually all major hallmarks associated with type-2 inflammation. Therefore, IL-4 and IL-13 and their regulatory pathways represent ideal targets to suppress disease. Despite sharing many common regulatory pathways and receptors, these cytokines perform very distinct functions during a type-2 immune response. This review summarizes the literature surrounding the function and expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells. It highlights recent findings in vivo regarding the differential expression and non-canonical regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 in various immune cells, which likely play important and underappreciated roles in type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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294
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TFH cells accumulate in mucosal tissues of humanized-DRAG mice and are highly permissive to HIV-1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10443. [PMID: 26034905 PMCID: PMC4451806 DOI: 10.1038/srep10443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFH) in germinal centers are required for maturation of B-cells. While the role of TFH-cells has been studied in blood and lymph nodes of HIV-1 infected individuals, its role in the mucosal tissues has not been investigated. We show that the gut and female reproductive tract (FRT) of humanized DRAG mice have a high level of human lymphocytes and a high frequency of TFH (CXCR5+PD-1++) and precursor-TFH (CXCR5+PD-1+) cells. The majority of TFH-cells expressed CCR5 and CXCR3 and are the most permissive to HIV-1 infection. A single low-dose intravaginal HIV-1 challenge of humanized DRAG mice results in 100% infectivity with accumulation of TFH-cells mainly in the Peyer’s patches and FRT. The novel finding of TFH-cells in the FRT may contribute to the high susceptibility of DRAG mice to HIV-1 infection. This mouse model thus provides new opportunities to study TFH-cells and to evaluate HIV-1 vaccines.
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295
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Zhu J. T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production. Cytokine 2015; 75:14-24. [PMID: 26044597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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296
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Ogbe A, Miao T, Symonds ALJ, Omodho B, Singh R, Bhullar P, Li S, Wang P. Early Growth Response Genes 2 and 3 Regulate the Expression of Bcl6 and Differentiation of T Follicular Helper Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20455-65. [PMID: 25979336 PMCID: PMC4536451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and high affinity antibody production in germinal centers (GCs), and Tfh differentiation requires the function of B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6). We have now discovered that early growth response gene 2 (EGR2) and EGR3 directly regulate the expression of Bcl6 in Tfh cells, which is required for their function in regulation of GC formation. In the absence of EGR2 and -3, the expression of BCL6 in Tfh cells is defective, leading to impaired differentiation of Tfh cells, resulting in a failure to form GCs following virus infection and defects in production of antiviral antibodies. Enforced expression of BCL6 in EGR2/3-deficient CD4 T cells partially restored Tfh differentiation and GC formation in response to virus infection. Our findings demonstrate a novel function of EGR2/3 that is important for Tfh cell development and Tfh cell-mediated B cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Ogbe
- From the Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom and the Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
| | - Tizong Miao
- the Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair L J Symonds
- the Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Omodho
- From the Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom and
| | - Randeep Singh
- From the Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom and
| | - Punamdip Bhullar
- From the Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom and
| | - Suling Li
- From the Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom and
| | - Ping Wang
- the Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AD, United Kingdom
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297
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Hwang S, Palin AC, Li L, Song KD, Lee J, Herz J, Tubo N, Chu H, Pepper M, Lesourne R, Zvezdova E, Pinkhasov J, Jenkins MK, McGavern D, Love PE. TCR ITAM multiplicity is required for the generation of follicular helper T-cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6982. [PMID: 25959494 PMCID: PMC4428620 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex contains 10 copies of a di-tyrosine Immunoreceptor-Tyrosine-based-Activation-Motif (ITAM) that initiates TCR signalling by recruiting protein tyrosine kinases. ITAM multiplicity amplifies TCR signals, but the importance of this capability for T-cell responses remains undefined. Most TCR ITAMs (6 of 10) are contributed by the CD3ζ subunits. We generated 'knock-in' mice that express non-signalling CD3ζ chains in lieu of wild-type CD3ζ. Here we demonstrate that ITAM multiplicity is important for the development of innate-like T-cells and follicular helper T-cells, events that are known to require strong/sustained TCR-ligand interactions, but is not essential for 'general' T-cell responses including proliferation and cytokine production or for the generation of a diverse antigen-reactive TCR repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/cytology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Hwang
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amy C. Palin
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - LiQi Li
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jan Lee
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Noah Tubo
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Hamlet Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ekaterina Zvezdova
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Julia Pinkhasov
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dorian McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Paul E. Love
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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298
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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299
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Lee JY, Skon CN, Lee YJ, Oh S, Taylor JJ, Malhotra D, Jenkins MK, Rosenfeld MG, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. The transcription factor KLF2 restrains CD4⁺ T follicular helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2015; 42:252-264. [PMID: 25692701 PMCID: PMC4409658 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for efficient B cell responses, yet the factors that regulate differentiation of this CD4+ T cell subset are incompletely understood. Here we found that the KLF2 transcription factor serves to restrain Tfh cell generation. Induced KLF2 deficiency in activated CD4+ T cells led to increased Tfh cell generation and B cell priming, while KLF2 overexpression prevented Tfh cell production. KLF2 promotes expression of the trafficking receptor S1PR1, and S1PR1 downregulation is essential for efficient Tfh cell production. However, KLF2 also induced expression of the transcription factor Blimp-1, which repressed transcription factor Bcl-6 and thereby impaired Tfh cell differentiation. Furthermore, KLF2 induced expression of the transcription factors T-bet and GATA3 and enhanced Th1 differentiation. Hence, our data indicate KLF2 is pivotal for coordinating CD4+ T cell differentiation through two distinct and complementary mechanisms: via control of T cell localization, and by regulation of lineage-defining transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Yong Lee
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Cara N Skon
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Soohwan Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Deepali Malhotra
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - M Geoffrey Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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300
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Dahlgren MW, Gustafsson-Hedberg T, Livingston M, Cucak H, Alsén S, Yrlid U, Johansson-Lindbom B. T follicular helper, but not Th1, cell differentiation in the absence of conventional dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5187-99. [PMID: 25917099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of long-lived humoral immunity is dependent on CXCR5-expressing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which develop concomitantly to effector Th cells that support cellular immunity. Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are critical APCs for initial priming of naive CD4(+) T cells but, importantly, also provide accessory signals that govern effector Th cell commitment. To define the accessory role of cDCs during the concurrent development of Tfh and effector Th1 cells, we performed high-dose Ag immunization in conjunction with the Th1-biased adjuvant polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:C). In the absence of cDCs, pI:C failed to induce Th1 cell commitment and IgG2c production. However, cDC depletion did not impair Tfh cell differentiation or germinal center formation, and long-lived IgG1 responses of unaltered affinity developed in mice lacking cDCs at the time point for immunization. Thus, cDCs are required for the pI:C-driven Th1 cell fate commitment but have no crucial accessory function in relation to Tfh cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Gustafsson-Hedberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Megan Livingston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Cucak
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Samuel Alsén
- Immunology Section, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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