251
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Akhalaya MY, Maksimov GV, Rubin AB, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radiation and heat on human skin. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:1-11. [PMID: 24742502 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of ROS underlies all solar infrared-affected therapeutic and pathological cutaneous effects. The signaling pathway NF-kB is responsible for the induced therapeutic effects, while the AP-1 for the pathological effects. The different signaling pathways of infrared-induced ROS and infrared-induced heat shock ROS were shown to act independently multiplying the influence on each other by increasing the doses of irradiation and/or increasing the temperature. The molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radiation and heat on human skin are summarized and discussed in detail in the present paper. The critical doses are determined. Protection strategies against infrared-induced skin damage are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ya Akhalaya
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Maksimov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A B Rubin
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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252
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Piazena H, Pittermann W, Müller W, Jung K, Kelleher DK, Herrling T, Meffert P, Uebelhack R, Kietzmann M. Effects of water-filtered infrared-A and of heat on cell death, inflammation, antioxidative potential and of free radical formation in viable skin--first results. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 138:347-54. [PMID: 25038541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) and of convective heat on viability, inflammation, inducible free radicals and antioxidative power were investigated in natural and viable skin using the ex vivo Bovine Udder System (BUS) model. Therefore, skin samples from differently treated parts of the udder of a healthy cow were analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) measurement and by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Neither cell viability, the inflammation status, the radical status or the antioxidative defence systems of the skin were significantly affected by wIRA applied within 30 min by using an irradiance of 1900 W m(-2) which is of relevance for clinical use, but which exceeded the maximum solar IR-A irradiance at the Earth's surface more than 5 times and which resulted in a skin surface temperature of about 45 °C without cooling and of about 37 °C with convective cooling by air ventilation. No significant effects on viability and on inflammation were detected when convective heat was applied alone under equivalent conditions in terms of the resulting skin surface temperatures and exposure time. As compared with untreated skin, free radical formation was almost doubled, whereas the antioxidative power was reduced to about 50% after convective heating to about 45 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Piazena
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Pittermann
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Wetzlar, Germany
| | | | - Debra K Kelleher
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Peter Meffert
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Uebelhack
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Medical Photobiology Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Hannover, Germany
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253
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Wang L, Zhang D, Schwarz W. TRPV Channels in Mast Cells as a Target for Low-Level-Laser Therapy. Cells 2014; 3:662-73. [PMID: 24971848 PMCID: PMC4197630 DOI: 10.3390/cells3030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-level laser irradiation in the visible as well as infrared range is applied to skin for treatment of various diseases. Here we summarize and discuss effects of laser irradiation on mast cells that leads to degranulation of the cells. This process may contribute to initial steps in the final medical effects. We suggest that activation of TRPV channels in the mast cells forms a basis for the underlying mechanisms and that released ATP and histamine may be putative mediators for therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wolfgang Schwarz
- Institute for Biophysics, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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254
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Carroll JD, Milward MR, Cooper PR, Hadis M, Palin WM. Developments in low level light therapy (LLLT) for dentistry. Dent Mater 2014; 30:465-75. [PMID: 24656472 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low level light/laser therapy (LLLT) is the direct application of light to stimulate cell responses (photobiomodulation) in order to promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation and induce analgesia. There have been significant studies demonstrating its application and efficacy at many sites within the body and for treatment of a range of musculoskeletal injuries, degenerative diseases and dysfunction, however, its use on oral tissues has, to date, been limited. The purpose of this review is to consider the potential for LLLT in dental and oral applications by providing background information on its mechanism of action and delivery parameters and by drawing parallels with its treatment use in analogous cells and tissues from other sites of the body. METHODS A literature search on Medline was performed on laser and light treatments in a range of dental/orofacial applications from 2010 to March 2013. The search results were filtered for LLLT relevance. The clinical papers were then arranged to eight broad dental/orofacial categories and reviewed. RESULTS The initial search returned 2778 results, when filtered this was reduced to 153. 41 were review papers or editorials, 65 clinical and 47 laboratory studies. Of all the publications, 130 reported a positive effect in terms of pain relief, fast healing or other improvement in symptoms or appearance and 23 reported inconclusive or negative outcomes. Direct application of light as a therapeutic intervention within the oral cavity (rather than photodynamic therapies, which utilize photosensitizing solutions) has thus far received minimal attention. Data from the limited studies that have been performed which relate to the oral cavity indicate that LLLT may be a reliable, safe and novel approach to treating a range of oral and dental disorders and in particular for those which there is an unmet clinical need. SIGNIFICANCE The potential benefits of LLLT that have been demonstrated in many healthcare fields and include improved healing, reduced inflammation and pain control, which suggest considerable potential for its use in oral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Carroll
- THOR Photomedicine Ltd., 18A East Street, Chesham HP5 1HQ, UK
| | | | | | - Mohammed Hadis
- Biomaterials, University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK
| | - William M Palin
- Biomaterials, University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK.
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255
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Pansani TN, Basso FG, Turirioni APS, Kurachi C, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA. Effects of low-level laser therapy on the proliferation and apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts treated with zoledronic acid. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43:1030-4. [PMID: 24656494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been indicated as an adjuvant therapy for bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis. However, the effects of LLLT on bisphosphonate-treated cells are not yet clear. This study evaluated the effects of LLLT on the proliferation and apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts treated with zoledronic acid (ZA). Cells were exposed to ZA at 5μM for 48h. Irradiation was performed using a laser diode prototype (LaserTABLE, InGaAsP; 780nm±3nm, 25mW) at 0.5 or 3J/cm(2), three times every 24h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test at the 5% level of significance. ZA decreased cell proliferation to 47.62% (interquartile range (IQR) 23.80-57.14%; P=0.007) and increased apoptosis of gingival fibroblasts to 27.7% (IQR 20.9-33.4%; P=0.0001). LLLT increased cell proliferation compared with non-irradiated cells, at 0.5J/cm(2) (57.14%, IQR 57.14-71.43%; P=0.003) and at 3J/cm(2) (76.19%, IQR 61.90-76.19%; P=0.0001), but did not increase cell proliferation in ZA-treated cells. Irradiated fibroblasts presented lower apoptosis rates than the ZA-treated cells, but apoptosis was no different in ZA-treated cells compared to those that were ZA-treated and also irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nogueira Pansani
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - F Gonçalves Basso
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - A P Silveira Turirioni
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C Kurachi
- Physics Institute, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - J Hebling
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C A de Souza Costa
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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256
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Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Krutmann J. Photoprotection of human skin beyond ultraviolet radiation. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:167-74. [PMID: 24433486 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoprotection of human skin by means of sunscreens or daily skin-care products is traditionally centered around the prevention of acute (e.g. sunburn) and chronic (e.g. skin cancer and photoaging) skin damage that may result from exposure to ultraviolet rays (UVB and UVA). Within the last decade, however, it has been appreciated that wavelengths beyond the ultraviolet spectrum, in particular visible light and infrared radiation, contribute to skin damage in general and photoaging of human skin in particular. As a consequence, attempts have been made to develop skin care/sunscreen products that not only protect against UVB or UVA radiation but provide photoprotection against visible light and infrared radiation as well. In this article, we will briefly review the current knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for visible light/infrared radiation-induced skin damage and then, based on this information, discuss strategies that have been successfully used or may be employed in the future to achieve photoprotection of human skin beyond ultraviolet radiation. In this regard we will particularly focus on the use of topical antioxidants and the challenges that result from the task of showing their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grether-Beck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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257
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Zaichkina SI, Rozanova OM, Dyukina AR, Simonova NB, Romanchenko SP, Sorokina SS, Aptikaeva GF, Yusupov VI. Influence of low-dose-rate red and near-infrared radiations on the level of reactive oxygen species, the genetic apparatus and the tumor growth in mice in vivo. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350913050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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258
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Nimeri G, Kau CH, Corona R, Shelly J. The effect of photobiomodulation on root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2014; 6:1-8. [PMID: 24470774 PMCID: PMC3896253 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s49489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is used to accelerate tooth movement during orthodontic treatments. The changes in root morphology in a group of orthodontic patients who received photobiomodulation were evaluated using the cone beam computed tomography technique. The device used is called OrthoPulse, which produces low levels of light with a near infrared wavelength of 850 nm and an intensity of 60 mW/cm2 continuous wave. Twenty orthodontic patients were recruited for these experiments, all with class 1 malocclusion and with Little’s Irregularity Index (>2 mm) in either of the arches. Root resorption was detected by measuring changes in tooth length using cone beam computed tomography. These changes were measured before the orthodontic treatment and use of low-level laser therapy and after finishing the alignment level. Little’s Irregularity Index for all the patients was calculated in both the maxilla and mandible and patients were divided into three groups for further analysis, which were then compared to the root resorption measurements. Our results showed that photobiomodulation did not cause root resorption greater than the normal range that is commonly detected in orthodontic treatments. Furthermore, no correlation between Little’s Irregularity Index and root resorption was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Nimeri
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chung H Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel Corona
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffery Shelly
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
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259
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Dos Reis FA, da Silva BAK, Laraia EMS, de Melo RM, Silva PH, Leal-Junior ECP, de Carvalho PDTC. Effects of pre- or post-exercise low-level laser therapy (830 nm) on skeletal muscle fatigue and biochemical markers of recovery in humans: double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Photomed Laser Surg 2014; 32:106-12. [PMID: 24456143 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) before and after exercise on quadriceps muscle performance, and to evaluate the changes in serum lactate and creatine kinase (CK) levels. METHODS The study was randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled. PATIENTS A sample of 27 healthy volunteers (male soccer players) were divided into three groups: placebo, pre-fatigue laser, and post-fatigue laser. The experiment was performed in two sessions, with a 1 week interval between them. Subjects performed two sessions of stretching followed by blood collection (measurement of lactate and CK) at baseline and after fatigue of the quadriceps by leg extension. LLLT was applied to the femoral quadriceps muscle using an infrared laser device (830 nm), 0.0028 cm(2) beam area, six 60 mW diodes, energy of 0.6 J per diode (total energy to each limb 25.2 J (50.4 J total), energy density 214.28 J/cm(2), 21.42 W/cm(2) power density, 70 sec per leg. We measured the time to fatigue and number and maximum load (RM) of repetitions tolerated. Number of repetitions and time until fatigue were primary outcomes, secondary outcomes included serum lactate levels (measured before and 5, 10, and 15 min after exercise), and CK levels (measured before and 5 min after exercise). RESULTS The number of repetitions (p=0.8965), RM (p=0.9915), and duration of fatigue (p=0.8424) were similar among the groups. Post-fatigue laser treatment significantly decreased the serum lactate concentration relative to placebo treatment (p<0.01) and also within the group over time (after 5 min vs. after 10 and 15 min, p<0.05 both). The CK level was lower in the post-fatigue laser group (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Laser application either before or after fatigue reduced the post-fatigue concentrations of serum lactate and CK. The results were more pronounced in the post-fatigue laser group.
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260
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Liebert AD, Bicknell BT, Adams RD. Protein conformational modulation by photons: a mechanism for laser treatment effects. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:275-81. [PMID: 24424395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Responsiveness to low-level laser treatment (LLTT) at a wavelength of 450-910 nm has established it as an effective treatment of medical, veterinary and dental chronic pain, chronic inflammation conditions (arthritis and macular degeneration), wound repair, and lymphoedema, yet the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of LLLT remain unclear. However, there is now sufficient evidence from recent research to propose an integrated model of LLLT action. The hypothesis presented in this paper is that external applications of photons (through laser at an appropriate dose) modulates the nervous system through an integrated mechanism. This stimulated mechanism involves protein-to-protein interaction, where two or more proteins bind together to facilitate molecular processes, including modification of proteins by members of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins) and also protein phosphorylation and tyrosination. SUMO has been shown to have a role in multiple nuclear and perinuclear targets, including ion channels, and in the maintenance of telomeres and the post-translational modification of genes. The consequence of laser application in treatment, therefore, can be seen as influencing the transmission of neural information via an integrated and rapid modulation of ion channels, achieved through both direct action on photo-acceptors (such as cytochrome c-oxidase) and through indirect modulation via enzymes, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine kinases and tyrosine kinase receptors. This exogenous action then facilitates an existing photonic biomodulation mechanism within the body, and initiates ion channel modulation both in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence indicates that the ion channel modulation functions predominately through the potassium channels, including two pore leak channels (K2P), which act as signal integrators from the periphery to the cortex. Photonic action also transforms SUMOylation processes at the cell membrane, nucleus and telomeres via signalling processes from the mitochondria (which is the main target of laser absorption) to these targets. Under the hypothesis, these observed biological effects would play a part in the bystander effect, the abscopal effect, and other systemic effects observed with the application of low level laser (LLLT). The implications of the hypothesis are important in that they point to mechanisms that can account for the effectiveness of laser in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases, chronic pain and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann D Liebert
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian T Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Roger D Adams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia.
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261
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Pasternak K, Nowacka O, Wróbel D, Pieszyński I, Bryszewska M, Kujawa J. Influence of MLS laser radiation on erythrocyte membrane fluidity and secondary structure of human serum albumin. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 388:261-7. [PMID: 24357115 PMCID: PMC3912354 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The biostimulating activity of low level laser radiation of various wavelengths and energy doses is widely documented in the literature, but the mechanisms of the intracellular reactions involved are not precisely known. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of low level laser radiation from an multiwave locked system (MLS) of two wavelengths (wavelength = 808 nm in continuous emission and 905 nm in pulsed emission) on the human erythrocyte membrane and on the secondary structure of human serum albumin (HSA). Human erythrocytes membranes and HSA were irradiated with laser light of low intensity with surface energy density ranging from 0.46 to 4.9 J cm−2 and surface energy power density 195 mW cm−2 (1,000 Hz) and 230 mW cm−2 (2,000 Hz). Structural and functional changes in the erythrocyte membrane were characterized by its fluidity, while changes in the protein were monitored by its secondary structure. Dose-dependent changes in erythrocyte membrane fluidity were induced by near-infrared laser radiation. Slight changes in the secondary structure of HSA were also noted. MLS laser radiation influences the structure and function of the human erythrocyte membrane resulting in a change in fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Pasternak
- Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 75 Drewnowska Str, 91-002 Lodz, Poland
| | - Olga Nowacka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Str, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominika Wróbel
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Str, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Pieszyński
- Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 75 Drewnowska Str, 91-002 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska Str, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kujawa
- Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 75 Drewnowska Str, 91-002 Lodz, Poland
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262
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Sokolovski SG, Zolotovskaya SA, Goltsov A, Pourreyron C, South AP, Rafailov EU. Infrared laser pulse triggers increased singlet oxygen production in tumour cells. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3484. [PMID: 24336590 PMCID: PMC3860013 DOI: 10.1038/srep03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique developed to treat the ever-increasing global incidence of cancer. This technique utilises singlet oxygen (1O2) generation via a laser excited photosensitiser (PS) to kill cancer cells. However, prolonged sensitivity to intensive light (6–8 weeks for lung cancer), relatively low tissue penetration by activating light (630 nm up to 4 mm), and the cost of PS administration can limit progressive PDT applications. The development of quantum-dot laser diodes emitting in the highest absorption region (1268 nm) of triplet oxygen (3O2) presents the possibility of inducing apoptosis in tumour cells through direct 3O2 → 1O2 transition. Here we demonstrate that a single laser pulse triggers dose-dependent 1O2 generation in both normal keratinocytes and tumour cells and show that tumour cells yield the highest 1O2 far beyond the initial laser pulse exposure. Our modelling and experimental results support the development of direct infrared (IR) laser-induced tumour treatment as a promising approach in tumour PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sokolovski
- Photonics and Nanoscience Group, School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - S A Zolotovskaya
- Photonics and Nanoscience Group, School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - A Goltsov
- Centre for Research in Informatics and Systems Pathology (CRISP), University of Abertay Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
| | - C Pourreyron
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - A P South
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - E U Rafailov
- Photonics and Nanoscience Group, School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
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263
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Montoro LA, Turrioni APS, Basso FG, de Souza Costa CA, Hebling J. Infrared LED irradiation photobiomodulation of oxidative stress in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2013; 47:747-55. [PMID: 24215116 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of infrared light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation on the oxidative stress induced in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODOLOGY Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were harvested from sound primary teeth that were near exfoliation. Cells were seeded (10(5) cells cm(-2) ) using α-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS and after 24 h, were placed in contact with LPS (10 μg mL(-1) of culture medium). Immediately afterwards, HDPCs were subjected to a single irradiation with an infrared LED (855 nm) delivering different doses of energy (0, 2, 4, 8, 15 or 30 J cm(-2) ). For each dose, there was a control group without LPS application. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, groups were tested for nitric oxide (NO) quantification, cell viability (MTT assay) and qualitative assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stress resulted in significant increase in NO production by HDPC without causing damage to cell respiratory metabolism. Irrespective of energy dose delivered, NO production was significantly reduced when LPS-stressed cells were irradiated with infrared LED (2 J cm(-2) , P = 0.003; 95% CI = 5.84-27.71; 4 J cm(-2) , P = 0.001; 95% CI = 7.52-26.39; 8 J cm(-2) , P = 0.0195; 95% CI = -2.86-16.01; 15 J cm(-2) , P = 0.0001; 95% CI = 12.10-30.96; 30 J cm(-2) , P = 0.007; 95% CI = 5.84-24.71). The highest decrease in NO production was observed when 15 J cm(-2) was delivered to cells. Infrared LED irradiation resulted in a decrease in ROS production, whilst HDPC metabolism was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION Biomodulation of oxidative stress of HPDC can be achieved by irradiation with a single dose of infrared LED. Within the range investigated, 15 J cm(-2) resulted in the least production of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Montoro
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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264
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Nimeri G, Kau CH, Abou-Kheir NS, Corona R. Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment--a frontier in orthodontics. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:42. [PMID: 24326040 PMCID: PMC4384959 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increased tendency for researches to focus on accelerating methods for tooth movement due to the huge demand for adults for a shorter orthodontic treatment time. Unfortunately, long orthodontic treatment time poses several disadvantages like higher predisposition to caries, gingival recession, and root resorption. This increases the demand to find the best method to increase tooth movement with the least possible disadvantages. The purpose of this study is to view the successful approaches in tooth movement and to highlight the newest technique in tooth movement. A total of 74 articles were reviewed in tooth movement and related discipline from 1959 to 2013. There is a high amount of researches done on the biological method for tooth movement; unfortunately, the majority of them were done on animals. Cytokine, PTH, vitamin D, and RANKL/RANK/OPG show promising results; on the other hand, relaxin does not accelerate tooth movement, but increases the tooth mobility. Low-level laser therapy has shown positive outcome, but further investigation should be done for the best energy and duration to achieve the highest success rate. Surgical approach has the most predictable outcomes but with limited application due to its aggressiveness. Piezocision technique is considered one of the best surgical approaches because it poses good periodontal tissue response and excellent aesthetic outcome. Due to the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, further investigations should be done to determine the best method to accelerate tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Nimeri
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, 305 School of Dentistry Building, 1919 7th Avenue south, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| | - Chung H Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, 305 School of Dentistry Building, 1919 7th Avenue south, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| | - Nadia S Abou-Kheir
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, 305 School of Dentistry Building, 1919 7th Avenue south, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| | - Rachel Corona
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, 305 School of Dentistry Building, 1919 7th Avenue south, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
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265
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Miyamoto Y, Nishikiori D, Hagino F, Wakita M, Tanabe I, Toida M. Effect of 630-NM pulsed laser irradiation on the proliferation of HeLa cells in Photofrin(®)-mediated photodynamic therapy. Laser Ther 2013; 20:135-8. [PMID: 24155522 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.20.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Red laser light of wavelength 630 nm is usually used for Photofrin(®)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT). The 630-nm light employed in PDT corresponds to the region of the wavelength used in low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may influence on the photodynamic effect required for killing cancer cells. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the changes in cell viability and degree of cell proliferation after Photofrin(®)-mediated PDT using 630-nm pulsed laser irradiation (10 Hz repetition rate and 7-9 ns pulse width), which was clinically found to induce no remarkable cell injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS A study has been conducted in which HeLa cells are incubated with Photofrin(®) for 15 min (10 µg/ml). Irradiation was carried out at an average fluence rate of 50 mW/cm(2) with light doses of 1, 3, and 5 J/cm(2). The cytotoxic effects on the cells are evaluated by the XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) assay. RESULTS The results showed that the laser irradiated cells exhibited a greater clonogenic activity than normal and PDT treated cells for a short period after the laser irradiation. CONCLUSION If the level of 630-nm pulsed laser irradiation employed in a PDT is comparatively lowered, it would have a biostimulatory effect like that of in LLLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyamoto
- Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
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266
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Cummins N, Bartlett CA, Archer M, Bartlett E, Hemmi JM, Harvey AR, Dunlop SA, Fitzgerald M. Changes to mitochondrial ultrastructure in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo are limited by irradiation at 670 nm. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:98. [PMID: 24011177 PMCID: PMC3844486 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic injury to the central nervous system results in damage to tissue beyond the primary injury, termed secondary degeneration. Key events thought to be associated with secondary degeneration involve aspects of mitochondrial function which may be modulated by red/near-infrared irradiation therapy (R/NIR-IT), but precisely how mitochondria are affected in vivo has not been investigated. Secondary degeneration was modelled by transecting the dorsal aspect of the optic nerve in adult rats and mitochondrial ultrastructure in intact ventral optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration investigated with transmission electron microscopy. Results Despite reported increases in fission following central nervous system injury, we saw no change in mitochondrial densities in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo. However, in axons, frequency distributions of mitochondrial profile areas showed higher cumulative probabilities of smaller mitochondrial profiles at day 1 after injury. Glial mitochondrial profiles did not exhibit changes in area, but a more elliptical mitochondrial shape was observed at both day 1 and 7 following injury. Importantly, mitochondrial autophagic profiles were observed at days 1 and 7 in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo. Citrate synthase activity was used as an additional measure of mitochondrial mass in ventral optic nerve and was decreased at day 7, whereas mitochondrial aconitase activity increased at day 1 and day 28 after injury in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. R/NIR-IT has been used to treat the injured central nervous system, with reported improvements in oxidative metabolism suggesting mitochondrial involvement, but ultrastructural information is lacking. Here we show that R/NIR-IT of injured animals resulted in distributions of mitochondrial areas and shape not significantly different from control and significantly reduced mitochondrial autophagic profiles. R/NIR-IT also resulted in decreased citrate synthase activity (day 7) and increased aconitase activity (day 1) in optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Conclusions These findings suggest that mitochondrial structure and activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle are dynamically altered during secondary degeneration in vivo and R/NIR-IT may protect mitochondrial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cummins
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
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267
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Avci P, Gupta GK, Clark J, Wikonkal N, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 46:144-51. [PMID: 23970445 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alopecia is a common disorder affecting more than half of the population worldwide. Androgenetic alopecia, the most common type, affects 50% of males over the age of 40 and 75% of females over 65. Only two drugs have been approved so far (minoxidil and finasteride) and hair transplant is the other treatment alternative. This review surveys the evidence for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) applied to the scalp as a treatment for hair loss and discusses possible mechanisms of actions. METHODS AND MATERIALS Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were carried out using keywords alopecia, hair loss, LLLT, photobiomodulation. RESULTS Studies have shown that LLLT stimulated hair growth in mice subjected to chemotherapy-induced alopecia and also in alopecia areata. Controlled clinical trials demonstrated that LLLT stimulated hair growth in both men and women. Among various mechanisms, the main mechanism is hypothesized to be stimulation of epidermal stem cells in the hair follicle bulge and shifting the follicles into anagen phase. CONCLUSION LLLT for hair growth in both men and women appears to be both safe and effective. The optimum wavelength, coherence and dosimetric parameters remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest 1085, Hungary
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268
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Li Y, Periwal V. Synergy in free radical generation is blunted by high-fat diet induced alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Biophys J 2013; 104:1127-41. [PMID: 23473496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their role in cellular energetics and metabolism, skeletal muscle mitochondria appear to play a key role in the development of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. High-fat diet can induce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), evidenced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission from mitochondria, which may be causal for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent published data on single substrate (pyruvate, succinate, fat) metabolism in both normal diet (CON) and high-fat diet (HFD) states of skeletal muscle allowed us to develop an integrated mathematical model of skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Model simulations suggested that long-term HFD may affect specific metabolic reaction/pathways by altering enzyme activities. Our model allows us to predict oxygen consumption and ROS generation for any combination of substrates. In particular, we predict a synergy between (iso-membrane potential) combinations of pyruvate and fat in ROS production compared to the sum of ROS production with each substrate singly in both CON and HFD states. This synergy is blunted in the HFD state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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269
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Fukuzaki Y, Sugawara H, Yamanoha B, Kogure S. 532 nm low-power laser irradiation recovers γ-secretase inhibitor-mediated cell growth suppression and promotes cell proliferation via Akt signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70737. [PMID: 23950991 PMCID: PMC3737144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) has been shown to inhibit expression of amyloid beta (Aβ), but GSI also has a side effect of reducing cell survival. Since low-power laser irradiation (LLI) has been known to promote cell survival, we examined whether 532 nm LLI can rescue the GSI side effect or not. Study Design/Materials and Methods The human-derived glioblastoma cells (A-172) were cultured in 35 mm culture dishes or 96-well plate. The center of dish or selected wells was irradiated with 532 nm laser (Nd:YVO4, CW, 60 mW) for 20, 40 and 60 min, respectively. The irradiated cells were photographed at immediately after, 24 and 48 h later and counted. GSI was supplemented in medium 3 h before LLI. The MTT assay was also used to estimate viable cells at 48 h after irradiation. The expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) or phosphorylated PTEN (p-PTEN) was examined by immunofluorescent staining and measured by fluorescence intensity using the software (BZ-9000, KEYENCE, Japan). Results GSI application depressed cell proliferation as well as cell survival compared to control. GSI down-regulated Aβ but up-regulated p-PTEN and suppressed p-Akt. Application of 532 nm LLI in the presence of GSI significantly recovered the GSI-mediated effects, i.e., LLI could decrease elevated p-PTEN, while increased p-Akt expression with keeping Aβ suppression. The LLI effects had a dose-dependency. Conclusion We confirmed that GSI potently suppressed intracellular Aβ and decreased cell survival. We conclude that a combination of GSI application and 532 nm LLI can increase cell proliferation via Akt activation while keeping PTEN and Aβ suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Fukuzaki
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Sugawara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Banri Yamanoha
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kogure
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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270
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Beyond retrograde and anterograde signalling: mitochondrial-nuclear interactions as a means for evolutionary adaptation and contemporary disease susceptibility. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:111-7. [PMID: 23356268 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although there is general agreement that most forms of common disease develop as a consequence of a combination of factors, including genetic, environmental and behavioural contributors, the actual mechanistic basis of how these factors initiate or promote diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases in some individuals but not in others with seemingly identical risk factor profiles, is not clearly understood. In this respect, consideration of the potential role for mitochondrial genetics, damage and function in influencing common disease susceptibility seems merited, given that the prehistoric challenges were the original factors that moulded cellular function, and these were based upon the mitochondrial-nuclear relationships that were established during evolutionary history. These interactions were probably refined during prehistoric environmental selection events that, at present, are largely absent. Contemporary risk factors such as diet, sedentary lifestyle and increased longevity, which influence our susceptibility to a variety of chronic diseases were not part of the dynamics that defined the processes of mitochondrial-nuclear interaction, and thus cell function. Consequently, the prehistoric challenges that contributed to cell functionality and evolution should be considered when interpreting and designing experimental data and strategies. Although several molecular epidemiological studies have generally supported this notion, studies that probe beyond these associations are required. Such investigation will mark the initial steps for mechanistically addressing the provocative concept that contemporary human disease susceptibility is the result of prehistoric selection events for mitochondrial-nuclear function, which increased the probability for survival and reproductive success during evolution.
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271
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Kushibiki T, Hirasawa T, Okawa S, Ishihara M. Regulation of miRNA expression by low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13542-58. [PMID: 23807510 PMCID: PMC3742202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications of laser therapy, including low-level laser therapy (LLLT), phototherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT), have been proven to be beneficial and relatively less invasive therapeutic modalities for numerous diseases and disease conditions. Using specific types of laser irradiation, specific cellular activities can be induced. Because multiple cellular signaling cascades are simultaneously activated in cells exposed to lasers, understanding the molecular responses within cells will aid in the development of laser therapies. In order to understand in detail the molecular mechanisms of LLLT and PDT-related responses, it will be useful to characterize the specific expression of miRNAs and proteins. Such analyses will provide an important source for new applications of laser therapy, as well as for the development of individualized treatments. Although several miRNAs should be up- or down-regulated upon stimulation by LLLT, phototherapy and PDT, very few published studies address the effect of laser therapy on miRNA expression. In this review, we focus on LLLT, phototherapy and PDT as representative laser therapies and discuss the effects of these therapies on miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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272
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Manzo S, Miglietta ML, Rametta G, Buono S, Di Francia G. Embryotoxicity and spermiotoxicity of nanosized ZnO for Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 254-255:1-9. [PMID: 23571067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nano ZnO (nZnO) upon the fertilization and early development of embryos of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is reported herein for the first time. Zn ion (ZnCl2) and bulk ZnO (bZnO) toxicity were assessed for comparison. The embryotoxicity tests showed a 100% effect already at 1 μM of nZnO (expressed as [Zn]) while bZnO and ZnCl2 showed EC50s of 0.98 [0.88-1.19] μM [Zn] and 2.02 [1.97-2.09] μM [Zn], respectively. Noteworthy, the frequency of developmental defects for the three compounds was dissimilar and a specific trend for larval skeletal abnormality produced by nZnO was observed. The sperm fertilization capability was only slightly affected by the tested chemicals while the effects were dramatic on the offspring quality of sperms exposed to ZnO compounds resulting in an early block of the regular larval development. ZnO toxicity seems related not only to Zinc ions but also to some surface interactions of particle/aggregates with target organisms and/or with the seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Manzo
- Enea CR Portici. P.le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 - Portici, Naples Italy.
| | | | | | - Silvia Buono
- Università degli studi di Napoli "Federico II". Parco Gussone 1. 80055 - Portici, Naples Italy
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Avci P, Nyame TT, Gupta GK, Sadasivam M, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser therapy for fat layer reduction: a comprehensive review. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:349-57. [PMID: 23749426 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive, nonthermal approach to disorders requiring reduction of pain and inflammation and stimulation of healing and tissue regeneration. Within the last decade, LLLT started being investigated as an adjuvant to liposuction, for noninvasive body contouring, reduction of cellulite, and improvement of blood lipid profile. LLLT may also aid autologous fat transfer procedures by enhancing the viability of adipocytes. However the underlying mechanism of actions for such effects still seems to be unclear. It is important, therefore, to understand the potential efficacy and proposed mechanism of actions of this new procedure for fat reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature associated with applications of LLLT related to fat layer reduction was performed to evaluate the findings from pre-clinical and clinical studies with respect to the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety. RESULTS The studies as of today suggest that LLLT has a potential to be used in fat and cellulite reduction as well as in improvement of blood lipid profile without any significant side effects. One of the main proposed mechanism of actions is based upon production of transient pores in adipocytes, allowing lipids to leak out. Another is through activation of the complement cascade which could cause induction of adipocyte apoptosis and subsequent release of lipids. CONCLUSION Although the present studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy of LLLT in fat layer reduction, studies demonstrating the efficacy of LLLT as a stand-alone procedure are still inadequate. Moreover, further studies are necessary to identify the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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274
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Savoia A, Landi S, Vannini F, Baldi A. Low-level laser therapy and vibration therapy for the treatment of localized adiposity and fibrous cellulite. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2013; 3:41-52. [PMID: 23888254 PMCID: PMC3680639 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-013-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the application of low-level laser therapy in various medical diseases. Additionally, vibration therapy is a new and effective measure to prevent muscular atrophy and osteoporosis, along with some general health-related beneficial effects of exercise on skeletal muscles such as improvement of endothelial function and an increased enzyme capacity of energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of a 635 nm and 0.040 W exit power per multiple diode laser in combination with vibration therapy for the application of non-invasive reduction of circumference in patients with localized adiposity and cellulite. Methods The study enrolled men and women (N = 33) aged 18–64 years with localized adiposity or fibrous cellulite. The evaluation parameters were: photographic evaluation, perimetric evaluation, blood tests, ecographic evaluation, histological evaluation, and subjective and objective tests. Results The results produced were statistically analyzed and resulted in a significant reduction of fat thickness when compared to the measurement prior to the treatment (P < 0.0001). Moreover, subjective and objective tests, as well as ecographic and histological evaluations, confirmed the reduction of fat thickness. Conclusion In this study we have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the combination between low-level laser therapy and vibration therapy for the resolution of localized adiposity and fibrous cellulite.
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275
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The effect of diode superpulsed low-level laser therapy on experimental orthodontic pain caused by elastomeric separators: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 30:35-41. [PMID: 23666533 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of diode superpulsed low-level laser therapy (SLLLT) in reducing experimentally induced orthodontic pain. Overall, 120 subjects (23.01 ± 1.39 years) were enrolled for a clinical trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to upper (U, N = 60) or lower (L, N = 60) jaw groups. All subjects received 4 elastomeric separators mesial and distal to the upper (U group) or lower (L group) right first molar and bicuspids. Each subject of the U and L groups was randomly assigned to laser (Ul, N = 20 and Ll, N = 20), placebo (Up, N = 20 and Lp, N = 20) or control (Uc, N = 20 and Lc, N = 20) sub-groups. Subjects in laser groups received a single GaAs diode SLLLT application (910 nm, 160 mW, beam diameter of 8 mm, applied for 340 s) immediately after placing orthodontic separators. Placebo groups received a simulated SLLLT and controls did not receive any therapy. All participants compiled a survey on pain duration and a 100-mm visual analogue scale immediately after the separators placement and after 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h. Pain intensity of laser groups was significantly lower compared to placebo and control groups (p = 0.0001). In the laser group, 70% of subjects felt pain, while in the placebo and control groups all subjects felt pain (p = 0.0001). The end of pain occurred earlier in laser compared to placebo and control groups (p = 0.021). A single-diode SLLLT application appeared to be effective in reducing the intensity and duration of experimentally induced orthodontic pain and could be used in daily orthodontic practice.
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276
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Tang J, Du Y, Lee CA, Talahalli R, Eells JT, Kern TS. Low-intensity far-red light inhibits early lesions that contribute to diabetic retinopathy: in vivo and in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3681-90. [PMID: 23557732 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment with light in the far-red to near-infrared region of the spectrum (photobiomodulation [PBM]) has beneficial effects in tissue injury. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of 670-nm PBM in rodent and cultured cell models of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Studies were conducted in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in cultured retinal cells. Diabetes-induced retinal abnormalities were assessed functionally, biochemically, and histologically in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We observed beneficial effects of PBM on the neural and vascular elements of retina. Daily 670-nm PBM treatment (6 J/cm(2)) resulted in significant inhibition in the diabetes-induced death of retinal ganglion cells, as well as a 50% improvement of the ERG amplitude (photopic b wave responses) (both P < 0.01). To explore the mechanism for these beneficial effects, we examined physiologic and molecular changes related to cell survival, oxidative stress, and inflammation. PBM did not alter cytochrome oxidase activity in the retina or in cultured retinal cells. PBM inhibited diabetes-induced superoxide production and preserved MnSOD expression in vivo. Diabetes significantly increased both leukostasis and expression of ICAM-1, and PBM essentially prevented both of these abnormalities. In cultured retinal cells, 30-mM glucose exposure increased superoxide production, inflammatory biomarker expression, and cell death. PBM inhibited all of these abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS PBM ameliorated lesions of diabetic retinopathy in vivo and reduced oxidative stress and cell death in vitro. PBM has been documented to have minimal risk. PBM is noninvasive, inexpensive, and easy to administer. We conclude that PBM is a simple adjunct therapy to attenuate the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Tang
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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277
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Comparison of light-emitting diode wavelength on activity and migration of rabbit ACL cells. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:245-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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278
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Effect of low-level laser therapy on odontoblast-like cells exposed to bleaching agent. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:1533-8. [PMID: 23525831 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells exposed to carbamide peroxide (CP 0.01%-2.21 μg/mL of H2O2). The cells were seeded in sterile 24-well plates for 72 h. Eight groups were established according to the exposure or not to the bleaching agents and the laser energy doses tested (0, 4, 10, and 15 J/cm(2)). After exposing the cells to 0.01% CP for 1 h, this bleaching solution was replaced by fresh culture medium. The cells were then irradiated (three sections) with a near-infrared diode laser (InGaAsP-780 ± 3 nm, 40 mW), with intervals of 24 h. The 0.01% CP solution caused statistically significant reductions in cell metabolism and alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity when compared with those of the groups not exposed to the bleaching agent. The LLLT did not modulate cell metabolism; however, the dose of 4 J/cm(2) increased the ALP activity. It was concluded that 0.01% CP reduces the MDPC-23 cell metabolism and ALP activity. The LLLT in the parameters tested did not influence the cell metabolism of the cultured cells; nevertheless, the laser dose of 4 J/cm(2) increases the ALP activity in groups both with and without exposure to the bleaching agent.
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Kushibiki T, Hirasawa T, Okawa S, Ishihara M. Blue Laser Irradiation Generates Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species in Various Types of Cells. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:95-104. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirasawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinpei Okawa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miya Ishihara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Effect of low-level laser therapy on patient reported measures of oral mucositis and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy—a randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer 2012; 21:1421-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-012-1684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gautam AP, Fernandes DJ, Vidyasagar MS, Maiya AG, Vadhiraja BM. Low level laser therapy for concurrent chemoradiotherapy induced oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients – A triple blinded randomized controlled trial. Radiother Oncol 2012; 104:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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282
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Kreslavski VD, Fomina IR, Los DA, Carpentier R, Kuznetsov VV, Allakhverdiev SI. Red and near infra-red signaling: Hypothesis and perspectives. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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283
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Huang SF, Tsai YA, Wu SB, Wei YH, Tsai PY, Chuang TY. Effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood in mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in adults with chronic spinal cord injury. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:579-86. [PMID: 22891782 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the clinical effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) therapy on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting from trauma. BACKGROUND DATA Little is known about how ILIB may generate antioxidant defenses in humans, and there is still a lack of randomized, sham-control studies to indicate its influence on different metabolic pathways. METHODS Twenty-four chronic SCI subjects (assigned to a sham and a study group), and 12 normal subjects were recruited. The study group underwent 1 h daily of ILIB for 15 days over 3 weeks. The sham group underwent ILIB with no laser power. RESULTS Baseline measurements established higher oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the SCI subjects than in the normal subjects. At day 15 of therapy, the study group revealed a significantly higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, white blood cell adenosine triphosphate (WBC ATP) synthesis, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), than did the sham group. The study group intragroup comparison revealed significantly increased mtDNA copy numbers, WBC ATP synthesis, and TAC, with significantly reduced MDA, compared with its baseline measurements. The sham group intragroup comparisons demonstrated no statistical differences. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the study group was significantly reduced at days 10 and 15, with significantly higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at day 45. CONCLUSIONS Our study results contribute to the knowledge about the effectiveness of ILIB in alleviating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fong Huang
- Department of Neuroregeneration and Neurosurgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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284
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Iyomasa MM, Rizzi EC, Leão JC, Issa JPM, Dias FJ, Pereira YCL, Fonseca MJV, Vicentini FTMDC, Watanabe IS. Zymographic and ultrastructural evaluations after low-level laser irradiation on masseter muscle of HRS/J strain mice. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:777-83. [PMID: 22797825 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been widely used in the treatment of the stomatognathic system dysfunction; however, its biological effect remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the effect of LLLT (GaAlAs, 780 nm, 20 J/cm(2), 40 mW) on masseter muscle of HRS/J mice after different numbers of laser irradiations (three, six, and ten) for 20 s in alternate days. Three experimental groups were defined according to the number of laser irradiations and three control groups (n=5) were used. On the third day after the last irradiation, all animals were killed and the masseter muscle was removed and processed for the following analysis: (a) transmission electron microscopy, (b) zymography, (c) immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGFR-2. The results showed: (a) with six laser applications, a dilation of T tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum cistern, increased pinocytosed vesicles in the endothelium; with ten laser applications, few pinocytic vesicles in the endothelium and condensed mitochondria. (b) Under the conditions of this study, the synthesis of other matrix metalloproteinases was not observed, only the MMP-2 and -9. (c) After ten laser irradiations, immunostaining was observed only for VEGFR-2. We conclude that after six laser applications, ultrastructural changes may facilitate the Ca(+2) transfer to cytosol and increase the fluid transport from one surface to another. The ultrastructural changes and no immunostaining for VEGF with ten applications may decrease the metabolic activity as well as damage the angiogenic process, suggesting that an effective number of laser applications may be less than ten, associating to this therapy a better cost-benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamie Mizusaki Iyomasa
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n-Monte Alegre, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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285
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Low-level laser in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism induced by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:743-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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286
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Tsai WC, Hsu CC, Pang JHS, Lin MS, Chen YH, Liang FC. Low-level laser irradiation stimulates tenocyte migration with up-regulation of dynamin II expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38235. [PMID: 22666495 PMCID: PMC3364209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is commonly used to treat sports-related tendinopathy or tendon injury. Tendon healing requires tenocyte migration to the repair site, followed by proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix. This study was designed to determine the effect of laser on tenocyte migration. Furthermore, the correlation between this effect and expression of dynamin 2, a positive regulator of cell motility, was also investigated. Tenocytes intrinsic to rat Achilles tendon were treated with low-level laser (660 nm with energy density at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 J/cm2). Tenocyte migration was evaluated by an in vitro wound healing model and by transwell filter migration assay. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of dynamin 2 were determined by reverse transcription/real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and Western blot analysis respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate the dynamin 2 expression in tenocytes. Tenocytes with or without laser irradiation was treated with dynasore, a dynamin competitor and then underwent transwell filter migration assay. In vitro wound model revealed that more tenocytes with laser irradiation migrated across the wound border to the cell-free zone. Transwell filter migration assay confirmed that tenocyte migration was enhanced dose-dependently by laser. Real-time PCR and Western-blot analysis demonstrated that mRNA and protein expressions of dynamin 2 were up-regulated by laser irradiation dose-dependently. Confocal microscopy showed that laser enhanced the expression of dynamin 2 in cytoplasm of tenocytes. The stimulation effect of laser on tenocytes migration was suppressed by dynasore. In conclusion, low-level laser irradiation stimulates tenocyte migration in a process that is mediated by up-regulation of dynamin 2, which can be suppressed by dynasore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Tsai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S. Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Miao-Sui Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsun Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chen Liang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
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287
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Salahaldin AH, Abdulhadi K, Najjar N, Bener A. Low-level laser therapy in patients with complaints of tinnitus: a clinical study. ISRN OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2012; 2012:132060. [PMID: 23724264 PMCID: PMC3658799 DOI: 10.5402/2012/132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in treating patients who were suffering from long-term complaints of tinnitus with well-understood etiology and who were not responding to conventional therapy in Qatar. Design. This is a prospective clinical study conducted during the period from May 2010 and February 2011. Setting. Audiology Clinic, Outpatient Department, Hamad General Hospital. Subjects and Methods. The study included 65 patients aged 15–76 years with chronic unilateral or bilateral tinnitus with a minimum duration of illness of one year. The investigation included 101 ears of 65 patients. A 5 mW laser with a wavelength of 650 nm was applied transmeatally for 20 minutes once daily for 3 months. The study was based on a face-to-face interview with a designed questionnaire that recorded the diagnosis of patients, clinical evaluation and audiometric test results, and side effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and scored their symptoms loudness on five-point scale every two weeks. A decrease of one scale point regarding the loudness duration and degree of annoyance of tinnitus was accepted to represent an improvement; at the same time, a pure tone audiometric test was carried out and the results recorded. In addition, a record of the side effect was taken. Results. Over half of the patients (56.9%) had some form of improvement in their tinnitus symptoms. Mild improvement was reported in 33.8% of patients, moderate improvement was reported in 16.9%, and full improvement was reported in 6.15%. Of the patients who reported dizzy spells as a symptom of their tinnitus condition, 27.7% reported mild improvement and 16.9% reported full improvement. Common side effects of LLLT were noted among 20% of patients; however, all of them were mild and disappeared within a few days. Conclusion. Low-level laser therapy was found to be useful for treatment of chronic tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Salahaldin
- ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Audiology and Balance Unit, Rumaillah Hospital and Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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288
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del Olmo-Aguado S, Manso AG, Osborne NN. Light Might Directly Affect Retinal Ganglion Cell Mitochondria to Potentially Influence Function†. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1346-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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289
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Effects of low-level laser irradiation on proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded on a three-dimensional biomatrix: in vitro pilot study. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:125-32. [PMID: 22447402 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow are a recent source for tissue engineering. Several studies have shown that low-level laser irradiation has numerous biostimulating effects. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effects of Nd:Yag laser irradiation on proliferation and differentiation of MSCs induced into the osteoblastic lineage. MSCs were collected from adult human bone marrow, isolated, and cultured in complete medium (α-MEM). Subsequently, they were treated with osteogenic medium, seeded in three-dimensional collagen scaffolds, and incubated. We used six scaffolds, equally divided into three groups: two of these were irradiated with Nd:Yag laser at different power levels (15 Hz, 100 mJ, 1.5 W, and one with a power level of 15 Hz, 150 mJ, 2.25 W), and one was left untreated (control group). Evaluations with specific staining were performed at 7 and 14 days. After 7 days, proliferation was significantly increased in scaffolds treated with laser, compared with the control scaffold. After 14 days, however, laser irradiation did not appear to have any further effect on cell proliferation. As concerns differentiation, an exponential increase was observed after 14 days of laser irradiation, with respect to the control group. However, this was a pilot study with very limited sample size, we conclude, that low-level laser irradiation might lead to a reduction in healing times and potentially reduces risks of failure.
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290
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Sun Exposure: What Molecular Photodermatology Tells Us About Its Good and Bad Sides. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:976-84. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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291
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Wu Q, Xuan W, Ando T, Xu T, Huang L, Huang YY, Dai T, Dhital S, Sharma SK, Whalen MJ, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser therapy for closed-head traumatic brain injury in mice: effect of different wavelengths. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:218-26. [PMID: 22275301 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions worldwide and is without effective treatment. One area that is attracting growing interest is the use of transcranial low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to treat TBI. The fact that near-infrared light can penetrate into the brain would allow non-invasive treatment to be carried out with a low likelihood of treatment-related adverse events. LLLT may treat TBI by increasing respiration in the mitochondria, causing activation of transcription factors, reducing inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, and inhibiting apoptosis. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested LLLT in a mouse model of closed-head TBI produced by a controlled weight drop onto the skull. Mice received a single treatment with continuous-wave 665, 730, 810, or 980 nm lasers (36 J/cm(2) delivered at 150 mW/cm(2)) 4-hour post-TBI and were followed up by neurological performance testing for 4 weeks. RESULTS Mice with moderate-to-severe TBI treated with 665 and 810 nm laser (but not with 730 or 980 nm) had a significant improvement in Neurological Severity Score that increased over the course of the follow-up compared to sham-treated controls. Morphometry of brain sections showed a reduction in small deficits in 665 and 810 nm laser treated mouse brains at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of 810 nm agrees with previous publications, and together with the effectiveness of 660 nm and non-effectiveness of 730 and 980 nm can be explained by the absorption spectrum of cytochrome oxidase, the candidate mitochondrial chromophore in transcranial LLLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhe Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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292
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Lee YU, Lee SK, Youn JI. Optical Spectroscopic Analysis of Muscle Spasticity for Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3807/josk.2011.15.4.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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293
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Heselich A, Frohns F, Frohns A, Naumann SC, Layer PG. Near-infrared exposure changes cellular responses to ionizing radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:135-46. [PMID: 22053955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) and X-rays are radiations from different sides of the wavelength spectrum but both are used during medical treatments, as they have severe impacts on cellular processes, including metabolism, gene expression, proliferation and survival. However, both radiations differ strictly in their consequences for exposed patients: NIR effects are generally supposed to be positive, mostly ascribed to a stimulation of metabolism, whereas X-ray leads to genetic instability, an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damages and finally to cellular death by apoptosis in tumor cells. Since genomic stability after X-irradiation depends on the mitochondrial metabolism, which is well known to be regulated by NIR, we analyzed the impact of NIR on cellular responses of fibroblasts, retinal progenitor cells and keratinocytes to X-radiation. Our data show that previous exposure to naturally occurring doses of nonthermal NIR combined with clinically relevant X-ray doses leads to (1) increased genomic instability, indicated by elevated ratios of mitotic catastrophes, (2) increased ROS, (3) higher amounts of X-irradiated cells entering S-phase and (4) impaired DNA double-strand break repair. Taken together, our data show tremendous effects of NIR on cellular responses to X-rays, probably affecting the results of radiotherapy after NIR exposure during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Heselich
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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294
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Lan CCE, Wu SB, Wu CS, Shen YC, Chiang TY, Wei YH, Yu HS. Induction of primitive pigment cell differentiation by visible light (helium–neon laser): a photoacceptor-specific response not replicable by UVB irradiation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:321-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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295
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Abstract
Low-level light therapy (LLLT) using red to near-infrared light energy has gained attention in recent years as a new scientific approach with therapeutic applications in ophthalmology, neurology, and psychiatry. The ongoing therapeutic revolution spearheaded by LLLT is largely propelled by progress in the basic science fields of photobiology and bioenergetics. This paper describes the mechanisms of action of LLLT at the molecular, cellular, and nervous tissue levels. Photoneuromodulation of cytochrome oxidase activity is the most important primary mechanism of action of LLLT. Cytochrome oxidase is the primary photoacceptor of light in the red to near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is also a key mitochondrial enzyme for cellular bioenergetics, especially for nerve cells in the retina and the brain. Evidence shows that LLLT can secondarily enhance neural metabolism by regulating mitochondrial function, intraneuronal signaling systems, and redox states. Current knowledge about LLLT dosimetry relevant for its hormetic effects on nervous tissue, including noninvasive in vivo retinal and transcranial effects, is also presented. Recent research is reviewed that supports LLLT potential benefits in retinal disease, stroke, neurotrauma, neurodegeneration, and memory and mood disorders. Since mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in neurodegeneration, LLLT has potential significant applications against retinal and brain damage by counteracting the consequences of mitochondrial failure. Upon transcranial delivery in vivo, LLLT induces brain metabolic and antioxidant beneficial effects, as measured by increases in cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Increases in cerebral blood flow and cognitive functions induced by LLLT have also been observed in humans. Importantly, LLLT given at energy densities that exert beneficial effects does not induce adverse effects. This highlights the value of LLLT as a novel paradigm to treat visual, neurological, and psychological conditions, and supports that neuronal energy metabolism could constitute a major target for neurotherapeutics of the eye and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Rojas
- Departments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - F Gonzalez-Lima
- Departments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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296
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Schumann H, Calow T, Weckesser S, Müller M, Hoffmann G. Water-filtered infrared A for the treatment of chronic venous stasis ulcers of the lower legs at home: a randomized controlled blinded study. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:541-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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297
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Leão JC, Issa JPM, Pitol DL, Rizzi EC, Dias FJ, Siéssere S, Regalo SCH, Iyomasa MM. Histomorphological and angiogenic analyzes of skin epithelium after low laser irradiation in hairless mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1592-600. [PMID: 21809465 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is not well-understood how low-laser therapy affects the skin of the applied area. This study analyzes skin of the masseteric region of mice from the HRS/J strain after three different application regimens (three, six or ten applications per regimen) of low intensity laser at 20 J/cm(2) and 40 mW for 20 sec on alternate days. Three experimental groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six or ten) and three control groups (N = 5 animals for each group) were used. On the third day after the last irradiation, all animals were sacrificed and the skin was removed and processed to analyze the relative occupation of the test area by each epithelial layer and the aspects of neovascularization. Data were submitted to statistical analyzes. The irradiated groups compared to their respective controls at each period of time, showed no significant difference in relative occupation of the test area by the layers and epithelium areas for three and six applications, but for ten applications, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the basal and granulosum layers, and epithelium areas were found. From the comparisons of the three irradiated groups together, the group with six laser applications showed statistical difference (P < 0.05) in total epithelium and on the layers. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGFR-2 immunoreactivities were similar for the control and irradiated groups. Results suggested a biostimulatory effect with low risks associated with superficial tissues, when the treatment aims the deeper layers after six applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Caroline Leão
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, School of Dentistry at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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298
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Krzywanski DM, Moellering DR, Fetterman JL, Dunham-Snary KJ, Sammy MJ, Ballinger SW. The mitochondrial paradigm for cardiovascular disease susceptibility and cellular function: a complementary concept to Mendelian genetics. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1122-35. [PMID: 21647091 PMCID: PMC3654682 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is general agreement that cardiovascular disease (CVD) development is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral contributors, the actual mechanistic basis of how these factors initiate or promote CVD development in some individuals while others with identical risk profiles do not, is not clearly understood. This review considers the potential role for mitochondrial genetics and function in determining CVD susceptibility from the standpoint that the original features that molded cellular function were based upon mitochondrial-nuclear relationships established millions of years ago and were likely refined during prehistoric environmental selection events that today, are largely absent. Consequently, contemporary risk factors that influence our susceptibility to a variety of age-related diseases, including CVD were probably not part of the dynamics that defined the processes of mitochondrial-nuclear interaction, and thus, cell function. In this regard, the selective conditions that contributed to cellular functionality and evolution should be given more consideration when interpreting and designing experimental data and strategies. Finally, future studies that probe beyond epidemiologic associations are required. These studies will serve as the initial steps for addressing the provocative concept that contemporary human disease susceptibility is the result of selection events for mitochondrial function that increased chances for prehistoric human survival and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Krzywanski
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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299
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Karu T, Pyatibrat L. Gene expression under laser and light-emitting diodes radiation for modulation of cell adhesion: Possible applications for biotechnology. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:747-53. [PMID: 21796755 DOI: 10.1002/iub.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data about the modulation of adhesion and proliferation of anchorage-dependent HeLa cells with monochromatic or quasimonochromatic radiation in red to near-infrared region are presented. Cell adhesion and proliferation can be increased by irradiation with light of certain wavelengths (maxima in action spectrum are 619, 675, 740, 760, and 820 nm) or decreased when the activity of photoacceptor (cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondrial respiratory chain) is inhibited by chemicals before the irradiation. This modality allows controlling the number of attached and/or proliferating cells. Possible biotechnology applications of this method are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Karu
- Laboratory of Laser Biology and Medicine, Institute of Laser and Information Technologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
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300
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Dias FJ, Issa JPM, Vicentini FTMDC, Fonseca MJV, Leão JC, Siéssere S, Regalo SCH, Iyomasa MM. Effects of low-level laser therapy on the oxidative metabolism and matrix proteins in the rat masseter muscle. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:677-84. [PMID: 21745137 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the oxidative activity and the expression/activity of metalloproteinases of the masseter muscle. BACKGROUND DATA Currently in dentistry LLLT has been used on patients with muscular disorders, such as the temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) but its effect at the cellular level has not been fully elucidated. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats divided into 6 groups (n=5) received 10 laser irradiations (780 nm, 5 mmW, CW laser, illuminated area 0.04 cm(2), power density 125 mW/cm(2)), with different energy densities (group I-0; group II-0.5; group III-1.0; group IV-2.5; group V-5.0; and group VI-20 J/cm(2)). Muscles were processed for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH) and sucinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and zymography. The photomicrographs were evaluated by the point counting method using a test system and ImageJ software; and by the ANOVA statistical test. The proteinases' secretion/activity was qualitatively analyzed by zymography. RESULTS LLLT significantly increased (p<0.05) masseter muscle oxidative metabolism shown by the increased area of intermediary fibers in the NADH (groups IV, V, and VI) and SDH (group V) reactions. The same metabolic pattern was observed among the groups in both reactions. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) zymography detected only the MMP-2 expression/activity for the untreated-control group (group I). The exposure to LLLT increased the activity of MPP-2 in group VI and the activity of MMP-9 in all groups exposed to different energy densities of laser irradiation (groups II, III, IV, V, and VI). CONCLUSIONS Thus, LLLT stimulated the oxidative metabolism and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) of the masseter muscle, which may indicate a matrix remodeling process. However, group VI did not show the best results for oxidative metabolism, probably indicating that the dosage they were given was high for this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando José Dias
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology, and Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/n - Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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