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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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252
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterised by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and occurs preferentially at arterial branching points, which are prone to inflammation during hyperlipidaemic stress. The increased susceptibility at branching sites of arteries is attributable to poor adaptation of arterial endothelial cells to disturbed blood flow. In the past 5 years, several studies have provided mechanistic insights into the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in inflammatory activation, proliferation, and regeneration of endothelial cells during this maladaptive process. The intercellular transfer of vesicle-bound miRNAs contributes to arterial homeostasis, and the combinatorial effect of multiple miRNAs controls the unresolved inflammation orchestrated by macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. In this Review, we highlight the miRNA-dependent regulation of the endothelial phenotype and the proliferative reserve that occurs in response to altered haemodynamic conditions as a prerequisite for atherogenic inflammation. In particular, we discuss the regulation of transcriptional modules by miRNAs and the protective role of complementary strand pairs, which encompasses remote miRNA signalling. In addition, we review the roles of miRNA tandems and describe the relevance of RNA target selection and competition to the behaviour of lesional macrophages. Elucidating miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms can aid the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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253
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Weinberger T, Schulz C. Myocardial infarction: a critical role of macrophages in cardiac remodeling. Front Physiol 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 25904868 PMCID: PMC4387471 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a common condition and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Macrophages, besides their role in host defense and tissue homeostasis, are critical players in the pathophysiological processes induced by myocardial infarction. In this article we will summarize the current understanding of the role of monocytes and macrophages in myocardial damage and cardiac remodeling in relation to their origin and developmental paths. Furthermore, we describe their potential implications in therapeutic strategies to modulate myocardial healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weinberger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany ; Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany ; Munich Heart Alliance, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Munich, Germany
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254
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Schultze JL, Freeman T, Hume DA, Latz E. A transcriptional perspective on human macrophage biology. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:44-50. [PMID: 25843246 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major cell type in tissue homeostasis and contribute to both pathology and resolution in all acute and chronic inflammatory diseases ranging from infections, cancer, obesity, atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorders to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The cellular and functional diversity of macrophages depends upon tightly regulated transcription. The innate immune system is under profound evolutionary selection. There is increasing recognition that human macrophage biology differs very significantly from that of commonly studied animal models, which therefore can have a limited predictive value. Here we report on the newest findings on transcriptional control of macrophage activation, and how we envision integrating studies on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and more classical approaches in murine models. Moreover, we provide new insights into how we can learn about transcriptional regulation in the human system from larger efforts such as the FANTOM (Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome) consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tom Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany
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255
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Wei Y, Zhu M, Corbalán-Campos J, Heyll K, Weber C, Schober A. Regulation of
Csf1r
and
Bcl6
in Macrophages Mediates the Stage-Specific Effects of MicroRNA-155 on Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:796-803. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The function of microRNAs is highly context and cell type dependent because of their highly dynamic expression pattern and the regulation of multiple mRNA targets. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) plays an important role in the innate immune response by regulating macrophage function; however, the effects of miR-155 in macrophages on atherosclerosis are controversial. We hypothesized that the stage-dependent target selection of miR-155 in macrophages determines its effects on atherosclerosis.
Approach and Results—
The expression of miR-155 increased in lesional macrophages of apolipoprotein E–deficient mice between 12 and 24 weeks of a high-cholesterol diet.
Mir155
knockout in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice enhanced lesion formation, increased the lesional macrophage content, and promoted macrophage proliferation after 12 weeks of the high-cholesterol diet. In vitro, miR-155 inhibited macrophage proliferation by suppressing colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, which was upregulated in lesional macrophages of
Mir155
–/–
apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. By contrast,
Mir155
deficiency reduced necrotic core formation and the deposition of apoptotic cell debris, thereby preventing the progression of atherosclerosis between 12 and 24 weeks of the high-cholesterol diet. miR-155 inhibited efferocytosis in vitro by targeting B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 and thus activating RhoA (ras homolog gene family, member A). Accordingly, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 was upregulated in lesional macrophages of
Mir155
–/–
apolipoprotein E–deficient mice after 24 weeks, but not after 12 weeks of the high-cholesterol diet.
Conclusions—
Our findings demonstrate a stage-specific role of miR-155 in lesion formation. miR-155 suppressed macrophage proliferation by targeting colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor in early and impaired efferocytosis by downregulating B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 in advanced atherosclerosis. Therefore, targeting the interaction between miR-155 and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 may be a promising approach to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wei
- From the Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Medical Faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.W., M.Z., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (Y.W., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); and Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., A.S.)
| | - Mengyu Zhu
- From the Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Medical Faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.W., M.Z., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (Y.W., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); and Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., A.S.)
| | - Judit Corbalán-Campos
- From the Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Medical Faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.W., M.Z., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (Y.W., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); and Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., A.S.)
| | - Kathrin Heyll
- From the Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Medical Faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.W., M.Z., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (Y.W., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); and Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., A.S.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Medical Faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.W., M.Z., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (Y.W., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); and Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., A.S.)
| | - Andreas Schober
- From the Experimental Vascular Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Medical Faculty of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.W., M.Z., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (Y.W., J.C.-C., K.H., C.W., A.S.); and Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (C.W., A.S.)
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256
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Mahon KL, Lin HM, Castillo L, Lee BY, Lee-Ng M, Chatfield MD, Chiam K, Breit SN, Brown DA, Molloy MP, Marx GM, Pavlakis N, Boyer MJ, Stockler MR, Daly RJ, Henshall SM, Horvath LG. Cytokine profiling of docetaxel-resistant castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1340-8. [PMID: 25867259 PMCID: PMC4402456 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Docetaxel improves symptoms and survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, ∼50% of patients are chemoresistant. This study examined whether changes in cytokine levels predict for docetaxel resistance in vitro and in a clinical cohort. Methods: PC3 cells or their docetaxel-resistant subline (PC3Rx) were co-cultured with U937 monocytes, with and without docetaxel treatment, and cytokine levels were measured. The circulating levels of 28 cytokines were measured pre-/post cycle 1 of docetaxel from 55 men with CRPC, and compared with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response. Results: PC3Rx-U937 co-culture expressed more cytokines, chiefly markers of alternative macrophage differentiation, compared with PC3-U937 co-culture. Docetaxel treatment enhanced cytokine production by PC3Rx-U937 co-culture, while reducing cytokine levels in PC3-U937. In patients, changes in the levels of seven circulating cytokines (macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC1), interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and IFNγ) after cycle 1 of docetaxel were associated with progressive disease (all P<0.05). The combination of changes in MIC1, IL-4 and IL-6 most strongly predicted PSA response (P=0.002). Conclusions: In vitro studies suggest docetaxel resistance is mediated, at least in part, by cytokines induced by the interaction between the docetaxel-resistant tumour cells and macrophages. Early changes in circulating cytokine levels were associated with docetaxel resistance in CRPC patients. When considered together, these data suggest a significant role for the inflammatory response and macrophages in the development of docetaxel resistance in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Mahon
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia [3] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - H-M Lin
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - L Castillo
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - B Y Lee
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M Lee-Ng
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M D Chatfield
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - K Chiam
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - S N Breit
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - D A Brown
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, NSW 2105, Australia
| | - G M Marx
- Northern Haematology and Oncology Group, SAN Clinic, Wahroonga, NSW 2076, Australia
| | - N Pavlakis
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific Highway, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - M J Boyer
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - M R Stockler
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - R J Daly
- Signalling Network Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - S M Henshall
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - L G Horvath
- 1] Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia [2] Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research/The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia [3] University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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257
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Shirai T, Hilhorst M, Harrison DG, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Macrophages in vascular inflammation--From atherosclerosis to vasculitis. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:139-51. [PMID: 25811915 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1027815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of vascular inflammatory disease ranges from atherosclerosis and hypertension, widespread conditions affecting large proportions of the population, to the vasculitides, rare syndromes leading to fast and irreversible organ failure. Atherosclerosis progresses over decades, inevitably proceeding through multiple phases of disease and causes its major complications when the vessel wall lesion ruptures, giving rise to lumen-occlusive atherothrombosis. Vasculitides of medium and large arteries progress rapidly, causing tissue ischemia through lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia. In both disease entities, macrophages play a decisive role in pathogenesis, but function in the context of other immune cells that direct their differentiation and their functional commitments. In atherosclerosis, macrophages are involved in the removal of lipids and tissue debris and make a critical contribution to tissue damage and wall remodeling. In several of the vasculitides, macrophages contribute to granuloma formation, a microstructural platform optimizing macrophage-T-cell interactions, antigen containment and inflammatory amplification. By virtue of their versatility and plasticity, macrophages are able to promote a series of pathogenic functions, ranging from the release of cytokines and enzymes, the production of reactive oxygen species, presentation of antigen and secretion of tissue remodeling factors. However, as short-lived cells that lack memory, macrophages are also amendable to reprogramming, making them promising targets for anti-inflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA and
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258
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Macrophage gene expression associated with remodeling of the prepartum rat cervix: microarray and pathway analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119782. [PMID: 25811906 PMCID: PMC4374766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the critical gatekeeper for birth, prepartum remodeling of the cervix is associated with increased resident macrophages (Mφ), proinflammatory processes, and extracellular matrix degradation. This study tested the hypothesis that expression of genes unique to Mφs characterizes the prepartum from unremodeled nonpregnant cervix. Perfused cervix from prepartum day 21 postbreeding (D21) or nonpregnant (NP) rats, with or without Mφs, had RNA extracted and whole genome microarray analysis performed. By subtractive analyses, expression of 194 and 120 genes related to Mφs in the cervix from D21 rats were increased and decreased, respectively. In both D21 and NP groups, 158 and 57 Mφ genes were also more or less up- or down-regulated, respectively. Mφ gene expression patterns were most strongly correlated within groups and in 5 major clustering patterns. In the cervix from D21 rats, functional categories and canonical pathways of increased expression by Mφ gene related to extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, differentiation, as well as cell signaling. Pathways were characteristic of inflammation and wound healing, e.g., CD163, CD206, and CCR2. Signatures of only inflammation pathways, e.g., CSF1R, EMR1, and MMP12 were common to both D21 and NP groups. Thus, a novel and complex balance of Mφ genes and clusters differentiated the degraded extracellular matrix and cellular genomic activities in the cervix before birth from the unremodeled state. Predicted Mφ activities, pathways, and networks raise the possibility that expression patterns of specific genes characterize and promote prepartum remodeling of the cervix for parturition at term and with preterm labor.
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259
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Grencis RK. Immunity to Helminths: Resistance, Regulation, and Susceptibility to Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:201-25. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Grencis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
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260
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Van Gassen N, Van Overmeire E, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, De Groef S, Cai Y, Elkrim Y, Gysemans C, Stijlemans B, Van de Casteele M, De Baetselier P, De Leu N, Heimberg H, Van Ginderachter JA. Macrophage dynamics are regulated by local macrophage proliferation and monocyte recruitment in injured pancreas. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1482-93. [PMID: 25645754 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas injury by partial duct ligation (PDL) activates a healing response, encompassing β-cell neogenesis and proliferation. Macrophages (MΦs) were recently shown to promote β-cell proliferation after PDL, but they remain poorly characterized. We assessed myeloid cell diversity and the factors driving myeloid cell dynamics following acute pancreas injury by PDL. In naive and sham-operated pancreas, the myeloid cell compartment consisted mainly of two distinct tissue-resident MΦ types, designated MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) MΦs, the latter being predominant. MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) pancreas MΦs differed at the molecular level, with MHC-II(lo) MΦs being more M2-activated. After PDL, there was an early surge of Ly6C(hi) monocyte infiltration in the pancreas, followed by a transient MHC-II(lo) MΦ peak and ultimately a restoration of the MHC-II(hi) MΦ-dominated steady-state equilibrium. These intricate MΦ dynamics in PDL pancreas depended on monocyte recruitment by C-C chemokine receptor 2 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor as well as on macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor-dependent local MΦ proliferation. Functionally, MHC-II(lo) MΦs were more angiogenic. We further demonstrated that, at least in C-C chemokine receptor 2-KO mice, tissue MΦs, rather than Ly6C(hi) monocyte-derived MΦs, contributed to β-cell proliferation. Together, our study fully characterizes the MΦ subsets in the pancreas and clarifies the complex dynamics of MΦs after PDL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvon Elkrim
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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261
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Collin M, Jardine L. A question of persistence: Langerhans cells and graft-versus-host disease. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:234-5. [PMID: 24443966 PMCID: PMC4150527 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) have been scrutinized many times in studies of the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As migratory dendritic cells, LCs are capable of direct antigen presentation to cytotoxic T cells. Their self-renewal capacity has led to speculation that persistent recipient LCs could provide a continuous source of host antigen to donor T cells infused during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this issue of Experimental Dermatology, a new study examines at the relationship between recipient LCs and chronic GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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262
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Garceau V, Balic A, Garcia-Morales C, Sauter KA, McGrew MJ, Smith J, Vervelde L, Sherman A, Fuller TE, Oliphant T, Shelley JA, Tiwari R, Wilson TL, Chintoan-Uta C, Burt DW, Stevens MP, Sang HM, Hume DA. The development and maintenance of the mononuclear phagocyte system of the chick is controlled by signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. BMC Biol 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25857347 PMCID: PMC4369834 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages have many functions in development and homeostasis as well as innate immunity. Recent studies in mammals suggest that cells arising in the yolk sac give rise to self-renewing macrophage populations that persist in adult tissues. Macrophage proliferation and differentiation is controlled by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) and interleukin 34 (IL34), both agonists of the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). In the current manuscript we describe the origin, function and regulation of macrophages, and the role of CSF1R signaling during embryonic development, using the chick as a model. RESULTS Based upon RNA-sequencing comparison to bone marrow-derived macrophages grown in CSF1, we show that embryonic macrophages contribute around 2% of the total embryo RNA in day 7 chick embryos, and have similar gene expression profiles to bone marrow-derived macrophages. To explore the origins of embryonic and adult macrophages, we injected Hamburger-Hamilton stage 16 to 17 chick embryos with either yolk sac-derived blood cells, or bone marrow cells from EGFP+ donors. In both cases, the transferred cells gave rise to large numbers of EGFP+ tissue macrophages in the embryo. In the case of the yolk sac, these cells were not retained in hatched birds. Conversely, bone marrow EGFP+ cells gave rise to tissue macrophages in all organs of adult birds, and regenerated CSF1-responsive marrow macrophage progenitors. Surprisingly, they did not contribute to any other hematopoietic lineage. To explore the role of CSF1 further, we injected embryonic or hatchling CSF1R-reporter transgenic birds with a novel chicken CSF1-Fc conjugate. In both cases, the treatment produced a large increase in macrophage numbers in all tissues examined. There were no apparent adverse effects of chicken CSF1-Fc on embryonic or post-hatch development, but there was an unexpected increase in bone density in the treated hatchlings. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the yolk sac is not the major source of macrophages in adult birds, and that there is a macrophage-restricted, self-renewing progenitor cell in bone marrow. CSF1R is demonstrated to be limiting for macrophage development during development in ovo and post-hatch. The chicken provides a novel and tractable model to study the development of the mononuclear phagocyte system and CSF1R signaling.
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263
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Grencis RK, Humphreys NE, Bancroft AJ. Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes: mechanisms and myths. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:183-205. [PMID: 24942690 PMCID: PMC4141702 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes have been studied extensively for over 80 years and intensively investigated over the last 30–40 years. The use of laboratory models has led to the discovery of new mechanisms of protective immunity and made major contributions to our fundamental understanding of both innate and adaptive responses. In addition to host protection, it is clear that immunoregulatory processes are common in infected individuals and resistance often operates alongside modulation of immunity. This review aims to discuss the recent discoveries in both host protection and immunoregulation against gastrointestinal nematodes, placing the data in context of the specific life cycles imposed by the different parasites studied and the future challenges of considering the mucosal/immune axis to encompass host, parasite, and microbiome in its widest sense.
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264
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Dey A, Allen J, Hankey-Giblin PA. Ontogeny and polarization of macrophages in inflammation: blood monocytes versus tissue macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 5:683. [PMID: 25657646 PMCID: PMC4303141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosion of new information in recent years on the origin of macrophages in the steady-state and in the context of inflammation has opened up numerous new avenues of investigation and possibilities for therapeutic intervention. In contrast to the classical model of macrophage development, it is clear that tissue-resident macrophages can develop from yolk sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors, fetal liver progenitors, and bone marrow-derived monocytes. Under both homeostatic conditions and in response to pathophysiological insult, the contribution of these distinct sources of macrophages varies significantly between tissues. Furthermore, while all of these populations of macrophages appear to be capable of adopting the polarized M1/M2 phenotypes, their respective contribution to inflammation, resolution of inflammation, and tissue repair remains poorly understood and is likely to be tissue- and disease-dependent. A better understanding of the ontology and polarization capacity of macrophages in homeostasis and disease will be essential for the development of novel therapies that target the inherent plasticity of macrophages in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwitia Dey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA ; Graduate Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA
| | - Joselyn Allen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA ; Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA
| | - Pamela A Hankey-Giblin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA ; Graduate Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA ; Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA
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265
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Engel DR, Krause TA, Snelgrove SL, Thiebes S, Hickey MJ, Boor P, Kitching AR, Kurts C. CX3CR1 reduces kidney fibrosis by inhibiting local proliferation of profibrotic macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1628-38. [PMID: 25595779 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A dense network of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) expressing the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 populates most tissues. We recently reported that CX3CR1 regulates the abundance of CD11c(+) DC in the kidney and thereby promotes renal inflammation in glomerulonephritis. Given that chronic inflammation usually causes fibrosis, we hypothesized that CX3CR1 deficiency should attenuate renal fibrosis. However, when we tested this hypothesis using the DC-independent murine fibrosis model of unilateral ureteral obstruction, kidney fibrosis was unexpectedly more severe, despite less intrarenal inflammation. Two-photon imaging and flow cytometry revealed in kidneys of CX3CR1-deficient mice more motile Ly6C/Gr-1(+) macrophages. Flow cytometry verified that renal macrophages were more abundant in the absence of CX3CR1 and produced more of the key profibrotic mediator, TGF-β. Macrophages accumulated because of higher intrarenal proliferation, despite reduced monocyte recruitment and higher signs of apoptosis within the kidney. These findings support the theory that tissue macrophage numbers are regulated through local proliferation and identify CX3CR1 as a regulator of such proliferation. Thus, CX3CR1 inhibition should be avoided in DC-independent inflammatory diseases because it may promote fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Engel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen and University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten A Krause
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stephanie Thiebes
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and Department of Nephrology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
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266
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Esser-von Bieren J, Volpe B, Kulagin M, Sutherland DB, Guiet R, Seitz A, Marsland BJ, Verbeek JS, Harris NL. Antibody-mediated trapping of helminth larvae requires CD11b and Fcγ receptor I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1154-63. [PMID: 25548226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections with intestinal helminths severely impact on human and veterinary health, particularly through the damage that these large parasites inflict when migrating through host tissues. Host immunity often targets the motility of tissue-migrating helminth larvae, which ideally should be mimicked by anti-helminth vaccines. However, the mechanisms of larval trapping are still poorly defined. We have recently reported an important role for Abs in the rapid trapping of tissue-migrating larvae of the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Trapping was mediated by macrophages (MΦ) and involved complement, activating FcRs, and Arginase-1 (Arg1) activity. However, the receptors and Ab isotypes responsible for MΦ adherence and Arg1 induction remained unclear. Using an in vitro coculture assay of H. polygyrus bakeri larvae and bone marrow-derived MΦ, we now identify CD11b as the major complement receptor mediating MΦ adherence to the larval surface. However, larval immobilization was largely independent of CD11b and instead required the activating IgG receptor FcγRI (CD64) both in vitro and during challenge H. polygyrus bakeri infection in vivo. FcγRI signaling also contributed to the upregulation of MΦ Arg1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Finally, IgG2a/c was the major IgG subtype from early immune serum bound by FcγRI on the MΦ surface, and purified IgG2c could trigger larval immobilization and Arg1 expression in MΦ in vitro. Our findings reveal a novel role for IgG2a/c-FcγRI-driven MΦ activation in the efficient trapping of tissue-migrating helminth larvae and thus provide important mechanistic insights vital for anti-helminth vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kulagin
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Duncan B Sutherland
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Guiet
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arne Seitz
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Respiratory Division, University Hospital, Vaud, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Global Health Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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267
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Blériot C, Dupuis T, Jouvion G, Eberl G, Disson O, Lecuit M. Liver-resident macrophage necroptosis orchestrates type 1 microbicidal inflammation and type-2-mediated tissue repair during bacterial infection. Immunity 2014; 42:145-58. [PMID: 25577440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, the phagocytes of fetal origin that line the liver sinusoids, are key contributors of host defense against enteroinvasive bacteria. Here, we found that infection by Listeria monocytogenes induced the early necroptotic death of Kupffer cells, which was followed by monocyte recruitment and an anti-bacterial type 1 inflammatory response. Kupffer cell death also triggered a type 2 response that involved the hepatocyte-derived alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) and basophil-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4). This led to the alternative activation of the monocyte-derived macrophages recruited to the liver, which thereby replaced ablated Kupffer cells and restored liver homeostasis. Kupffer cell death is therefore a key signal orchestrating type 1 microbicidal inflammation and type-2-mediated liver repair upon infection. This indicates that beyond the classical dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 responses, these responses can develop sequentially in the context of a bacterial infection and act interdependently, orchestrating liver immune responses and return to homeostasis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blériot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Théo Dupuis
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Listeria, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Pasteur Centre for Infectiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015 Paris, France.
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268
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Li L, Ng DSW, Mah WC, Almeida FF, Rahmat SA, Rao VK, Leow SC, Laudisi F, Peh MT, Goh AM, Lim JSY, Wright GD, Mortellaro A, Taneja R, Ginhoux F, Lee CG, Moore PK, Lane DP. A unique role for p53 in the regulation of M2 macrophage polarization. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1081-93. [PMID: 25526089 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 is critically important in preventing oncogenesis but its role in inflammation in general and in the function of inflammatory macrophages in particular is not clear. Here, we show that bone marrow-derived macrophages exhibit endogenous p53 activity, which is increased when macrophages are polarized to the M2 (alternatively activated macrophage) subtype. This leads to reduced expression of M2 genes. Nutlin-3a, which destabilizes the p53/MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog) complex, promotes p53 activation and further downregulates M2 gene expression. In contrast, increased expression of M2 genes was apparent in M2-polarized macrophages from p53-deficient and p53 mutant mice. Furthermore, we show, in mice, that p53 also regulates M2 polarization in peritoneal macrophages from interleukin-4-challenged animals and that nutlin-3a retards the development of tolerance to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. P53 acts via transcriptional repression of expression of c-Myc (v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog) gene by directly associating with its promoter. These data establish a role for the p53/MDM2/c-MYC axis as a physiological 'brake' to the M2 polarization process. This work reveals a hitherto unknown role for p53 in macrophages, provides further insight into the complexities of macrophage plasticity and raises the possibility that p53-activating drugs, many of which are currently being trialled clinically, may have unforeseen effects on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- p53 Laboratory, A*Star, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - D S W Ng
- Neurobiology Program, Life Science Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - W-C Mah
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - F F Almeida
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*Star, Singapore
| | - S A Rahmat
- p53 Laboratory, A*Star, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - V K Rao
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S C Leow
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A*Star, Singapore
| | - F Laudisi
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*Star, Singapore
| | - M T Peh
- Neurobiology Program, Life Science Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - A M Goh
- p53 Laboratory, A*Star, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - J S Y Lim
- Microscopy Unit, Institute of Medical Biology, A*Star, Singapore
| | - G D Wright
- Microscopy Unit, Institute of Medical Biology, A*Star, Singapore
| | | | - R Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - F Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*Star, Singapore
| | - C G Lee
- 1] Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - P K Moore
- Neurobiology Program, Life Science Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - D P Lane
- p53 Laboratory, A*Star, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648
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269
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Van Overmeire E, Laoui D, Keirsse J, Bonelli S, Lahmar Q, Van Ginderachter JA. STAT of the union: dynamics of distinct tumor-associated macrophage subsets governed by STAT1. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2238-42. [PMID: 24975396 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor stroma has long been ignored as therapeutic target, but it has become clear that several stromal cell types play a nonredundant role during tumor progression. In particular, macrophages possess the capacity to stimulate tumor growth and metastasis via multiple mechanisms. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study by Tymoszuk et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 2247-2262 demonstrates that both monocyte recruitment and local macrophage proliferation determines the tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) pool size in HER2/Neu-driven mammary carcinomas. These tumors contain two main TAM subsets--MHC class II (MHC-II)(lo) F4/80(hi) and MHC-II(hi) F4/80(lo)--similar to what was observed in other tumor models. Interestingly, only the MHC-II(lo) F4/80(hi) subset is largely absent in a STAT1-deficient background. STAT1 induces the expression of CSF-1, which in turn drives TAM proliferation and possibly also the M2 gene signature of MHC-II(lo) F4/80(hi) TAM. Conversely, STAT1 deficiency upregulates M2 gene expression in MHC-II(hi) F4/80(lo) TAM, demonstrating that both TAM subsets are differentially regulated, probably as a consequence of their distinct intratumoral localization. In this Commentary, we place these findings in the context of current knowledge and propose new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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270
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Fejer G, Sharma S, Gyory I. Self-renewing macrophages--a new line of enquiries in mononuclear phagocytes. Immunobiology 2014; 220:169-74. [PMID: 25468723 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes have been viewed for a long time as one distinct lineage where continuous division of haematopoietic progenitor cells give rise to and replenish differentiated mature cells with a limited life-span. Very recent data have demonstrated however, that in addition to this, proliferation of differentiated macrophages of mostly embryonic origin also contribute significantly to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Recently developed primary tissue culture models of self-renewing differentiated resident macrophages are now available to facilitate our understanding of macrophage heterogeneity and to provide special tools to study general and specific macrophage functions as well. In this review, we will focus on current knowledge on the concept of self-renewing macrophages and discuss aspects of their origin, development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Fejer
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Shagun Sharma
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ildiko Gyory
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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271
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Abstract
Macrophage accumulation within the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages respond to various environmental stimuli, such as modified lipids, cytokines, and senescent erythrocytes, which can modify their functional phenotypes. The results of studies on human atherosclerotic plaques demonstrate that the relative proportions of macrophage subsets within a plaque might be a better indicator of plaque phenotype and stability than the total number of macrophages. Understanding the function of specific macrophage subsets and their contribution to the composition and growth of atherosclerotic plaques would aid the identification of novel strategies to delay or halt the development of the disease and its associated pathophysiological consequences. However, most studies aimed at characterizing the phenotypes of human macrophages are performed in vitro and, therefore, their functional relevance to human pathology remains uncertain. In this Review, the diverse range of macrophage phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions and their potential roles in both plaque progression and stability are discussed, with an emphasis on human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi
- INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, Lille 59019, France
| | - Sophie Colin
- INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, Lille 59019, France
| | - Bart Staels
- INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, Lille 59019, France
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272
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Italiani P, Boraschi D. From Monocytes to M1/M2 Macrophages: Phenotypical vs. Functional Differentiation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:514. [PMID: 25368618 PMCID: PMC4201108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1320] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on monocyte and macrophage biology and differentiation have revealed the pleiotropic activities of these cells. Macrophages are tissue sentinels that maintain tissue integrity by eliminating/repairing damaged cells and matrices. In this M2-like mode, they can also promote tumor growth. Conversely, M1-like macrophages are key effector cells for the elimination of pathogens, virally infected, and cancer cells. Macrophage differentiation from monocytes occurs in the tissue in concomitance with the acquisition of a functional phenotype that depends on microenvironmental signals, thereby accounting for the many and apparently opposed macrophage functions. Many questions arise. When monocytes differentiate into macrophages in a tissue (concomitantly adopting a specific functional program, M1 or M2), do they all die during the inflammatory reaction, or do some of them survive? Do those that survive become quiescent tissue macrophages, able to react as naïve cells to a new challenge? Or, do monocyte-derived tissue macrophages conserve a “memory” of their past inflammatory activation? This review will address some of these important questions under the general framework of the role of monocytes and macrophages in the initiation, development, resolution, and chronicization of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Italiani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council , Napoli , Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Cytokines, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council , Napoli , Italy
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273
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Gautier EL, Yvan-Charvet L. Understanding macrophage diversity at the ontogenic and transcriptomic levels. Immunol Rev 2014; 262:85-95. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L. Gautier
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1166; Paris France
- Pierre & Marie Curie University Paris 6; Paris France
- ICAN Institute of CArdiometabolism & Nutrition; Paris France
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale U1065; Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M); Nice France
- Atip-Avenir; Nice France
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274
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Local and systemic immune responses in gingivitis and periodontitis. Open Med (Wars) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-013-0328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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275
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Trivedi S, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. Different HIV pox viral vector-based vaccines and adjuvants can induce unique antigen presenting cells that modulate CD8 T cell avidity. Virology 2014; 468-470:479-489. [PMID: 25261870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung-derived dendritic cell (LDC) recruitment following intranasal (i.n.) vaccination of different poxviral vector-based vaccines/adjuvants were evaluated to decipher how these factors influenced CD8(+) T cell avidity. Compared to the standard i.n. recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV)-HIV vaccination, the FPV-HIV IL-13Rα2 or IL-4Rα antagonist adjuvanted vaccines that induced higher avidity CD8(+) T cells, also recruited significantly elevated MHCII(+) CD11c(+) CD11b(+) CD103(-) CD64(-) MAR-1(-) conventional DC (cDCs) to the lung mucosae (hierarchy: IL-4R antagonist>IL-13Rα2>unadjuvanted). In contrast, elevated CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs were detected in animals that received recombinant HIV vaccinia virus (rVV) or Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) vector-based vaccines. Adoptive transfer studies indicated that CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs significantly dampened HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell avidity compared to CD11b(+) CD103(-) LDCs. Collectively; our observations revealed that rFPV vector prime and transient inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 at the vaccination site favoured the recruitment of unique LDCs, associated with the induction of high quality immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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276
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Little MC, Hurst RJM, Else KJ. Dynamic changes in macrophage activation and proliferation during the development and resolution of intestinal inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4684-95. [PMID: 25261482 PMCID: PMC4201944 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφs) accumulate at sites of inflammation, and, because they can assume several functionally distinct states of activation, they can either drive or restrain inflammatory responses. Once believed to depend on the recruitment of blood monocytes, it is now clear that the accumulation of Mφs in some tissues can result from the proliferation of resident Mφs in situ. However, little is known about the proliferation and activation state of Mφ subsets in the gut during the development and resolution of intestinal inflammation. We show that inflammatory Mφs accumulate in the large intestine of mice during the local inflammatory response to infection with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Classically activated Mφs predominate initially (as the inflammation develops) and then, following worm expulsion (as the inflammation resolves), both the resident and inflammatory populations of Mφs become alternatively activated. A small but significant increase in the proliferation of inflammatory Mφs is seen but only during the resolution phase of the inflammatory response following both worm expulsion and the peak in Mφ accumulation. In contrast to recent studies in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, the proliferation of resident and alternatively activated Mφs does not increase during the inflammatory response. Furthermore, in CCR2−/− mice, monocyte recruitment to the gut is impeded, and the accumulation of alternatively activated Mφs is greatly reduced. In conclusion, the recruitment of blood monocytes is the principle mechanism of Mφ accumulation in the large intestine. This study provides a novel insight into the phenotype and behavior of intestinal Mφ during infection-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Little
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J M Hurst
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J Else
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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277
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Vannella KM, Barron L, Borthwick LA, Kindrachuk KN, Narasimhan PB, Hart KM, Thompson RW, White S, Cheever AW, Ramalingam TR, Wynn TA. Incomplete deletion of IL-4Rα by LysM(Cre) reveals distinct subsets of M2 macrophages controlling inflammation and fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004372. [PMID: 25211233 PMCID: PMC4161449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice expressing a Cre recombinase from the lysozyme M-encoding locus (Lyz2) have been widely used to dissect gene function in macrophages and neutrophils. Here, we show that while naïve resident tissue macrophages from IL-4Rαflox/deltaLysMCre mice almost completely lose IL-4Rα function, a large fraction of macrophages elicited by sterile inflammatory stimuli, Schistosoma mansoni eggs, or S. mansoni infection, fail to excise Il4rα. These F4/80hiCD11bhi macrophages, in contrast to resident tissue macrophages, express lower levels of Lyz2 explaining why this population resists LysMCre-mediated deletion. We show that in response to IL-4 and IL-13, Lyz2loIL-4Rα+ macrophages differentiate into an arginase 1-expressing alternatively-activated macrophage (AAM) population, which slows the development of lethal fibrosis in schistosomiasis. In contrast, we identified Lyz2hiIL-4Rα+ macrophages as the key subset of AAMs mediating the downmodulation of granulomatous inflammation in chronic schistosomiasis. Our observations reveal a limitation on using a LysMCre mouse model to study gene function in inflammatory settings, but we utilize this limitation as a means to demonstrate that distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages control inflammation and fibrosis in chronic schistosomiasis. Chronic injury and inflammation lead to irreversible fibrosis in a range of diseases and infections. Macrophages alternatively activated by the immune system are capable of regulating inflammation and fibrosis, but our understanding of the source and function of these cells is incomplete. Mice genetically engineered to specifically prevent macrophages from becoming alternatively activated have been used to study the cells' role following infection with the parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. To our surprise, we found these mice prevent alternative activation only in macrophages that have had time to mature and some, perhaps more nascent, macrophages can become alternatively activated following exposure to S. mansoni eggs. We detected lower expression of Lyz2 gene in these cells, leading to less expression of the enzyme excising the receptor gene necessary for alternative activation. Following S. mansoni infection, the livers of these mice have similar levels of fibrosis but significantly more inflammation compared to controls. We conclude that during schistosomiasis, distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages control inflammation and fibrosis: macrophages expressing low levels of Lyz2 express Arg1 and thus are sufficient to control fibrosis, while more mature Lyz2-expressing macrophages are required for downmodulation of egg-induced inflammation in chronic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Vannella
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luke Barron
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lee A. Borthwick
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen N. Kindrachuk
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prakash Babu Narasimhan
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Hart
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Thompson
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra White
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Cheever
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thirumalai R. Ramalingam
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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278
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Huang SCC, Everts B, Ivanova Y, O'Sullivan D, Nascimento M, Smith AM, Beatty W, Love-Gregory L, Lam WY, O'Neill CM, Yan C, Du H, Abumrad NA, Urban JF, Artyomov MN, Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis is essential for alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:846-55. [PMID: 25086775 PMCID: PMC4139419 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 791] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative (M2) activation of macrophages driven via the α-chain of the receptor for interleukin 4 (IL-4Rα) is important for immunity to parasites, wound healing, the prevention of atherosclerosis and metabolic homeostasis. M2 polarization is dependent on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but the source of the fatty acids that support this metabolic program has not been clear. We found that the uptake of triacylglycerol substrates via the scavenger receptor CD36 and their subsequent lipolysis by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) was important for the engagement of elevated oxidative phosphorylation, enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC), prolonged survival and expression of genes that together define M2 activation. Inhibition of lipolysis suppressed M2 activation during infection with a parasitic helminth and blocked protective responses to this pathogen. Our findings delineate a critical role for cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis in M2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bart Everts
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - Yulia Ivanova
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - David O'Sullivan
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2]
| | - Marcia Nascimento
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Latisha Love-Gregory
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Wing Y Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina M O'Neill
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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279
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Nascimento M, Huang SC, Smith A, Everts B, Lam W, Bassity E, Gautier EL, Randolph GJ, Pearce EJ. Ly6Chi monocyte recruitment is responsible for Th2 associated host-protective macrophage accumulation in liver inflammation due to schistosomiasis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004282. [PMID: 25144366 PMCID: PMC4140849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of M2 macrophages in the liver, within the context of a strong Th2 response, is a hallmark of infection with the parasitic helminth, Schistosoma mansoni, but the origin of these cells is unclear. To explore this, we examined the relatedness of macrophages to monocytes in this setting. Our data show that both monocyte-derived and resident macrophages are engaged in the response to infection. Infection caused CCR2-dependent increases in numbers of Ly6Chi monocytes in blood and liver and of CX3CR1+ macrophages in diseased liver. Ly6Chi monocytes recovered from liver had the potential to differentiate into macrophages when cultured with M-CSF. Using pulse chase BrdU labeling, we found that most hepatic macrophages in infected mice arose from monocytes. Consistent with this, deletion of monocytes led to the loss of a subpopulation of hepatic CD11chi macrophages that was present in infected but not naïve mice. This was accompanied by a reduction in the size of egg-associated granulomas and significantly exacerbated disease. In addition to the involvement of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in hepatic inflammation due to infection, we observed increased incorporation of BrdU and expression of Ki67 and MHC II in resident macrophages, indicating that these cells are participating in the response. Expression of both M2 and M1 marker genes was increased in liver from infected vs. naive mice. The M2 fingerprint in the liver was not accounted for by a single cell type, but rather reflected expression of M2 genes by various cells including macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Our data point to monocyte recruitment as the dominant process for increasing macrophage cell numbers in the liver during schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. During infection with S. mansoni, parasite eggs become trapped in the liver and elicit granulomatous inflammation characterized by accumulations of immune cells intermixed with liver cells around the eggs. This inflammation is responsible for disease symptoms, but also plays an important role in protecting the host against liver damage that can be caused by egg products. Granulomas, by definition, contain a significant number of macrophages (phagocytic cells of the immune system). Recent work has emphasized that macrophage numbers in inflammation can increase due either to recruitment of precursor cells (called monocytes) from the blood, or as a result of proliferation of tissue-resident macrophages. Local proliferation has been noted in other worm infections, during which the immune response is Th2-like and IL-4 produced by Th2 cells promotes macrophages to become “alternatively (or M2) activated”. We examined the origin of the increased numbers of macrophages in liver inflammation due to schistosomiasis, in which there is also a prominent Th2 response. We found that the cells mostly originated from monocytes recruited into the tissue from the blood. This response was critical for host survival during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Nascimento
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stanley C. Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amber Smith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wing Lam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Emmanuel L. Gautier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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280
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Sauter KA, Pridans C, Sehgal A, Bain CC, Scott C, Moffat L, Rojo R, Stutchfield BM, Davies CL, Donaldson DS, Renault K, McColl BW, Mowat AM, Serrels A, Frame MC, Mabbott NA, Hume DA. The MacBlue binary transgene (csf1r-gal4VP16/UAS-ECFP) provides a novel marker for visualisation of subsets of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and responsiveness to CSF1 administration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105429. [PMID: 25137049 PMCID: PMC4138162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The MacBlue transgenic mouse uses the Csf1r promoter and first intron to drive expression of gal4-VP16, which in turn drives a cointegrated gal4-responsive UAS-ECFP cassette. The Csf1r promoter region used contains a deletion of a 150 bp conserved region covering trophoblast and osteoclast-specific transcription start sites. In this study, we examined expression of the transgene in embryos and adult mice. In embryos, ECFP was expressed in the large majority of macrophages derived from the yolk sac, and as the liver became a major site of monocytopoiesis. In adults, ECFP was detected at high levels in both Ly6C+ and Ly6C- monocytes and distinguished them from Ly6C+, F4/80+, CSF1R+ immature myeloid cells in peripheral blood. ECFP was also detected in the large majority of microglia and Langerhans cells. However, expression was lost from the majority of tissue macrophages, including Kupffer cells in the liver and F4/80+ macrophages of the lung, kidney, spleen and intestine. The small numbers of positive cells isolated from the liver resembled blood monocytes. In the gut, ECFP+ cells were identified primarily as classical dendritic cells or blood monocytes in disaggregated cell preparations. Immunohistochemistry showed large numbers of ECFP+ cells in the Peyer's patch and isolated lymphoid follicles. The MacBlue transgene was used to investigate the effect of treatment with CSF1-Fc, a form of the growth factor with longer half-life and efficacy. CSF1-Fc massively expanded both the immature myeloid cell (ECFP-) and Ly6C+ monocyte populations, but had a smaller effect on Ly6C- monocytes. There were proportional increases in ECFP+ cells detected in lung and liver, consistent with monocyte infiltration, but no generation of ECFP+ Kupffer cells. In the gut, there was selective infiltration of large numbers of cells into the lamina propria and Peyer's patches. We discuss the use of the MacBlue transgene as a marker of monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Calum C. Bain
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Scott
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey Moffat
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rocío Rojo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ben M. Stutchfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Davies
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Renault
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barry W. McColl
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret C. Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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281
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Jenkins SJ, Hume DA. Homeostasis in the mononuclear phagocyte system. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:358-67. [PMID: 25047416 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a family of functionally related cells including bone marrow precursors, blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages. We review the evidence that macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are separate lineages and functional entities, and examine whether the traditional view that monocytes are the immediate precursors of tissue macrophages needs to be refined based upon evidence that macrophages can extensively self-renew and can be seeded from yolk sac/foetal liver progenitors with little input from monocytes thereafter. We review the role of the growth factor colony-stimulating factor (CSF)1, and present a model consistent with the concept of the MPS in which local proliferation and monocyte recruitment are connected to ensure macrophages occupy their well-defined niche in most tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Jenkins
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David A Hume
- University of Edinburgh, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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282
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Forbes SJ, Rosenthal N. Preparing the ground for tissue regeneration: from mechanism to therapy. Nat Med 2014; 20:857-69. [PMID: 25100531 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases confer tissue and organ damage that reduce quality of life and are largely refractory to therapy. Although stem cells hold promise for treating degenerative diseases by 'seeding' injured tissues, the regenerative capacity of stem cells is influenced by regulatory networks orchestrated by local immune responses to tissue damage, with macrophages being a central component of the injury response and coordinator of tissue repair. Recent research has turned to how cellular and signaling components of the local stromal microenvironment (the 'soil' to the stem cells' seed), such as local inflammatory reactions, contribute to successful tissue regeneration. This Review discusses the basic principles of tissue regeneration and the central role locally acting components may play in the process. Application of seed-and-soil concepts to regenerative medicine strengthens prospects for developing cell-based therapies or for promotion of endogenous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- 1] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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283
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Gold KS, Brückner K. Drosophila as a model for the two myeloid blood cell systems in vertebrates. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:717-27. [PMID: 24946019 PMCID: PMC5013032 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fish, mice, and humans rely on two coexisting myeloid blood cell systems. One is sustained by hematopoietic progenitor cells, which reside in specialized microenvironments (niches) in hematopoietic organs and give rise to cells of the monocyte lineage. The other system corresponds to the independent lineage of self-renewing tissue macrophages, which colonize organs during embryonic development and are maintained during later life by proliferation in local tissue microenvironments. However, little is known about the nature of these microenvironments and their regulation. Moreover, many vertebrate tissues contain a mix of both tissue-resident and monocyte-derived macrophages, posing a challenge to the study of lineage-specific regulatory mechanisms and function. This review highlights how research in the simple model organism Drosophila melanogaster can address many of these outstanding questions in the field. Drawing parallels between hematopoiesis in Drosophila and vertebrates, we illustrate the evolutionary conservation of the two myeloid systems across animal phyla. Much like vertebrates, Drosophila possesses a lineage of self-renewing tissue-resident macrophages, which we refer to as tissue hemocytes, as well as a "definitive" lineage of macrophages that derive from hematopoiesis in the progenitor-based lymph gland. We summarize key findings from Drosophila hematopoiesis that illustrate how local microenvironments, systemic signals, immune challenges, and nervous inputs regulate adaptive responses of tissue-resident macrophages and progenitor-based hematopoiesis to maximize fitness of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Brückner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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284
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Epelman S, Lavine KJ, Randolph GJ. Origin and functions of tissue macrophages. Immunity 2014; 41:21-35. [PMID: 25035951 PMCID: PMC4470379 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1029] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are distributed in tissues throughout the body and contribute to both homeostasis and disease. Recently, it has become evident that most adult tissue macrophages originate during embryonic development and not from circulating monocytes. Each tissue has its own composition of embryonically derived and adult-derived macrophages, but it is unclear whether macrophages of distinct origins are functionally interchangeable or have unique roles at steady state. This new understanding also prompts reconsideration of the function of circulating monocytes. Classical Ly6c(hi) monocytes patrol the extravascular space in resting organs, and Ly6c(lo) nonclassical monocytes patrol the vasculature. Inflammation triggers monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, but whether resident and newly recruited macrophages possess similar functions during inflammation is unclear. Here, we define the tools used for identifying the complex origin of tissue macrophages and discuss the relative contributions of tissue niche versus ontological origin to the regulation of macrophage functions during steady state and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Epelman
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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285
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Gautier EL, Ivanov S, Williams JW, Huang SCC, Marcelin G, Fairfax K, Wang PL, Francis JS, Leone P, Wilson DB, Artyomov MN, Pearce EJ, Randolph GJ. Gata6 regulates aspartoacylase expression in resident peritoneal macrophages and controls their survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1525-31. [PMID: 25024137 PMCID: PMC4113942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gata6 regulates differentiation, metabolism and survival of peritoneal macrophages. The transcription factor Gata6 regulates proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and endocrine cells and cancers. Among hematopoietic cells, Gata6 is expressed selectively in resident peritoneal macrophages. We thus examined whether the loss of Gata6 in the macrophage compartment affected peritoneal macrophages, using Lyz2-Cre x Gata6flox/flox mice to tackle this issue. In Lyz2-Cre x Gata6flox/flox mice, the resident peritoneal macrophage compartment, but not macrophages in other organs, was contracted, with only a third the normal number of macrophages remaining. Heightened rates of death explained the marked decrease in peritoneal macrophage observed. The metabolism of the remaining macrophages was skewed to favor oxidative phosphorylation and alternative activation markers were spontaneously and selectively induced in Gata6-deficient macrophages. Gene expression profiling revealed perturbed metabolic regulators, including aspartoacylase (Aspa), which facilitates generation of acetyl CoA. Mutant mice lacking functional Aspa phenocopied the higher propensity to death and led to a contraction of resident peritoneal macrophages. Thus, Gata6 regulates differentiation, metabolism, and survival of resident peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L Gautier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Genevieve Marcelin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Keke Fairfax
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Peter L Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeremy S Francis
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
| | - Paola Leone
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
| | - David B Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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286
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Allen JE, Sutherland TE. Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:329-40. [PMID: 25028340 PMCID: PMC4179909 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is associated with both helminth infection and responses to injury. Pathways involved in tissue repair and helminth immunity overlap. The IL-4Rα is central to accelerating both repair and helminth control. Adaptive immunity contributes to more rapid wound repair.
Metazoan parasites typically induce a type 2 immune response, characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 among others. The type 2 response is host protective, reducing the number of parasites either through direct killing in the tissues, or expulsion from the intestine. Type 2 immunity also protects the host against damage mediated by these large extracellular parasites as they migrate through the body. At the center of both the innate and adaptive type 2 immune response, is the IL-4Rα that mediates many of the key effector functions. Here we highlight the striking overlap between the molecules, cells and pathways that mediate both parasite control and tissue repair. We have proposed that adaptive Th2 immunity evolved out of our innate repair pathways to mediate both accelerated repair and parasite control in the face of continual assault from multicellular pathogens. Type 2 cytokines are involved in many aspects of mammalian physiology independent of helminth infection. Therefore understanding the evolutionary relationship between helminth killing and tissue repair should provide new insight into immune mechanisms of tissue protection in the face of physical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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287
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Macrophages in cardiac homeostasis, injury responses and progenitor cell mobilisation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:705-14. [PMID: 25087895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an immune cell type found in every organ of the body. Classically, macrophages are recognised as housekeeping cells involved in the detection of foreign antigens and danger signatures, and the clearance of tissue debris. However, macrophages are increasingly recognised as a highly versatile cell type with a diverse range of functions that are important for tissue homeostasis and injury responses. Recent research findings suggest that macrophages contribute to tissue regeneration and may play a role in the activation and mobilisation of stem cells. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of the role played by macrophages in cardiac tissue maintenance and repair following injury. We examine the involvement of exogenous and resident tissue macrophages in cardiac inflammatory responses and their potential activity in regulating cardiac regeneration.
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288
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Gow DJ, Sauter KA, Pridans C, Moffat L, Sehgal A, Stutchfield BM, Raza S, Beard PM, Tsai YT, Bainbridge G, Boner PL, Fici G, Garcia-Tapia D, Martin RA, Oliphant T, Shelly JA, Tiwari R, Wilson TL, Smith LB, Mabbott NA, Hume DA. Characterisation of a novel Fc conjugate of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1580-92. [PMID: 24962162 PMCID: PMC4435485 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have produced an Fc conjugate of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) 1 with an improved circulating half-life. CSF1-Fc retained its macrophage growth-promoting activity, and did not induce proinflammatory cytokines in vitro. Treatment with CSF1-Fc did not produce adverse effects in mice or pigs. The impact of CSF1-Fc was examined using the Csf1r-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene in MacGreen mice. Administration of CSF1-Fc to mice drove extensive infiltration of all tissues by Csf1r-EGFP positive macrophages. The main consequence was hepatosplenomegaly, associated with proliferation of hepatocytes. Expression profiles of the liver indicated that infiltrating macrophages produced candidate mediators of hepatocyte proliferation including urokinase, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6. CSF1-Fc also promoted osteoclastogenesis and produced pleiotropic effects on other organ systems, notably the testis, where CSF1-dependent macrophages have been implicated in homeostasis. However, it did not affect other putative CSF1 targets, notably intestine, where Paneth cell numbers and villus architecture were unchanged. CSF1 has therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine in multiple organs. We suggest that the CSF1-Fc conjugate retains this potential, and may permit daily delivery by injection rather than continuous infusion required for the core molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Gow
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Lindsey Moffat
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ben M Stutchfield
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sobia Raza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee B Smith
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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289
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Tymoszuk P, Evens H, Marzola V, Wachowicz K, Wasmer MH, Datta S, Müller-Holzner E, Fiegl H, Böck G, van Rooijen N, Theurl I, Doppler W. In situ proliferation contributes to accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages in spontaneous mammary tumors. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2247-62. [PMID: 24796276 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of a neoplasm with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is considered an important negative prognostic factor and is functionally associated with tumor vascularization, accelerated growth, and dissemination. However, the ontogeny and differentiation pathways of TAMs are only incompletely characterized. Here, we report that intense local proliferation of fully differentiated macrophages rather than low-pace recruitment of blood-borne precursors drives TAM accumulation in a mouse model of spontaneous mammary carcinogenesis, the MMTVneu strain. TAM differentiation and expansion is regulated by CSF1, whose expression is directly controlled by STAT1 at the gene promoter level. These findings appear to be also relevant for human breast cancer, in which an interrelationship between STAT1, CSF1, and macrophage marker expression was identified. We propose that, akin to various MU subtypes in nonmalignant tissues, local proliferation and CSF1 play a vital role in the homeostasis of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tymoszuk
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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290
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Mitchell AJ, Roediger B, Weninger W. Monocyte homeostasis and the plasticity of inflammatory monocytes. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:22-31. [PMID: 24962351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are mononuclear myeloid cells that develop in the bone marrow and circulate within the bloodstream. Although they have long been argued to play a role in the repopulation of tissue-resident macrophages, this has been questioned by numerous recent studies, which has forced a reappraisal of their biology. Here we discuss monocyte development, as well as the homeostatic control of monocyte subpopulations within the blood. We also outline the known functions of monocyte subsets. Finally, we highlight the plastic nature of monocytes, which are capable of a remarkable range of phenotypic and functional changes that depend on signals from local microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Roediger
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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291
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292
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Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:392-404. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1159] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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293
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Tacke F, Zimmermann HW. Macrophage heterogeneity in liver injury and fibrosis. J Hepatol 2014; 60:1090-6. [PMID: 24412603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages are central in the pathogenesis of chronic liver injury and have been proposed as potential targets in combatting fibrosis. Recent experimental studies in animal models revealed that hepatic macrophages are a remarkably heterogeneous population of immune cells that fulfill diverse functions in homeostasis, disease progression, and regression from injury. These range from clearance of pathogens or cellular debris and maintenance of immunological tolerance in steady state conditions; central roles in initiating and perpetuating inflammation in response to injury; promoting liver fibrosis via activating hepatic stellate cells in chronic liver damage; and, finally, resolution of inflammation and fibrosis by degradation of extracellular matrix and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Cellular heterogeneity in the liver is partly explained by the origin of macrophages. Hepatic macrophages can either arise from circulating monocytes, which are recruited to the injured liver via chemokine signals, or from self-renewing embryo-derived local macrophages, termed Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells appear essential for sensing tissue injury and initiating inflammatory responses, while infiltrating Ly-6C(+) monocyte-derived macrophages are linked to chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis. In addition, proliferation of local or recruited macrophages may possibly further contribute to their accumulation in injured liver. During fibrosis regression, monocyte-derived cells differentiate into Ly-6C (Ly6C, Gr1) low expressing 'restorative' macrophages and promote resolution from injury. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate hepatic macrophage heterogeneity, either by monocyte subset recruitment, by promoting restorative macrophage polarization or by impacting distinctive macrophage effector functions, may help to develop novel macrophage subset-targeted therapies for liver injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tacke
- University Hospital Aachen, Department of Medicine III, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henning W Zimmermann
- University Hospital Aachen, Department of Medicine III, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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294
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Aggarwal NR, King LS, D'Alessio FR. Diverse macrophage populations mediate acute lung inflammation and resolution. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L709-25. [PMID: 24508730 PMCID: PMC3989724 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00341.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating disease with distinct pathological stages. Fundamental to ARDS is the acute onset of lung inflammation as a part of the body's immune response to a variety of local and systemic stimuli. In patients surviving the inflammatory and subsequent fibroproliferative stages, transition from injury to resolution and recovery is an active process dependent on a series of highly coordinated events regulated by the immune system. Experimental animal models of acute lung injury (ALI) reproduce key components of the injury and resolution phases of human ARDS and provide a methodology to explore mechanisms and potential new therapies. Macrophages are essential to innate immunity and host defense, playing a featured role in the lung and alveolar space. Key aspects of their biological response, including differentiation, phenotype, function, and cellular interactions, are determined in large part by the presence, severity, and chronicity of local inflammation. Studies support the importance of macrophages to initiate and maintain the inflammatory response, as well as a determinant of resolution of lung inflammation and repair. We will discuss distinct roles for lung macrophages during early inflammatory and late resolution phases of ARDS using experimental animal models. In addition, each section will highlight human studies that relate to the diverse role of macrophages in initiation and resolution of ALI and ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Aggarwal
- Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Rm. 4B.68, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224.
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295
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Alternatively activated macrophages derived from monocytes and tissue macrophages are phenotypically and functionally distinct. Blood 2014; 123:e110-22. [PMID: 24695852 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-520619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages adopt an alternatively activated phenotype (AAMs) when activated by the interleukin-4receptor(R)α. AAMs can be derived either from proliferation of tissue resident macrophages or recruited inflammatory monocytes, but it is not known whether these different sources generate AAMs that are phenotypically and functionally distinct. By transcriptional profiling analysis, we show here that, although both monocyte and tissue-derived AAMs expressed high levels of Arg1, Chi3l3, and Retnla, only monocyte-derived AAMs up-regulated Raldh2 and PD-L2. Monocyte-derived AAMs were also CX3CR1-green fluorescent protein (GFP)(high) and expressed CD206, whereas tissue-derived AAMs were CX3CR1-GFP and CD206 negative. Monocyte-derived AAMs had high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and promoted the differentiation of FoxP3(+) cells from naïve CD4(+) cells via production of retinoic acid. In contrast, tissue-derived AAMs expressed high levels of uncoupling protein 1. Hence monocyte-derived AAM have properties associated with immune regulation, and the different physiological properties associated with AAM function may depend on the distinct lineage of these cells.
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296
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Abstract
Essential protectors against infection and injury, macrophages can also contribute to many common and fatal diseases. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control different types of macrophage activities in mice. We follow the cells' maturational pathways over time and space and elaborate on events that influence the type of macrophage eventually settling a particular destination. The nature of the precursor cells, developmental niches, tissues, environmental cues, and other connecting processes appear to contribute to the identity of macrophage type. Together, the spatial and developmental relationships of macrophages compose a topo-ontogenic map that can guide our understanding of their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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297
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Van Overmeire E, Laoui D, Keirsse J, Van Ginderachter JA, Sarukhan A. Mechanisms driving macrophage diversity and specialization in distinct tumor microenvironments and parallelisms with other tissues. Front Immunol 2014; 5:127. [PMID: 24723924 PMCID: PMC3972476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are extremely versatile cells that adopt a distinct phenotype in response to a changing microenvironment. Consequently, macrophages are involved in diverse functions, ranging from organogenesis and tissue homeostasis to recognition and destruction of invading pathogens. In cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) often contribute to tumor progression by increasing cancer cell migration and invasiveness, stimulating angiogenesis, and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that these different functions could be exerted by specialized TAM subpopulations. Here, we discuss the potential underlying mechanisms regulating TAM specialization and elaborate on TAM heterogeneity in terms of their ontogeny, activation state, and intra-tumoral localization. In addition, parallels are drawn between TAM and macrophages in other tissues. Together, a better understanding of TAM diversity could provide a rationale for novel strategies aimed at targeting the most potent tumor-supporting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB , Brussels , Belgium ; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium ; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale , Paris , France
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298
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Revelo XS, Luck H, Winer S, Winer DA. Morphological and inflammatory changes in visceral adipose tissue during obesity. Endocr Pathol 2014; 25:93-101. [PMID: 24356782 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-013-9288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health burden worldwide and is a major factor in the development of insulin resistance and metabolic complications such as type II diabetes. Chronic nutrient excess leads to visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expansion and dysfunction in an active process that involves the adipocytes, their supporting matrix, and immune cell infiltrates. These changes contribute to adipose tissue hypoxia, adipocyte cell stress, and ultimately cell death. Accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cells around dying adipocytes forms the so-called "crown-like structure", a histological hallmark of VAT in obesity. Cross talk between immune cells in adipose tissue dictates the overall inflammatory response, ultimately leading to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators which directly induce insulin resistance in VAT. In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating the dramatic changes that occur in visceral adipose tissue during obesity leading to low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier S Revelo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Research Institute (TGRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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299
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Innate and adaptive type 2 immune cell responses in genetically controlled resistance to intestinal helminth infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:436-48. [PMID: 24492801 PMCID: PMC4038150 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus is an excellent model for intestinal helminth parasitism. Infection in mice persists for varying lengths of time in different inbred strains, with CBA and C57BL/6 mice being fully susceptible, BALB/c partially so and SJL able to expel worms within 2–3 weeks of infection. We find that resistance correlates not only with the adaptive Th2 response, including IL-10 but with activation of innate lymphoid cell and macrophage populations. In addition, the titer and specificity range of the serum antibody response is maximal in resistant mice. In susceptible strains, Th2 responses were found to be counterbalanced by IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but these are not solely responsible for susceptibility as mice deficient in either CD8+ T cells or IFN-γ remain unable to expel the parasites. Foxp3+ Treg numbers were comparable in all strains, but in the most resistant SJL strain, this population does not upregulate CD103 in infection, and in the lamina propria the frequency of Foxp3+CD103+ T cells is significantly lower than in susceptible mice. The more resistant SJL and BALB/c mice develop macrophage-rich IL-4Rα-dependent Type 2 granulomas around intestinal sites of larval invasion, and expression of alternative activation markers Arginase-1, Ch3L3 (Ym1) and RELM-α within the intestine and the peritoneal lavage was also strongly correlated with helminth elimination in these strains. Clodronate depletion of phagocytic cells compromises resistance of BALB/c mice and slows expulsion in the SJL strain. Thus, Type 2 immunity involves IL-4Rα-dependent innate cells including but not limited to a phagocyte population, the latter likely involving the action of specific antibodies.
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300
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Jang JC, Nair MG. Alternatively Activated Macrophages Revisited: New Insights into the Regulation of Immunity, Inflammation and Metabolic Function following Parasite Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:147-156. [PMID: 24772059 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131210232548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophages in homeostatic conditions and the immune system range from clearing debris to recognizing and killing pathogens. While classically activated macrophages (CAMacs) are induced by T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines and exhibit microbicidal properties, Th2 cytokines promote alternative activation of macrophages (AAMacs). AAMacs contribute to the killing of helminth parasites and mediate additional host-protective processes such as regulating inflammation and wound healing. Yet, other parasites susceptible to Th1 type responses can exploit alternative activation of macrophages to diminish Th1 immune responses and prolong infection. In this review, we will delineate the factors that mediate alternative activation (e.g. Th2 cytokines and chitin) and the resulting downstream signaling events (e.g. STAT6 signaling). Next, the specific AAMac-derived factors (e.g. Arginase1) that contribute to resistance or susceptibility to parasitic infections will be summarized. Finally, we will conclude with the discussion of additional AAMac functions beyond immunity to parasites, including the regulation of inflammation, wound healing and the regulation of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
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