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Sleep variability, health-related practices, and inflammatory markers in a community dwelling sample of older adults. Psychosom Med 2011; 73:142-50. [PMID: 21097658 PMCID: PMC3106426 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3182020d08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore relationships between wake- and sleep-related health behaviors and circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in a cohort of community dwelling older adults. Low-grade chronic inflammation is an important risk factor for age-related morbidity. Health behaviors, including average aggregate measures of sleep, have been linked to increased inflammation in older adults. Variability in sleep timing may also be associated with increased inflammation. METHOD Participants were community dwelling older adults ≥ 60 years (n = 222: 39 bereaved, 55 caregivers, 52 with insomnia, and 76 good sleepers). Mean values and intraindividual variability in sleep, as well as caffeine and alcohol use, exercise, and daytime napping, were assessed by sleep diaries. Blood samples were obtained in the morning. RESULTS Several interactions were noted between sleep behaviors, inflammatory markers, and participant group. Greater variability in wake time and time in bed was associated with higher IL-6 among good sleepers relative to caregivers and older adults with insomnia. Good sleepers who consumed moderate amounts of alcohol had the lowest concentrations of IL-6 compared with the other three groups who consumed alcohol. Insomnia subjects, but not good sleepers, showed increased concentrations of IL-6 associated with caffeine use. Caregivers showed increased concentrations of TNF-α with alcohol use relative to good sleepers. Greater variability in bedtime, later wake times, and longer time in bed was associated with higher TNF-α regardless of group. CONCLUSIONS Moderation and regularity in the practice of certain health behaviors, including sleep practices, were associated with lower plasma levels of inflammatory markers in older adults. Life circumstances and specific sleep disorders may modify these associations.
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252
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Novelli G, Rossi M, Ferretti G, Pugliese F, Travaglia D, Guidi S, Novelli S, Lai Q, Morabito V, Berloco PB. Predictive parameters after molecular absorbent recirculating system treatment integrated with model for end stage liver disease model in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1182-7. [PMID: 20534256 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of study was to highlight parameters that in association with Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) provide predictive criteria for long-term survival after treatment with the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS). Two homogenous groups were studied: one treated with standard medical therapy (SMT) and the other, with MARS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty acute-on-chronic liver failure patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation and affected by alcoholic cirrhosis with similar MELD scores (20-29) were evaluated for 7 days from inclusion and for 6-month survival. Ten patients (seven males and three females) were treated with MARS. Their mean age was 48.5 years (range = 35-61). The number of MARS applications was six for 6 consecutive days, and the length of the applications was 8 hours. Ten other patients (seven males and three females) were treated with SMT, including prophylaxis against bacterial infections and judicious use of diuretics. The precipitating factors were also treated appropriately. The mean age of the patients was 51 years (range = 37-64). All the variables that were significant upon univariate analysis were enrolled in a receiver operating characteristic analysis, with the intention to detect predictive parameters for patient death at 6 months. We considered a significant area under curve (AUC) value to be greater than 0.5. RESULTS Among 11 patients who died within 6 months there were in the MARS group and eight in the SMT group: the 3- and 6-month patient survival rates were 90% and 70% versus 30% and 20% in the two groups, respectively. Nine measures resulted in an AUC > 0.5: DeltaMELD; interleukin (IL)-8; IL-6; tumor necrosis factor- alpha, MELD score; creatinine, bilirubin international normalized ratio (INR) and cardiac index. DeltaMELD and postoperative IL-8 concentrations showed better results (AUC = 0.899), followed by postoperative creatinine (AUC = 0.879), postoperative cardiac index (AUC = 0.833), and postoperative INR (AUC = 0.818). Postoperative creatinine showed the best sensitivity (100%), while IL-8, the best specificity (88.9%). CONCLUSION A combination of biochemical and clinical variables probably represent the best way to predict the survival of patients, allowing physicians to select the best therapies for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Novelli
- Dipartimento P Stefanini Chirurgia Generale e Trapianti d'Organo, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Sun AY, Wang Q, Simonyi A, Sun GY. Resveratrol as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:375-83. [PMID: 20306310 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Excess production of reactive oxygen species in the brain has been implicated as a common underlying risk factor for the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and stroke. In recent years, there is considerable interest concerning investigation of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds from different botanical sources. In this review, we first describe oxidative mechanisms associated with stroke, AD, and PD, and subsequently, we place emphasis on recent studies implicating neuroprotective effects of resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound derived from grapes and red wine. These studies show that the beneficial effects of resveratrol are not only limited to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action but also include activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and vitagenes, which can prevent the deleterious effects triggered by oxidative stress. In fact, SIRT1 activation by resveratrol is gaining importance in the development of innovative treatment strategies for stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders. The goal here is to provide a better understanding of the mode of action of resveratrol and its possible use as a potential therapeutic agent to ameliorate stroke damage as well as other age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Y Sun
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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254
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Park JY, Mitrou PN, Keen J, Dahm CC, Gay LJ, Luben RN, McTaggart A, Khaw KT, Ball RY, Arends MJ, Rodwell SA. Lifestyle factors and p53 mutation patterns in colorectal cancer patients in the EPIC-Norfolk study. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:351-8. [PMID: 20228093 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is one of the most commonly altered genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Genetic alterations in p53 may therefore be associated with postulated lifestyle risk factors for CRC, such as red meat consumption. In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study, we examined whether detailed estimates of dietary and lifestyle factors measured at baseline related to later development of p53 mutations in CRCs. After 10-year follow-up, there were 185 incident CRCs of which 34% had somatic p53 mutations (p53+). We observed significantly higher mean intakes of alcohol, total meat and red meat, in the group with p53 mutations and advanced Dukes' stage disease (daily alcohol intake was 7 and 12 g for p53- and p53+ cases, respectively, P = 0.04; daily total meat intake was 69 and 100 g for p53- and p53+ cases, respectively, P = 0.03 and daily red meat intake was 39 and 75 g for p53- and p53+ cases, respectively, P = 0.01). Each 50 g/day increment in total meat intake was associated with having p53 mutations in cases with advanced Dukes' stages [odds ratio (OR): 3.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47-7.96]. Similarly, each 50 g/day increment in red meat intake was also significantly associated with having consistent p53 mutations in cases with advanced Dukes' stages (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.18-4.96). These effects of total meat or red meat intake and advanced Dukes' stages were independent of age, sex, body mass index, smoking and alcohol intake. Furthermore, P values for interaction between daily total meat or red meat intake and Dukes' stages were statistically significant in multivariable models (Pinteraction < 0.001). Our results suggest that p53 mutations accelerate progression of CRC to advanced Dukes' stage in association with higher meat especially red meat intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Park
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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255
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Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased cytotoxic profile of circulating lymphocytes that may be related with the development of liver injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:876-85. [PMID: 20201930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis has recently emerged as a key component of acute and chronic liver diseases and it could be related to alcoholic liver disease. In the present study, we attempted to analyze the cytotoxic profile of circulating lymphocytes in chronic alcoholic patients grouped according to ethanol intake status and presence of liver disease. METHODS We investigate the phenotypic and functional behavior of different compartments of peripheral blood (PB) cytotoxic T and natural killer (NK) cells in chronic alcoholic patients without liver disease and active ethanol intake (AWLD group; n = 22), and in subjects with alcohol liver cirrhosis (ALC group; n = 22). RESULTS AWLD patients showed an expansion of both CD4+/CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK/T cells, in association with an enhanced cytolytic activity against K562 cells and a higher ability to induce in vitro expression of the pro-apoptotic protein APO2.7 in HepG2 cells. Conversely, ethanol intake in ALC patients was associated with decreased NK cell numbers, a reduced cytotoxic activity against K562 cells without significant changes in the expression of APO2.7, and a pro-fibrotic profile of cytokine secretion. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that alcoholic patients display different phenotypical and functional changes in circulating PB cytotoxic lymphocytes according to the presence of alcoholic liver disease, which could be related to the development and progress of liver injury.
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256
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Ronis MJ, Korourian S, Blackburn ML, Badeaux J, Badger TM. The role of ethanol metabolism in development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat. Alcohol 2010; 44:157-69. [PMID: 20116195 PMCID: PMC2831169 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ethanol metabolism in the development of alcoholic liver disease remains controversial. The present study examined the effects of selective inhibition of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 compared with the inhibition of overall ethanol metabolism on the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed via total enteral nutrition for 45 days with or without 10-12g/kg/d ethanol. Some groups were given 200mg/kg/d of the CYP2E1 inhibitor diallyl sulfide (DAS). Other groups were treated with 164mg/kg/d of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) and dosed at 2-3g/kg/d ethanol to maintain similar average urine ethanol concentrations. Liver pathology scores and levels of apoptosis were elevated by ethanol (P<.05) but did not differ significantly on cotreatment with DAS or 4-MP. However, liver triglycerides were lower when ethanol-fed rats were treated with DAS or 4-MP (P<.05). Serum alanine aminotransferase values were significantly lower in ethanol-fed 4-MP-treated rats indicating reduced necrosis. Hepatic oxidative stress and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker tribbles-related protein 3 were increased after ethanol (P<.05); further increased by DAS but partly attenuated by 4-MP. Both DAS and 4-MP reversed ethanol increases in the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the chemokine CXCL-2 (P<.05). However, neither inhibitors prevented ethanol suppression of interleukins IL-4 or IL-12. Moreover, neither inhibitors prevented ethanol increases in tumor growth factor-beta mRNA. Ethanol and DAS additively induced hepatic hyperplasia (P<.05). These data suggest that a significant proportion of hepatic injury after ethanol exposure is independent of alcohol metabolism. Ethanol metabolism by CYP2E1 may be linked in part to triglyceride accumulation, to induction of TNF-alpha, and to chemokine production. Ethanol metabolism by ADH may be linked in part to oxidative and ER stress and necrotic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Ronis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, USA.
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257
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Oliveira-da-Silva A, Manhães AC, Cristina-Rodrigues F, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Hippocampal increased cell death and decreased cell density elicited by nicotine and/or ethanol during adolescence are reversed during drug withdrawal. Neuroscience 2010; 167:163-73. [PMID: 20138127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified hippocampal cell death and reduced neuronal and glial cells densities during adolescent nicotine and ethanol exposures and outcomes reduced in severity when nicotine and ethanol are co-administered during this developmental period. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adolescent nicotine and/or ethanol withdrawal on the following regions of the hippocampus: Granular layer of the Dentate Gyrus (GrDG), Molecular layer (Mol), CA1, CA2 and CA3. From the 30th to the 45th postnatal day (PN30-PN45), C57BL/6 male and female mice were exposed to nicotine free base (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH). Four groups were analyzed: (1) concomitant NIC (50 microg/ml in 2% saccharin to drink) and ETOH (25%, 2 g/kg i.p. injected every other day) exposure; (2) NIC exposure; (3) ETOH exposure; (4) vehicle. We evaluated cell degeneration (TUNEL assay), neuronal and glial densities (optical Disector) and region thicknesses two (PN47) and five (PN50) days post-exposure. On PN47, there were increases in the number of TUNEL+ cells in most hippocampal regions of both ETOH and NIC groups. In the NIC+ETOH group there were less severe effects. These results were paralleled by reductions in neuronal and glial cells densities for all treatment groups. In contrast, on PN50, ethanol and/or nicotine withdrawal were associated with compensatory reductions in TUNEL+ cells in all hippocampal regions. These results were paralleled by a reversal of effects on neuronal and glial densities so that there were no longer differences between groups. There were no effects on region thicknesses. These results suggest that deleterious effects of nicotine and/or ethanol are reversed during prolonged withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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258
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Nixon K, Morris SA, Liput DJ, Kelso ML. Roles of neural stem cells and adult neurogenesis in adolescent alcohol use disorders. Alcohol 2010; 44:39-56. [PMID: 20113873 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the contributions of a newly considered form of plasticity, the ongoing production of new neurons from neural stem cells, or adult neurogenesis, within the context of neuropathologies that occur with excessive alcohol intake in the adolescents. Neural stem cells and adult neurogenesis are now thought to contribute to the structural integrity of the hippocampus, a limbic system region involved in learning, memory, behavioral control, and mood. In adolescents with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), the hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to the neurodegenerative effects of alcohol, but the role of neural stem cells and adult neurogenesis in alcoholic neuropathology has only recently been considered. This review encompasses a brief overview of neural stem cells and the processes involved in adult neurogenesis, how neural stem cells are affected by alcohol, and possible differences in the neurogenic niche between adults and adolescents. Specifically, what is known about developmental differences in adult neurogenesis between the adult and adolescent is gleaned from the literature, as well as how alcohol affects this process differently among the age groups. Finally, this review suggests differences that may exist in the neurogenic niche between adults and adolescents and how these differences may contribute to the susceptibility of the adolescent hippocampus to damage. However, many more studies are needed to discern whether these developmental differences contribute to the vulnerability of the adolescent to developing an AUD.
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259
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Achur RN, Freeman WM, Vrana KE. Circulating cytokines as biomarkers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:83-91. [PMID: 20020329 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no consistent objective biochemical markers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Development of reliable diagnostic biomarkers that permit accurate assessment of alcohol intake and patterns of drinking is of prime importance to treatment and research fields. Diagnostic biomarker development in other diseases has demonstrated the utility of both open, systems biology, screening for biomarkers and more rational focused efforts on specific biomolecules or families of biomolecules. Long-term alcohol consumption leads to altered inflammatory cell and adaptive immune responses with associated pathologies and increased incidence of infections. This has led researchers to focus attention on identifying cytokine biomarkers in models of alcohol abuse. Alcohol is known to alter cytokine levels in plasma and a variety of tissues including lung, liver, and very importantly brain. A number of cytokine biomarker candidates have been identified, including: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1-alpha, IL-1-beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. This is an emerging and potentially exciting avenue of research in that circulating cytokines may contribute to diagnostic biomarker panels, and a combination of multiple biomarkers may significantly increase the sensitivity and specificity of the biochemical tests aiding reliable and accurate detection of excessive alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwara N Achur
- Post-graduate Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, Karnataka 577451, India
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260
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Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Neuman MG, Room R, Parry C, Lönnroth K, Patra J, Poznyak V, Popova S. The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:450. [PMID: 19961618 PMCID: PMC2796667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2004, tuberculosis (TB) was responsible for 2.5% of global mortality (among men 3.1%; among women 1.8%) and 2.2% of global burden of disease (men 2.7%; women 1.7%). The present work portrays accumulated evidence on the association between alcohol consumption and TB with the aim to clarify the nature of the relationship. METHODS A systematic review of existing scientific data on the association between alcohol consumption and TB, and on studies relevant for clarification of causality was undertaken. RESULTS There is a strong association between heavy alcohol use/alcohol use disorders (AUD) and TB. A meta-analysis on the risk of TB for these factors yielded a pooled relative risk of 2.94 (95% CI: 1.89-4.59). Numerous studies show pathogenic impact of alcohol on the immune system causing susceptibility to TB among heavy drinkers. In addition, there are potential social pathways linking AUD and TB. Heavy alcohol use strongly influences both the incidence and the outcome of the disease and was found to be linked to altered pharmacokinetics of medicines used in treatment of TB, social marginalization and drift, higher rate of re-infection, higher rate of treatment defaults and development of drug-resistant forms of TB. Based on the available data, about 10% of the TB cases globally were estimated to be attributable to alcohol. CONCLUSION The epidemiological and other evidence presented indicates that heavy alcohol use/AUD constitute a risk factor for incidence and re-infection of TB. Consequences for prevention and clinical interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Public Health and Regulatory Policies, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
- Head WHO Collaboration Centre for Substance Abuse, Zurich, Switzerland
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Andriy V Samokhvalov
- Public Health and Regulatory Policies, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuela G Neuman
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for International Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- AER Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Centre, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles Parry
- Alcohol & Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Knut Lönnroth
- Stop TB Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jayadeep Patra
- Public Health and Regulatory Policies, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Poznyak
- Management of Substance Abuse, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Popova
- Public Health and Regulatory Policies, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Canada
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261
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Abstract
Many exogenous factors including excessive alcohol consumption have been associated with psoriasis, but the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Drinking worsens therapeutic compliance, and decreases the efficacy and increases the toxicity of systemic antipsoriatic treatments. Excess alcohol intake results in compromised immunity and increased risk of infections, but alcohol can induce proinflammatory cytokine production in various cell types and can increase mitogen-derived lymphocyte proliferation and lymphocyte activation. As we have previously reported, alcohol and one of its metabolites, acetone, induce keratinocyte proliferation and increase the mRNA levels of genes characteristic for proliferating keratinocytes, such as alpha5 integrin, cyclin D1 and keratinocyte growth factor receptor. Recently the correlation between blood and skin ethanol levels in humans was determined by a transdermal alcohol monitoring device, against the 'gold standard' breath alcohol readings. Based on transdermal alcohol measurements it can be concluded that cutaneous alcohol concentrations can reach levels that induce proinflammatory cytokine production and lymphocyte and keratinocyte proliferation in vitro. It is expected that the development of methodologies measuring transdermal ethanol will provide additional tools to evaluate how alcohol influences skin physiology and different dermatological conditions including psoriasis. Our review focuses on the possible link between alcohol misuse and psoriasis, particularly on the possible role of cutaneous ethanol in precipitating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farkas
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, Hungary.
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262
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Charbonney E, McFarlan A, Haas B, Gentilello L, Ahmed N. Alcohol, drugs and trauma: consequences, screening and intervention in 2009. TRAUMA-ENGLAND 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1460408609349888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is a preventable cause of injury as it doubles the risk of re-injury and increases mortality. For this reason, the American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma had mandated a screening and subsequent intervention strategy for all Level I centres, and there is good evidence to support the efficacy of such programmes. Clinicians can play a key role in reducing injury related to alcohol use through their participation in these programmes. Although validated screening tools and evidence to support brief interventions for alcohol use exist, the benefit of these experiences for other recreational drugs awaits further research in this area. In the meantime, the implementation of alcohol screening and brief intervention programmes across all trauma programmes and emergency departments should become a global healthcare priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Charbonney
- Critical Care Department, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
| | - Amanda McFarlan
- Trauma Program, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Haas
- Trauma Program, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larry Gentilello
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Najma Ahmed
- Trauma Program, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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263
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Seshadri S, Bates M, Vince G, Jones DIL. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Role of Cytokine Expression in Different Subgroups of Subfertile Men. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62:275-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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264
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Yaghoubian A, Kaji A, Putnam B, De Virgilio N, De Virgilio C. Elevated Blood Alcohol Level May be Protective of Trauma Patient Mortality. Am Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480907501019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether a positive blood alcohol level (BAL) affects morbidity and mortality at a Level I trauma center, a retrospective review of trauma patients 18 years of age and older was performed. There were 7985 trauma patients and 8 per cent (645) had a positive BAL. BAL(+) patients had lower Injury Severity Score (ISS) (8 vs 11, P < 0.01), lower rate of penetrating injury (9 vs 25%, P < 0.01), and were older (38 vs 32 years, P = 0.01). Overall there were 559 deaths (7%); (1% mortality in BAL(+) patients and 7% in BAL(-) patients; P < 0.0001). There were 352 (4.4%) complications with similar rates among BAL(-) and (+) patients. On univariate analysis, a positive BAL was inversely associated with death (OR, 0.17) as was blunt trauma (OR, 0.29), whereas older age (OR 1.009) and increased ISS (OR 1.13) were associated with death. On multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, ISS, and mechanism of injury, a positive BAL remained protective against death (OR 0.35) as did blunt trauma (OR 0.2). Age (OR 1.04) and increased ISS (OR 1.19) were associated with mortality. In conclusion, a positive BAL was associated with a decreased mortality risk in trauma patients, which persisted after adjusting for multiple confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Kaji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Torrance, California
- Department of Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Brant Putnam
- Department of Surgery, Torrance, California
- Department of Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | - Christian De Virgilio
- Department of Surgery, Torrance, California
- Department of Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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265
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Fujimiya T, Liu J, Kojima H, Shirafuji S, Kimura H, Fujimiya M. Pathological roles of bone marrow-derived stellate cells in a mouse model of alcohol-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G451-60. [PMID: 19608736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and causes fatty degeneration in the liver. However, the origin of HSCs and the mechanism of fatty changes of the liver have not been fully elucidated. Here, we examined the roles of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) in a mouse model with chronic alcohol consumption. We performed bone marrow transplantation from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) to female wild-type and ROSA mice (B6.129S7-Gt 26Sor/J, transgenic mice expressing beta-galactosidase, beta-gal) and treated them with ethanol (EtOH) for 8 or 16 wk. GFP-expressing BMDCs increased in the liver with EtOH treatment in a time-dependent manner. In response to excess alcohol consumption, approximately 68% of the BMDCs became activated HSCs in that they expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin. Meanwhile, approximately 67% and approximately 66% of these BMDCs expressed Tnf-alpha and transforming growth factor (Tgf)-beta1, respectively, and the activities were further supported by the excessive mRNA expression of Tnf-alpha and Tgf-beta1 in RT-PCR, respectively. Cell fusion occurs between BMDCs and nonparenchymal cells but scarcely occurs between BMDCs and hepatocytes, demonstrated by double staining of beta-gal/GFP and further supported by the Y-chromosome staining. The EtOH withdrawal normalized most of the abnormalities produced by chronic alcohol consumption. These results indicate that excess alcohol consumption stimulates both the homing of HSCs from the bone marrow and their profibrogenic cytokine production in a mouse model of alcohol-induced fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fujimiya
- Department of Legal Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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266
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Kumar S, Porcu P, Werner DF, Matthews DB, Diaz-Granados JL, Helfand RS, Morrow AL. The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:529-64. [PMID: 19455309 PMCID: PMC2814770 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought many advances in our understanding of GABA(A) receptor-mediated ethanol action in the central nervous system. We now know that specific GABA(A) receptor subtypes are sensitive to ethanol at doses attained during social drinking while other subtypes respond to ethanol at doses attained by severe intoxication. Furthermore, ethanol increases GABAergic neurotransmission through indirect effects, including the elevation of endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroids, presynaptic release of GABA, and dephosphorylation of GABA(A) receptors promoting increases in GABA sensitivity. Ethanol's effects on intracellular signaling also influence GABAergic transmission in multiple ways that vary across brain regions and cell types. The effects of chronic ethanol administration are influenced by adaptations in GABA(A) receptor function, expression, trafficking, and subcellular localization that contribute to ethanol tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal hyperexcitability. Adolescents exhibit altered sensitivity to ethanol actions, the tendency for higher drinking and longer lasting GABAergic adaptations to chronic ethanol administration. The elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie adaptations to ethanol exposure are leading to a better understanding of the regulation of inhibitory transmission and new targets for therapies to support recovery from ethanol withdrawal and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | - Patrizia Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | - David F. Werner
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca S. Helfand
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
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267
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Marcos M, Pastor I, González-Sarmiento R, Laso FJ. A functional polymorphism of the NFKB1 gene increases the risk for alcoholic liver cirrhosis in patients with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1857-62. [PMID: 19673747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic basis for the predisposition to alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) remains unknown. Increasing evidence supports a role for the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, the NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, raising the possibility that common polymorphisms in genes encoding these molecules may confer susceptibility to ALC. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between common polymorphisms in NFKB1, NFKBIA, and PPARG2 genes and the presence of ALC. METHODS A total of 258 male alcoholics (161 without liver disease and 97 with ALC) and 101 healthy controls were genotyped for the -94ins/delATTG NFKB1, 3'-UTR+126G>A NFKBIA, and 34C>G PPARG2 polymorphisms. The association of these genetic variants with ALC was tested in alcoholic patients with alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. A logistic regression analysis was further performed to analyze the model of inheritance. RESULTS We found an association between the presence of the deletion allele in NFKB1 polymorphism and ALC in patients with alcohol dependence. We found no association between NFKBIA and PPARG2 polymorphisms and the presence of ALC. CONCLUSIONS The deletion allele of the -94ins/del NFKB1 polymorphism could be associated with a higher risk of developing ALC through an increase in inflammation, as supported by previous data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marcos
- The Unidad de Alcoholismo, Servicio de Medicina Interna II, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Spain
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268
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Tseng YM, Tsai SM, Chen SY, Lin CC, Jin YR, Yeh WH, Wu YR, Chen IJ, Lee JH, Tsai LY. Roles of the Genetic Polymorphisms of Alcohol-Metabolizing Enzymes on the Immunology in High-Risk Drinkers. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:267-76. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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269
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Petrásek J, Hubácek JA, Stickel F, Sperl J, Berg T, Ruf E, Wichmann HE, Pfeufer A, Meitinger T, Trunecka P, Spicák J, Jirsa M. Do common genetic variants in endotoxin signaling pathway contribute to predisposition to alcoholic liver cirrhosis? Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:398-404. [PMID: 19278365 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), produced by endotoxin-activated Kupffer cells, play a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC). Alleles TNFA -238A, IL1B -31T and variant IL1RN*2 of repeat polymorphism in the gene encoding the IL-1 receptor antagonist increase production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, respectively. Alleles CD14 -159T, TLR4 c.896G and TLR4 c.1196T modify activation of Kupffer cells by endotoxin. We confirmed the published associations between these common variants and genetic predisposition to ALC by means of a large case-control association study conducted on two Central European populations. METHODS The study population comprised a Czech sample of 198 ALC patients and 370 controls (MONICA project), and a German sample of 173 ALC patients and 331 controls (KORA-Augsburg), and 109 heavy drinkers without liver disease. RESULTS Single locus analysis revealed no significant difference between patients and controls in all tested loci. Diplotype [IL1RN 2/ 2; IL1B -31T+] was associated with increased risk of ALC in the pilot study, but not in the validation samples. CONCLUSIONS Although cytokine mediated immune reactions play a role in the pathogenesis of ALC, hereditary susceptibility caused by variants in the corresponding genes is low in Central European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrásek
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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270
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Yuan D, Xie YY, Bai X, Wu X, Yang JY, Wu CF. Inhibitory activity of isoflavones of Pueraria flowers on nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-activated primary rat microglia. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2009; 11:471-481. [PMID: 20183278 DOI: 10.1080/10286020902819822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microglial activation plays an important role in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation. In search for natural medicines that may be of therapeutic potential for alcoholism, two new natural isoflavone glycosides, 6-hydroxybiochanin A-6,7-di-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1) and 6-hydroxygenistein-7-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (2), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the flowers of Pueraria thomsonii Benth., together with the seven known isoflavones, genistein (3), tectorigenin (4), irisolidone (5), genistin (7), tectoridin (8), tectorigenin-7-O-beta-d-xylosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (9), and 6-hydroxygenistein-6,7-di-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (11). Moreover, gehuain (6) and kakkalide (10) were obtained from the flowers of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by UV, IR, HR-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. Compounds 3-5 substantially inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide release from primary cultured rat cortical microglia (IC50: 1.3-9.3 microM). The inhibitory effects of compounds 6, 8, 9, and 11 (IC50: 38-62 microM) were significant but weaker than the above aglycones. However, compounds 1, 2, 7, and 10 showed little inhibitory activity. With regard to the structure-activity relationships of the isoflavonoids for the inhibition of microglial activation, the glycosylation at the C-7 hydroxyl group reduces the inhibitory activity. The methoxylation of 4'-hydroxyl group of 7-glycosylated isoflavonoids reduces the inhibitory activity, while the methoxyl group at the 6-position enhances the activity. The results suggest that isoflavonoids of Pueraria flowers may be of therapeutic potential in alcoholism related to microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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271
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with significant maternal and infant morbidity are on the rise in Western society despite advances of medical technology. Current risk factors are insufficient to identify women at greatest risk of developing an adverse outcome. An attempt to identify novel contributors to increased risk is warranted. Sleep disturbances are frequent during pregnancy, yet are often dismissed as irrelevant. Emerging evidence indicates that sleep disturbances are associated with poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease. Disturbed sleep is also linked with an increased inflammatory response. Increased inflammation is proposed as a key biological pathway through which chronic disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes develop. In this paper, we propose a model and a testable hypothesis of how disturbed sleep in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy could contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth via increased inflammation. TARGET AUDIENCE Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Leaning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to outline data linking sleep disturbances with an increased risk of some systemic disorders, recall characteristics of pregnancy complications which support the hypothesis that sleep disturbances may be related to these pregnancy outcomes, and summarize the likelihood and types of sleep disturbances that are common in pregnant women.
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272
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Zahr NM, Mayer D, Vinco S, Orduna J, Luong R, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. In vivo evidence for alcohol-induced neurochemical changes in rat brain without protracted withdrawal, pronounced thiamine deficiency, or severe liver damage. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:1427-42. [PMID: 18704091 PMCID: PMC2669706 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies in human alcoholics report decreases in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline-containing (Cho) compounds. Whether alterations in brain metabolite levels are attributable to alcohol per se or to physiological effects of protracted withdrawal or impaired nutritional or liver status remains unclear. Longitudinal effects of alcohol on brain metabolites measured in basal ganglia with single-voxel MRS were investigated in sibling pairs of wild-type Wistar rats, with one rat per pair exposed to escalating doses of vaporized alcohol, the other to vapor chamber air. MRS was conducted before alcohol exposure and twice during exposure. After 16 weeks of alcohol exposure, rats achieved average blood alcohol levels (BALs) of approximately 293 mg per 100 ml and had higher Cho and a trend for higher glutamine+glutamate (Glx) than controls. After 24 weeks of alcohol exposure, BALs rose to approximately 445 mg per 100 ml, and alcohol-exposed rats had higher Cho, Glx, and glutamate than controls. Thiamine and thiamine monophosphate levels were significantly lower in the alcohol than the control group but did not reach levels low enough to be considered clinically relevant. Histologically, livers of alcohol-exposed rats exhibited greater steatosis and lower glycogenosis than controls, but were not cirrhotic. This study demonstrates a specific pattern of neurobiochemical changes suggesting excessive membrane turnover or inflammation, indicated by high Cho, and alterations to glutamate homeostasis in the rat brain in response to extended vaporized alcohol exposure. Thus, we provide novel in vivo evidence for alcohol exposure as causing changes in brain chemistry in the absence of protracted withdrawal, pronounced thiamine deficiency, or severe liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA, Radiology Department, Lucas MRS/I Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shara Vinco
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Juan Orduna
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Correspondence: Dr EV Sullivan, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5723, USA, Tel: + 1 650 859 2880, Fax: + 1 650 859 2743, E-mail:
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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273
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Marcos M, Pastor I, González-Sarmiento R, Laso FJ. Common polymorphisms in interleukin genes (IL4, IL6, IL8 and IL12) are not associated with alcoholic liver disease or alcoholism in Spanish men. Cytokine 2009; 45:158-61. [PMID: 19185507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary data suggest that polymorphisms in cytokine genes may be involved in the genetic predisposition to alcoholic liver cirrhosis or alcohol use disorders. We thus analyze the association between these diseases and the following polymorphisms: -33T>C IL4, -174 G>C IL6, -251 T>A IL8 and 1188 A>C IL12B. METHODS 258 male alcoholics (161 without liver disease and 97 with liver cirrhosis) and 101 healthy controls were genotyped for the above mentioned polymorphisms. We examined the relationship between genotype and allele frequencies and the presence of disease, as well as the correlation with combinations of putative pro-inflammatory genotypes. Haplotypes were inferred using the expectation-maximization algorithm and haplotype frequencies were compared. RESULTS We found no statistically significant association between any of these polymorphisms or the combinations of pro-inflammatory polymorphisms and the risk of alcoholic liver cirrhosis or alcohol abuse or dependence. Haplotype analysis of the IL4 and IL12B polymorphisms did not show any statistical relationship either. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that the analyzed polymorphisms confer differences in alcoholic liver cirrhosis or alcohol use disorders susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marcos
- Unidad de Alcoholismo, Servicio de Medicina Interna II, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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274
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Yasuda M, Ito T, Oono T, Kawabe K, Kaku T, Igarashi H, Nakamura T, Takayanagi R. Fractalkine and TGF-β1 levels reflect the severity of chronic pancreatitis in humans. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6488-95. [PMID: 19030200 PMCID: PMC2773334 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To clarify whether serum chemokine and cytokine levels can become useful biological and functional markers to assess the severity of chronic pancreatitis (CP). This study aimed at clarifying whether serum chemokine and cytokine levels can become useful biological and functional markers to assess the severity of CP.
METHODS: Serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), and soluble type fractalkine (s-fractalkine) concentrations were examined in patients with CP (n = 109) and healthy controls (n = 116). Severity of disease was classified in patients with CP by a staging system. Relationships between stage-specific various clinical factors and serum MCP-1, TGF-β1, and s-fractalkine levels were investigated. Furthermore, 57 patients with non-alcoholic CP were similarly evaluated in order to exclude influence of alcohol intake.
RESULTS: Patients with CP showed significant higher levels of serum TGF-β1 and s-fractalkine, but not MCP-1, compared to the controls. Serum TGF-β1 in the severe stage and s-fractalkine in the mild and the severe stage of CP significantly increased compared to those of controls. However, it was observed that both TGF-β1 and s-fractalkine levels were affected by alcohol intake. In patients with non-alcoholic CP, serum TGF-β1 showed significant increase in the moderate stage of CP, and serum s-fractalkine revealed significant increase in the early stage of CP.
CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the measurement of serum F-fractalkine is useful to diagnose early-stage CP. Moreover, the combined determination of both, s-fractalkine and TGF-β1, in human sera may be helpful in evaluating the severity status of CP.
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275
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Chen J. Comment on "Chronic alcohol consumption increases the severity of murine influenza virus infections". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5813; author reply 5813-4. [PMID: 18941167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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276
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Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 44:115-27. [PMID: 18940959 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This is a review of preclinical studies covering alcohol-induced brain neuronal death and loss of neurogenesis as well as abstinence-induced brain cell genesis, e.g. brain regeneration. Efforts are made to relate preclinical studies to human studies. METHODS The studies described are preclinical rat experiments using a 4-day binge ethanol treatment known to induce physical dependence to ethanol. Neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits following binge treatment mimic the mild degeneration and cognitive deficits found in humans. Various histological methods are used to follow brain regional degeneration and regeneration. RESULTS Alcohol-induced degeneration occurs due to neuronal death during alcohol intoxication. Neuronal death is related to increases in oxidative stress in brain that coincide with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative enzymes that insult brain. Degeneration is associated with increased NF-kappaB proinflammatory transcription and decreased CREB transcription. Corticolimbic brain regions are most sensitive to binge-induced degeneration and induce relearning deficits. Drugs that block oxidative stress and NF-kappaB transcription or increase CREB transcription block binge-induced neurodegeneration, inhibition of neurogenesis and proinflammatory enzyme induction. Regeneration of brain occurs during abstinence following binge ethanol treatment. Bursts of proliferating cells occur across multiple brain regions, with many new microglia across brain after months of abstinence and many new neurons in neurogenic hippocampal dentate gyrus. Brain regeneration may be important to sustain abstinence in humans. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-induced neurodegeneration occurs primarily during intoxication and is related to increased oxidative stress and proinflammatory proteins that are neurotoxic. Abstinence after binge ethanol intoxication results in brain cell genesis that could contribute to the return of brain function and structure found in abstinent humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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277
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A new genetic variant involved in genetic susceptibility to alcoholic liver cirrhosis: -330T>G polymorphism of the interleukin-2 gene. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20:855-9. [PMID: 18794598 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282fd0db1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic factors may determine susceptibility to develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis, although it remains uncertain why only a minority of alcoholics suffers from this disease. A decrease in serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) is usually found in alcoholic cirrhotics. In this study we examined the relationship between the -330T>G IL-2 gene (IL2) polymorphism and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. METHODS Genotyping of the aforementioned polymorphism was done by polymerase chain reaction and digestion with restriction enzymes in 257 male alcoholics (161 without liver disease and 96 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis) and 101 healthy controls. A logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounders and to analyze the model of inheritance. RESULTS We found an association between the -330T>G IL2 polymorphism and alcoholic liver cirrhosis: the frequency of the allele T carriers (genotype TT and GT) was significantly higher in alcoholics with cirrhosis (96.9%) than in those without liver disease (89.4%, P=0.043). CONCLUSION We report for the first time that the possession of the -330T allele of the IL2 is associated with a higher risk of developing alcoholic liver cirrhosis and this fact may favor the progression of alcoholic liver disease.
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278
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Thorvaldson L, Stålhammar S, Sandler S. Effects of a diabetes-like environment in vitro on cytokine production by mouse splenocytes. Cytokine 2008; 43:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nixon K, Kim DH, Potts EN, He J, Crews FT. Distinct cell proliferation events during abstinence after alcohol dependence: microglia proliferation precedes neurogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 31:218-29. [PMID: 18585922 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake characteristic of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) produces neurodegeneration that may recover with abstinence. The mechanism of regeneration is unclear, however neurogenesis from neural stem/progenitor cells is a feasible mechanism of structural plasticity. Therefore, a timecourse of cell proliferation was examined in a rat model of an AUD and showed a striking burst in cell proliferation at 2 days of abstinence preceding the previously reported neurogenic proliferation at 7 days. New cells at 2 days, assessed by bromo-deoxy-uridine incorporation and endogenous markers, were observed throughout hippocampus and cortex. Although the majority of these new cells did not become neurons, neurogenesis was not altered at this specific time point. These new cells expressed a microglia-specific marker, Iba-1, and survived at least 2 months. This first report of microglia proliferation in a model of an AUD suggests that microgliosis could contribute to volume recovery in non-neurogenic regions during abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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280
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Marcos M, Pastor I, González-Sarmiento R, Laso FJ. Interleukin-10 gene polymorphism is associated with alcoholism but not with alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 43:523-8. [PMID: 18436572 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether the functional polymorphism -592C>A of the interleukin (IL)-10 gene (IL10) influences the development of alcoholic liver disease or alcoholism in alcoholic Spanish subjects. METHODS The -592C>A IL10 polymorphism was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction and digestion with restriction enzymes in 257 male alcoholics [161 without alcoholic liver disease and 96 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC)] and 100 male healthy controls. RESULTS We found no association between the -592C>A IL10 polymorphism and ALC. Meta-analysis combining this result and data from previous studies failed also to show any significant association between this polymorphism and alcoholic liver disease. However, the frequency of allele A carriers (CA and AA genotypes) was significantly higher in alcoholic patients (defined as patients with abuse or dependence of alcohol) than in healthy controls. CONCLUSION The -592C>A IL10 polymorphism is not related to the risk of ALC. Nevertheless, our study shows that alcoholism is associated with an excess of allele A carriers in alcoholic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marcos
- Servicio de Medicina Interna II, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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281
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Qin L, He J, Hanes RN, Pluzarev O, Hong JS, Crews FT. Increased systemic and brain cytokine production and neuroinflammation by endotoxin following ethanol treatment. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:10. [PMID: 18348728 PMCID: PMC2373291 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines and alcohol share a common modulation of inflammation and hormones as well as being implicated in multiple diseases, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of liver, serum and brain cytokines as well as whether ethanol would potentiate endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS) responses once ethanol had cleared. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were treated intragastrically with water (control) or ethanol (5 g/kg, i.g., 25% ethanol, w/v), with volumes matched, for 1 day or daily for 10 days. Mice were then injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or LPS (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in saline 24 hrs after the last dose of ethanol. Gene expression and protein synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokine, oxidative enzymes, microglial activation and inhibition of neurogenesis were examined using real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LPS increased proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta) several fold in liver, brain and serum at 1 hr. Ethanol is known to increase liver cytokines and alter the risk of multiple chronic diseases. Ten daily doses of ethanol increased brain and liver TNFalpha, and pretreatment with ethanol potentiated LPS-induced increases in TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta in liver, serum and brain. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in liver and serum returned to basal levels within a day, whereas brain proinflammatory cytokines remained elevated for long periods. IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is reduced in brain by ethanol and LPS, while brain proinflammatory cytokines remain increased, whereas liver IL-10 is increased when proinflammatory cytokines have returned to control levels. Activation of brain microglia indicated by morphological changes, reduced neurogenesis and increased brain expression of COX-2 and gp91phox NADPH oxidase subunit mRNA were found in the 10 daily doses of ethanol-pretreated LPS group. CONCLUSION Acute increases in serum cytokines induce long lasting increases in brain proinflammatory cytokines. Ten daily doses of ethanol exposure results in persistent alterations of cytokines and significantly increases the magnitude and duration of central and peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and microglial activation. Ethanol induced differential anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 responses in liver and brain could cause long lasting disruption of cytokine cascades that could contribute to protection or increased risk of multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, CB#7178 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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282
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Imhof A, Blagieva R, Marx N, Koenig W. Drinking modulates monocyte migration in healthy subjects: a randomised intervention study of water, ethanol, red wine and beer with or without alcohol. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008; 5:48-53. [PMID: 18398813 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2008.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality compared to non-consumption of alcohol and heavy drinking. Experimental data suggest a direct effect of alcohol on atherosclerotic lesion development. We assessed the effect of consumption of moderate amounts of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages on monocyte migration, a crucial step in atherogenesis. Forty-nine healthy men and women (aged 22-56 years) were enrolled in this randomised controlled trial. After wash-out, participants were assigned to either ethanol (concentration 12.5%), beer (5.6%) or red wine (12.5%) equivalent to 30 grams of ethanol per day (g/d) for men and 20 g/d for women, or to the same amount of de-alcoholised beer or red wine, or to water. Monocyte migration was evaluated ex vivo using a modified Boyden chamber. Intake of ethanol or de-alcoholised red wine significantly reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)-induced monocyte migration by 58% (p<0.05; n=6) and 36% (p<0.05; n=7) and FMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine)-induced migration by 41% (p<0.05) and 36% (p<0.05), respectively. MCP-1 receptor expression was not affected by these interventions, as shown by flow cytometry. Short-term intervention with moderate amounts of ethanol and de-alcoholised red wine inhibits monocyte migration ex vivo. This might represent one mechanism by which alcoholic beverages lower cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Imhof
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Medical Centre, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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283
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Breese GR, Knapp DJ, Overstreet DH, Navarro M, Wills TA, Angel RA. Repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokine treatments sensitize ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:867-76. [PMID: 17551540 PMCID: PMC2268634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations demonstrated that repeated stresses before an ethanol exposure sensitize ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior ('anxiety'). In addition to activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, acute stress also elevates cytokines in brain. Initially, to test possible cytokine involvement in this stress/withdrawal protocol, cytokines were increased in brain with 2 weekly repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administrations (1000 microg/kg) [corrected] (LPS/withdrawal protocol) or with twice weekly intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administrations of the cytokines IL-1 beta, CCL2 (MCP-1) or TNFalpha (cytokine/withdrawal protocol) before exposure and withdrawal from a 5-day cycle of chronic ethanol diet. Both protocols sensitized withdrawal-induced anxiety and confirm cytokine involvement in the sensitized anxiety response. Testing of various doses of LPS (16-1000 microg/kg) and TNFalpha (3-100 ng, i.c.v.) demonstrated the dose-related nature of these protocols to sensitize withdrawal-induced anxiety. The sensitized anxiety was not produced by a single 5-day ethanol diet cycle or by repeated LPS or cytokine treatments alone. Likewise, sensitized anxiety in these protocols could not be attributed to differences in ethanol ingestion. When challenged with a subsequent re-exposure to a 5-day ethanol diet cycle 16 days after completion of the LPS/withdrawal or cytokine/withdrawal protocols, an increase in withdrawal-induced anxiety was observed-an indication of induction of an underlying persistent adaptive change. Finally, just as found previously with the stress/withdrawal protocol, administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil before the LPS or TNF treatments prevented anxiety sensitization. Together, these findings indicate that increased cytokine activity induces adaptive change that supports sensitization of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety that may be linked to GABA(A)-receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Breese
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Cytokine and Chemokine Expression Associated with Steatohepatitis and Hepatocyte Proliferation in Rats Fed Ethanol via Total Enteral Nutrition. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:344-55. [DOI: 10.3181/0707-rm-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the temporal relationship between alcohol-induced changes in cytokines and chemokines, development of liver pathology and stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation, male Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically fed low carbohydrate-containing ethanol (EtOH) diets via total enteral nutrition (TEN) for up to 49 d. Induction of EtOH metabolism and appearance of steatosis preceded development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. A transitory peak of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) was observed at 14 d followed by reduced expression of TNFα, IFNγ and another Th1 cytokine IL-12 accompanied by reduced expression of the Th1 regulators T-bet and STAT4. After 35–49 d of EtOH, at a time when hepatocyte proliferation was stimulated, IL-12 returned to control values and a second peak of TNFα occurred. The Th2 cytokine IL-4 remained suppressed throughout the study and was accompanied by reductions in the Th2 regulator GATA3. There was no temporal effect of EtOH on expression of IL-6 or TGFβ. IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA were undetectable. Chemokine CXCL-2 expression increased progressively up to 35 d and preceded the appearance of inflammatory infiltrates. These data suggest that steatosis, increased ethanol metabolism, a transient induction of the innate immune response and suppression of Th2 responses were acute consequences of ethanol treatment and were followed by suppression of Th1 responses. However, the majority of necrosis, apoptosis and a late peak of TNFα only occurred after 6–7 weeks of ethanol, coincided with the appearance of inflammatory infiltrates and were associated with stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation.
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285
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Koivisto H, Hietala J, Anttila P, Niemelä O. Co-occurrence of IgA antibodies against ethanol metabolites and tissue transglutaminase in alcohol consumers: correlation with proinflammatory cytokines and markers of fibrogenesis. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:500-5. [PMID: 17597408 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase have been suggested to be specific indicators of celiac disease. However, no studies have addressed the relationships between such antibodies and alcohol abuse, which is also a common cause of IgA-isotype immune responses and tissue injury in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Here, measurements of specific IgAs against tissue transglutaminase and proteins modified by acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, showed significantly higher levels of both antibodies in alcoholic liver disease patients than in healthy controls or heavy drinkers without liver disease. These antibodies also significantly co-occurred in heavy drinkers without liver disease, moderate drinkers, and abstainers, and correlated with biomarkers of alcohol consumption, proinflammatory cytokines and markers of fibrogenesis. The data suggests a link between such immune responses, perturbations in cytokine profiles and fibrogenesis, which should be implicated in studies on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of ethanol-induced tissue injury and celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Koivisto
- Medical Research Unit and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinajoki 60220, Finland
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286
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Singh AK, Jiang Y, Benlhabib E, Gupta S. Herbal mixtures consisting of puerarin and either polyenylphosphatidylcholine or curcumin provide comprehensive protection against alcohol-related disorders in P rats receiving free choice water and 15% ethanol in pure water. J Med Food 2007; 10:526-42. [PMID: 17887948 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol drinking has been associated with the development of a number of abnormalities, including neuron-behavioral disorders, liver, pancreas, and heart-related diseases and inflammation and immune disorders. Because diverse mechanisms are involved in the development of these disorders, the commonly used receptor- or enzyme-specific drugs do not provide comprehensive protection against the adverse effects of alcoholism. This study describes possible therapeutic potency of puerarin (PU) from kudzu root, polyenylphosphatidylcholine from soy (SPCh), and curcumin (CU) from turmeric against alcohol's addiction-related and inflammatory-related abnormalities in alcohol-preferring P rats receiving free choice water and 15% ethanol in water. P-rats were fed once daily either the vehicle (for control) or different doses of PU, SPCh, CU, PU + SPCh, or PU + CU. The rats were divided in two groups: one received water alone, and the other free choice water and ethanol. Four rats from each group were fitted with electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes for EEG recording. After 70 days of alcohol drinking, alcohol was withdrawn for 2 weeks, and the withdrawal symptoms were assessed. This study showed that alcohol drinking for 70 days (1) caused liver inflammation characterized by elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and (2) dysregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pleurisy. Alcohol withdrawal after 70 days of drinking generated severe withdrawal symptoms including seizure-type EEG activity. PU suppressed the addiction-mediated abnormalities but did not affect the inflammation-related abnormalities, while SPCh or CU suppressed only the inflammation-related abnormalities in alcohol-drinking rats subjected to LPS-induced pleurisy. A combination of PU with SPCh or CU suppressed both the addiction-related and inflammation-related abnormalities of alcohol drinking. Therefore, a mixture consisting of PU and either SPCh or CU may provide alternative therapy for alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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288
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He J, Crews FT. Increased MCP-1 and microglia in various regions of the human alcoholic brain. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:349-58. [PMID: 18190912 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and microglia have been implicated in anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration as well as the regulation of alcohol drinking and other consumatory behaviors, all of which are associated with alcoholism. Studies using animal models of alcoholism suggest that microglia and proinflammatory cytokines contribute to alcoholic pathologies [Crews, F.T., Bechara, R., Brown, L.A., Guidot, D.M., Mandrekar, P., Oak, S., Qin, L., Szabo, G., Wheeler, M., Zou, J., (2006) Cytokines and alcohol. Alcohol., Clin. Exp. Res. 30:720-730]. In the current study, human postmortem brains from moderate drinking controls and alcoholics obtained from the New South Wales Tissue Resource Center were used to study the cytokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1,CCL2) and microglia markers in various brain regions. Since MCP-1 is a key proinflammatory cytokine induced by chronic alcohol treatment of mice, and known to regulate drinking behavior in mice, MCP-1 protein levels from human brain homogenate were measured using ELISA, and indicated increased MCP-1 concentration in ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra (SN), hippocampus and amygdala of alcoholic brains as compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry was further performed to visualize human microglia using ionized calcium binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba-1), and Glucose transporter-5 (GluT5). Alcoholics were found to have brain region-specific increases in microglial markers. In cingulate cortex, both Iba-1 and GluT5 were increased in alcoholic brains relative to controls. Alternatively, no detectable change was found in amygdala nuclei. In VTA and midbrain, only GluT5, but not Iba-1 was increased in alcoholic brains. These data suggest that the enhanced expression of MCP-1 and microglia activities in alcoholic brains could contribute to ethanol-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA.
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289
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that light to moderate amounts of polyphenol-rich alcoholic beverages like wine or beer could have health benefits. Scientists have long debated the effects of alcohol on immune function, showing on the one hand, that high doses of alcohol consumption can directly suppress a wide range of immune responses, and that alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of a number of infectious diseases. On the other hand, moderate alcohol consumption seems to have a beneficial impact on the immune system compared to alcohol abuse or abstinence. Therefore, the link between alcohol consumption, immune response, as well as infectious and inflammatory processes remains not completely understood. With this in mind, it is important to realise that other factors, unrelated or indirectly related to immune function, like drinking patterns, beverage type, amount of alcohol, or gender differences, will affect the influence that alcohol consumption may have on the immune system. This review summarises published data describing the effects that light to moderate amounts of polyphenol-rich beverages like wine or beer seem to have on immunity in healthy adults.
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290
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Ökvist A, Johansson S, Kuzmin A, Bazov I, Merino-Martinez R, Ponomarev I, Mayfield RD, Harris RA, Sheedy D, Garrick T, Harper C, Hurd YL, Terenius L, Ekström TJ, Bakalkin G, Yakovleva T. Neuroadaptations in human chronic alcoholics: dysregulation of the NF-kappaB system. PLoS One 2007; 2:e930. [PMID: 17895971 PMCID: PMC1976556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol dependence and associated cognitive impairments apparently result from neuroadaptations to chronic alcohol consumption involving changes in expression of multiple genes. Here we investigated whether transcription factors of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) family, controlling neuronal plasticity and neurodegeneration, are involved in these adaptations in human chronic alcoholics. Methods and Findings Analysis of DNA-binding of NF-κB (p65/p50 heterodimer) and the p50 homodimer as well as NF-κB proteins and mRNAs was performed in postmortem human brain samples from 15 chronic alcoholics and 15 control subjects. The prefrontal cortex involved in alcohol dependence and cognition was analyzed and the motor cortex was studied for comparison. The p50 homodimer was identified as dominant κB binding factor in analyzed tissues. NF-κB and p50 homodimer DNA-binding was downregulated, levels of p65 (RELA) mRNA were attenuated, and the stoichiometry of p65/p50 proteins and respective mRNAs was altered in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholics. Comparison of a number of p50 homodimer/NF-κB target DNA sites, κB elements in 479 genes, down- or upregulated in alcoholics demonstrated that genes with κB elements were generally upregulated in alcoholics. No significant differences between alcoholics and controls were observed in the motor cortex. Conclusions We suggest that cycles of alcohol intoxication/withdrawal, which may initially activate NF-κB, when repeated over years downregulate RELA expression and NF-κB and p50 homodimer DNA-binding. Downregulation of the dominant p50 homodimer, a potent inhibitor of gene transcription apparently resulted in derepression of κB regulated genes. Alterations in expression of p50 homodimer/NF-κB regulated genes may contribute to neuroplastic adaptation underlying alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ökvist
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Johansson
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kuzmin
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Igor Ponomarev
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna Sheedy
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Therese Garrick
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clive Harper
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lars Terenius
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas J. Ekström
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Tatjana Yakovleva
- The Section of Alcohol and Drug Dependence Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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291
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García-Valdecasas-Campelo E, González-Reimers E, Santolaria-Fernández F, De La Vega-Prieto MJ, Milena-Abril A, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Martínez-Riera A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E. Brain atrophy in alcoholics: relationship with alcohol intake; liver disease; nutritional status, and inflammation. Alcohol Alcohol 2007; 42:533-8. [PMID: 17855333 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agm065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain atrophy is a common finding in alcoholics. Several mechanisms may be involved, including ethanol itself, malnutrition, liver failure, and, possibly, ethanol-induced hormone and cytokine changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the relation of brain atrophy-assessed by computerized tomography (CT) scan-and the aforementioned alterations. METHODS Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF alpha, PTH, estradiol, free testosterone, and corticosterone were measured in 36 alcoholics, ten of them cirrhotics, who also underwent brain CT, which recorded the presence of cortical atrophy or cerebellar atrophy, Evan's, Huckmann's, cella media, bicaudate, cortical atrophy, bifrontal, and ventricular indices, and diameter of the third ventricle; subjective nutritional assessment, midarm anthropometry, and evaluation of liver function. RESULTS Patients showed marked alterations of all the CT indices compared with 12 controls, but poor relations between these indices and the other parameters analysed (IGF-1, handgrip strength and years of addiction with bifrontal index (P < 0.025 in all cases); PTH and Evan's index (r = 0.36, P = 0.032); mean corpuscular volume with cella index and cortical atrophy (P < 0.05). Cerebellar atrophy was associated with a greater daily ethanol consumption (t = 2.19, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION Brain atrophy is frequently observed in alcoholics, but relationships with liver function, cytokines, nutritional status, and hormone levels are poor.
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292
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Walsh JE, Lathers DMR, Chi AC, Gillespie MB, Day TA, Young MRI. Mechanisms of Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2007; 8:227-38. [PMID: 17712533 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-007-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is multisystemic and involves the immune system, vascularization, and dissemination. Immune involvement includes the subversion of anti-tumor defenses. Vascularization involves both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Dissemination involves local tumor invasion as well as distant metastasis through processes including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Current studies in the dysregulation of various processes, including genetic stability, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immune regulation, and immune function, are opening opportunities for the development of targeted tumor therapies. The interrelationship of these processes in HNSCC development will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett E Walsh
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401-5799, USA
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293
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Anderson GD, Temkin NR, Awan AB, Winn HR, Winn RH. Effect of time, injury, age and ethanol on interpatient variability in valproic acid pharmacokinetics after traumatic brain injury. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46:307-18. [PMID: 17375982 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200746040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in an increase in hepatic metabolism. The increased metabolism is in significant contrast to a large body of in vitro and in vivo data demonstrating that activation of the host-defence response downregulates hepatic metabolism. Theoretically, this occurs because of activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6. As part of a large double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the use of valproic acid for prophylaxis of post-traumatic seizures, we obtained extensive valproic acid concentration-time data. Valproic acid is a hepatically metabolised, low extraction-ratio drug. Therefore, unbound clearance (CL(u)) is equal to intrinsic or metabolic clearance. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent effects of TBI on the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound valproic acid with the goal of identifying patient factors that may predict changes in total clearance (CL) and CL(u). In addition, by determining the factors that influence the magnitude and time course of induction of hepatic metabolism and understanding their interaction with the host-defence mediators, we can further our insight into the mechanism(s) responsible for the changes in CL and CL(u). STUDY DESIGN Valproic acid plasma concentration data were obtained from 158 TBI patients. Unbound valproic acid plasma concentrations were estimated using total valproic acid plasma and albumin concentrations following a Scatchard equation binding model previously developed in a subset of TBI patients. The effect of 13 patient factors on CL and CL(u) was evaluated initially in a univariate analysis. The significant factors were then included in a multiple linear regression analysis by use of step-wise selection and forward selection procedures. RESULTS CL and CL(u) were significantly increased after TBI in a time-dependent manner. The average increase was >75% by weeks 2 and 3 post-injury. The magnitude of the induction of CL was increased with decreased albumin concentrations, in addition to the presence of ethanol on admission, increased severity of head injury, tube feeding and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The magnitude of induction of CL(u) was increased by older age, presence of ethanol on admission, increased severity of head injury, tube feeding, TPN, and if the patient had a post-injury neurosurgical procedure. The time to normalisation of CL(u) was significantly longer in patients with head injury plus other injuries compared with those with head injury alone. CONCLUSIONS As has been reported with other drugs, TBI results in a significant increase in the metabolism of valproic acid. The patient factors identified in this study that resulted in an increase in the magnitude and time course of the induction of CL(u) (ethanol, older age, presence of a neurosurgical procedure, severity of TBI and presence of multiple non-TBI injuries) have all been reported to cause a shift to the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-4 and IL-10. This suggests that the increase in hepatic metabolism after TBI may be due to the increased presence of anti-inflammatory mediators in contrast to the inhibition effect of the pro-inflammatory mediators in non-TBI inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Anderson
- Departments of Pharmacy and Neurological Surgery, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine [corrected] University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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294
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Budec M, Koko V, Todorović V, Marković D, Postić M, Drndarević N, Spasić A, Mitrović O. Possible mechanism of acute effect of ethanol on intestinal IgA expression in rat. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:858-63. [PMID: 17466919 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism of acute effect of ethanol on IgA expression in rat intestine. To this end, adult female Wistar rats showing diestrus day 1 were treated with (a) ethanol (2 or 4 g/kg, i.p.); (b) N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), which inhibits the activity of all isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, (30 mg/kg, s.c.) followed by ethanol 3 h later; and (c) L-NAME (30 mg/kg, s.c.) followed by saline 3 h later. Saline-injected and untreated rats were used as controls. The animals were sacrificed 0.5 h after ethanol administration. Intestinal expression of IgA was evaluated by both immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. Morphometric analysis showed that acute ethanol treatment increased the number of IgA-immunoreactive cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with L-NAME abolished this action of alcohol. Injection of L-NAME followed by saline had no influence on the number of IgA+cells. The results, obtained by Western immunoblotting, paralleled our immunohistochemical findings. Taken together, these data suggest that acute effect of ethanol on intestinal IgA might be mediated by endogenous nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Budec
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia.
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295
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to acquaint the reader with advances in 2006 in the epidemiology, genetics, detection, pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. RECENT FINDINGS Important discoveries have been made in pathogenesis and mechanism of disease, with great emphasis on the many pathways leading to oxidative stress, and the novel mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress that is proving to be important in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. The reliability of ethyl glucuronide and other biomarkers for the detection of alcohol abuse is being better established. There have been no treatment advances for alcoholic liver disease but, on balance, steroids are still favored for carefully selected patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Many compounds tested in rodents may now be available for consideration for clinical trials. Criteria for patient selection and refusal for liver transplantation are being established but the 6 months abstinence rule still holds. SUMMARY Insights are being made into the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease but safe and effective therapies for both alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reuben
- Liver Service, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, And Liver Transplant Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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296
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Vogel U, Christensen J, Dybdahl M, Friis S, Hansen RD, Wallin H, Nexø BA, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen PS, Overvad K, Tjønneland A. Prospective study of interaction between alcohol, NSAID use and polymorphisms in genes involved in the inflammatory response in relation to risk of colorectal cancer. Mutat Res 2007; 624:88-100. [PMID: 17544013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowl disease predisposes to cancer of the colorectum, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decreases the risk; hence genetic variations that modify the inflammatory response may alter the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to determine if polymorphisms associated with an altered inflammatory response are associated with colorectal cancer risk, and to investigate the possible interaction with lifestyle factors such as alcohol use, smoking and NSAID use. We studied 355 adenocarcinoma cases and 753 control persons, nested within the prospective "Diet, Cancer and Health" study. None of the polymorphisms were associated with risk of colorectal cancer. A statistically significant interaction between PPARgamma2 Pro(12)Ala and alcohol was found, where alcohol use was associated with a 22% increased risk of CRC per 10g alcohol/day among carriers of the variant allele but not among homozygous wild type allele carriers (P for interaction=0.02). Moreover, an interaction between DLG5 R30Q and NSAID use was found (P for interaction=0.02). Our results do not suggest that inborn variations in the inflammatory response play any major role in risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koivisto H, Hietala J, Niemelä O. An inverse relationship between markers of fibrogenesis and collagen degradation in patients with or without alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:773-9. [PMID: 17222322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excessive deposition of collagen leading to cirrhosis is a major complication of alcohol abuse. However, the mechanisms behind the accumulation of the extracellular matrix proteins are poorly understood. METHODS We measured serum markers of collagen degradation (beta-CTx), fibrogenesis (PINP, PIIINP), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines from 84 male heavy drinkers, who were either with (N = 52) or without (N = 32) clinical or histological signs of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and from 20 healthy nonalcoholic controls. RESULTS Serum beta-CTx levels in ALD patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls or in the alcoholics without liver disease, while PINP and PIIINP, reflecting type I and type III collagen synthesis, respectively, were significantly increased. The alcoholics without liver disease showed values, that were not significantly different from those of healthy controls. Serum beta-CTx correlated negatively with serum PIIINP and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha), and positively with anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TGF-beta), whereas serum PIIINP correlated positively with these proinflammatory cytokines and negatively with the anti-inflammatory cytokines. Calculation of PIIINP/beta-CTx ratio was found to yield an excellent sensitivity (94%) and specificity (98%) in differentiating the alcoholics with liver disease. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate a positive relationship between markers of collagen biosynthesis and proinflammatory cytokines, and a negative relationship between these markers and a marker of collagen degradation and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that a disturbed balance in these cellular responses may facilitate fibrogenesis and play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ALD. These findings should also be implicated in the development of noninvasive tools for discriminating individuals at risk for fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Koivisto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, and University of Tampere, FIN-60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
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298
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Qin L, Wu X, Block ML, Liu Y, Breese GR, Hong JS, Knapp DJ, Crews FT. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia 2007; 55:453-62. [PMID: 17203472 PMCID: PMC2871685 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1557] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A single systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) injection was administered in adult wild-type mice and in mice lacking TNFalpha receptors (TNF R1/R2(-/-)) to discern the mechanisms of inflammation transfer from the periphery to the brain and the neurodegenerative consequences. Systemic LPS administration resulted in rapid brain TNFalpha increase that remained elevated for 10 months, while peripheral TNFalpha (serum and liver) had subsided by 9 h (serum) and 1 week (liver). Systemic TNFalpha and LPS administration activated microglia and increased expression of brain pro-inflammatory factors (i.e., TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta, and NF-kappaB p65) in wild-type mice, but not in TNF R1/R2(-/-) mice. Further, LPS reduced the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) by 23% at 7-months post-treatment, which progressed to 47% at 10 months. Together, these data demonstrate that through TNFalpha, peripheral inflammation in adult animals can: (1) activate brain microglia to produce chronically elevated pro-inflammatory factors; (2) induce delayed and progressive loss of DA neurons in the SN. These findings provide valuable insight into the potential pathogenesis and self-propelling nature of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Michelle L. Block
- Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - George R. Breese
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Darin J. Knapp
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Fulton T. Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Fulton T. Crews, Director, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1021 Thurston Bowles Building, CB 7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599–7178, USA.
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299
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Vantyghem MC, Danel T, Marcelli-Tourvieille S, Moriau J, Leclerc L, Cardot-Bauters C, Docao C, Carnaille B, Wemeau JL, D'Herbomez M. Calcitonin levels do not decrease with weaning in chronic alcoholism. Thyroid 2007; 17:213-7. [PMID: 17381353 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol might increase calcitonin but this assertion is mainly based on the acute effect of the drug in small animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on plasma calcitonin (CT) levels. DESIGN 20 smoking male subjects admitted to be weaned from chronic daily alcohol consumption >100 g were included after informed consent. Blood was sampled upon admission (T0) and after 5 (T5) and 21 (T21) days of alcohol weaning to measure mean erythrocyte volume, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), calcium, gastrin, and CT levels. The control group consisted of 30 male subjects with daily alcohol consumption <20 g. MAIN OUTCOME The characteristics of the alcohol group were as follows (mean +/- SD): age 41.2 +/- 13 years old; mean erythrocyte volume: 96.0 +/- 4.2 microm(3) (N: 85-95); calcium level: 94.7 +/- 3.7 mg/L (N: 85-105); gastrinemia: 59.3 +/- 14.9 ng/mL (N: <120). At T0 and T21, three alcoholic subjects had CT levels above 10 pg/mL, usually considered as the normal cut-off value. There was no correlation between CT and the different biochemical parameters at T0, T5, and T21. There was no difference between CT levels at the different stages in the alcohol group (T0: 6.4 +/- 3.6 pg/mL; T5: 6.5 +/- 5.3 pg/mL; T21: 8.4 +/- 5.6), although GGT significantly decreased with weaning duration (T0: 248 +/- 354 IU/L; T5: 211 +/- 290 IU/L; T21: 79 +/- 90 IU/L; ANOVA, p <0.05). But a significant difference was found between mean CT levels in the alcohol group and in the control group (3.1 +/- 0.7 pg/mL, p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that mean CT levels of chronically alcoholic smoking male subjects are higher than those of an age- and sex-matched control group. However, most alcoholic patients exhibited CT levels <10 pg/mL. No decrease in CT levels was noted over a short period of alcohol weaning. As CT measurement is currently recommended in thyroid nodule assessment, this finding may be important to know how to decipher borderline values of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Vantyghem
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille Cedex, France.
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300
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Fortunato F, Berger I, Gross ML, Rieger P, Buechler MW, Werner J. Immune-compromised state in the rat pancreas after chronic alcohol exposure: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J Pathol 2007; 213:441-52. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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