251
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Koyama H, Tachibana Y, Takaura K, Takemoto S, Morii K, Wada S, Kaneko H, Kimura M, Toyoda A. Effects of housing conditions on behaviors and biochemical parameters in juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Exp Anim 2018; 68:195-211. [PMID: 30584201 PMCID: PMC6511518 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of environmental enrichment on laboratory monkeys, we studied
behavioral and physiological differences following changes in housing conditions. Ten male
and female juvenile cynomolgus monkeys were first housed in pairs for 8 weeks after
quarantine/acclimatization (singly housed) and subsequently housed alone for the next 8
weeks. Monkeys were subjected to evaluations of body weight gain, stereotypic or
affiliative behaviors, cortisol, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS) and catecholamine
concentrations in biological samples, and blood chemistry tests under both housing
conditions. Under paired housing, the stereotypic behavioral score decreased in both
sexes, and the affiliative behavioral score increased in males and showed an increasing
trend in females. Under single housing, the stereotypic score increased in both sexes, and
the affiliative score decreased in males. Paired housing decreased serum calcium and urine
cortisol concentrations in both sexes and decreased plasma cortisol in males and plasma
4EPS concentrations in females. The stereotypic score was positively correlated with serum
calcium, plasma and urine cortisol, and plasma 4EPS concentration and negatively
correlated with the affiliative score. The feces painting score, affiliative score, and
plasma cortisol and serum calcium concentrations showed sex differences, suggesting
differences in responsiveness to environmental changes between males and females. In
conclusion, paired housing improved behavioral abnormalities in juvenile cynomolgus
monkeys, suggesting that it may be an effective environmental enrichment paradigm.
Calcium, cortisol, and 4EPS concentrations in biological samples may be useful indices for
evaluating the effects of environmental enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Koyama
- Laboratory Animal Science Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.,United Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuki Tachibana
- Laboratory Animal Science Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takaura
- Laboratory Animal Science Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Takemoto
- Laboratory Animal Science Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Morii
- Laboratory Animal Science Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Sou Wada
- Laboratory Animal Science Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Kaneko
- Screening Science and Technology Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kimura
- Screening Science and Technology Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- United Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuou, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
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252
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Azhari A, Azizan F, Esposito G. A systematic review of gut-immune-brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:752-771. [PMID: 30523646 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the etiological origins of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remain elusive. Recently, the mechanisms of ASD have encompassed emerging theories involving the gastrointestinal, immune, and nervous systems. While each of these perspectives presents its own set of supporting evidence, the field requires an integration of these modular concepts and an overarching view of how these subsystems intersect. In this systematic review, we have synthesized relevant evidences from the existing literature, evaluating them in an interdependent manner and in doing so, outlining their possible connections. Specifically, we first discussed gastrointestinal and immuno-inflammation pathways in-depth, exploring the relationships between microbial composition, bacterial metabolites, gut mucosa, and immune system constituents. Accounting for temporal differences in the mechanisms involved in neurodevelopment, prenatal and postnatal phases were further elucidated, where the former focused on maternal immune activation (MIA) and fetal development, while the latter addressed the role of immune dysregulation in contributing to atypical neurodevelopment. As autism remains, foremost, a neurodevelopmental disorder, this review presents an integration of disparate modules into a "Gut-Immune-Brain" paradigm. Existing gaps in the literature have been highlighted, and possible avenues for future research with an integrated physiological perspective underlying ASD have also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Azhari
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farouq Azizan
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy
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253
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Hughes HK, Mills Ko E, Rose D, Ashwood P. Immune Dysfunction and Autoimmunity as Pathological Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:405. [PMID: 30483058 PMCID: PMC6242891 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of heterogeneous neurological disorders that are highly variable and are clinically characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and stereotypical behaviors. Prevalence has risen from 1 in 10,000 in 1972 to 1 in 59 children in the United States in 2014. This rise in prevalence could be due in part to better diagnoses and awareness, however, these together cannot solely account for such a significant rise. While causative connections have not been proven in the majority of cases, many current studies focus on the combined effects of genetics and environment. Strikingly, a distinct picture of immune dysfunction has emerged and been supported by many independent studies over the past decade. Many players in the immune-ASD puzzle may be mechanistically contributing to pathogenesis of these disorders, including skewed cytokine responses, differences in total numbers and frequencies of immune cells and their subsets, neuroinflammation, and adaptive and innate immune dysfunction, as well as altered levels of immunoglobulin and the presence of autoantibodies which have been found in a substantial number of individuals with ASD. This review summarizes the latest research linking ASD, autoimmunity and immune dysfunction, and discusses evidence of a potential autoimmune component of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Emily Mills Ko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Destanie Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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254
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Obrenovich MEM. Leaky Gut, Leaky Brain? Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040107. [PMID: 30340384 PMCID: PMC6313445 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
'Leaky gut' syndrome, long-associated with celiac disease, has attracted much attention in recent years and for decades, was widely known in complementary/alternative medicine circles. It is often described as an increase in the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, which could allow bacteria, toxic digestive metabolites, bacterial toxins, and small molecules to 'leak' into the bloodstream. Nervous system involvement with celiac disease is know to occur even at subclinical levels. Gluten and gluten sensitivity are considered to trigger this syndrome in individuals genetically predisposed to celiac disease. However, the incidence of celiac disease in the general population is quite low. Nevertheless, increased public interest in gluten sensitivity has contributed to expanded food labels stating 'gluten-free' and the proliferation of gluten-free products, which further drives gluten-free lifestyle changes by individuals without frank celiac disease. Moreover, systemic inflammation is associated with celiac disease, depression, and psychiatric comorbidities. This mini-review focuses on the possible neurophysiological basis of leaky gut; leaky brain disease; and the microbiota's contribution to inflammation, gastrointestinal, and blood-brain barrier integrity, in order to build a case for possible mechanisms that could foster further 'leaky' syndromes. We ask whether a gluten-free diet is important for anyone or only those with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E M Obrenovich
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- The Gilgamesh Foundation for Medical Science and Research, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA.
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
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255
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Lebovitz Y, Ringel-Scaia VM, Allen IC, Theus MH. Emerging Developments in Microbiome and Microglia Research: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1993. [PMID: 30233586 PMCID: PMC6129765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From immunology to neuroscience, interactions between the microbiome and host are increasingly appreciated as potent drivers of health and disease. Epidemiological studies previously identified compelling correlations between perinatal microbiome insults and neurobehavioral outcomes, the mechanistic details of which are just beginning to take shape thanks to germ-free and antibiotics-based animal models. This review summarizes parallel developments from clinical and preclinical research that suggest neuroactive roles for gut bacteria and their metabolites. We also examine the nascent field of microbiome-microglia crosstalk research, which includes pharmacological and genetic strategies to inform functional capabilities of microglia in response to microbial programming. Finally, we address an emerging hypothesis behind neurodevelopmental disorders, which implicates microbiome dysbiosis in the atypical programming of neuroimmune cells, namely microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonwoo Lebovitz
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Veronica M. Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Michelle H. Theus
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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256
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Babinská K, Tomova A, Celušáková H, Babková J, Repiská G, Kubranská A, Filčíková D, Siklenková L, Ostatníková D. Fecal calprotectin levels correlate with main domains of the autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R) in a sample of individuals with autism spectrum disorders from Slovakia. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S517-S522. [PMID: 29355379 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive behavior and restricted interests. There is convincing evidence that the intestinal inflammation is involved in etiology of ASD. Increased levels of inflammatory markers were shown to be associated with more aberrant behaviors and communication of subjects with ASD. Calprotectin in the feces is produced by activated neutrophils and epithelial cells of the gut mucosa, and its levels reflect local inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Concentration of fecal calprotectin was determined by ELISA method in 87 individuals with ASD and 51 controls, of that 29 siblings of children with ASD and 22 non-related controls. In non-relatives significantly lower values of fecal calprotectin were observed than in both subjects with ASD and their siblings. In the group with ASD significant correlations of fecal calprotectin with all domains of the ADI-R diagnostic tool were found: qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interaction and communication, restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior. Results suggest that low grade intestinal inflammation may be one of factors implicated in the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Babinská
- Institute of Physiology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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257
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Intermittent living; the use of ancient challenges as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of modern life - A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:28-42. [PMID: 30220336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. They ensue from the sum of modern anthropogenic risk factors, including high calorie nutrition, malnutrition, sedentary lifestyle, social stress, environmental toxins, politics and economic factors. Many of these factors are beyond the span of control of individuals, suggesting that CNCD are inevitable. However, various studies, ours included, show that the use of intermittent challenges with hormetic effects improve subjective and objective wellbeing of individuals with CNCD, while having favourable effects on immunological, metabolic and behavioural indices. Intermittent cold, heat, fasting and hypoxia, together with phytochemicals in multiple food products, have widespread influence on many pathways related with overall health. Until recently, most of the employed challenges with hormetic effects belonged to the usual transient live experiences of our ancestors. Our hypothesis; we conclude that, whereas the total inflammatory load of multi-metabolic and psychological risk factors causes low grade inflammation and aging, the use of intermittent challenges, united in a 7-10 days lasting hormetic intervention, might serve as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of chronic low grade inflammation and it's metabolic and (premature) aging consequences.
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258
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Fowlie G, Cohen N, Ming X. The Perturbance of Microbiome and Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082251. [PMID: 30071612 PMCID: PMC6121241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal problems have been documented in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Studies have found that these disturbances may be associated with an altered gut microbiome in ASD. Furthermore, in ASD, these alterations are implicated in increased gut permeability, or “leaky gut”, which allows bacterial metabolites to cross the gut barrier, impacting neurodevelopment during early childhood in susceptible subjects by way of gut-brain axis. In our review, we will discuss the interaction of gut microbiota and brain development in ASD and the signaling mechanisms underlying this interaction. We will also explore the potential for treatment of ASD by targeting the microbiome with probiotics. Finally, this paper will attempt to provide significance to the aggregation of the research in this area of research; providing our interpretations and assessments of future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Fowlie
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, DOC 8100, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Nicholas Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, DOC 8100, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Xue Ming
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, DOC 8100, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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259
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Bhandari R, Paliwal JK, Kuhad A. Naringenin and its nanocarriers as potential phytotherapy for autism spectrum disorders. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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260
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Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: New perspectives from the gut-brain axis. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:577-582. [PMID: 30036560 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is still controversy surrounding the effectiveness of dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), namely the gluten-free/casein free diet and the ketogenic diet. Additionally, as studies mainly investigated their impact on ASD symptoms and behaviors, much remains unknown about their mechanisms of action and physiological effects. Given the recent surge of global interest in the gut-brain axis and its involvement in ASD, we underline the importance of understanding the physiological effects of such restrictive diets that remove certain nutritional items from one's diet. Some evidence has emerged with findings of the gut-microbial, inflammatory, and neuronal effects of these diets. We propose probiotics as a potential alternative that can serve similar biological purposes as these elimination diets and outline different physiological routes whereby probiotics can lead to improvements for individuals with ASD. We hope that future research can delineate the complete physiological effects of these diets. Such knowledge can guide the creation of more informed interventions, which conserve the components resulting in positive behavioral change while being less restrictive and devoid of the harmful effects of limiting certain nutrients.
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261
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Blood-brain barrier regulation in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Lett 2018; 726:133664. [PMID: 29966749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface between the peripheral blood supply and the cerebral parenchyma, controlling the transport of material to and from the brain. Tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature limit the passage of large, negatively charged molecules via paracellular diffusion whereas transcellular transportation across the endothelial cell is controlled by a number of mechanisms including transporter proteins, endocytosis, and diffusion. Here, we review the evidence that perturbation of these processes may underlie the development of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and affective disorders. Increased permeability of the BBB appears to be a common factor in these disorders, leading to increased infiltration of peripheral material into the brain culminating in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. However, although there is no common mechanism underpinning BBB dysfunction even within each particular disorder, the tight junction protein claudin-5 may be a clinically relevant target given that both clinical and pre-clinical research has linked it to schizophrenia, ASD, and depression. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of the BBB in diagnosis (genetic markers, dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging, and blood biomarkers) and in treatment (drug delivery).
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262
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Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020056. [PMID: 29867038 PMCID: PMC6027314 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted-repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Strong inflammation states are associated with ASD. This inflammatory condition is often linked to immune system dysfunction. Several cell types are enrolled to trigger and sustain these processes. Neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune abnormalities have now been established in ASD as key factors in its development and maintenance. In this review, we will explore inflammatory conditions, dysfunctions in neuro-immune cross-talk, and immune system treatments in ASD management.
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263
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Bhattarai Y. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Interaction of gut microbes and their metabolites with host epithelial barriers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13366. [PMID: 29878576 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal barrier and the blood brain barrier represent an important line of defense to protect the underlying structures against harmful external stimuli. These host barriers are composed of epithelial and endothelial cells interconnected by tight junction proteins along with several other supporting structures. Disruption in host barrier structures has therefore been implicated in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. While there are several factors that influence host barrier, recently there is an increasing appreciation of the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in regulating barrier integrity. In the current issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Marungruang et al. describe the effect of gastrointestinal barrier maturation on gut microbiota and the blood brain barrier adding to the growing evidence of microbiota-barrier interactions. In this mini-review I will discuss the effect of gut microbiota on host epithelial barriers and its implications for diseases associated with disrupted gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bhattarai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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264
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Bağ Ö, Alşen Güney S, Cevher Binici N, Tuncel T, Şahin A, Berksoy E, Ecevit Ç. Infant colic or early symptom of autism spectrum disorder? Pediatr Int 2018; 60:517-522. [PMID: 29573066 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Infant colic (IC), the functional GI disorder of infancy, has not been evaluated in this patient group. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the rate of IC in ASD and investigate a possible association between ASD and IC. METHODS The subjects consisted of 100 ASD patients (mean age, 6.6 ± 3.5 years) and 100 healthy controls (mean age, 5.3 ± 2.8 years). The parents were questioned using the diagnostic criteria for infant colic for clinical research purposes defined in Rome IV to diagnose IC, retrospectively. The sample size was estimated using a maximum type I error probability of 5% (alpha) and a type II error of 20%. RESULTS The rate of IC was 16% and 17% in the ASD group and control group, respectively (P ˃ 0.05). Excessive crying with late onset and long duration in infants was defined as persistent crying. The rate of persistent crying was significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group (32% vs 9%, P < 0.001). The relative risk of persistent crying was 4.40 in ASD. The likelihood of being misdiagnosed with IC in this group was 78%. CONCLUSION The rate of IC is not increased in patients with ASD, but infants with excessive crying should be very thoroughly evaluated before being diagnosed with IC. In particular, persistent crying in infants (i.e. excessive crying with late onset and long duration) may be an early symptom of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Bağ
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sevay Alşen Güney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Cevher Binici
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tuba Tuncel
- Department of Pediatrics, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Medical Faculty, Tepecik Teaching and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Şahin
- Department of General Pediatrics, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emel Berksoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Tepecik Teaching and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Ecevit
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Dr Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
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265
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Rudzki L, Szulc A. "Immune Gate" of Psychopathology-The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29896124 PMCID: PMC5987016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and brain functions has recently become a topic of growing interest in psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions take place in the so-called gut-brain axis or more precisely, the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the largest immune organ in the human body and is also the largest surface of contact with the external environment. Its functions and permeability are highly influenced by psychological stress, which are often a precipitating factor in the first episode, reoccurrence and/or deterioration of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In recent literature there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune activation has a major role in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous parameters measured in this context seem to be aftermaths of those mechanisms, yet at the same time they may be contributing factors for immune mediated psychopathology. For example, immune activation related to gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or various food antigens and exorphins were reported in major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and autism. In this review the authors will summarize the evidence and roles of such parameters and their assessment in major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
- Three Towns Resource Centre, Saltcoats, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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266
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Lütjohann D, Lopez AM, Chuang JC, Kerksiek A, Turley SD. Identification of Correlative Shifts in Indices of Brain Cholesterol Metabolism in the C57BL6/Mecp2 tm1.1Bird Mouse, a Model for Rett Syndrome. Lipids 2018; 53:363-373. [PMID: 29770459 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RS) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene methyl-Cpg-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Using a well-defined model for RS, the C57BL6/Mecp2tm1.1Bird mouse, we have previously found a moderate but persistently lower rate of cholesterol synthesis, measured in vivo, in the brains of Mecp2-/y mice, starting from about the third week after birth. There was no genotypic difference in the total cholesterol concentration throughout the brain at any age. This raised the question of whether the lower rate of cholesterol synthesis in the mutants was balanced by a fall in the rate at which cholesterol was converted via cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (Cyp46A1) to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the principal route through which cholesterol is ordinarily removed from the brain. Here, we show that while there were no genotypic differences in the concentrations in plasma and liver of three cholesterol precursors (lanosterol, lathosterol, and desmosterol), two plant sterols (sitosterol and campesterol), and two oxysterols (27-hydroxycholesterol [27-OHC] and 24S-OHC), the brains of the Mecp2 -/y mice had significantly lower concentrations of all three cholesterol precursors, campesterol, and both oxysterols, with the level of 24S-OHC being ~20% less than in their Mecp2 +/y controls. Together, these data suggest that coordinated regulation of cholesterol synthesis and catabolism in the central nervous system is maintained in this model for RS. Furthermore, we speculate that the adaptive changes in these two pathways conceivably resulted from a shift in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier as implied by the significantly lower campesterol and 27-OHC concentrations in the brains of the Mecp2-/y mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
| | - Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9060, USA
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
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267
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Parisi P. The relationship between mucosal damage in celiac disease and the risk of neurological and psychiatric conditions is much more complex than previously thought. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:797-798. [PMID: 29509996 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Parisi
- Pediatrics, Child Neurology, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University c/o Sant' Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
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268
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Kopec AM, Fiorentino MR, Bilbo SD. Gut-immune-brain dysfunction in Autism: Importance of sex. Brain Res 2018; 1693:214-217. [PMID: 29360468 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by social behavior deficits, stereotypies, cognitive rigidity, and in some cases severe intellectual impairment and developmental delay. Although ASD is most widely identified by its neurological deficits, gastrointestinal issues are common in ASD. An intimate and complex relationship exists between the gut, the immune system, and the brain, leading to the hypothesis that ASD may be a systems-level disease affecting the gut and immune systems, in addition to the brain. Despite significant advances in understanding the contribution of the gut and immune systems to the etiology of ASD, there is an intriguing commonality among patients that is not well understood: they are predominantly male. Virtually no attention has been given to the potential role of sex-specific regulation of gut, peripheral, and central immune function in ASD, despite the 4:1 male-to-female bias in this disorder. In this review, we discuss recent revelations regarding the impact of gut-immune-brain relationships on social behavior in rodent models and in ASD patients, placing them in the context of known or putative sex specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kopec
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria R Fiorentino
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
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269
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Opazo MC, Ortega-Rocha EM, Coronado-Arrázola I, Bonifaz LC, Boudin H, Neunlist M, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:432. [PMID: 29593681 PMCID: PMC5857604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These microorganisms are present in the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities, and genital tract. In fact, it has been described that the microbiota contributes to balancing the immune system to maintain host homeostasis. The gut is a vital organ where microbiota can influence and determine the function of cells of the immune system and contributes to preserve the wellbeing of the individual. Several articles have emphasized the connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease with dysbiosis or an imbalance in the microbiota composition in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the microbiota in autoimmune pathologies affecting other tissues than the intestine. This article focuses on what is known about the role that gut microbiota can play in the pathogenesis of non-intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Grave's diseases, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss as to how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used as potential therapies for non-intestinal autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Opazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth M Ortega-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helene Boudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad, Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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270
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Cristiano C, Lama A, Lembo F, Mollica MP, Calignano A, Mattace Raso G. Interplay Between Peripheral and Central Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Possible Nutritional and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Physiol 2018; 9:184. [PMID: 29563885 PMCID: PMC5845898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre- and post-natal factors can affect brain development and function, impacting health outcomes with particular relevance to neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Maternal obesity and its associated complications have been related to the increased risk of ASDs in offspring. Indeed, animals exposed to maternal obesity or high fat diets are prone to social communication impairment and repetitive behavior, the hallmarks of autism. During development, fatty acids and sugars, as well as satiety hormones, like insulin and leptin, and inflammatory factors related to obesity-induced low grade inflammation, could play a role in the impairment of neuroendocrine system and brain neuronal circuits regulating behavior in offspring. On the other side, post-natal factors, such as mode of delivery, stress, diet, or antibiotic treatment are associated to a modification of gut microbiota composition, perturbing microbiota-gut-brain axis. Indeed, the interplay between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system not only occurs through neural, hormonal, and immune pathways, but also through microbe-derived metabolic products. The modification of unhealthy perinatal and postnatal environment, manipulation of gut microbiota, nutritional, and dietary interventions could represent possible strategies in preventing or limiting ASDs, through targeting inflammatory process and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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271
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Doenyas C. Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Probiotics on Neural Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscience 2018; 374:271-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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272
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Can EGCG Alleviate Symptoms of Down Syndrome by Altering Proteolytic Activity? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010248. [PMID: 29342922 PMCID: PMC5796196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as "trisomy 21", is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. Silencing these extra genes is beyond existing technology and seems to be impractical. A number of pharmacologic options have been proposed to change the quality of life and lifespan of individuals with DS. It was reported that treatment with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) improves cognitive performance in animal models and in humans, suggesting that EGCG may alleviate symptoms of DS. Traditionally, EGCG has been associated with the ability to reduce dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A activity, which is overexpressed in trisomy 21. Based on the data available in the literature, we propose an additional way in which EGCG might affect trisomy 21-namely by modifying the proteolytic activity of the enzymes involved. It is known that, in Down syndrome, the nerve growth factor (NGF) metabolic pathway is altered: first by downregulating tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that activates plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme converting proNGF to mature NGF; secondly, overexpression of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) further degrades NGF, lowering the amount of mature NGF. EGCG inhibits MMP-9, thus protecting NGF. Urokinase (uPA) and tPA are activators of plasminogen, and uPA is inhibited by EGCG, but regardless of their structural similarity tPA is not inhibited. In this review, we describe mechanisms of proteolytic enzymes (MMP-9 and plasminogen activation system), their role in Down syndrome, their inhibition by EGCG, possible degradation of this polyphenol and the ability of EGCG and its degradation products to cross the blood-brain barrier. We conclude that known data accumulated so far provide promising evidence of MMP-9 inhibition by EGCG in the brain, which could slow down the abnormal degradation of NGF.
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273
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Siniscalco D, Lisa Brigida A, Antonucci N. Autism and neuro-immune-gut link. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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274
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Al-Ayadhi L, Alhowikan AM, Halepoto DM. Impact of Auditory Integrative Training on Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Its Effect on Behavioral and Social Emotions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:23-29. [PMID: 29298441 PMCID: PMC5968258 DOI: 10.1159/000486572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the impact of auditory integrative training (AIT) on the inflammatory biomarker transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and to assess its effect on social behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 15 patients (14 males and 1 female) with ASD aged 3-12 years were recruited. All were screened for autism using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Plasma levels of TGF-β1 were measured in all patients using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) immediately and 1 and 3 months after the AIT sessions. Pre- and post-AIT behavioral scores were also calculated for each child using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and the Short Sensory Profile (SSP). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 21.0 for Windows). RESULTS Plasma levels of TGF-β1 significantly increased to 85% immediately after AIT (20.13 ± 12 ng/mL, p < 0.05), to 95% 1 month after AIT (21.2 ± 11 ng/mL, p < 0.01), and to 105% 3 months after AIT (22.25 ± 16 ng/mL, p < 0.01) compared to before AIT (10.85 ± 8 ng/mL). Results also revealed that behavioral rating scales (CARS, SRS, and SSP) improved in terms of disease severity after AIT. CONCLUSION Increased plasma levels of TGF-β1 support the therapeutic effect of AIT on TGF-β1 followed by improvement in social awareness, social cognition, and social communication in children with ASD. Furthermore, TGF-β1 was associated with severity in all scores tested (CARS, SRS, and SSP); if confirmed in studies with larger sample sizes, TGF-β1 may be considered as a marker of ASD severity and to assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Centre, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dost Muhammad Halepoto
- Autism Research and Treatment Centre, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Dost Muhammad Halepoto, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461 (Saudi Arabia), E-Mail
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275
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Golubeva AV, Joyce SA, Moloney G, Burokas A, Sherwin E, Arboleya S, Flynn I, Khochanskiy D, Moya-Pérez A, Peterson V, Rea K, Murphy K, Makarova O, Buravkov S, Hyland NP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Gahan CGM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota-related Changes in Bile Acid & Tryptophan Metabolism are Associated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Autism. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:166-178. [PMID: 28965876 PMCID: PMC5652137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions worldwide. There is growing awareness that ASD is highly comorbid with gastrointestinal distress and altered intestinal microbiome, and that host-microbiome interactions may contribute to the disease symptoms. However, the paucity of knowledge on gut-brain axis signaling in autism constitutes an obstacle to the development of precision microbiota-based therapeutics in ASD. To this end, we explored the interactions between intestinal microbiota, gut physiology and social behavior in a BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mouse model of ASD. Here we show that a reduction in the relative abundance of very particular bacterial taxa in the BTBR gut - namely, bile-metabolizing Bifidobacterium and Blautia species, - is associated with deficient bile acid and tryptophan metabolism in the intestine, marked gastrointestinal dysfunction, as well as impaired social interactions in BTBR mice. Together these data support the concept of targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota for reversing gastrointestinal and behavioral symptomatology in ASD, and offer specific plausible targets in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Ian Flynn
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiera Murphy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Olga Makarova
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Buravkov
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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276
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Abstract
Complex, diverse and rarely appearing without comorbidity, the autism spectrum disorders continue to be a source of research interest. With core symptoms variably impacting on social communication skills, the traditional focus of many research efforts has centred on the brain and how genetic and environmental processes impact on brain structure, function and/or connectivity to account for various behavioural presentations. Alongside emerging ideas on autistic traits being present in various clinical states, the autisms, and the overrepresentation of several comorbid conditions impacting on quality of life, other research avenues have opened up. The central role of the brain in relation to autism may be at least partially influenced by the functions of other organs. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents an important biological system pertinent to at least some autism. The notion of a gut-brain-behaviour axis has garnered support from various findings: an overrepresentation of functional and pathological bowel states, bowel and behavioural findings showing bidirectional associations, a possible relationship between diet, GI function and autism and recently, greater focus on aspects of the GI tract such as the collected gut microbiota in relation to autism. Gaps remain in our knowledge of the functions of the GI tract linked to autism, specifically regarding mechanisms of action onward to behavioural presentation. Set however within the context of diversity in the presentation of autism, science appears to be moving towards defining important GI-related autism phenotypes with the possibility of promising dietary and other related intervention options onward to improving quality of life.
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277
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Spadoni I, Fornasa G, Rescigno M. Organ-specific protection mediated by cooperation between vascular and epithelial barriers. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:761-773. [PMID: 28869253 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege is a complex process that protects organs from immune-mediated attack and damage. It is accomplished by a series of cellular barriers that both control immune cell entry and promote the development of tolerogenic immune cells. In this Review, we describe the vascular endothelial and epithelial barriers in organs that are commonly considered to be immune privileged, such as the brain and the eye. We compare these classical barriers with barriers in the intestine, which share features with barriers of immune-privileged organs, such as the capacity to induce tolerance and to protect from external insults. We suggest that when intestinal barriers break down, disruption of other barriers at distant sites can ensue, and this may underlie the development of various neurological, metabolic and intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Spadoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fornasa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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278
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Esnafoglu E, Cırrık S, Ayyıldız SN, Erdil A, Ertürk EY, Daglı A, Noyan T. Increased Serum Zonulin Levels as an Intestinal Permeability Marker in Autistic Subjects. J Pediatr 2017; 188:240-244. [PMID: 28502607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the serum levels of zonulin, which regulates tight junctions between enterocytes and is a physiological modulator controlling intestinal permeability, in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). STUDY DESIGN Serum zonulin levels were determined in 32 patients with ASD and 33 healthy controls using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The severity of ASD symptoms was assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. RESULTS Serum zonulin levels were significantly higher in the patients with ASD (122.3 ± 98.46 ng/mL) compared with the healthy controls (41.89 ± 45.83 ng/mL). There was a positive correlation between zonulin levels and Childhood Autism Rating Scale score when all subjects were assessed (r = 0.523; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that zonulin, which regulates intestinal permeability, plays a role in the development of symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Esnafoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Selma Cırrık
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Sema Nur Ayyıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Erdil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Emine Yurdakul Ertürk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Daglı
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Noyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Research and Training Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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279
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Fasano A, Hill I. Serum Zonulin, Gut Permeability, and the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Cause, Effect, or an Epiphenomenon? J Pediatr 2017. [PMID: 28624097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center Massachusetts General Hospital for Children Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivor Hill
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine Gastroenterology Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus, Ohio.
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280
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Reilly J, Gallagher L, Chen JL, Leader G, Shen S. Bio-collections in autism research. Mol Autism 2017; 8:34. [PMID: 28702161 PMCID: PMC5504648 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with diverse clinical manifestations and symptoms. In the last 10 years, there have been significant advances in understanding the genetic basis for ASD, critically supported through the establishment of ASD bio-collections and application in research. Here, we summarise a selection of major ASD bio-collections and their associated findings. Collectively, these include mapping ASD candidate genes, assessing the nature and frequency of gene mutations and their association with ASD clinical subgroups, insights into related molecular pathways such as the synapses, chromatin remodelling, transcription and ASD-related brain regions. We also briefly review emerging studies on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to potentially model ASD in culture. These provide deeper insight into ASD progression during development and could generate human cell models for drug screening. Finally, we provide perspectives concerning the utilities of ASD bio-collections and limitations, and highlight considerations in setting up a new bio-collection for ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Reilly
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James Hospital Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - June L Chen
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Geraldine Leader
- Irish Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Research (ICAN), Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
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281
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Tohidpour A, Morgun AV, Boitsova EB, Malinovskaya NA, Martynova GP, Khilazheva ED, Kopylevich NV, Gertsog GE, Salmina AB. Neuroinflammation and Infection: Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Dysfunction of Neurovascular Unit. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:276. [PMID: 28676848 PMCID: PMC5476750 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex inflammatory process in the central nervous system, which is sought to play an important defensive role against various pathogens, toxins or factors that induce neurodegeneration. The onset of neurodegenerative diseases and various microbial infections are counted as stimuli that can challenge the host immune system and trigger the development of neuroinflammation. The homeostatic nature of neuroinflammation is essential to maintain the neuroplasticity. Neuroinflammation is regulated by the activity of neuronal, glial, and endothelial cells within the neurovascular unit, which serves as a “platform” for the coordinated action of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species) by brain resident cells or cells migrating from the peripheral blood, results in the impairment of blood-brain barrier integrity, thereby further affecting the course of local inflammation. In this review, we analyzed the most recent data on the central nervous system inflammation and focused on major mechanisms of neurovascular unit dysfunction caused by neuroinflammation and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Tohidpour
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Morgun
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Paediatrics, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elizaveta B Boitsova
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Children Infectious Diseases, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Malinovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina P Martynova
- Department of Children Infectious Diseases, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elena D Khilazheva
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Kopylevich
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina E Gertsog
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-YasenetskyKrasnoyarsk, Russia
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282
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Li Q, Han Y, Dy ABC, Hagerman RJ. The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:120. [PMID: 28503135 PMCID: PMC5408485 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Many studies have shown alterations in the composition of the fecal flora and metabolic products of the gut microbiome in patients with ASD. The gut microbiota influences brain development and behaviors through the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic nervous systems. In addition, an abnormal gut microbiota is associated with several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ASD and mood disorders. Here, we review the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract (brain-gut axis) and the role of the gut microbiota in the central nervous system (CNS) and ASD. Microbiome-mediated therapies might be a safe and effective treatment for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Angel Belle C Dy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila UniversityQuezon City, Philippines
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramento, CA, USA
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283
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Fasano A. Celiac Disease, Gut-Brain Axis, and Behavior: Cause, Consequence, or Merely Epiphenomenon? Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-4323. [PMID: 28219968 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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