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Occhieppo VB, Marchese NA, Rodríguez ID, Basmadjian OM, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. Neurovascular unit alteration in somatosensory cortex and enhancement of thermal nociception induced by amphetamine involves central AT1receptor activation. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1586-1593. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Belén Occhieppo
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Edificio Nuevo de Ciencias I Ciudad Universitaria Córdoba; Haya de la Torre S/N, esquina Medina Allende Córdoba Argentina
| | - Natalia Andrea Marchese
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Edificio Nuevo de Ciencias I Ciudad Universitaria Córdoba; Haya de la Torre S/N, esquina Medina Allende Córdoba Argentina
| | - Iara Diamela Rodríguez
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Edificio Nuevo de Ciencias I Ciudad Universitaria Córdoba; Haya de la Torre S/N, esquina Medina Allende Córdoba Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Martin Basmadjian
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Edificio Nuevo de Ciencias I Ciudad Universitaria Córdoba; Haya de la Torre S/N, esquina Medina Allende Córdoba Argentina
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología (IIBYT-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET) Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Edificio Nuevo de Ciencias I Ciudad Universitaria Córdoba; Haya de la Torre S/N, esquina Medina Allende Córdoba Argentina
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252
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The Role of Interleukin-18, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6050055. [PMID: 28531131 PMCID: PMC5447946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukins (ILs) and oxidative stress (OS) in precipitating neurodegenerative diseases including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), requires further clarification. In addition to neuropathological hallmarks-extracellular neuritic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau and neuronal loss-chronic inflammation, as well as oxidative and excitotoxic damage, are present in the AD brain. The pathological sequelae and the interaction of these events during the course of AD need further investigation. The brain is particularly sensitive to OS, due to the richness of its peroxidation-sensitive fatty acids, coupled with its high oxygen demand. At the same time, the brain lack robust antioxidant systems. Among the multiple mechanisms and triggers by which OS can accumulate, inflammatory cytokines can sustain oxidative and nitrosative stress, leading eventually to cellular damage. Understanding the consequences of inflammation and OS may clarify the initial events underlying AD, including in interaction with genetic factors. Inflammatory cytokines are potential inducers of aberrant gene expression through transcription factors. Susceptibility disorders for AD, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome have been linked to increases in the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-18, which also regulates multiple AD related proteins. The association of IL-18 with AD and AD-linked medical conditions are reviewed in the article. Such data indicates that an active lifestyle, coupled to a healthy diet can ameliorate inflammation and reduce the risk of sporadic AD.
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253
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Qin NB, Li SG, Yang XY, Gong C, Zhang XY, Wang J, Li DH, Guo YQ, Li ZL, Hua HM. Bioactive terpenoids from Silybum marianum and their suppression on NO release in LPS-induced BV-2 cells and interaction with iNOS. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2161-2165. [PMID: 28377060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new (1-3) and one known (4) bioactive terpenoids were isolated from the seeds of Silybum marianum based on the investigation to get new NO inhibitors. Their structures were determined by extensive NMR (1D and 2D NMR) and MS spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations were identified by experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The NO inhibitory activities in murine microglial BV-2 cells and interactions with iNOS protein by molecular docking were evaluated for all compounds. The results showed that these compounds had potent NO inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Bo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ge Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Da-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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254
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Angiotensin IV Receptors Mediate the Cognitive and Cerebrovascular Benefits of Losartan in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5562-5573. [PMID: 28476949 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0329-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) correlates with reduced onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism depicting how ARBs such as losartan restore cerebrovascular and cognitive deficits in AD is unknown. Here, we propose a mechanism underlying losartan's benefits by selectively blocking the effects of angiotensin IV (AngIV) at its receptor (AT4R) with divalinal in mice overexpressing the AD-related Swedish and Indiana mutations of the human amyloid precursor protein (APP mice) and WT mice. Young (3-month-old) mice were treated with losartan (∼10 mg/kg/d, 4 months), followed by intracerebroventricular administration of vehicle or divalinal in the final month of treatment. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using Morris water mazes at 3 and 4 months of losartan treatment. Cerebrovascular reactivity and whisker-evoked neurovascular coupling responses were measured at end point (∼7 months of age), together with biomarkers related to neuronal and vascular oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase-2), neuroinflammation (astroglial and microglial activation), neurogenesis (BrdU-labeled newborn cells), and amyloidosis [soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) species and Aβ plaque load]. Divalinal countered losartan's capacity to rescue spatial learning and memory and blocked losartan's benefits on dilatory function and baseline nitric oxide bioavailability. Divalinal reverted losartan's anti-inflammatory effects, but failed to modify losartan-mediated reductions in oxidative stress. Neither losartan nor divalinal affected arterial blood pressure or significantly altered the amyloid pathology in APP mice. Our findings identify activation of the AngIV/AT4R cascade as the underlying mechanism in losartan's benefits and a target that could restore Aβ-related cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Antihypertensive medications that target the renin angiotensin system, such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have been associated with lower incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cohort studies. However, the manner by which ARBs mediate their beneficial effects is unknown. Here, the angiotensin IV receptor (AT4R) was identified as mediating the cognitive and cerebrovascular rescue of losartan, a commonly prescribed ARB, in a mouse model of AD. The AT4R was further implicated in mediating anti-inflammatory benefits. AT4R-mediated effects were independent from changes in blood pressure, amyloidosis, and oxidative stress. Overall, our results implicate the angiotensin IV/AT4R cascade as a promising candidate for AD intervention.
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255
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Huang C, Dong D, Jiao Q, Pan H, Ma L, Wang R. Sarsasapogenin-AA13 ameliorates Aβ-induced cognitive deficits via improving neuroglial capacity on Aβ clearance and antiinflammation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:498-509. [PMID: 28466999 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sarsasapogenin has been reported to improve dementia symptoms somehow, probably through modulating the function of cholinergic system, suppressing neurofibrillary tangles, and inhibiting inflammation. However, the role of sarsasapogenin in response to beta-amyloid (Aβ) remains to be delineated. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of sarsasapogenin-13 (AA13, a sarsasapogenin derivative) on learning and memory impairments in Aβ-injected mice, as well as the role of AA13 in neuroglia-mediated antiinflammation and Aβ clearance. METHODS Focusing on the role of AA13 in regulating glial responses to Aβ, we conducted behavioral, morphological, and protein expression studies to explore the effects of AA13 on Aβ clearance and inflammatory regulation. RESULTS The results indicated that oral administration of AA13 attenuated the memory deficits of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Aβ-injected mice; also, AA13 protected neuroglial cells against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. The further mechanical studies demonstrated that AA13 reversed the upregulation of proinflammatory M1 markers and increased the expression of antiinflammatory M2 markers in Aβ-treated cells. Furthermore, AA13 facilitated Aβ clearance through promoting Aβ phagocytosis and degradation. AA13 modulated the expression of fatty acid translocase (CD36), insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), neprilysin (NEP), and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) in neuroglia. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that the neuroprotective effect of AA13 might relate to its modulatory effects on microglia activation state, phagocytic ability, and expression of Aβ-degrading enzymes, which makes it a promising therapeutic agent in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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256
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Bao W, Jia H, Finnema S, Cai Z, Carson RE, Huang YH. PET Imaging for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathologic to Physiologic Biomarkers. PET Clin 2017; 12:329-350. [PMID: 28576171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the application of various PET imaging agents in the investigation and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including radiotracers for pathologic biomarkers of AD such as β-amyloid deposits and tau protein aggregates, and the neuroinflammation biomarker 18 kDa translocator protein, as well as physiologic biomarkers, such as cholinergic receptors, glucose metabolism, and the synaptic density biomarker synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A. Potential of these biomarkers for early AD diagnosis is also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Bao
- PET Center, Huanshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 518, East Wuzhong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hongmei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 10075, China
| | - Sjoerd Finnema
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520-8048, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520-8048, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520-8048, USA
| | - Yiyun Henry Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT 06520-8048, USA.
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257
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Dupont AC, Largeau B, Santiago Ribeiro MJ, Guilloteau D, Tronel C, Arlicot N. Translocator Protein-18 kDa (TSPO) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging and Its Clinical Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040785. [PMID: 28387722 PMCID: PMC5412369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo exploration of activated microglia in neurodegenerative diseases is achievable by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, using dedicated radiopharmaceuticals targeting the translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO). In this review, we emphasized the major advances made over the last 20 years, thanks to TSPO PET imaging, to define the pathophysiological implication of microglia activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and also in psychiatric disorders. The extent and upregulation of TSPO as a molecular biomarker of activated microglia in the human brain is now widely documented in these pathologies, but its significance, and especially its protective or deleterious action regarding the disease’s stage, remains under debate. Thus, we exposed new and plausible suggestions to enhance the contribution of TSPO PET imaging for biomedical research by exploring microglia’s role and interactions with other cells in brain parenchyma. Multiplex approaches, associating TSPO PET radiopharmaceuticals with other biomarkers (PET imaging of cellular metabolism, neurotransmission or abnormal protein aggregates, but also other imaging modalities, and peripheral cytokine levels measurement and/or metabolomics analysis) was considered. Finally, the actual clinical impact of TSPO PET imaging as a routine biomarker of neuroinflammation was put into perspective regarding the current development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dupont
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | | | - Maria Joao Santiago Ribeiro
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Denis Guilloteau
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Claire Tronel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- CHRU Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U930, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France.
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258
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Bagyinszky E, Giau VV, Shim K, Suk K, An SSA, Kim S. Role of inflammatory molecules in the Alzheimer's disease progression and diagnosis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 376:242-254. [PMID: 28431620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder and the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia. Several genetic, environmental, and physiological factors, including inflammations and metabolic influences, are involved in the progression of AD. Inflammations are composed of complicated networks of many chemokines and cytokines with diverse cells. Inflammatory molecules are needed for the protection against pathogens, and maintaining their balances is important for normal physiological function. Recent studies demonstrated that inflammation may be involved in neurodegenerative dementia. Cellular immune components, such as microglia or astrocytes, mediate the release of inflammatory molecules, including tumor necrosis factor, growth factors, adhesion molecules, or chemokines. Over- and underexpression of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, respectively, may result in neuroinflammation and thus disease initiation and progression. In addition, levels of several inflammatory factors were reported to be altered in the brain or bodily fluids of patients with AD, reflecting their neuropathological changes. Therefore, simultaneous detection of several inflammatory molecules in the early or pre-symptomatic stage may improve the early diagnosis of AD. Further studies are needed to determine, how induction or inhibition of inflammatory factors could be used for AD therapies. This review summarizes the role or possible role of immune cells and inflammatory molecules in disease progression or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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259
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Yao Z, Yang W, Gao Z, Jia P. Nicotinamide mononucleotide inhibits JNK activation to reverse Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 2017; 647:133-140. [PMID: 28330719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers have been accepted as major neurotoxic agents in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been shown that the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is related with the decline of Aβ toxicity in AD. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the important precursor of NAD+, is produced during the reaction of nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (Nampt). This study aimed to figure out the potential therapeutic effects of NMN and its underlying mechanisms in APPswe/PS1dE9 (AD-Tg) mice. We found that NMN gave rise to a substantial improvement in behavioral measures of cognitive impairments compared to control AD-Tg mice. In addition, NMN treatment significantly decreased β-amyloid production, amyloid plaque burden, synaptic loss, and inflammatory responses in transgenic animals. Mechanistically, NMN effectively controlled JNK activation. Furthermore, NMN potently progressed nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) and suppressed amyloidogenic APP by mediating the expression of APP cleavage secretase in AD-Tg mice. Based on our findings, it was suggested that NMN substantially decreases multiple AD-associated pathological characteristically at least partially by the inhibition of JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Yao
- Department of Neurology, YangPu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Department of Neurology, YangPu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China.
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260
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Astrocytic LRP1 Mediates Brain Aβ Clearance and Impacts Amyloid Deposition. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4023-4031. [PMID: 28275161 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3442-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain represent an early and perhaps necessary step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ accumulation leads to the formation of Aβ aggregates, which may directly and indirectly lead to eventual neurodegeneration. While Aβ production is accelerated in many familial forms of early-onset AD, increasing evidence indicates that impaired clearance of Aβ is more evident in late-onset AD. To uncover the mechanisms underlying impaired Aβ clearance in AD, we examined the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in astrocytes. Although LRP1 has been shown to play critical roles in brain Aβ metabolism in neurons and vascular mural cells, its role in astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the brain responsible for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, remains unclear. Here, we show that astrocytic LRP1 plays a critical role in brain Aβ clearance. LRP1 knockdown in primary astrocytes resulted in decreased cellular Aβ uptake and degradation. In addition, silencing of LRP1 in astrocytes led to downregulation of several major Aβ-degrading enzymes, including matrix metalloproteases MMP2, MMP9, and insulin-degrading enzyme. More important, conditional knock-out of the Lrp1 gene in astrocytes in the background of APP/PS1 mice impaired brain Aβ clearance, exacerbated Aβ accumulation, and accelerated amyloid plaque deposition without affecting its production. Together, our results demonstrate that astrocytic LRP1 plays an important role in Aβ metabolism and that restoring LRP1 expression and function in the brain could be an effective strategy to facilitate Aβ clearance and counter amyloid pathology in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Astrocytes represent a major cell type regulating brain homeostasis; however, their roles in brain clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) and underlying mechanism are not clear. In this study, we used both cellular models and conditional knock-out mouse models to address the role of a critical Aβ receptor, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in astrocytes. We found that LRP1 in astrocytes plays a critical role in brain Aβ clearance by modulating several Aβ-degrading enzymes and cellular degradation pathways. Our results establish a critical role of astrocytic LRP1 in brain Aβ clearance and shed light on specific Aβ clearance pathways that may help to establish new targets for AD prevention and therapy.
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261
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Hanak BW, Bonow RH, Harris CA, Browd SR. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting Complications in Children. Pediatr Neurosurg 2017; 52:381-400. [PMID: 28249297 PMCID: PMC5915307 DOI: 10.1159/000452840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt placement is the most common procedure performed by pediatric neurosurgeons, shunts remain among the most failure-prone life-sustaining medical devices implanted in modern medical practice. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms of CSF shunt failure for the 3 most commonly employed definitive CSF shunts in the practice of pediatric neurosurgery: ventriculoperitoneal, ventriculopleural, and ventriculoatrial. The text has been partitioned into the broad modes of shunt failure: obstruction, infection, mechanical shunt failure, overdrainage, and distal catheter site-specific failures. Clinical management strategies for the various modes of shunt failure are discussed as are research efforts directed towards reducing shunt complication rates. As it is unlikely that CSF shunting will become an obsolete procedure in the foreseeable future, it is incumbent on the pediatric neurosurgery community to maintain focused efforts to improve our understanding of and management strategies for shunt failure and shunt-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Hanak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert H. Bonow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Carolyn A. Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Samuel R. Browd
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
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262
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Beta-amyloid sequelae in the eye: a critical review on its diagnostic significance and clinical relevance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:353-363. [PMID: 28093567 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. There is no test for its definitive diagnosis in routine clinical practice. Although phase III clinical trials have failed, only symptomatic treatment is currently available; a possible reason for these failed trials is that intervention commenced at an advanced stage of the disease. The hallmarks of an AD brain include plaques comprising of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) protein aggregates and intracellular hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tangles of tau. Research into the preclinical diagnosis of AD has provided considerable evidence regarding early neuropathological changes using brain Aβ imaging and the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, Aβ and tau. Both these approaches have limitations that are expensive, invasive or time consuming and thus preclude them from screening at-risk population. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of Aβ plaques in the eyes of AD subjects, which is positively associated with their brain Aβ burden. Thus ocular biomarkers point to a potential avenue for an earlier, relatively low-cost diagnosis in order for therapeutic interventions to be effective. Here we review the literature that spans the investigation for the presence of Aβ in aging eyes and the significance of its deposition in relation to AD pathology. We discuss clinical studies investigating in vivo imaging of Aβ in the eye and its association with brain Aβ burden and therapies that target ocular Aβ. Finally, we focus on the need to characterize AD-specific retinal Aβ to differentiate Aβ found in some eye diseases. Based on the current evidence, we conclude that integration of ocular biomarkers that can correctly predict brain Aβ burden would have an important role as a non-invasive, yet economical surrogate marker in the diagnostic process of AD.
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263
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Goetzl EJ, Miller BL. Multicellular hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2017; 31:1792-1795. [PMID: 28100644 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive abnormal interactions among microglia, astrocytes, and neurons of the CNS have been observed in proteinopathic neurodegenerative dementias of the elderly. These multicellular interactions are initiated by insoluble tangles of phosphorylated tau protein and plaques of amyloid peptides. Most research has focused on these neurotoxic proteins, but much less is known about the pathogenic roles of the responding resident and recruited neural cells. Principal interactions among the major 3 sets of CNS cells are herein considered at several levels in relation to cellular phenotypic alterations, mechanisms of cellular communication, and extent of involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related proteinopathic dementias. It remains to be determined which of these abnormal neurocellular phenomena are primary events and sufficiently contributory to neurodegeneration to be useful targets for therapy of senile dementias.-Goetzl, E. J., Miller, B. L. Multicellular hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; .,Jewish Home of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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264
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Bevan-Jones WR, Surendranathan A, Passamonti L, Vázquez Rodríguez P, Arnold R, Mak E, Su L, Coles JP, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Williams G, Aigbirhio F, Rowe JB, O'Brien JT. Neuroimaging of Inflammation in Memory and Related Other Disorders (NIMROD) study protocol: a deep phenotyping cohort study of the role of brain inflammation in dementia, depression and other neurological illnesses. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013187. [PMID: 28064175 PMCID: PMC5223666 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation of the central nervous system is increasingly regarded as having a role in cognitive disorders such as dementia and depression, but it is not clear how such inflammation relates to other aspects of neuropathology, structural and functional changes in the brain and symptoms (as assessed via clinical and neuropsychological assessment and MRI). This study will explore these pathophysiological mechanisms using positron emission tomography (PET) which allows in vivo imaging of inflammation, amyloid and τ deposition, together with neuropsychological profiling, MRI and peripheral biomarker analysis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Using PET imaging of the ligand [11C]PK11195, we will test for increased neuroinflammation in vivo in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, late-onset depression and mild cognitive impairment, when compared to healthy controls. We will assess whether areas of inflammatory change are associated with amyloid and τ deposition (assessed using 11C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PiB) and 18F-labelled AV-1451, respectively), as well as structural and connectivity markers found on MRI. Inflammatory biomarker analysis and immune-phenotyping of peripheral blood monocytes will determine the correlation between central inflammation and peripheral inflammation. Finally, we will examine whether central inflammatory markers seen on PET imaging are associated with global and domain specific cognitive impairments or predict cognitive decline over 12 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, East of England-Cambridge Central Research Ethics Committee (reference: 13/EE/0104). The study is also Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC) approved as part of this process. Data will be disseminated by presentation at national and international conferences and by publication, predominantly in journals of clinical neuroscience, neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Robert Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan P Coles
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy Williams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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265
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Sochocka M, Zwolińska K, Leszek J. The Infectious Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:996-1009. [PMID: 28294067 PMCID: PMC5652018 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170313122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a part of the first line of defense of the body against invasive pathogens, and plays a crucial role in tissue regeneration and repair. A proper inflammatory response ensures the suitable resolution of inflammation and elimination of harmful stimuli, but when the inflammatory reactions are inappropriate it can lead to damage of the surrounding normal cells. The relationship between infections and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) etiology, especially lateonset AD (LOAD) has been continuously debated over the past three decades. METHODS This review discusses whether infections could be a causative factor that promotes the progression of AD and summarizes recent investigations associating infectious agents and chronic inflammation with AD. Preventive and therapeutic approaches to AD in the context of an infectious etiology of the disease are also discussed. RESULTS Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis of the role of neurotropic viruses from the Herpesviridae family, especially Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2), in AD neuropathology. Recent investigations also indicate the association between Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and dementia. Among bacteria special attention is focused on spirochetes family and on periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis or Treponema denticola that could cause chronic periodontitis and possibly contribute to the clinical onset of AD. CONCLUSION Chronic viral, bacterial and fungal infections might be causative factors for the inflammatory pathway in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sochocka
- Laboratory of Virology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zwolińska
- Laboratory of Virology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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266
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Domingues C, Cruz e Silva OA, Henriques AG. Impact of Cytokines and Chemokines on Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathological Hallmarks. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 14:870-882. [PMID: 28317487 PMCID: PMC5543563 DOI: 10.2174/1567205014666170317113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, neuropathologically characterized by aggregates of β-amyloid peptides, which deposit as senile plaques, and of TAU protein, which forms neurofibrillary tangles. It is now widely accepted that neuroinflammation is implicated in AD pathogenesis. METHOD Indeed, inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) can impact on the Alzheimer´s amyloid precursor protein by affecting its expression levels and amyloidogenic processing and/or β -amyloid aggregation. Additionally, cytokines and chemokines can influence kinases' activities, leading to abnormal TAU phosphorylation. To date there is no cure for AD, but several therapeutic strategies have been directed to prevent neuroinflammation. Anti-inflammatory, but also anti-amyloidogenic compounds, such as flavonoids were shown to favourably modulate some pathological events associated with neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the role of cytokines and chemokines in AD-associated pathologies, and summarizes the potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing or slowing down disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Domingues
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A.B. Cruz e Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193Aveiro, Portugal
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267
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Nitric Oxide: Exploring the Contextual Link with Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7205747. [PMID: 28096943 PMCID: PMC5209623 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7205747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal inflammation is a systematically organized physiological step often triggered to counteract an invading pathogen or to rid the body of damaged and/or dead cellular debris. At the crux of this inflammatory response is the deployment of nonneuronal cells: microglia, astrocytes, and blood-derived macrophages. Glial cells secrete a host of bioactive molecules, which include proinflammatory factors and nitric oxide (NO). From immunomodulation to neuromodulation, NO is a renowned modulator of vast physiological systems. It essentially mediates these physiological effects by interacting with cyclic GMP (cGMP) leading to the regulation of intracellular calcium ions. NO regulates the release of proinflammatory molecules, interacts with ROS leading to the formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and targets vital organelles such as mitochondria, ultimately causing cellular death, a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. AD is an enervating neurodegenerative disorder with an obscure etiology. Because of accumulating experimental data continually highlighting the role of NO in neuroinflammation and AD progression, we explore the most recent data to highlight in detail newly investigated molecular mechanisms in which NO becomes relevant in neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress-associated neurodegeneration in the CNS as well as lay down up-to-date knowledge regarding therapeutic approaches targeting NO.
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268
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Sochocka M, Diniz BS, Leszek J. Inflammatory Response in the CNS: Friend or Foe? Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8071-8089. [PMID: 27889895 PMCID: PMC5684251 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions could be both beneficial and detrimental to the brain, depending on strengths of their activation in various stages of neurodegeneration. Mild activation of microglia and astrocytes usually reveals neuroprotective effects and ameliorates early symptoms of neurodegeneration; for instance, released cytokines help maintain synaptic plasticity and modulate neuronal excitability, and stimulated toll-like receptors (TLRs) promote neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth. However, strong activation of glial cells gives rise to cytokine overexpression/dysregulation, which accelerates neurodegeneration. Altered mutual regulation of p53 protein, a major tumor suppressor, and NF-κB, the major regulator of inflammation, seems to be crucial for the shift from beneficial to detrimental effects of neuroinflammatory reactions in neurodegeneration. Therapeutic intervention in the p53-NF-κB axis and modulation of TLR activity are future challenges to cope with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sochocka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Breno Satler Diniz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and The Consortium on Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 10, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland.
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269
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Zhu C, Xu B, Sun X, Zhu Q, Sui Y. Targeting CCR3 to Reduce Amyloid-β Production, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, and Synaptic Loss in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7964-7978. [PMID: 27878757 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have a late onset, and chronic neuroinflammation, characterized by glial activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD. The chemokine CCL11 has been shown to be a causative factor of cognitive decline in the process of aging, but little is known whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, we showed that CCR3, the receptor for CCL11, was expressed by hippocampal neurons and treatment of primary hippocampal neuronal cultures (14 days in vitro) with CCL11 resulted in activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, associated with elevated tau phosphorylation at multiple sites. CCL11 treatment also induced the production of Aβ and dendritic spine loss in the hippocampal neuronal cultures. All these effects were blocked by the CCR3 specific antagonist, GW766994. An age-dependent increase in CCL11, predominantly expressed by the activated microglia, was observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of both APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) littermates, with a markedly higher level in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice than that in WT littermates. Deletion of CCR3 in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice significantly reduced the phosphorylation of CDK5 and GSK3β, tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, microgliosis, astrogliosis, synaptic loss, and spatial learning and memory deficits. Thus, the age-related increase in CCL11 may be a risk factor of AD, and antagonizing CCR3 may bring therapeutic benefits to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Seventh People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Shenyang Brain Hospital, Shenyang Brain Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiwen Zhu
- Key laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Shenyang Brain Hospital, Shenyang Brain Institute, Shenyang, China. .,Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. .,Key laboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
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270
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Hao W, Friedman A. Mathematical model on Alzheimer's disease. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:108. [PMID: 27863488 PMCID: PMC5116206 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys memory and cognitive skills. AD is characterized by the presence of two types of neuropathological hallmarks: extracellular plaques consisting of amyloid β-peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The disease affects 5 million people in the United States and 44 million world-wide. Currently there is no drug that can cure, stop or even slow the progression of the disease. If no cure is found, by 2050 the number of alzheimer’s patients in the U.S. will reach 15 million and the cost of caring for them will exceed $ 1 trillion annually. Results The present paper develops a mathematical model of AD that includes neurons, astrocytes, microglias and peripheral macrophages, as well as amyloid β aggregation and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The model is represented by a system of partial differential equations. The model is used to simulate the effect of drugs that either failed in clinical trials, or are currently in clinical trials. Conclusions Based on these simulations it is suggested that combined therapy with TNF- α inhibitor and anti amyloid β could yield significant efficacy in slowing the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, The Penn State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute & Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
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271
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Lim HS, Kim OS, Kim BY, Jeong SJ. Apigetrin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Inhibits Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia and Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in HT22 Hippocampal Cells. J Med Food 2016; 19:1032-1040. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ohn-Soon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bu-Yeo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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272
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Leite MR, Cechella JL, Pinton S, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. A diphenyl diselenide-supplemented diet and swimming exercise promote neuroprotection, reduced cell apoptosis and glial cell activation in the hypothalamus of old rats. Exp Gerontol 2016; 82:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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273
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Vitamin D2 suppresses amyloid-β 25-35 induced microglial activation in BV2 cells by blocking the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Life Sci 2016; 161:37-44. [PMID: 27477351 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Present emerging world is emphasizing the implication of vitamin D deficiency associated with development of inflammation and neurodegenerative disorder like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The chief neuropathological hallmark of AD is aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides surrounding microglial cells in human brain. Microglial activation plays a key role in inflammatory response and neuronal injury. Naturally abundant vitamin D2 (VD2) exhibiting anti-inflammatory activities are yet to explore more. This study has investigated the inhibitory effect of VD2 on inflammatory activities of BV2 microglial cells. MAIN METHODS Cellular compatibility of VD2 and Aβ25-35 protein in treated BV2 microglial cells were measured by CCK-8 assay. Induction of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB signaling cascade were measured by western blotting, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. In addition, generation of ROS was detected by fluorescence intensity. KEY FINDINGS Morphological observations showed that Aβ25-35 induced BV2 cells stimulation noticeably got reduced in VD2 pre-treated group at 24h time period. Anti-inflammatory activities of VD2 was observed demonstrating the inhibition of up-regulated iNOS and COX-2 protein expression further confirmed by attenuating the activated microglia released pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α and ROS, while blocking the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in nucleus by preventing IκB-α degradation and phosphorylation in cytosol. SIGNIFICANCE The present study revealed that VD2 blocked the phosphorylation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in Aβ25-35 induced activated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing ROS generation and inflammatory cytokines. Our finding suggests that vitamin D2 has therapeutic potential against inflammation and Alzheimer's disease.
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274
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Santos LE, Beckman D, Ferreira ST. Microglial dysfunction connects depression and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:151-165. [PMID: 26612494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions with intriguing epidemiological overlaps. Depressed patients are at increased risk of developing late-onset AD, and around one in four AD patients are co-diagnosed with MDD. Microglia are the main cellular effectors of innate immunity in the brain, and their activation is central to neuroinflammation - a ubiquitous process in brain pathology, thought to be a causal factor of both AD and MDD. Microglia serve several physiological functions, including roles in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, which may be disrupted in neuroinflammation. Following early work on the 'sickness behavior' of humans and other animals, microglia-derived inflammatory cytokines have been shown to produce depressive-like symptoms when administered exogenously or released in response to infection. MDD patients consistently show increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory drugs show promise for treating depression. Activated microglia are abundant in the AD brain, and concentrate around senile plaques, hallmark lesions composed of aggregated amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). The Aβ burden in affected brains is regulated largely by microglial clearance, and the complex activation state of microglia may be crucial for AD progression. Intriguingly, recent reports have linked soluble Aβ oligomers, toxins that accumulate in AD brains and are thought to cause memory impairment, to increased brain cytokine production and depressive-like behavior in mice. Here, we review recent findings supporting the inflammatory hypotheses of AD and MDD, focusing on microglia as a common player and therapeutic target linking these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Eduardo Santos
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Danielle Beckman
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil.
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275
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Kalra J, Kumar P, Majeed ABA, Prakash A. Modulation of LOX and COX pathways via inhibition of amyloidogenesis contributes to mitoprotection against β-amyloid oligomer-induced toxicity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 146-147:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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276
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Feng Y, Xue H, Zhu J, Yang L, Zhang F, Qian R, Lin W, Wang Y. ESE1 is Associated with Neuronal Apoptosis in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Neuroinflammation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2752-2762. [PMID: 27350582 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis induced by the over-activation of microglia during neuroinflammation contributes to the pathology of central nervous system (CNS) degenerative diseases. ESE1 regulates apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis via accelerating NF-κB activation. NF-κB activation participates in neuronal apoptosis. However, the expression and functions of ESE1 in neuronal apoptosis during CNS inflammatory response remain unclear. In present study, ESE1 expression significantly increased in cerebral cortex after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intracerebroventricular injection. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that ESE1 was located in neurons. Furthermore, there was a concomitant up-regulation of apoptotic markers including active caspase-3, BAX and decreased expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2. In vitro, ESE1 depletion in cortical primary neurons inhibited active caspase-3 and BAX expression as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release with up-regulation of Bcl-2, while ESE1 overexpression can exert opposite effects, indicating that ESE1 promoted neuronal apoptosis induced by LPS or LPS exposed microglia conditioned media (CM). ESE1 accelerated NF-κB activation in neurons with CM treatment. Collectively, all these data suggested that ESE1 might boost neuronal apoptosis during neuroinflammation via up-regulating NF-κB activation. These findings have implications on the potential target of ESE1 in CNS inflammation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Army's Traumatic Brain Injury Center, No.101 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huaqing Xue
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Army's Traumatic Brain Injury Center, No.101 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Likun Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Army's Traumatic Brain Injury Center, No.101 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Army's Traumatic Brain Injury Center, No.101 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rong Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Army's Traumatic Brain Injury Center, No.101 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Army's Traumatic Brain Injury Center, No.101 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Wuxi, 214044, Jiangsu Province, China.
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277
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Yuan TF, Gu S, Shan C, Marchado S, Arias-Carrión O. Oxidative Stress and Adult Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:706-9. [PMID: 26100529 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence that adult neurogenesis is critical for brain function. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) is accumulated during adult neurogenesis as a physiological mechanism; while ROS overload impairs adult neurogenesis during ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here we propose that targeting oxidative stress provides a novel way to regulate adult neurogenesis and manage different brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China,
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278
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Abstract
Despite the significant public health issue that it poses, only five medical treatments have been approved for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and these act to control symptoms rather than alter the course of the disease. Studies of potential disease-modifying therapy have generally been undertaken in patients with clinically detectable disease, yet evidence suggests that the pathological changes associated with AD begin several years before this. It is possible that pharmacological therapy may be beneficial in this pre-clinical stage before the neurodegenerative process is established. Techniques providing earlier diagnosis, such as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and amyloid positron emission tomography neuroimaging, are key to testing this theory in clinical trials. Recent results from trials of agents such as aducanumab are encouraging but must also be interpreted with caution. Such medicines could potentially delay the onset of dementia and would therefore markedly reduce its prevalence. However, we currently remain a good distance away from clinically available disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Briggs
- Centre for Ageing, Neuroscience and the Humanities, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean P Kennelly
- Centre for Ageing, Neuroscience and the Humanities, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond O'Neill
- Centre for Ageing, Neuroscience and the Humanities, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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279
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Unzeta M, Esteban G, Bolea I, Fogel WA, Ramsay RR, Youdim MBH, Tipton KF, Marco-Contelles J. Multi-Target Directed Donepezil-Like Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:205. [PMID: 27252617 PMCID: PMC4879129 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS ASS234 is a MTDL compound containing a moiety from Donepezil and the propargyl group from the PF 9601N, a potent and selective MAO B inhibitor. This compound is the most advanced anti-Alzheimer agent for preclinical studies identified in our laboratory.Derived from ASS234 both multipotent donepezil-indolyl (MTDL-1) and donepezil-pyridyl hybrids (MTDL-2) were designed and evaluated as inhibitors of AChE/BuChE and both MAO isoforms. MTDL-2 showed more high affinity toward the four enzymes than MTDL-1.MTDL-3 and MTDL-4, were designed containing the N-benzylpiperidinium moiety from Donepezil, a metal- chelating 8-hydroxyquinoline group and linked to a N-propargyl core and they were pharmacologically evaluated.The presence of the cyano group in MTDL-3, enhanced binding to AChE, BuChE and MAO A. It showed antioxidant behavior and it was able to strongly complex Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III).MTDL-4 showed higher affinity toward AChE, BuChE.MTDL-3 exhibited good brain penetration capacity (ADMET) and less toxicity than Donepezil. Memory deficits in scopolamine-lesioned animals were restored by MTDL-3.MTDL-3 particularly emerged as a ligand showing remarkable potential benefits for its use in AD therapy. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of adult onset dementia, is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss, decline in language skills, and other cognitive impairments. Although its etiology is not completely known, several factors including deficits of acetylcholine, β-amyloid deposits, τ-protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are considered to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of this disease. For a long time, AD patients have been treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil (Aricept®) but with limited therapeutic success. This might be due to the complex multifactorial nature of AD, a fact that has prompted the design of new Multi-Target-Directed Ligands (MTDL) based on the "one molecule, multiple targets" paradigm. Thus, in this context, different series of novel multifunctional molecules with antioxidant, anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and metal-chelating properties able to interact with multiple enzymes of therapeutic interest in AD pathology including acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and monoamine oxidases A and B have been designed and assessed biologically. This review describes the multiple targets, the design rationale and an in-house MTDL library, bearing the N-benzylpiperidine motif present in donepezil, linked to different heterocyclic ring systems (indole, pyridine, or 8-hydroxyquinoline) with special emphasis on compound ASS234, an N-propargylindole derivative. The description of the in vitro biological properties of the compounds and discussion of the corresponding structure-activity-relationships allows us to highlight new issues for the identification of more efficient MTDL for use in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Esteban
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Wieslawa A. Fogel
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
| | - Rona R. Ramsay
- Biomolecular Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsSt. Andrews, UK
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and National Parkinson Foundation Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases ResearchHaifa, Israel
| | - Keith F. Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry, Spanish National Research CouncilMadrid, Spain
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280
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Ferreira N, Gonçalves NP, Saraiva MJ, Almeida MR. Curcumin: A multi-target disease-modifying agent for late-stage transthyretin amyloidosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26623. [PMID: 27197872 PMCID: PMC4873750 DOI: 10.1038/srep26623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin amyloidoses encompass a variety of acquired and hereditary diseases triggered by systemic extracellular accumulation of toxic transthyretin aggregates and fibrils, particularly in the peripheral nervous system. Since transthyretin amyloidoses are typically complex progressive disorders, therapeutic approaches aiming multiple molecular targets simultaneously, might improve therapy efficacy and treatment outcome. In this study, we evaluate the protective effect of physiologically achievable doses of curcumin on the cytotoxicity induced by transthyretin oligomers in vitro by showing reduction of caspase-3 activity and the levels of endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein. When given to an aged Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy mouse model, curcumin not only reduced transthyretin aggregates deposition and toxicity in both gastrointestinal tract and dorsal root ganglia but also remodeled congophilic amyloid material in tissues. In addition, curcumin enhanced internalization, intracellular transport and degradation of transthyretin oligomers by primary macrophages from aged Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy transgenic mice, suggesting an impaired activation of naïve phagocytic cells exposed to transthyretin toxic intermediate species. Overall, our results clearly support curcumin or optimized derivatives as promising multi-target disease-modifying agent for late-stage transthyretin amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ferreira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nádia P Gonçalves
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050 - 313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050 - 313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria R Almeida
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200 - 135 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050 - 313 Porto, Portugal
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281
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Calsolaro V, Edison P. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Current evidence and future directions. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:719-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit; Imperial College London; UK
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282
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Role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channels in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:92. [PMID: 27121378 PMCID: PMC4847235 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel plays an important role in pain and inflammation. However, little is known about the significance of the TRPA1 channel in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Wild-type (WT), TRPA1−/−, amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) mice, the mouse model of AD, and APP/PS1 Tg/TRPA1−/− mice were used to examine the role of TRPA1 in pathogenesis of AD. Western blot was used for protein expression; immunohistochemistry was used for histological examination. The mouse behaviors were evaluated by locomotion, nesting building, Y-maze and Morris water maze tests; levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 and the activities of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B), NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) were measured by conventional assay kits; Fluo-8 NW calcium (Ca2+) assay kit was used for the measurement of intracellular Ca2+ level in primary astrocytes and HEK293 cells. Results The protein expression of TRPA1 channels was higher in brains, mainly astrocytes of the hippocampus, from APP/PS1 Tg mice than WT mice. Ablation of TRPA1-channel function in APP/PS1 Tg mice alleviated behavioral dysfunction, Aβ plaque deposition and pro-inflammatory cytokine production but increased astrogliosis in brain lesions. TRPA1 channels were activated and Ca2+ influx was elicited in both astrocytes and TRPA1-transfected HEK293 cells treated with fibrilized Aβ1–42; these were abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1 channel activity, disruption of TRPA1 channel function or removal of extracellular Ca2+. Inhibition of TRPA1 channel activity exacerbated Aβ1–42–induced astrogliosis but inhibited Aβ1–42–increased PP2B activation, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activities of transcriptional factors NF-κB and NFAT in astrocytes and in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Pharmacological inhibition of PP2B activity diminished the fibrilized Aβ1–42–induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of NF-κB and NFAT and astrogliosis in astrocytes. Conclusions TRPA1 − Ca2+ − PP2B signaling may play a crucial role in regulating astrocyte-derived inflammation and pathogenesis of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0557-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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283
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Femminella GD, Ninan S, Atkinson R, Fan Z, Brooks DJ, Edison P. Does Microglial Activation Influence Hippocampal Volume and Neuronal Function in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1275-89. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhen Fan
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Brooks
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Paul Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
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284
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Herbert J, Lucassen PJ. Depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: Genes, steroids, cytokines and neurogenesis - What do we need to know? Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:153-71. [PMID: 26746105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Depression (MDD) is prodromal to, and a component of, Alzheimer's disease (AD): it may also be a trigger for incipient AD. MDD is not a unitary disorder, so there may be particular subtypes of early life MDD that pose independent high risks for later AD, though the identification of these subtypes is problematical. There may either be a common pathological event underlying both MDD and AD, or MDD may sensitize the brain to a second event ('hit') that precipitates AD. MDD may also accelerate brain ageing, including altered DNA methylation, increased cortisol but decreasing DHEA and thus the risk for AD. So far, genes predicting AD (e.g. APOEε4) are not risk factors for MDD, and those implicated in MDD (e.g. SLC6A4) are not risks for AD, so a common genetic predisposition looks unlikely. There is as yet no strong indication that an epigenetic event occurs during some forms of MDD that predisposes to later AD, though the evidence is limited. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are disturbed in some cases of MDD and in AD. GCs have marked degenerative actions on the hippocampus, a site of early β-amyloid deposition, and rare genetic variants of GC-regulating enzymes (e.g. 11β-HSD) predispose to AD. GCs also inhibit hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity, and thus episodic memory, a core symptom of AD. Disordered GCs in MDD may inhibit neurogenesis, but the contribution of diminished neurogenesis to the onset or progression of AD is still debated. GCs and cytokines also reduce BDNF, implicated in both MDD and AD and hippocampal neurogenesis, reinforcing the notion that those cases of MDD with disordered GCs may be a risk for AD. Cytokines, including IL1β, IL6 and TNFα, are increased in the blood in some cases of MDD. They also reduce hippocampal neurogenesis, and increased cytokines are a known risk for later AD. Inflammatory changes occur in both MDD and AD (e.g. raised CRP, TNFα). Both cytokines and GCs can have pro-inflammatory actions in the brain. Inflammation (e.g. microglial activation) may be a common link, but this has not been systematically investigated. We lack substantial, rigorous and comprehensive follow-up studies to better identify possible subtypes of MDD that may represent a major predictor for later AD. This would enable specific interventions during critical episodes of these subtypes of MDD that should reduce this substantial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Herbert
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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285
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Bourgade K, Le Page A, Bocti C, Witkowski JM, Dupuis G, Frost EH, Fülöp T. Protective Effect of Amyloid-β Peptides Against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection in a Neuronal Cell Culture Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:1227-41. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bourgade
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Le Page
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Gilles Dupuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H. Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamás Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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286
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Park JC, Ma J, Jeon WK, Han JS. Fructus mume extracts alleviate cognitive impairments in 5XFAD transgenic mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:54. [PMID: 26852239 PMCID: PMC4744392 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Fructus mume (F. mume) has been used as a traditional treatment for ulcer, cough, and digestive problems for many years in Asian countries. Previous studies have demonstrated that F. mume extracts alleviate cognitive deficits in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and in mice with scopolamine treatments. The present experiment was conducted to examine the effects of F. mume on cognitive impairments in 5XFAD transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mutations. Methods F. mume was administered daily to 5XFAD mice at 12 weeks of age and continued for 90 days. Cognitive function was evaluated using a spatial memory version of the Morris water maze task, the object/location novelty recognition test, and contextual fear conditioning at 24 weeks of age. To elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying the memory improving effects of F. mume in 5XFAD mice, we examined alterations in hippocampal cholinergic function. Results Vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice exhibited hippocampus-dependent memory impairments compared with non-transgenic littermates, which was reversed in F. mume-treated 5XFAD mice. In addition, reduced hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels in 5XFAD mice were reversed by F. mume treatment, indicating that F. mume enhances the effects of cholinergic neuronal function. Conclusions F. mume may have therapeutic effects on cognitive impairments in AD.
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287
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Zeng KW, Yu Q, Liao LX, Song FJ, Lv HN, Jiang Y, Tu PF. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect of MC13, a Novel Coumarin Compound From Condiment Murraya, Through Inhibiting Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TRAF6-TAK1-NF-κB, P38/ERK MAPKS and Jak2-Stat1/Stat3 Pathways. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1286-99. [PMID: 25676331 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MC13 is a novel coumarin compound found in Murraya, an economic crop whose leaves are widely used as condiment (curry) in cuisine. The aims of the present study were to investigate the neuroprotective effects of MC13 on microglia-mediated inflammatory injury model as well as potential molecular mechanism. Cell viability and apoptosis assay demonstrated that MC13 was not toxic to neurons and significantly protected neurons from microglia-mediated inflammatory injury upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Results showed that MC13 markedly inhibited LPS-induced production of various inflammatory mediators, including nitrite oxide (Griess method), TNF-α and IL-6 (ELISA assay) in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanism study showed that MC13 could suppress the activation of NF-κB, which was the central regulator for inflammatory response, and also decreased the interaction of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein (TAB2) with TAK1 and TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF6), leading to the decreased phosphorylation levels of NF-κB upstream regulators such as IκB and IκB kinase (IKK). MC13 also significantly down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of ERK and p38 MAPKs, which played key roles in microglia-mediated inflammatory response. Furthermore, MC13 inhibited Jak2-dependent Stat1/3 signaling pathway activation by blocking Jak2 phosphorylation, Stat1/3 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MC13 protected neurons from microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory injury by inhibiting TRAF6-TAK1-NF-κB, p38/ERK MAPKs, and Jak2-Stat1/3 pathways. Finally, MC13 might interact with LPS and interfere LPS-binding to cell membrane surface. These findings suggested that coumarin might act as a potential medicinal agent for treating neuroinflammation as well as inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Research Studio of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Li-Xi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang-Jiao Song
- Research Studio of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Hai-Ning Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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288
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Rizzi L, Roriz-Cruz M. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 17:239-245. [PMID: 26818250 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammatory processes might play a significant role at the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of microglia and the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Although, it is unknown what the real contribution of these inflammatory markers in the development of AD is. The purpose of the present study was to assess the possible relationship between inflammatory markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients (aMCI), aged 60 years or older, and compare with aged healthy controls. METHODS We examined concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the CSF of aMCI patients and controls by enzyme immunoassay. aMCI diagnoses were based on anamnesis and Petersen criteria, corroborated by the Clinical Dementia Rating. Cognitive function was assessed by neuropsychological tests. RESULTS CSF levels of IL-1β (13.735 vs 22.932 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (1.913 vs 2.627 pg/mL; P = 0.002), but not IL-6 (4.178 vs 5.689 pg/mL; P = 0.106), were significantly reduced in the aMCI samples as compared with controls. Individuals with IL-1β < 17 pg/mL were at a 7.2 (CI 1.5-36; P: 0.016) increased odds of aMCI. There was a positive correlation between IL-1β levels and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease word list score (rs = 0.299; P = 0.046). Linear regression analysis showed that IL-1β levels might explain 13.7% (β = 24.545; P = 0.012) of the variance on this Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease subscore. CONCLUSION The present results show a pattern of cytokines expression in the CSF of aMCI patients that might be relevant to the pathogeny of prodromal AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 239-245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara Rizzi
- Division of Geriatric Neurology, Service of Neurology, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Roriz-Cruz
- Division of Geriatric Neurology, Service of Neurology, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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289
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McCarthy RC, Lu DY, Alkhateeb A, Gardeck AM, Lee CH, Wessling-Resnick M. Characterization of a novel adult murine immortalized microglial cell line and its activation by amyloid-beta. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:21. [PMID: 26819091 PMCID: PMC4730646 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced microglia activation. This pro-inflammatory response promotes neuronal damage, and therapies are sought to limit microglial activation. Screening efforts to develop new pharmacological inhibitors require a robust in vitro cell system. Current models lack significant responses to Aβ, and their use in examining age-related neurodegenerative diseases is questionable. For example, the commonly used BV-2 microglial line was derived from embryonic mononuclear cells and its activation by various stimuli is limited. To this end, we have established a new immortalized microglial (IMG) cell line from adult murine brain. The objective of this study was to characterize Aβ-induced activation of IMG cells, and here, we demonstrate the ability of cannabinoids to significantly reduce this inflammatory response. METHODS Microglial cells derived from adult murine brain were immortalized via infection with the v-raf/v-myc retrovirus under conditions that selectively promote microglia growth. The presence or absence of markers CD11b and F4/80 (microglial), NeuN (neuronal), and GFAP (astrocytic) was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy and western blotting. Using IMG and BV-2 cells, levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory transcripts in response to extracellular stimuli were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Phagocytosis of fluorescent beads and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Aβ oligomers was assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. FITC-Aβ uptake was quantified using a fluorescence plate reader. The ability of cannabinoids to mitigate Aβ-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was evaluated. RESULTS IMG cells express the microglial markers CD11b and F4/80 but not NeuN or GFAP. Relative to BV-2 cells, IMG cells increased iNOS (>200-fold) and Arg-1 (>100-fold) in response to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli. IMG cells phagocytose foreign particles and Aβ oligomers, with the latter trafficked to phagolysosomes. Aβ-induced activation of IMG cells was suppressed by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the CB2-selective agonist JWH-015 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS IMG cells recapitulate key features of microglial cell activation. As an example of their potential pharmacological use, cannabinoids were shown to reduce activation of Aβ-induced iNOS gene expression. IMG cells hold promising potential for drug screening, mechanistic studies, and functional investigations directed towards understanding how Aβ interacts with microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McCarthy
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Present Address: Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Ahmed Alkhateeb
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Present Address: The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew M Gardeck
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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290
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Novel GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Analogues and Insulin in the Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:1023-39. [PMID: 26666230 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The link between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been known for the last few decades. Since insulin and insulin receptors are known to be present in the brain, the downstream signalling as well as the effect of hyperinsulinemia have been extensively studied in both AD and Parkinson's disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone belonging to the incretin family, and its receptors (GLP-1Rs) can be found in pancreatic cells and in vascular endothelium. Interestingly, GLP-1Rs are found in the neuronal cell body and dendrites in the central nervous system (CNS), in particular in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. Several studies have shown the importance of both insulin and GLP-1 signalling on cognitive function, and many preclinical studies have been performed to evaluate the potential protective role of GLP-1 on the brain. Here we review the underlying mechanism of insulin and GLP-1 signalling in the CNS, as well as the preclinical data for the use of GLP-1 analogues such as liraglutide, exenatide and lixisenatide in neurodegenerative diseases.
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291
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Minter MR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 136:457-74. [PMID: 26509334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) remains a hallmark feature of the disease, yet the precise mechanism(s) by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remain unknown. Neuroinflammation has long been implicated in AD pathology, yet its contribution to disease progression is still not understood. Recent evidence suggests that various Aβ complexes interact with microglial and astrocytic expressed pattern recognition receptors that initiate innate immunity. This process involves secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and generation of reactive oxygen species that, in excess, drive a dysregulated immune response that contributes to neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which a neuroinflammatory response can influence Aβ production, aggregation and eventual clearance are now becoming key areas where future therapeutic intervention may slow progression of AD. This review will focus on evidence supporting the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD, describing the key cell types, pathways and mediators involved. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Deposition of intracellular plaques containing amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark proteinopathy of the disease yet the precise mechanisms by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remains unknown. A neuroinflammatory response involving polarized microglial activity, enhanced astrocyte reactivity and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine load has long been implicated in AD and proposed to facilitate neurodegeneration. In this issue we discuss key receptor systems of innate immunity that detect Aβ, drive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and influence Aβ aggregation and clearance. Evidence summarized in this review supports the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD and highlights the potential of immunomodulatory agents as potential future therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Natunen T, Takalo M, Kemppainen S, Leskelä S, Marttinen M, Kurkinen KMA, Pursiheimo JP, Sarajärvi T, Viswanathan J, Gabbouj S, Solje E, Tahvanainen E, Pirttimäki T, Kurki M, Paananen J, Rauramaa T, Miettinen P, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Airenne K, Tanzi RE, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Relationship between ubiquilin-1 and BACE1 in human Alzheimer's disease and APdE9 transgenic mouse brain and cell-based models. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:187-205. [PMID: 26563932 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau in the brain are central events underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase-mediated cleavages. Ubiquilin-1, a ubiquitin-like protein, genetically associates with AD and affects APP trafficking, processing and degradation. Here, we have investigated ubiquilin-1 expression in human brain in relation to AD-related neurofibrillary pathology and the effects of ubiquilin-1 overexpression on BACE1, tau, neuroinflammation, and neuronal viability in vitro in co-cultures of mouse embryonic primary cortical neurons and microglial cells under acute neuroinflammation as well as neuronal cell lines, and in vivo in the brain of APdE9 transgenic mice at the early phase of the development of Aβ pathology. Ubiquilin-1 expression was decreased in human temporal cortex in relation to the early stages of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology (Braak stages 0-II vs. III-IV). There was a trend towards a positive correlation between ubiquilin-1 and BACE1 protein levels. Consistent with this, ubiquilin-1 overexpression in the neuron-microglia co-cultures with or without the induction of neuroinflammation resulted in a significant increase in endogenously expressed BACE1 levels. Sustained ubiquilin-1 overexpression in the brain of APdE9 mice resulted in a moderate, but insignificant increase in endogenous BACE1 levels and activity, coinciding with increased levels of soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42. BACE1 levels were also significantly increased in neuronal cells co-overexpressing ubiquilin-1 and BACE1. Ubiquilin-1 overexpression led to the stabilization of BACE1 protein levels, potentially through a mechanism involving decreased degradation in the lysosomal compartment. Ubiquilin-1 overexpression did not significantly affect the neuroinflammation response, but decreased neuronal viability in the neuron-microglia co-cultures under neuroinflammation. Taken together, these results suggest that ubiquilin-1 may mechanistically participate in AD molecular pathogenesis by affecting BACE1 and thereby APP processing and Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Susanna Kemppainen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stina Leskelä
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa M A Kurkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jayashree Viswanathan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Gabbouj
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Tahvanainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Pirttimäki
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Neurosurgery sIA Group, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Miettinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Airenne
- The Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Heikki Tanila
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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293
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Abstract
The molecular mechanism of neuronal loss and synaptic damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) is poorly understood and could differ among different types of neurodegenerative processes. However, the presence of neuroinflammation is a common feature of dementia. In this setting, reactive microgliosis, oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with the pathogenesis of all types of neurodegenerative dementia. Moreover, an increased body of evidence suggests that microglia may play a central role in AD progression. In this paper, we review the scientific literature on neuroinflammation related to the most common neurodegenerative dementias (AD, PDD, FTD and LBD) focussing on the possible molecular mechanisms and the available clinical evidence. Furthermore, we discuss the neuroimaging techniques that are currently used for the study of neuroinflammation in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pasqualetti
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1st Floor B Block, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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294
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Surendranathan A, Rowe JB, O'Brien JT. Neuroinflammation in Lewy body dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1398-406. [PMID: 26493111 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative conditions. However, it remains unclear whether it has a protective or damaging role. Studies of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have provided much of the evidence for inflammatory pathology in neurodegeneration. Here we review the evidence for inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Neuroinflammation has been confirmed in vivo using PET imaging, with microglial activation seen in Parkinson's disease dementia and recently in dementia with Lewy bodies. In Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia, microglial activation suggests a chronic inflammatory process, although there is also evidence of its association with cognitive ability and neuronal function. Alpha-synuclein in various conformations has also been linked to activation of microglia, with a broad range of components of the innate and adaptive immune systems associated with this interaction. Evidence of neuroinflammation in Lewy body dementia is further supported by pathological and biomarker studies. Genetic and epidemiological studies support a role for inflammation in Parkinson's disease, but have yet to provide the same for Lewy body dementia. This review highlights the need to identify whether the nature and extent of microglial activation in Lewy body dementia can be linked to structural change, progression of domain specific cognitive symptoms and peripheral inflammation as a marker of central microglial pathology. Answers to these questions will enable the evaluation of immunotherapies as potential therapeutic options for prevention or treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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295
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296
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Zhou R, Shi XY, Bi DC, Fang WS, Wei GB, Xu X. Alginate-Derived Oligosaccharide Inhibits Neuroinflammation and Promotes Microglial Phagocytosis of β-Amyloid. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5828-46. [PMID: 26389923 PMCID: PMC4584357 DOI: 10.3390/md13095828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate from marine brown algae has been widely applied in biotechnology. In this work, the effects of alginate-derived oligosaccharide (AdO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation and microglial phagocytosis of Aβ were studied. We found that pretreatment of BV2 microglia with AdO prior to LPS/Aβ stimulation led to a significant inhibition of production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. We further demonstrated that AdO remarkably attenuated the LPS-activated overexpression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in BV2 cells. In addition to the impressive inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation, we also found that AdO promoted the phagocytosis of Aβ through its interaction with TLR4 in microglia. Our results suggested that AdO exerted the inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation and the promotion effect on microglial phagocytosis, indicating its potential as a nutraceutical or therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Collage of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xu-Yang Shi
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - De-Cheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Collage of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Wei-Shan Fang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Gao-Bin Wei
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Collage of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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298
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness associated with dementia and is most prevalent among the elderly population. Current medications can only treat symptoms. Alkaloids are structurally diverse and have been an important source of therapeutics for various brain disorders. Two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for AD, galantamine and rivastigmine, are in fact alkaloids. In addition, clinical trials of four other extensively studied alkaloids-huperzine A, caffeine, nicotine, and indomethacin-have been conducted but do not convincingly demonstrate their clinical efficacy for AD. Interestingly, rhynchophylline, a known neuroprotective alkaloid, was recently discovered by in silico screening as an inhibitor of EphA4, a novel target for AD. Here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, current treatment strategies, and therapeutic potential of several selected plant alkaloids in AD, highlighting their various drug targets and the key supportive preclinical and clinical studies. Future research should include more rigorous clinical studies of the most promising alkaloids, the further development of recently discovered candidate alkaloids, and the continual search for new alkaloids for relevant drug targets. It remains promising that an alkaloid drug candidate could significantly affect the progression of AD in addition to providing symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pong Ng
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terry Cho Tsun Or
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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299
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McCarthy RC, Kosman DJ. Mechanisms and regulation of iron trafficking across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:31. [PMID: 26236187 PMCID: PMC4500905 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcellular trafficking of iron from the blood into the brain interstitium depends on iron uptake proteins in the apical membrane of brain microvascular capillary endothelial cells and efflux proteins at the basolateral, abluminal membrane. In this review, we discuss the three mechanisms by which these cells take-up iron from the blood and the sole mechanism by which they efflux this iron into the abluminal space. We then focus on the regulation of this efflux pathway by exocrine factors that are released from neighboring astrocytes. Also discussed are the cytokines secreted by capillary cells that regulate the expression of these glial cell signals. Among the interstitial factors that regulate iron efflux into the brain is the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). The role of this amyliodogenic species in brain iron metabolism is discussed. Last, we speculate on the potential relationship between iron transport at the blood-brain barrier and neurological disorders associated with iron mismanagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McCarthy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY, USA
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300
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Estes ML, McAllister AK. Alterations in immune cells and mediators in the brain: it's not always neuroinflammation! Brain Pathol 2015; 24:623-30. [PMID: 25345893 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation was once a clearly defined term denoting pathological immune processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Historically, this term was used to indicate the four hallmarks of peripheral inflammaton that occur following severe CNS injuries, such as stroke, injury or infection. Recently, however, the definition of neuroinflammation has relaxed to the point that it is often now assumed to be present when even only a single classical hallmark of inflammation is measured. As a result, a wide range of disorders, from psychiatric to degenerative diseases, are now assumed to have an integral inflammatory component. Ironically, at the same time, research has revealed unexpected nonclassical immune actions of immune mediators and cells in the CNS in the absence of pathology, increasing the likelihood that homeostatic and adaptive immune processes in the CNS will be mistaken for neuroinflammation. Thus, we suggest reserving the term neuroinflammation for contexts where multiple signs of inflammation are present to avoid erroneously classifying disorders as inflammatory when they may instead be caused by nonimmune etiologies or secondary immune processes that serve adaptive roles.
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