251
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Kähäri L, Fair-Mäkelä R, Auvinen K, Rantakari P, Jalkanen S, Ivaska J, Salmi M. Transcytosis route mediates rapid delivery of intact antibodies to draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3086-3102. [PMID: 31232704 DOI: 10.1172/jci125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) filter lymph to mount effective immune responses. Small soluble lymph-borne molecules from the periphery enter the draining LNs via a reticular conduit system. Intact antibodies and other larger molecules, in contrast, are physically unable to enter the conduits, and they are thought to be transported to the LNs only within migratory DCs after proteolytic degradation. Here, we discovered that lymph-borne antibodies and other large biomolecules enter within seconds into the parenchyma of the draining LN in an intact form. Mechanistically, we found that the uptake of large molecules is a receptor-independent, fluid-phase process that takes place by dynamin-dependent vesicular transcytosis through the lymphatic endothelial cells in the subcapsular sinus of the LN. Physiologically, this pathway mediates a very fast transfer of large protein antigens from the periphery to LN-resident DCs and macrophages. We show that exploitation of the transcytosis system allows enhanced whole-organ imaging and spatially controlled lymphocyte activation by s.c. administered antibodies in vivo. Transcytosis through the floor of the subcapsular sinus thus represents what we believe to be a new physiological and targetable mode of lymph filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kähäri
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ruth Fair-Mäkelä
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Auvinen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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252
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Sarfarazi A, Lee G, Mirjalili SA, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA, Trevaskis NL. Therapeutic delivery to the peritoneal lymphatics: Current understanding, potential treatment benefits and future prospects. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118456. [PMID: 31238102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interest in approaches to deliver therapeutics to the lymphatic system has increased in recent years as the lymphatics have been discovered to play an important role in a range of disease states such as cancer metastases, inflammatory and metabolic disease, and acute and critical illness. Therapeutic delivery to lymph has the potential to enhance treatment of these conditions. Currently much of the existing data explores therapeutic delivery to the lymphatic vessels and nodes that drain peripheral tissues and the intestine. Relatively little focus has been given to understanding the anatomy, function and therapeutic delivery to the peritoneal lymphatics. Gaining a better understanding of peritoneal lymphatic structure and function would contribute to the understanding of disease processes involving these lymphatics and facilitate the development of delivery systems to target therapeutics to the peritoneal lymphatics. This review explores the basic anatomy and ultrastructure of the peritoneal lymphatics system, the lymphatic drainage pathways from the peritoneum, and therapeutic and delivery system characteristics (size, lipophilicity and surface properties) that favour lymph uptake and retention after intraperitoneal delivery. Finally, techniques that can be used to quantify uptake into peritoneal lymph are outlined, providing a platform for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sarfarazi
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Given Lee
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - S Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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253
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Hu D, Li L, Li S, Wu M, Ge N, Cui Y, Lian Z, Song J, Chen H. Lymphatic system identification, pathophysiology and therapy in the cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:99-111. [PMID: 31181226 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circulatory system comprises both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. In contrast to the closed, high-pressure and circular blood vascular circulation, the lymphatic system forms an open, low-pressure and unidirectional transit network from the extracellular space to the venous system. It plays a key role in regulating tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of gastrointestinal lipids, and immune surveillance throughout the body. Despite the critical physiological functions of the lymphatic system, a complete understanding of the lymphatic vessels lags far behind that of the blood vasculatures due to the challenge of their visualization. During the last 20 years, discoveries of underlying genes responsible for lymphatic vessel biology, combined with state-of-the-art lymphatic function imaging and quantification techniques, have established the importance of the lymphatic vasculature in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including lymphedema, obesity and metabolic diseases, dyslipidemia, hypertension, inflammation, atherosclerosis and myocardial infraction. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in the field of lymphatic vessel biology, with an emphasis on the new identification techniques of lymphatic system, pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and new therapeutic perspectives of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sufang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manyan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nana Ge
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Renhe Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Song
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Early Prediction and Intervention of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Center for Cardiovascular Translational Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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254
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García-Cañaveras JC, Chen L, Rabinowitz JD. The Tumor Metabolic Microenvironment: Lessons from Lactate. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3155-3162. [PMID: 31171526 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular milieu of tumors is generally assumed to be immunosuppressive due in part to metabolic factors. Here, we review methods for probing the tumor metabolic microenvironment. In parallel, we consider the resulting available evidence, with a focus on lactate, which is the most strongly increased metabolite in bulk tumors. Limited microenvironment concentration measurements suggest depletion of glucose and modest accumulation of lactate (less than 2-fold). Isotope tracer measurements show rapid lactate exchange between the tumor and circulation. Such exchange is catalyzed by MCT transporters, which cotransport lactate and protons (H+). Rapid lactate exchange seems at odds with tumor lactate accumulation. We propose a potential resolution to this paradox. Because of the high pH of tumor cells relative to the microenvironment, H+-coupled transport by MCTs tends to drive lactate from the interstitium into tumor cells. Accordingly, lactate may accumulate preferentially in tumor cells, not the microenvironment. Thus, although they are likely subject to other immunosuppressive metabolic factors, tumor immune cells may not experience a high lactate environment. The lack of clarity regarding microenvironmental lactate highlights the general need for careful metabolite measurements in the tumor extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C García-Cañaveras
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Li Chen
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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255
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Sullivan MR, Vander Heiden MG. Determinants of nutrient limitation in cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:193-207. [PMID: 31162937 PMCID: PMC6715536 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1611733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation requires that cells accumulate sufficient biomass to grow and divide. Cancer cells within tumors must acquire a variety of nutrients, and tumor growth slows or stops if necessary metabolites are not obtained in sufficient quantities. Importantly, the metabolic demands of cancer cells can be different from those of untransformed cells, and nutrient accessibility in tumors is different than in many normal tissues. Thus, cancer cell survival and proliferation may be limited by different metabolic factors than those that are necessary to maintain noncancerous cells. Understanding the variables that dictate which nutrients are critical to sustain tumor growth may identify vulnerabilities that could be used to treat cancer. This review examines the various cell-autonomous, local, and systemic factors that determine which nutrients are limiting for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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256
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ZHANG WB, SONG XJ, WANG Z, WANG GJ, JIA SY, TIAN YY, LI HY. Longitudinal directional movement of Alcian blue in Gephyrocharax Melanocheir fish: Revealing interstitial flow and related structure. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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257
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Tamburini BAJ, Finlon JM, Gillen AE, Kriss MS, Riemondy KA, Fu R, Schuyler RP, Hesselberth JR, Rosen HR, Burchill MA. Chronic Liver Disease in Humans Causes Expansion and Differentiation of Liver Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1036. [PMID: 31156626 PMCID: PMC6530422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver lymphatic vessels support liver function by draining interstitial fluid, cholesterol, fat, and immune cells for surveillance in the liver draining lymph node. Chronic liver disease is associated with increased inflammation and immune cell infiltrate. However, it is currently unknown if or how lymphatic vessels respond to increased inflammation and immune cell infiltrate in the liver during chronic disease. Here we demonstrate that lymphatic vessel abundance increases in patients with chronic liver disease and is associated with areas of fibrosis and immune cell infiltration. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing and multi-spectral immunofluorescence analysis we identified liver lymphatic endothelial cells and found that chronic liver disease results in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) that are in active cell cycle with increased expression of CCL21. Additionally, we found that LECs from patients with NASH adopt a transcriptional program associated with increased IL13 signaling. Moreover, we found that oxidized low density lipoprotein, associated with NASH pathogenesis, induced the transcription and protein production of IL13 in LECs both in vitro and in a mouse model. Finally, we show that oxidized low density lipoprotein reduced the transcription of PROX1 and decreased lymphatic stability. Together these data indicate that LECs are active participants in the liver, expanding in an attempt to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, when inflammatory signals, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein are increased, as in NASH, lymphatic function declines and liver homeostasis is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Jiron Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Finlon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Austin E Gillen
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael S Kriss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kent A Riemondy
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ronald P Schuyler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,RNA Biosciences Initiative, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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258
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Chang CW, Seibel AJ, Song JW. Application of microscale culture technologies for studying lymphatic vessel biology. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12547. [PMID: 30946511 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immense progress in microscale engineering technologies has significantly expanded the capabilities of in vitro cell culture systems for reconstituting physiological microenvironments that are mediated by biomolecular gradients, fluid transport, and mechanical forces. Here, we examine the innovative approaches based on microfabricated vessels for studying lymphatic biology. To help understand the necessary design requirements for microfluidic models, we first summarize lymphatic vessel structure and function. Next, we provide an overview of the molecular and biomechanical mediators of lymphatic vessel function. Then we discuss the past achievements and new opportunities for microfluidic culture models to a broad range of applications pertaining to lymphatic vessel physiology. We emphasize the unique attributes of microfluidic systems that enable the recapitulation of multiple physicochemical cues in vitro for studying lymphatic pathophysiology. Current challenges and future outlooks of microscale technology for studying lymphatics are also discussed. Collectively, we make the assertion that further progress in the development of microscale models will continue to enrich our mechanistic understanding of lymphatic biology and physiology to help realize the promise of the lymphatic vasculature as a therapeutic target for a broad spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alex J Seibel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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259
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Sullivan MR, Danai LV, Lewis CA, Chan SH, Gui DY, Kunchok T, Dennstedt EA, Vander Heiden MG, Muir A. Quantification of microenvironmental metabolites in murine cancers reveals determinants of tumor nutrient availability. eLife 2019; 8:44235. [PMID: 30990168 PMCID: PMC6510537 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is heavily influenced by microenvironmental factors, including nutrient availability. Therefore, knowledge of microenvironmental nutrient levels is essential to understand tumor metabolism. To measure the extracellular nutrient levels available to tumors, we utilized quantitative metabolomics methods to measure the absolute concentrations of >118 metabolites in plasma and tumor interstitial fluid, the extracellular fluid that perfuses tumors. Comparison of nutrient levels in tumor interstitial fluid and plasma revealed that the nutrients available to tumors differ from those present in circulation. Further, by comparing interstitial fluid nutrient levels between autochthonous and transplant models of murine pancreatic and lung adenocarcinoma, we found that tumor type, anatomical location and animal diet affect local nutrient availability. These data provide a comprehensive characterization of the nutrients present in the tumor microenvironment of widely used models of lung and pancreatic cancer and identify factors that influence metabolite levels in tumors. In the body, cancer cells can rely on different nutrients than normal cells, and they can use these nutrients in a different way. What cancer cells consume also depends on what is available in their immediate environment. In a tumor, cells grab nutrients from the ‘interstitial’ fluid that surrounds them, but what is present in this liquid may vary within tumors arising in different locations. Understanding what nutrients are ‘on the menu’ in specific tumors would help to target diseased cells while sparing healthy ones, but this knowledge has been difficult to obtain. To investigate this, Sullivan et al. used a technique called mass spectrometry to measure the amounts of 120 nutrients present in the interstitial fluid of mouse pancreas and lung tumors. Different levels of nutrients were found in the two types of tumors, and analyses showed that what was present in the interstitial fluid depended on the type of cancer cells, where the tumor was located, and what the animals ate. This suggests that cancer cells may have different needs because they are limited in what they have access to. It remains to be seen whether the nutrients levels found in mouse tumors are the same as those in humans. Armed with this knowledge, it may then be possible to feed cancer cells grown in the laboratory with the nutrient menu that they would have access to in the body. This could help identify new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Laura V Danai
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Dan Y Gui
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Emily A Dennstedt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Alexander Muir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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260
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Csányi G, Singla B. Arterial Lymphatics in Atherosclerosis: Old Questions, New Insights, and Remaining Challenges. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040495. [PMID: 30979062 PMCID: PMC6518204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic network is well known for its role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of dietary lipids, trafficking of immune cells, and adaptive immunity. Aberrant lymphatic function has been linked to lymphedema and immune disorders for a long time. Discovery of lymphatic cell markers, novel insights into developmental and postnatal lymphangiogenesis, development of genetic mouse models, and the introduction of new imaging techniques have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. Previous studies linked the lymphatic vasculature to atherosclerosis through regulation of immune responses, reverse cholesterol transport, and inflammation. Despite extensive research, many aspects of the lymphatic circulation in atherosclerosis are still unknown and future studies are required to confirm that arterial lymphangiogenesis truly represents a therapeutic target in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we provide an overview of factors and mechanisms that regulate lymphangiogenesis, summarize recent findings on the role of lymphatics in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, immune cell trafficking and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and present an overview of pharmacological and genetic strategies to modulate lymphatic vessel density in cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Bhupesh Singla
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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261
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Müller DN, Wilck N, Haase S, Kleinewietfeld M, Linker RA. Sodium in the microenvironment regulates immune responses and tissue homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:243-254. [PMID: 30644452 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During tissue inflammation, immune cells infiltrate the interstitial space of target organs, where they sense and adapt to local environmental stimuli. Such stimuli include not only pathogens but also local factors such as the levels of oxygenation, nutrients and electrolytes. An important electrolyte in this regard is sodium (Na+). Recent in vivo findings have shown a role of Na+ storage in the skin for electrolyte homeostasis. Thereby, Na+ intake may influence the activation status of the immune system through direct effects on T helper cell subsets and innate immune cells in tissues such as the skin and other target organs. Furthermore, high Na+ intake has been shown to alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota, with indirect effects on immune cells. The results suggest regulatory roles for Na+ in cardiovascular disease, inflammation, infection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Haase
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC) Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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262
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Indrebø M, Berg A, Holmstrøm H, Seem E, Guthe HJT, Wiig H, Norgård G. Fluid accumulation in the staged Fontan procedure: the impact of colloid osmotic pressures. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019; 28:510-517. [PMID: 30371784 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivy298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite Fontan surgery showing improved results, fluid accumulation and oedema formation with pleural effusion are major challenges. Transcapillary fluid balance is dependent on hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) gradients; however, the COP values are not known for Fontan patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the COP of plasma (COPp) and interstitial fluid (COPi) in children undergoing bidirectional cavopulmonary connection and total cavopulmonary connection. METHODS This study was designed as a prospective, observational study. Thirty-nine children (age 3 months-4.9 years) undergoing either bidirectional cavopulmonary connection or total cavopulmonary connection procedures were included. Blood samples and interstitial fluid were obtained prior to, during and after the preoperative cardiac catheterization and surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Interstitial fluid was harvested using the wick method when the patient was under general anaesthesia. Plasma and interstitial fluid were measured by a colloid osmometer. Baseline values were compared with data from healthy controls. RESULTS Baseline COPp was 20.6 ± 2.8 and 22.0 ± 3.2 mmHg and COPi was 11.3 ± 2.6 and 12.5 ± 3.5 mmHg in the bidirectional cavopulmonary connection group and the total cavopulmonary connection group, respectively. These values were significantly lower than in healthy controls. The COPp was slightly reduced throughout both procedures and normalized after surgery. The COPi increased slightly during the use of CPB and significantly decreased after surgery, resulting in an increased COP gradient and was correlated to pleural effusion. CONCLUSIONS Fluid accumulation seen after Fontan surgery is associated with changes in COPs, determinants for fluid filtration and lymphatic flow. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER NCT 02306057: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT+02306057.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Indrebø
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ansgar Berg
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik Holmstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil Seem
- Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Jørgen Timm Guthe
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Norgård
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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263
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Carvalho VPD, Grassi ML, Palma CDS, Carrara HHA, Faça VM, Candido Dos Reis FJ, Poersch A. The contribution and perspectives of proteomics to uncover ovarian cancer tumor markers. Transl Res 2019; 206:71-90. [PMID: 30529050 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite all the advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer (OC) development, many aspects still need to be unraveled and understood. Tumor markers (TMs) are of special interest in this disease. Some aspects of clinical management of OC might be improved by the use of validated TMs, such as differentiating subtypes, defining the most appropriate treatment, monitoring the course of the disease, or predicting clinical outcome. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a few TMs for OC: CA125 (cancer antigen 125; monitoring), HE4 (Human epididymis protein; monitoring), ROMA (Risk Of Malignancy Algorithm; HE4+CA125; prediction of malignancy) and OVA1 (Vermillion's first-generation Multivariate Index Assay [MIA]; prediction of malignancy). Proteomics can help advance the research in the field of TMs for OC. A variety of biological materials are being used in proteomic analysis, among them tumor tissues, interstitial fluids, tumor fluids, ascites, plasma, and ovarian cancer cell lines. However, the discovery and validation of new TMs for OC is still very challenging. The enormous heterogeneity of histological types of samples and the individual variability of patients (lifestyle, comorbidities, drug use, and family history) are difficult to overcome in research protocols. In this work, we sought to gather relevant information regarding TMs, OC, biological samples for proteomic analysis, as well as markers and algorithms approved by the FDA for use in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Lopes Grassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Cell Based Therapy, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila de Souza Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Cell Based Therapy, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Cell Based Therapy, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Poersch
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, FMRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Cell Based Therapy, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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264
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Nudel I, Hadas O, deBotton G. Experimental study of muscle permeability under various loading conditions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1189-1195. [PMID: 30919202 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The permeability of a few muscle tissues under various loading conditions is characterized. To this end, we develop an experimental apparatus for permeability measurements which is based on the falling head method. We also design a dedicated sample holder which directs the flow through the tissue and simultaneously enables to pre-compress it. Although outside of the scope of this work, we recall that the permeability of the muscle has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of various diseases such as the compartment syndrome. Following the measurements of porcine, beef, chicken and lamb samples, we find that the permeability decreases with the pre-compression of the tissue. Similar decrease is observed following dehydration of the tissue. Remarkably, we find that within a physiological pressure range the permeabilities of the various samples are quite similar. This suggests that the muscle permeability is governed by a common micro-mechanical mechanism in which the blood propagates through the interstitial spaces. Under physiological loading conditions, the muscle permeability is in the range between 80 and 230 [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Nudel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Or Hadas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal deBotton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Abstract
Lymphoedema is an oedematous condition with a specific and complex tissue biology. In the clinical context of cancer, the pathogenesis of lymphoedema ensues most typically from the modalities employed to stage and treat the cancer (in particular, surgery and radiotherapy). Despite advances in cancer treatment, lifelong lymphoedema (limb swelling and the accompanying chronic inflammatory processes) affects approximately one in seven individuals treated for cancer, although estimates of lymphoedema prevalence following cancer treatment vary widely depending upon the diagnostic criteria used and the duration of follow-up. The natural history of cancer-associated lymphoedema is defined by increasing limb girth, fibrosis, inflammation, abnormal fat deposition and eventual marked cutaneous pathology, which also increases the risk of recurrent skin infections. Lymphoedema can substantially affect the daily quality of life of patients, as, in addition to aesthetic concerns, it can cause discomfort and affect the ability to carry out daily tasks. Clinical diagnosis is dependent on comparison of the affected region with the equivalent region on the unaffected side and, if available, with pre-surgical measurements. Surveillance is indicated in this high-risk population to facilitate disease detection at the early stages, when therapeutic interventions are most effective. Treatment modalities include conservative physical strategies that feature complex decongestive therapy (including compression garments) and intermittent pneumatic compression, as well as an emerging spectrum of surgical interventions, including liposuction for late-stage disease. The future application of pharmacological and microsurgical therapeutics for cancer-associated lymphoedema holds great promise.
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266
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Evje S, Waldeland JO. How Tumor Cells Can Make Use of Interstitial Fluid Flow in a Strategy for Metastasis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:227-254. [PMID: 31719912 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The phenomenon of lymph node metastasis has been known for a long time. However, the underlying mechanism by which malignant tumor cells are able to break loose from the primary tumor site remains unclear. In particular, two competing fluid sensitive migration mechanisms have been reported in the experimental literature: (i) autologous chemotaxis (Shields et al. in Cancer Cell 11:526-538, 2007) which gives rise to downstream migration; (ii) an integrin-mediated and strain-induced upstream mechanism (Polacheck et al. in PNAS 108:11115-11120, 2011). How can these two competing mechanisms be used as a means for metastatic behavior in a realistic tumor setting? Excessive fluid flow is typically produced from leaky intratumoral blood vessels and collected by lymphatics in the peritumoral region giving rise to a heterogeneous fluid velocity field and a corresponding heterogeneous cell migration behavior, quite different from the experimental setup. Method In order to shed light on this issue there is a need for tools which allow one to extrapolate the observed single cell behavior in a homogeneous microfluidic environment to a more realistic, higher-dimensional tumor setting. Here we explore this issue by using a computational multiphase model. The model has been trained with data from the experimental results mentioned above which essentially reflect one-dimensional behavior. We extend the model to an envisioned idealized two-dimensional tumor setting. Result A main observation from the simulation is that the autologous chemotaxis migration mechanism, which triggers tumor cells to go with the flow in the direction of lymphatics, becomes much more aggressive and effective as a means for metastasis in the presence of realistic IF flow. This is because the outwardly directed IF flow generates upstream cell migration that possibly empowers small clusters of tumor cells to break loose from the primary tumor periphery. Without this upstream stress-mediated migration, autologous chemotaxis is inclined to move cells at the rim of the tumor in a homogeneous and collective, but space-demanding style. In contrast, inclusion of realistic IF flow generates upstream migration that allows two different aspects to be synthesized: maintain the coherency and solidity of the the primary tumor and at the same time cleave the outgoing waves of tumor cells into small clusters at the front that can move collectively in a more specific direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Evje
- Department of Energy and Petroleum, University of Stavanger, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jahn Otto Waldeland
- Department of Energy and Petroleum, University of Stavanger, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
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267
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Shim S, Belanger MC, Harris AR, Munson JM, Pompano RR. Two-way communication between ex vivo tissues on a microfluidic chip: application to tumor-lymph node interaction. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1013-1026. [PMID: 30742147 PMCID: PMC6416076 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally accessible tools to replicate the complex biological events of in vivo organs offer the potential to reveal mechanisms of disease and potential routes to therapy. In particular, models of inter-organ communication are emerging as the next essential step towards creating a body-on-a-chip, and may be particularly useful for poorly understood processes such as tumor immunity. In this paper, we report the first multi-compartment microfluidic chip that continuously recirculates a small volume of media through two ex vivo tissue samples to support inter-organ cross-talk via secreted factors. To test on-chip communication, protein release and capture were quantified using well-defined artificial tissue samples and model proteins. Proteins released by one sample were transferred to the downstream reservoir and detectable in the downstream sample. Next, the chip was applied to model the communication between a tumor and a lymph node, to test whether on-chip dual-organ culture could recreate key features of tumor-induced immune suppression. Slices of murine lymph node were co-cultured with tumor or healthy tissue on-chip with recirculating media, then tested for their ability to respond to T cell stimulation. Interestingly, lymph node slices co-cultured with tumor slices appeared more immunosuppressed than those co-cultured with healthy tissue, suggesting that the chip may successfully model some features of tumor-immune interaction. In conclusion, this new microfluidic system provides on-chip co-culture of pairs of tissue slices under continuous recirculating flow, and has the potential to model complex inter-organ communication ex vivo with full experimental accessibility of the tissues and their media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjo Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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268
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Chakraborty A, Barajas S, Lammoglia GM, Reyna AJ, Morley TS, Johnson JA, Scherer PE, Rutkowski JM. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D) Overexpression and Lymphatic Expansion in Murine Adipose Tissue Improves Metabolism in Obesity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:924-939. [PMID: 30878136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obese adipose tissue expansion is an inflammatory process that results in dysregulated lipolysis, increased circulating lipids, ectopic lipid deposition, and systemic insulin resistance. Lymphatic vessels provide a route of fluid, macromolecule, and immune cell clearance, and lymphangiogenesis increases this capability. Indeed, inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis is critical in resolving acute and chronic inflammation, but it is largely absent in obese adipose tissue. Enhancing adipose tissue lymphangiogenesis could, therefore, improve metabolism in obesity. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of murine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D under a tightly controlled Tet-On promoter were crossed with adipocyte-specific adiponectin-reverse tetracycline-dependent transactivator mice (Adipo-VD) to stimulate adipose tissue-specific lymphangiogenesis during 16-week high-fat diet-induced obesity. Adipose VEGF-D overexpression induced de novo lymphangiogenesis in murine adipose tissue, and obese Adipo-VD mice exhibited enhanced glucose clearance, lower insulin levels, and reduced liver triglycerides. On β-3 adrenergic stimulation, Adipo-VD mice exhibited more rapid and increased glycerol flux from adipose tissue, suggesting that the lymphatics are a potential route of glycerol clearance. Resident macrophage crown-like structures were scarce and total F4/80+ macrophages were reduced in obese Adipo-VD s.c. adipose tissue with evidence of increased immune trafficking from the tissue. Augmenting VEGF-D signaling and lymphangiogenesis specifically in adipose tissue, therefore, reduces obesity-associated immune accumulation and improves metabolic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri Chakraborty
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Sheridan Barajas
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Gabriela M Lammoglia
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Andrea J Reyna
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Thomas S Morley
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joshua A Johnson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station.
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269
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Siah CJR, Childs C, Chia CK, Cheng KFK. An observational study of temperature and thermal images of surgical wounds for detecting delayed wound healing within four days after surgery. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:2285-2295. [PMID: 30791157 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the infrared thermal patterns and temperature readings of the surfaces of surgical wounds for detecting delayed wound healing within four days after surgery. BACKGROUND The nursing assessment of surgical wounds within the first four days after surgery is commonly based on visual and physical examination. Surgical wounds with delayed healing may be not detected if they do not exhibit signs such as redness or exudate within four days after surgery. DESIGN This study was conducted using prospective observational design with reference to the STROBE Statement (see Supporting Information Appendix S1) to examine the temperatures of surgical wounds in their natural settings. METHODS Based on convenience sampling, 60 participants admitted to the colorectal surgical ward for enterostoma closure from January-November 2013 were recruited. RESULTS Although both infected and noninfected surgical wounds exhibited a significant increase in wound temperature from Days 1-4, the infected wounds revealed a statistically significantly lower temperature than the noninfected ones. Within the infrared thermal images, the infected wounds presented with partial warming of the skin surrounding and along the incision, suggesting that delayed healing could be identified. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that delayed wound healing can be detected within the first four days after surgery for early intervention of prevention and treatment before discharge. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This paper provides evidence-based information for healthcare professionals in assessing surgical wounds for delayed healing within the first four days after surgery. The findings herein enable the early detection of delayed wound healing, based on which early intervention of prevention and treatment may be instituted for affected patients before their discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charmaine Childs
- Department of Clinical Science, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chung King Chia
- Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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270
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Sequeira JAD, Santos AC, Serra J, Estevens C, Seiça R, Veiga F, Ribeiro AJ. Subcutaneous delivery of biotherapeutics: challenges at the injection site. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:143-151. [PMID: 30632401 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1568408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biotherapeutics are primarily delivered subcutaneously due to better compliance and prolonged rate of absorption compared to other parenteral administration routes. Recent research has allowed for the development of biotherapeutic formulations for subcutaneous delivery that require a lower frequency of administration by increasing drug half-life. Formulations determine shelf-life stability as well as features and transient behaviors that influence stability once implanted in the subcutaneous space. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the factors affecting subcutaneous absorption with a focus on transient effects at the injection site following administration of biotherapeutics and the subsequent impact on absorption and stability. EXPERT OPINION Advances have been made in understanding subcutaneous tissue and the complex interplay of factors that regulate its homeostasis. The issue of poor stability after injection has been neglected, and many biotherapeutics are hampered by low bioavailability. With the advent of new in vitro techniques that account for properties of the injection site, stability studies evaluating subcutaneous tissues and impacts on pharmacokinetics of biotherapeutics may be useful in the development of new formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A D Sequeira
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ana C Santos
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,b REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - João Serra
- c Tecnimede , Sociedade Técnico-Medicinal , Sintra , Portugal
| | | | - Raquel Seiça
- d Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,b REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - António J Ribeiro
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,e i3S, Group Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction , Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology , Porto , Portugal
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271
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Avendano A, Cortes-Medina M, Song JW. Application of 3-D Microfluidic Models for Studying Mass Transport Properties of the Tumor Interstitial Matrix. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:6. [PMID: 30761297 PMCID: PMC6364047 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical remodeling associated with cancer progression results in barriers to mass transport in the tumor interstitial space. This hindrance ultimately affects the distribution of macromolecules that govern cell fate and potency of cancer therapies. Therefore, knowing how specific extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular components regulate transport in the tumor interstitium could lead to matrix normalizing strategies that improve patient outcome. Studies over the past decades have provided quantitative insights into interstitial transport in tumors by characterizing two governing parameters: (1) molecular diffusivity and (2) hydraulic conductivity. However, many of the conventional techniques used to measure these parameters are limited due to their inability to experimentally manipulate the physical and cellular environments of tumors. Here, we examine the application and future opportunities of microfluidic systems for identifying the physiochemical mediators of mass transport in the tumor ECM. Further advancement and adoption of microfluidic systems to quantify tumor transport parameters has potential to bridge basic science with translational research for advancing personalized medicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Avendano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marcos Cortes-Medina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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272
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Minasyan H, Flachsbart F. Blood coagulation: a powerful bactericidal mechanism of human innate immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:3-17. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1533009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayk Minasyan
- Private laboratory, Immunology Microbiology, Yerevan, Armenia
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273
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AL-Ghadban S, Cromer W, Allen M, Ussery C, Badowski M, Harris D, Herbst KL. Dilated Blood and Lymphatic Microvessels, Angiogenesis, Increased Macrophages, and Adipocyte Hypertrophy in Lipedema Thigh Skin and Fat Tissue. J Obes 2019; 2019:8747461. [PMID: 30949365 PMCID: PMC6425411 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8747461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lipedema is a common painful SAT disorder characterized by enlargement of fat primarily in the legs of women. Case reports of lipedema tissue samples demonstrate fluid and fibrosis in the interstitial matrix, increased macrophages, and adipocyte hypertrophy. The aims of this project are to investigate blood vasculature, immune cells, and structure of lipedema tissue in a cohort of women. METHODS Forty-nine participants, 19 controls and 30 with lipedema, were divided into groups based on body mass index (BMI): Non-Obese (BMI 20 to <30 kg/m2) and Obese (BMI 30 to <40 kg/m2). Histological sections from thigh skin and fat were stained with H&E. Adipocyte area and blood vessel size and number were quantified using ImageJ software. Markers for macrophages (CD68), mast cells (CD117), T cells (CD3), endothelial cells (CD31), blood (SMA), and lymphatic (D2-40 and Lyve-1) vessels were investigated by IHC and IF. RESULTS Non-Obese Lipedema adipocyte area was larger than Non-Obese Controls (p=0.005) and similar to Obese Lipedema and Obese Controls. Macrophage numbers were significantly increased in Non-Obese (p < 0.005) and Obese (p < 0.05) Lipedema skin and fat compared to Control groups. No differences in T lymphocytes or mast cells were observed when comparing Lipedema to Control in both groups. SMA staining revealed increased dermal vessels in Non-Obese Lipedema patients (p < 0.001) compared to Non-Obese Controls. Lyve-1 and D2-40 staining showed a significant increase in lymphatic vessel area but not in number or perimeter in Obese Lipedema participants (p < 0.05) compared to Controls (Obese and Non-Obese). Areas of angiogenesis were found in the fat in 30% of lipedema participants but not controls. CONCLUSION Hypertrophic adipocytes, increased numbers of macrophages and blood vessels, and dilation of capillaries in thigh tissue of non-obese women with lipedema suggest inflammation, and angiogenesis occurs independent of obesity and demonstrates a role of altered vasculature in the manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara AL-Ghadban
- Department of Medicine and TREAT Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Walter Cromer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Marisol Allen
- Department of Medicine and TREAT Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher Ussery
- Department of Medicine and TREAT Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Badowski
- Department of Immunobiology and Biorepository, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - David Harris
- Department of Immunobiology and Biorepository, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen L. Herbst
- Department of Medicine and TREAT Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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274
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The emergence of solid stress as a potent biomechanical marker of tumour progression. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:739-749. [PMID: 33530664 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of dysregulated mechanics which alters cell behaviour, compromises tissue structure, and promotes tumour growth and metastasis. In the context of tumour progression, the most widely studied of biomechanical markers is matrix stiffness as tumour tissue is typically stiffer than healthy tissue. However, solid stress has recently been identified as another marker of tumour growth, with findings strongly suggesting that its role in cancer is distinct from that of stiffness. Owing to the relative infancy of the field which draws from diverse disciplines, a comprehensive knowledge of the relationships between solid stress, tumorigenesis, and metastasis is likely to provide new and valuable insights. In this review, we discuss the micro- and macro-scale biomechanical interactions that give rise to solid stresses, and also examine the techniques developed to quantify solid stress within the tumour environment. Moreover, by reviewing the effects of solid stress on tissues, cancer and stromal cells, and signalling pathways, we also detail its mode of action at each level of the cancer cascade.
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275
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Alderfer L, Wei A, Hanjaya-Putra D. Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 30564284 PMCID: PMC6296077 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Alicia Wei
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656 USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NDnano), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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276
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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277
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Ura B, Di Lorenzo G, Romano F, Monasta L, Mirenda G, Scrimin F, Ricci G. Interstitial Fluid in Gynecologic Tumors and Its Possible Application in the Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124018. [PMID: 30545144 PMCID: PMC6321738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers are an important cause of worldwide mortality. The interstitium consists of solid and fluid phases, situated between the blood vessels and cells. The interstitial fluid (IF), or fluid phase, is an extracellular fluid bathing and surrounding the tissue cells. The TIF (tumor interstitial fluid) is a dynamic fluid rich in lipids, proteins and enzyme-derived substances. The molecules found in the IF may be associated with pathological changes in tissues leading to cancer growth and metastatization. Proteomic techniques have allowed an extensive study of the composition of the TIF as a source of biomarkers for gynecologic cancers. In our review, we analyze the composition of the TIF, its formation process, the sampling methods, the consequences of its accumulation and the proteomic analyses performed, that make TIF valuable for monitoring different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blendi Ura
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Di Lorenzo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Federico Romano
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Mirenda
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Federica Scrimin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
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278
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How can mindfulness-led breathing of qigong/Tai Chi work on qi and the meridian network? ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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279
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Waldeland JO, Evje S. A multiphase model for exploring tumor cell migration driven by autologous chemotaxis. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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280
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Waldeland JO, Evje S. Competing tumor cell migration mechanisms caused by interstitial fluid flow. J Biomech 2018; 81:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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281
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Fernandes C, Suares D, Yergeri MC. Tumor Microenvironment Targeted Nanotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 30429787 PMCID: PMC6220447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology have brought new approaches to cancer diagnosis and therapy. While enhanced permeability and retention effect promotes nano-chemotherapeutics extravasation, the abnormal tumor vasculature, high interstitial pressure and dense stroma structure limit homogeneous intratumoral distribution of nano-chemotherapeutics and compromise their imaging and therapeutic effect. Moreover, heterogeneous distribution of nano-chemotherapeutics in non-tumor-stroma cells damages the non-tumor cells, and interferes with tumor-stroma crosstalk. This can lead not only to inhibition of tumor progression, but can also paradoxically induce acquired resistance and facilitate tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Overall, the tumor microenvironment plays a vital role in regulating nano-chemotherapeutics distribution and their biological effects. In this review, the barriers in tumor microenvironment, its consequential effects on nano-chemotherapeutics, considerations to improve nano-chemotherapeutics delivery and combinatory strategies to overcome acquired resistance induced by tumor microenvironment have been summarized. The various strategies viz., nanotechnology based approach as well as ligand-mediated, redox-responsive, and enzyme-mediated based combinatorial nanoapproaches have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayur C Yergeri
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies - NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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282
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Pitarresi JR, Liu X, Avendano A, Thies KA, Sizemore GM, Hammer AM, Hildreth BE, Wang DJ, Steck SA, Donohue S, Cuitiño MC, Kladney RD, Mace TA, Chang JJ, Ennis CS, Li H, Reeves RH, Blackshaw S, Zhang J, Yu L, Fernandez SA, Frankel WL, Bloomston M, Rosol TJ, Lesinski GB, Konieczny SF, Guttridge DC, Rustgi AK, Leone G, Song JW, Wu J, Ostrowski MC. Disruption of stromal hedgehog signaling initiates RNF5-mediated proteasomal degradation of PTEN and accelerates pancreatic tumor growth. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800190. [PMID: 30456390 PMCID: PMC6238420 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupting paracrine Hedgehog signaling in pancreatic cancer stroma through genetic deletion of fibroblast Smoothened leads to proteasomal degradation of fibroblast PTEN and accelerates tumor growth. The contribution of the tumor microenvironment to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development is currently unclear. We therefore examined the consequences of disrupting paracrine Hedgehog (HH) signaling in PDAC stroma. Herein, we show that ablation of the key HH signaling gene Smoothened (Smo) in stromal fibroblasts led to increased proliferation of pancreatic tumor cells. Furthermore, Smo deletion resulted in proteasomal degradation of the tumor suppressor PTEN and activation of oncogenic protein kinase B (AKT) in fibroblasts. An unbiased proteomic screen identified RNF5 as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for degradation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in Smo-null fibroblasts. Ring Finger Protein 5 (Rnf5) knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSKβ), the kinase that marks PTEN for ubiquitination, rescued PTEN levels and reversed the oncogenic phenotype, identifying a new node of PTEN regulation. In PDAC patients, low stromal PTEN correlated with reduced overall survival. Mechanistically, PTEN loss decreased hydraulic permeability of the extracellular matrix, which was reversed by hyaluronidase treatment. These results define non-cell autonomous tumor-promoting mechanisms activated by disruption of the HH/PTEN axis and identifies new targets for restoring stromal tumor-suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pitarresi
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Avendano
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katie A Thies
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gina M Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anisha M Hammer
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Blake E Hildreth
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David J Wang
- Hollings Cancer Center and the Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sarah A Steck
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sydney Donohue
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Department and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria C Cuitiño
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raleigh D Kladney
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Department and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas A Mace
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan J Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christina S Ennis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Huiqing Li
- Department of Physiology and McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology and McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Soledad A Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wendy L Frankel
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark Bloomston
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Center for Cancer Research and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center and the Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jinghai Wu
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Department and Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Ohio State Biochemistry Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, USA
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283
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Bovay E, Sabine A, Prat-Luri B, Kim S, Son K, Willrodt AH, Olsson C, Halin C, Kiefer F, Betsholtz C, Jeon NL, Luther SA, Petrova TV. Multiple roles of lymphatic vessels in peripheral lymph node development. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2760-2777. [PMID: 30355615 PMCID: PMC6219737 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work shows how blood and lymphatic vessels contribute to lymph node organogenesis. Both vessel types transport lymphoid tissue inducer cells, while lymphatics also generate interstitial flow, important for mechanical stromal activation and further lymph node expansion. The mammalian lymphatic system consists of strategically located lymph nodes (LNs) embedded into a lymphatic vascular network. Mechanisms underlying development of this highly organized system are not fully understood. Using high-resolution imaging, we show that lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells initially transmigrate from veins at LN development sites using gaps in venous mural coverage. This process is independent of lymphatic vasculature, but lymphatic vessels are indispensable for the transport of LTi cells that egress from blood capillaries elsewhere and serve as an essential LN expansion reservoir. At later stages, lymphatic collecting vessels ensure efficient LTi cell transport and formation of the LN capsule and subcapsular sinus. Perinodal lymphatics also promote local interstitial flow, which cooperates with lymphotoxin-β signaling to amplify stromal CXCL13 production and thereby promote LTi cell retention. Our data unify previous models of LN development by showing that lymphatics intervene at multiple points to assist LN expansion and identify a new role for mechanical forces in LN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Borja Prat-Luri
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sudong Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Son
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Cecilia Olsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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284
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Contribution of the plasma and lymph Degradome and Peptidome to the MHC Ligandome. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:203-216. [PMID: 30343358 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every biological fluid, blood, interstitial fluid and lymph, urine, saliva, lacrimal fluid, nipple aspirate, and spinal fluid, contains a peptidome-degradome derived from the cellular secretome along with byproducts of the metabolic/catabolic activities of each parenchymal organ. Clement et al. (J Proteomics 78:172-187, 2013), Clement et al. (J Biol Chem 291:5576-5595, 2016), Clement et al. (PLoS One 5:e9863, 2010), Clement et al. (Trends Immunol 32:6-11, 2011), Clement et al. (Front Immunol 4:424, 2013), Geho et al. (Curr Opin Chem Biol 10, 50-55, 2006), Interewicz et al. (Lymphology 37:65‑72, 2004), Leak et al. (Proteomics 4:753‑765, 2004), Popova et al. (PLoS One 9:e110873, 2014), Zhou et al. (Electrophoresis 25:1289‑1298, 2004), D'Alessandro et al. (Shock 42:509‑517, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 42:485‑498, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 35:331‑338, 2011), Jordan et al. (J Surg Res 143:130‑135, 2007), Peltz et al. (Surgery 146:347‑357, 2009), Zurawel et al. (Clin Proteomics 8:1, 2011), Ling et al. (Clin Proteomics 6:175‑193, 2010), Sturm et al. (Nat Commun 4:1616, 2013). Over the last decade, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biological fluids peptidome and degradome have provided a dynamic measurement of tissue homeostasis as well as the tissue response to pathological damage. Proteomic profiling has mapped several of the proteases and resulting degradation by-products derived from cell cycle progression, organ/tissue remodeling and cellular growth, physiological apoptosis, hemostasis, and angiogenesis. Currently, a growing interest lies in the degradome observed during pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and immune responses to pathogens as a way to exploit biological fluids as liquid biopsies for biomarker discovery Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 42:485-498, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 35:331-338, 2011), Ling et al. (Clin Proteomics 6:175-193, 2010), Ugalde et al. (Methods Mol Biol 622:3-29, 2010), Quesada et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 37:D239‑243, 2009), Cal et al. (Front Biosci 12, 4661-4669, 2007), Shen et al. (PLoS One 5:e13133, 2010a), Antwi et al. (Mol Immunol 46:2931-2937, 2009a), Antwi et al. (J Proteome Res 8:4722‑4731, 2009b), Bedin et al. (J Cell Physiol 231, 915‑925, 2016), Bery et al. (Clin Proteomics 11:13, 2014), Bhalla et al. (Sci Rep 7:1511, 2017), Fan et al. (Diagn Pathol 7:45, 2012a), Fang et al. (Shock 34:291‑298, 2010), Fiedler et al. (Clin Cancer Res 15:3812‑3819, 2009), Fredolini et al. (AAPS J 12:504‑518, 2010), Greening et al. (Enzymes 42:27‑64, 2017), He et al. (PLoS One 8:e63724, 2013), Huang et al. (Int J Gynecol Cancer 28:355‑362, 2018), Hashiguchi et al. (Med Hypotheses 73:760‑763, 2009), Liotta and Petricoin (J Clin Invest 116:26‑30, 2006), Petricoin et al. (Nat Rev Cancer 6:961‑967, 2006), Shen et al. (J Proteome Res 9:2339‑2346, 2010a), Shen et al. (J Proteome Res 5:3154‑3160, 2006), Smith (Clin Proteomics 11:23, 2014), Wang et al. (Oncotarget 8:59376‑59386, 2017), Yang et al. (Clin Exp Med 12:79‑87, 2012a), Yang et al. (J Clin Lab Anal 26:148‑154, 2012b), Yang et al. (Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293:2027‑2033, 2010), Zapico-Muniz et al. (Pancreas 39:1293‑1298, 2010), Villanueva et al. (Mol Cell Proteomics 5:1840‑1852, 2006), Robbins et al. (J Clin Oncol 23:4835‑4837, 2005), Klupczynska et al. (Int J Mol Sci 17:410, 2016). In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the degradome/peptidome observed in two main biological fluids (plasma and lymph) during physiological and pathological conditions and its importance for immune surveillance.
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285
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Bohte AE, Nelissen JL, Runge JH, Holub O, Lambert SA, de Graaf L, Kolkman S, van der Meij S, Stoker J, Strijkers GJ, Nederveen AJ, Sinkus R. Breast magnetic resonance elastography: a review of clinical work and future perspectives. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3932. [PMID: 29846986 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review on magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) of the breast provides an overview of available literature and describes current developments in the field of breast MRE, including new transducer technology for data acquisition and multi-frequency-derived power-law behaviour of tissue. Moreover, we discuss the future potential of breast MRE, which goes beyond its original application as an additional tool in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. These areas of ongoing and future research include MRE for pre-operative tumour delineation, staging, monitoring and predicting response to treatment, as well as prediction of the metastatic potential of primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Bohte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J L Nelissen
- Biomedical NMR, Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Runge
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Image Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - O Holub
- Image Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S A Lambert
- Image Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
- Université Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, INSERM UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - L de Graaf
- Biomedical NMR, Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S Kolkman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S van der Meij
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Flevoziekenhuis, Almere, The Netherlands
| | - J Stoker
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J Strijkers
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Sinkus
- Image Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
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286
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A model of vascular refilling with inflammation. Math Biosci 2018; 303:101-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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287
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Dai Q, Wilhelm S, Ding D, Syed AM, Sindhwani S, Zhang Y, Chen YY, MacMillan P, Chan WCW. Quantifying the Ligand-Coated Nanoparticle Delivery to Cancer Cells in Solid Tumors. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8423-8435. [PMID: 30016073 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Coating the nanoparticle surface with cancer cell recognizing ligands is expected to facilitate specific delivery of nanoparticles to diseased cells in vivo. While this targeting strategy is appealing, no nanoparticle-based active targeting formulation for solid tumor treatment had made it past phase III clinical trials. Here, we quantified the cancer cell-targeting efficiencies of Trastuzumab (Herceptin) and folic acid coated gold and silica nanoparticles in multiple mouse tumor models. Surprisingly, we showed that less than 14 out of 1 million (0.0014% injected dose) intravenously administrated nanoparticles were delivered to targeted cancer cells, and that only 2 out of 100 cancer cells interacted with the nanoparticles. The majority of the intratumoral nanoparticles were either trapped in the extracellular matrix or taken up by perivascular tumor associated macrophages. The low cancer cell targeting efficiency and significant uptake by noncancer cells suggest the need to re-evaluate the active targeting process and therapeutic mechanisms using quantitative methods. This will be important for developing strategies to deliver emerging therapeutics such as genome editing, nucleic acid therapy, and immunotherapy for cancer treatment using nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering , University of Oklahoma , 101 David L. Boren Boulevard , Norman , Oklahoma 73019 , United States
| | - Ding Ding
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China
| | - Abdullah Muhammad Syed
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - Shrey Sindhwani
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - Yih Yang Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - Presley MacMillan
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Chemical Engineering , University of Toronto , 164 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G9 , Canada
- Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , 160 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E1 , Canada
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288
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Haslene-Hox H. Measuring gradients in body fluids - A tool for elucidating physiological processes, diagnosis and treatment of disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:233-241. [PMID: 30145208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Haslene-Hox
- SINTEF Industry, Department of biotechnology and nanomedicine, Sem Sælands vei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
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289
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Pal A, Matzneller P, Gautam A, Österreicher Z, Wulkersdorfer B, Reiter B, Stimpfl T, Zeitlinger M. Target site pharmacokinetics of doxycycline for rosacea in healthy volunteers is independent of the food effect. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2625-2633. [PMID: 30033542 PMCID: PMC6177703 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Doxycycline (DFD‐09) oral capsules 40 mg are approved for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea. Unlike the food‐induced lowering of doxycycline's peak plasma concentration (Cmax), its exposure under fed conditions in the skin, the drug's target site for rosacea, is unknown. The present study explored the effect of food on the dermal pharmacokinetics of doxycycline. Methods The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in the dermal interstitial fluid (d‐ISF) and plasma of healthy volunteers were assessed in parallel groups under fed (n = 6) and fasting (n = 6) conditions during a 14‐day once‐daily treatment course with doxycycline oral capsules 40 mg (DFD‐09). Sampling of d‐ISF and plasma was performed on days 1, 10 (fasting group d‐ISF only) and 14. Results Twelve subjects were randomized, and 11 analysed. No causally drug‐related adverse events occurred. Dermal doxycycline exposures (Cmax and area under the curve) under the fed state were about 30% lower than under the fasting state at day 1 but were similar at steady state. In analogy to skin, plasma exposure showed no between‐group difference at steady state. Accumulation ratios were higher in the skin than in plasma. Correcting for plasma protein binding (~90%), dermal doxycycline exposure was approximately threefold higher than unbound plasma exposure. Conclusions At steady state, doxycycline concentrations in the skin of fed and fasting healthy volunteers were comparable. Doxycycline's efficacy in rosacea is possibly due to considerable dermal accumulation of unbound doxycycline and is independent of the effect of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Peter Matzneller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Zoe Österreicher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Reiter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stimpfl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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290
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Muir A, Danai LV, Vander Heiden MG. Microenvironmental regulation of cancer cell metabolism: implications for experimental design and translational studies. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035758. [PMID: 30104199 PMCID: PMC6124553 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers have an altered metabolism, and there is interest in understanding precisely how oncogenic transformation alters cellular metabolism and how these metabolic alterations can translate into therapeutic opportunities. Researchers are developing increasingly powerful experimental techniques to study cellular metabolism, and these techniques have allowed for the analysis of cancer cell metabolism, both in tumors and in ex vivo cancer models. These analyses show that, while factors intrinsic to cancer cells such as oncogenic mutations, alter cellular metabolism, cell-extrinsic microenvironmental factors also substantially contribute to the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. These findings highlight that microenvironmental factors within the tumor, such as nutrient availability, physical properties of the extracellular matrix, and interactions with stromal cells, can influence the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and might ultimately dictate the response to metabolically targeted therapies. In an effort to better understand and target cancer metabolism, this Review focuses on the experimental evidence that microenvironmental factors regulate tumor metabolism, and on the implications of these findings for choosing appropriate model systems and experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Laura V Danai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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291
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Øien AH, Wiig H. Modeling In Vivo Interstitial Hydration-Pressure Relationships in Skin and Skeletal Muscle. Biophys J 2018; 115:924-935. [PMID: 30119836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical understanding of hydrostatic pressure-fluid volume relationships, or equations of state, of interstitial fluid in skin and skeletal muscle through mathematical/physical modeling is lacking. Here, we investigate at the microscopic level forces that seem to underlie and determine the movements of fluid and solid tissue elements on the microscopic as well as on the macroscopic level. Effects that occur during variation of hydration due to interaction between expanding glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the collagen interstitial matrix of tissue seem to be of major importance. We focus on these interactions that let effects from spherical GAGs expand and contract relative to collagen on the microscopic level as hydration changes and thereby generate a hydration-dependent electrostatic pressure on the extracellular matrix on the microscopic level. This pressure spreads to macroscopic levels and become a key factor for setting up equations of state for skin and skeletal muscle interstitia. The modeling for a combined skeletal muscle and skin tissue is one dimensional, i.e., a flat box that may mimic central transverse parts of tissue with more complex geometry. Incorporating values of GAG and collagen densities and fluid contents of skin and muscle tissues that are of an order of magnitude found in literature into the model gives interstitial hydrostatic pressure- fluid volume relationships for these tissues that agree well with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf H Øien
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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292
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Suehiro K, Morikage N, Ueda K, Samura M, Takeuchi Y, Nagase T, Mizoguchi T, Nakamura K, Hamano K. Correlation Between Changes in Extremity Volume and Bioelectrical Impedance in Arm and Leg Lymphedema. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:385-389. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Suehiro
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Morikage
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koshiro Ueda
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Samura
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuriko Takeuchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagase
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kaori Nakamura
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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293
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Srinivasan RS. Intraluminal valves: development, function and disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1273-1287. [PMID: 29125824 PMCID: PMC5719258 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which function in parallel to provide nutrients and remove waste from the body. Vascular function depends on valves, which regulate unidirectional fluid flow against gravitational and pressure gradients. Severe valve disorders can cause mortality and some are associated with severe morbidity. Although cardiac valve defects can be treated by valve replacement surgery, no treatment is currently available for valve disorders of the veins and lymphatics. Thus, a better understanding of valves, their development and the progression of valve disease is warranted. In the past decade, molecules that are important for vascular function in humans have been identified, with mouse studies also providing new insights into valve formation and function. Intriguing similarities have recently emerged between the different types of valves concerning their molecular identity, architecture and development. Shear stress generated by fluid flow has also been shown to regulate endothelial cell identity in valves. Here, we review our current understanding of valve development with an emphasis on its mechanobiology and significance to human health, and highlight unanswered questions and translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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294
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Ohkura Y, Ueno M, Shindoh J, Iizuka T, Ka H, Udagawa H. Risk Factors for Postoperative Chylothorax After Radical Subtotal Esophagectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2739-2746. [PMID: 29998406 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chylothorax is one of the complications of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. The treatment of this condition has been well discussed, but the risk factors for postoperative chylothorax remain unclear. METHODS A retrospective review of 294 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer was conducted. These were patients with squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus including Siewert type I tumor of the esophagogastric junction who underwent subtotal esophagectomy with two-field or three-field lymphadenectomy. Of these, 24 patients who were diagnosed with chylothorax as a postoperative complication were allocated to the chylothorax group and the other 270 patients were allocated to the nonchylothorax group. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed a significant difference in three factors: resection of thoracic duct, post-chemoradiotherapy, and high intraoperative fluid balance. Multivariate analysis revealed that post-chemoradiotherapy [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.430; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.364-8.625] and high intraoperative fluid balance (HR = 1.569; 95% CI 1.2.7-2.039) were independent factors predicting chylothorax. In addition, resection of the thoracic duct may be a predictor of chylothorax after esophagectomy (HR = 3.389; 95% CI 0.941-12.201, p = 0.062). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of intraoperative fluid revealed that the sensitivity was 62.5%, specificity was 74.1%, and the cutoff value was 6.55 mL/kg/h. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that post-chemoradiotherapy and high intraoperative fluid balance are predictors of chylothorax after esophagectomy. The elucidation of clinicopathological factors that can predict the incidence of chylothorax will help to establish more effective perioperative management for esophageal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ohkura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Shindoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Iizuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hairin Ka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harushi Udagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
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295
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Dhanani JA, Parker SL, Lipman J, Wallis SC, Cohen J, Fraser J, Barnett A, Chew M, Roberts JA. Recovery rates of combination antibiotic therapy using in vitro microdialysis simulating in vivo conditions. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:407-412. [PMID: 30595948 PMCID: PMC6308031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microdialysis is a technique used to measure the unbound antibiotic concentration in the interstitial spaces, the target site of action. In vitro recovery studies are essential to calibrating the microdialysis system for in vivo studies. The effect of a combination of antibiotics on recovery into microdialysate requires investigation. In vitro microdialysis recovery studies were conducted on a combination of vancomycin and tobramycin, in a simulated in vivo model. Comparison was made between recoveries for three different concentrations and three different perfusate flow rates. The overall relative recovery for vancomycin was lower than that of tobramycin. For tobramycin, a concentration of 20μg/mL and flow rate of 1.0μL/min had the best recovery. A concentration of 5.0μg/mL and flow rate of 1.0μL/min yielded maximal recovery for vancomycin. Large molecular size and higher protein binding resulted in lower relative recoveries for vancomycin. Perfusate flow rates and drug concentrations affected the relative recovery when a combination of vancomycin and tobramycin was tested. Low perfusate flow rates were associated with higher recovery rates. For combination antibiotic measurement which includes agents that are highly protein bound, in vitro studies performed prior to in vivo studies may ensure the reliable measurement of unbound concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh A. Dhanani
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Suzanne L. Parker
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven C. Wallis
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jeremy Cohen
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John Fraser
- Critical Care Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adrian Barnett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation & School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle Chew
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jason A. Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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296
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Kilarski WW. Physiological Perspective on Therapies of Lymphatic Vessels. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:189-208. [PMID: 29984111 PMCID: PMC6032671 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Growth of distinctive blood vessels of granulation tissue is a central step in the post-developmental tissue remodeling. Even though lymphangiogenesis is a part of the regeneration process, the significance of the controlled restoration of lymphatic vessels has only recently been recognized. Recent Advances: Identification of lymphatic markers and growth factors paved the way for the exploration of the roles of lymphatic vessels in health and disease. Emerging pro-lymphangiogenic therapies use vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C to combat fluid retention disorders such as lymphedema and to enhance the local healing process. Critical Issues: The relevance of recently identified lymphatic functions awaits verification by their association with pathologic conditions. Further, despite a century of research, the complete etiology of secondary lymphedema, a fluid retention disorder directly linked to the lymphatic function, is not understood. Finally, the specificity of pro-lymphangiogenic therapy depends on VEGF-C transfection efficiency, dose exposure, and the age of the subject, factors that are difficult to standardize in a heterogeneous human population. Future Directions: Further research should reveal the role of lymphatic circulation in internal organs and connect its impairment with human diseases. Pro-lymphangiogenic therapies that aim at the acceleration of tissue healing should focus on the controlled administration of VEGF-C to increase their capillary specificity, whereas regeneration of collecting vessels might benefit from balanced maturation and differentiation of pre-existing lymphatics. Unique features of pre-nodal lymphatics, fault tolerance and functional hyperplasia of capillaries, may find applications outreaching traditional pro-lymphangiogenic therapies, such as immunomodulation or enhancement of subcutaneous grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W. Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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297
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Balasubbramanian D, Lopez Gelston CA, Rutkowski JM, Mitchell BM. Immune cell trafficking, lymphatics and hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1978-1988. [PMID: 29797446 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated immune cell infiltration into organs contributes to the development and maintenance of hypertension. Studies targeting specific immune cell populations or reducing their inflammatory signalling have demonstrated a reduction in BP. Lymphatic vessels play a key role in immune cell trafficking and in resolving inflammation, but little is known about their role in hypertension. Studies from our laboratory and others suggest that inflammation-associated or induction of lymphangiogenesis is organ protective and anti-hypertensive. This review provides the basis for hypertension as a disease of chronic inflammation in various tissues and highlights how renal lymphangiogenesis is a novel regulator of kidney health and BP. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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298
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Tadeo I, Gamero-Sandemetrio E, Berbegall AP, Gironella M, Ritort F, Cañete A, Bueno G, Navarro S, Noguera R. Lymph microvascularization as a prognostic indicator in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26157-26170. [PMID: 29899849 PMCID: PMC5995242 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid pediatric cancer and causes approximately 15% of all childhood deaths from cancer. Although lymphatic vasculature is a prerequisite for the maintenance of tissue fluid balance and immunity in the body, little is known about the relationship between lymphatic vascularization and prognosis in neuroblastoma. We used our previously-published custom-designed tool to close open-outline vessels and measure the density, size and shape of all lymphatic vessels and microvascular segments in 332 primary neuroblastoma contained in tissue microarrays. The results were correlated with clinical and biological features of known prognostic value and with risk of progression to establish histological lymphatic vascular patterns associated with unfavorable histology. A high proportion of irregular intermediate lymphatic capillaries and irregular small collector vessels were present in tumors from patients with metastatic stage, undifferentiating neuroblasts and/or classified in the high risk. In addition, a higher lymphatic microvascularization density was found to be predictive of overall survival. Our findings show the crucial role of lymphatic vascularization in metastatic development and maintenance of tumor tissue homeostasis. These patterns may therefore help to indicate more accurate pre-treatment risk stratification and could provide candidate targets for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tadeo
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gamero-Sandemetrio
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana P Berbegall
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gironella
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ritort
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Bueno
- VISILAB, E.T.S.I. Industriales, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Samuel Navarro
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Noguera
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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299
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Guo H, Huang T, Zhao J, Chen H, Chen G. Fungi short-chain carboxylate transporter: shift from microbe hereditary functional component to metabolic engineering target. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4653-4662. [PMID: 29679102 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain carboxylic acids and their derivatives are widely utilized in all aspects of our daily life. Given their specific functional groups, these molecules are also utilized in fine chemical synthesis. The traditional petroleum-based carboxylate production methods are restricted by petrol shortage and environmental pollution. Renowned for their more sustainable processes than traditional methods, biotechnological methods are preferred alternatives and have attracted increasing attention. However, the industrial application of biotechnological methods is currently limited by low factors: low productivity and low yield. Therefore, understanding the regulation of carboxylate accumulation will greatly enhance the industrial biotechnological production of short-chain carboxylate acids. The carboxylate transporter plays a crucial role in transmembrane uptake and secretion of carboxylate; therefore, regulating these transporters is of high academic and application relevance. This review concentrates on the physiological roles, regulation mechanisms, and harnessing strategies of Jen and AcpA orthologs in fungi, which provide potential clues for the biotechnological production of short-chain carboxylic acids with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biochemical Technology, National Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Tianqiu Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biochemical Technology, National Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biochemical Technology, National Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Hongwen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biochemical Technology, National Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biochemical Technology, National Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, 361021, Fujian, China
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300
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Dietrich M, Le Roy H, Brückner DB, Engelke H, Zantl R, Rädler JO, Broedersz CP. Guiding 3D cell migration in deformed synthetic hydrogel microstructures. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2816-2826. [PMID: 29595213 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cells to navigate through the extracellular matrix, a network of biopolymers, is controlled by an interplay of cellular activity and mechanical network properties. Synthetic hydrogels with highly tuneable compositions and elastic properties are convenient model systems for the investigation of cell migration in 3D polymer networks. To study the impact of macroscopic deformations on single cell migration, we present a novel method to introduce uniaxial strain in matrices by microstructuring photo-polymerizable hydrogel strips with embedded cells in a channel slide. We find that such confined swelling results in a strained matrix in which cells exhibit an anisotropic migration response parallel to the strain direction. Surprisingly, however, the anisotropy of migration reaches a maximum at intermediate strain levels and decreases strongly at higher strains. We account for this non-monotonic response in the migration anisotropy with a computational model, in which we describe a cell performing durotactic and proteolytic migration in a deformable elastic meshwork. Our simulations reveal that the macroscopically applied strain induces a local geometric anisotropic stiffening of the matrix. This local anisotropic stiffening acts as a guidance cue for directed cell migration, resulting in a non-monotonic dependence on strain, as observed in our experiments. Our findings provide a mechanism for mechanical guidance that connects network properties on the cellular scale to cell migration behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dietrich
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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