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Kida K, Terada T, Uwa N, Omori Y, Fujii T, Tomita Y, Tsuzuki K, Nishikawa H, Sakagami M. Relationship Between p16 Expression and Prognosis in Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer Undergoing Surgery. In Vivo 2018; 32:927-935. [PMID: 29936482 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Prognostic impact of p16 expression in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) undergoing surgery is not fully examined. The aim of this study was to clarify these issues. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-four OSCC subjects were analyzed. Immuno-histochemical staining of p16, a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV), was performed histopathologically. Data were retrospectively analyzed according to p16 positivity and factors linked to prognosis were also analyzed. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the prognosis between the p16-positive group (n=28) and the p16-negative group (n=36). In patients undergoing post-operative radiation, the p16-positive group (n=18) had a significantly better prognosis than the p16-negative group (n=6). On multivariate analysis, transoral surgery was a significant predictor of overall survival (p=0.0173). CONCLUSION Prognostic impact of p16 can be emphasized in a subgroup of OSCC patients undergoing surgery. Surgery with sufficient surgical margin may be chosen as the first treatment for HPV-negative OSCC in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Terada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Uwa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tomita
- Department of Pathology Diagnosis, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tsuzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishikawa
- Center for Clinical Research and Education, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakagami
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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252
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Thomas M, Banks L. Upsetting the Balance: When Viruses Manipulate Cell Polarity Control. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3481-3503. [PMID: 29680664 PMCID: PMC7094317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central importance of cell polarity control is emphasized by the frequency with which it is targeted by many diverse viruses. It is clear that in targeting key polarity control proteins, viruses affect not only host cell polarity, but also influence many cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and innate and acquired immunity. Examination of the interactions of different virus proteins with the cell and its polarity controls during the virus life cycles, and in virally-induced cell transformation shows ever more clearly how intimately all cellular processes are linked to the control of cell polarity.
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253
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Stevenson A, Kavanagh K, Pan J, Stevenson L, Griffin H, Doorbar J, Scott E, Deeny M, Cuschieri K, Graham SV. Risk stratification of cervical disease using detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) E4 protein and cellular MCM protein in clinical liquid based cytology samples. J Clin Virol 2018; 108:19-25. [PMID: 30218891 PMCID: PMC6224362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytospinning is a viable method for preparing LBC cells for antibody staining. We assessed the performance of a dual biomarker (one viral: HPVE4, one cellular: MCM2) in risk stratification of cervical disease. MCM2 was significantly associated with CIN2+ (p = 0.03). HPVE4 was associated with CIN1/normal (p = 0.06). The dual biomarker approach may be useful to risk stratify cervical disease especially in resource-poor settings.
Background While human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing offers high sensitivity for the detection of significant cervical disease, its specificity is suboptimal given the high prevalence of transient HPV infections (CIN1 or less). Biomarkers to identify those suffering from low grade disease from those with high grade disease could save healthcare costs and reduce patient anxiety. Objective The objective of the present work was to develop and test an immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based dual viral and cellular biomarker strategy which was applicable to liquid based cytology (LBC) samples. Study design We developed a novel IHC assay for detection of HPV E4 and cellular minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins in routinely taken cervical LBC samples using cytospin-prepared slides. The assay was applied to a prospective cohort of Scottish women referred to a colposcopy clinic due to preceding cytological abnormalities. The performance of the biomarkers for detection of clinically insignificant (CIN1 or less) versus significant disease was determined. Results A total of 81 women were recruited representing 64 cases of <=CIN1 and 28 of CIN2 + . Biomarker performance relative to histopathology outcomes showed high levels of MCM detection was significantly associated with CIN2+ (p = 0.03) while E4 was detected more frequently in <=CIN1 (p = 0.06). Conclusions Combined detection of a host proliferation marker and a marker of viral gene expression could allow triage of cases of clinically insignificant disease prior to colposcopy. However, there was overlap between distributions of MCM levels in CIN2+ and <=CIN1 suggesting that additional biomarkers would be required for improved specificity. Combined with cytospin-prepared slides this approach could provide a means of risk stratification of disease in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stevenson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Kim Kavanagh
- Mathematics and Statistics, Livingstone Tower, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jiafeng Pan
- Mathematics and Statistics, Livingstone Tower, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Lynne Stevenson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Heather Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Evelyn Scott
- Stobhill Hospital, 133 Balornock Rd, Glasgow G21 3UW, Scotland, UK
| | - Miriam Deeny
- Stobhill Hospital, 133 Balornock Rd, Glasgow G21 3UW, Scotland, UK.
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish HPV Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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254
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Shi L, Han F, Shi C, Huang Y, Liu Y, Chang X. Immunohistochemical detection of E7 human papillomavirus protein in pre‑malignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3949-3956. [PMID: 30132548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein expression is caused by HPV viral DNA integration into human cellular DNA, and is a prerequisite for the development and progression of cervical cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of E7 protein as a biomarker for identification of transformed cervical epithelial cells during the early stages of cervical cancer. Specific monoclonal antibodies to the E7 protein of high‑risk HPVs were generated and characterized for applications in immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry using cervical epithelial cells or biopsy tissue slides. The specificity and feasibility for detecting precancerous cells in cervical exfoliated epithelial cells was demonstrated. In addition, antibody staining of cervix biopsies indicated the pathological grades of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. The results of the present study demonstrated the potential benefit of using E7 protein as a novel and specific clinical diagnostic marker to distinguish transient HPV infections from malignant and pre‑malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- Attogen Biomedical, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Fengli Han
- Attogen Biomedical, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Chenglong Shi
- Attogen Biomedical, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Attogen Biomedical, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Attogen Biomedical, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Chang
- Attogen Biomedical, Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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255
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Wang W, Zhang XH, Li M, Hao CH, Zhao ZM, Liang HP. Association between viral loads of different oncogenic human papillomavirus types and the degree of cervical lesions in the progression of cervical Cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:249-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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256
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Pappa KI, Kontostathi G, Makridakis M, Lygirou V, Zoidakis J, Daskalakis G, Anagnou NP. High Resolution Proteomic Analysis of the Cervical Cancer Cell Lines Secretome Documents Deregulation of Multiple Proteases. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:507-521. [PMID: 29109100 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic infection by HPV, eventually leads to cervical carcinogenesis, associated by deregulation of specific pathways and protein expression at the intracellular and secretome level. Thus, secretome analysis can elucidate the biological mechanisms contributing to cervical cancer. In the present study we systematically analyzed its constitution in four cervical cell lines employing a highly sensitive proteomic technology coupled with bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC/MS-MS proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were performed in the secretome of four informative cervical cell lines SiHa (HPV16+), HeLa (HPV18+), C33A (HPV-) and HCK1T (normal). RESULTS The proteomic pattern of each cancer cell line compared to HCK1T was identified and a detailed bioinformatics analysis disclosed inhibition of matrix metalloproteases in cancer cell lines. This prediction was further confirmed via zymography for MMP-2 and MMP-9, western blot analysis for ADAM10 and by MRM for TIMP1. The differential expression of important secreted proteins such as CATD, FUCA1 and SOD2 was also confirmed by western blot analysis. MRM-targeted proteomics analysis confirmed the differential expression of CATD, CATB, SOD2, QPCT and NEU1. CONCLUSION High resolution proteomics analysis of cervical cancer secretome revealed significantly deregulated biological processes and proteins implicated in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi I Pappa
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece .,First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kontostathi
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biotechnology Division, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - George Daskalakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P Anagnou
- Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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257
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Perez-Campos Mayoral E, Mayoral-Andrade G, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Canseco SP, Cruz RM, Hernández-Huerta MT, Rodriguez AM, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Pérez-Campos E. Diagnosis of Transient/Latent HPV Infections - A Point of View! Arch Med Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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258
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Villa A, Hanna GJ. Human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2018; 42:466-475. [PMID: 30049422 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Villa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Glenn J Hanna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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259
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Martínez-Ramírez I, Carrillo-García A, Contreras-Paredes A, Ortiz-Sánchez E, Cruz-Gregorio A, Lizano M. Regulation of Cellular Metabolism by High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071839. [PMID: 29932118 PMCID: PMC6073392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration of glucose metabolism is one of the first biochemical characteristics associated with cancer cells since most of these cells increase glucose consumption and glycolytic rates even in the presence of oxygen, which has been called “aerobic glycolysis” or the Warburg effect. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with approximately 5% of all human cancers worldwide, principally to cervical cancer. E6 and E7 are the main viral oncoproteins which are required to preserve the malignant phenotype. These viral proteins regulate the cell cycle through their interaction with tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRB, respectively. Together with the viral proteins E5 and E2, E6 and E7 can favor the Warburg effect and contribute to radio- and chemoresistance through the increase in the activity of glycolytic enzymes, as well as the inhibition of the Krebs cycle and the respiratory chain. These processes lead to a fast production of ATP obtained by Warburg, which could help satisfy the high energy demands of cancer cells during proliferation. In this way HPV proteins could promote cancer hallmarks. However, it is also possible that during an early HPV infection, the Warburg effect could help in the achievement of an efficient viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Martínez-Ramírez
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Adela Carrillo-García
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Contreras-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan)/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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260
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Dube Mandishora RS, Gjøtterud KS, Lagström S, Stray-Pedersen B, Duri K, Chin'ombe N, Nygård M, Christiansen IK, Ambur OH, Chirenje MZ, Rounge TB. Intra-host sequence variability in human papillomavirus. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 5:180-191. [PMID: 29723682 PMCID: PMC6047465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) co-evolve slowly with the human host and each HPV genotype displays epithelial tropisms. We assessed the evolution of intra HPV genotype variants within samples, and their association to anogenital site, cervical cytology and HIV status. Variability in the L1 gene of 35 HPV genotypes was characterized phylogenetically using maximum likelihood, and portrayed by phenotype. Up to a thousand unique variants were identified within individual samples. In-depth analyses of the most prevalent genotypes, HPV16, HPV18 and HPV52, revealed that the high diversity was dominated by a few abundant variants. This suggests high intra-host mutation rates. Clades of HPV16, HPV18 and HPV52 were associated to anatomical site and HIV co-infection. Particularly, we observed that one HPV16 clade was specific to vaginal cells and one HPV52 clade was specific to anal cells. One major HPV52 clade, present in several samples, was strongly associated with cervical neoplasia. Overall, our data suggest that tissue tropism and HIV immunosuppression are strong shapers of HPV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal S Dube Mandishora
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kristina S Gjøtterud
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, P.O. box 5313 Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Lagström
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, P.O. box 5313 Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, The Norwegian HPV Reference Laboratory, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- Women's clinic, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, P.O Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerina Duri
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nyasha Chin'ombe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mari Nygård
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, P.O. box 5313 Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, The Norwegian HPV Reference Laboratory, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ole Herman Ambur
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, The Norwegian HPV Reference Laboratory, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O Box 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mike Z Chirenje
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Trine B Rounge
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, P.O. box 5313 Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway.
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261
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Calaf GM, Urzua U, Termini L, Aguayo F. Oxidative stress in female cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23824-23842. [PMID: 29805775 PMCID: PMC5955122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast, cervical and ovarian cancers are highly prevalent in women worldwide. Environmental, hormonal and viral-related factors are especially relevant in the development of these tumors. These factors are strongly related to oxidative stress (OS) through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The OS is caused by an imbalance in the redox status of the organism and is literally defined as "an imbalance between ROS generation and its detoxification by biological system leading to impairment of damage repair by cell/tissue". The multistep progression of cancer suggests that OS is involved in cancer initiation, promotion and progression. In this review, we described the role of OS and the interplay with environmental, host and viral factors related to breast, cervical and ovarian cancers initiation, promotion and progression. In addition, the role of the natural antioxidant compound curcumin and other compounds for breast, cervical and ovarian cancers prevention/treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación (IAI), Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulises Urzua
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lara Termini
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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262
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Hasche D, Vinzón SE, Rösl F. Cutaneous Papillomaviruses and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Causal Agents or Innocent Bystanders? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:874. [PMID: 29770129 PMCID: PMC5942179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still controversy in the scientific field about whether certain types of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Deciphering the etiological role of cutaneous HPVs requires - besides tissue culture systems - appropriate preclinical models to match the obtained results with clinical data from affected patients. Clear scientific evidence about the etiology and underlying mechanisms involved in NMSC development is fundamental to provide reasonable arguments for public health institutions to classify at least certain cutaneous HPVs as group 1 carcinogens. This in turn would have implications on fundraising institutions and health care decision makers to force - similarly as for anogenital cancer - the implementation of a broad vaccination program against "high-risk" cutaneous HPVs to prevent NMSC as the most frequent cancer worldwide. Precise knowledge of the multi-step progression from normal cells to cancer is a prerequisite to understand the functional and clinical impact of cofactors that affect the individual outcome and the personalized treatment of a disease. This overview summarizes not only recent arguments that favor the acceptance of a viral etiology in NMSC development but also reflects aspects of causality in medicine, the use of empirically meaningful model systems and strategies for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hasche
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program "Infection, Inflammation and Cancer", German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina E Vinzón
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program "Infection, Inflammation and Cancer", German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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263
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High Rate of Infection by Only Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Amerindians. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00176-18. [PMID: 29720524 PMCID: PMC5932372 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00176-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of HPV type distribution on the disparity of cervical cancer (CC) incidence between human populations remains unknown. The incidence of CC in the Amazonas State of Venezuela is higher than the national average. In this study, we determined the diversity of known HPV types (the viral agent of CC) in Amerindian and mestizo women living in the Venezuelan Amazonas State. Understanding the ecological diversity of HPV in populations undergoing lifestyle transformations has important implication on public health measures for cervical cancer prevention. Human papillomavirus (HPV), an etiological agent of cervical cancer (CC), has infected humans since ancient times. Amerindians are the furthest migrants out of Africa, and they reached the Americas more than 14,000 years ago. Some groups still remain isolated, and some migrate to towns, forming a gradient spanning urbanization. We hypothesized that, by virtue of their history, lifestyle, and isolation from the global society, remote Amerindian women have lower HPV diversity than do urban women (Amerindian or mestizo). Here we determined the diversity of the 25 most relevant cervical HPV types in 82 Amerindians spanning urbanization (low, medium, and high, consistent with the exposure to urban lifestyles of the town of Puerto Ayacucho in the Venezuelan Amazonas State), and in 29 urban mestizos from the town. Cervical, anal, oral, and introitus samples were taken, and HPVs were typed using reverse DNA hybridization. A total of 23 HPV types were detected, including 11 oncogenic or high-risk types, most associated with CC. Cervical HPV prevalence was 75%, with no differences by group, but Amerindians from low and medium urbanization level had significantly lower HPV diversity than mestizos did. In Amerindians, but not in mestizos, infections by only high-risk HPVs were higher than coinfections or by exclusively low-risk HPVs. Cervical abnormalities only were observed in Amerindians (9/82), consistent with their high HPV infection. The lower cervical HPV diversity in more isolated Amerindians is consistent with their lower exposure to the global pool, and transculturation to urban lifestyles could have implications on HPV ecology, infection, and virulence. IMPORTANCE The role of HPV type distribution on the disparity of cervical cancer (CC) incidence between human populations remains unknown. The incidence of CC in the Amazonas State of Venezuela is higher than the national average. In this study, we determined the diversity of known HPV types (the viral agent of CC) in Amerindian and mestizo women living in the Venezuelan Amazonas State. Understanding the ecological diversity of HPV in populations undergoing lifestyle transformations has important implication on public health measures for CC prevention.
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Marić G, Birčanin Đ, Kisić V, Dotlić J, Zarić M, Kisić-Tepavčević D, Gazibara T. Parental perspective on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Serbia: Knowledge, attitudes and practice. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2018; 16:192-198. [PMID: 29804766 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Assessing knowledge and attitudes of parents towards human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of their children and estimating factors associated with parental positive attitude towards HPV immunization. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Two Community Health Centers. A total of 282 adult parents of boys and/or girls who presented at the pediatrician's office with their child aged ≤18 years from December 2015 to May 2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES HPV vaccination coverage with one dose, knowledge and attitudes towards HPV vaccination. Parental knowledge was tested through a set of 10 items such as the infectious nature of HPV, mode of transmission, symptoms and its association with cervical cancer and circumstances surrounding HPV vaccine in Serbia. Answers were graded on a 5-point Likert scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". RESULTS Coverage with one dose of HPV vaccine was 2.0%. Majority of parents knew that the vaccine existed (71.0%). One quarter of parents confirmed that their child should be vaccinated against HPV. Parents expressed highest level of agreement with the statement that HPV vaccination in Serbia is not sufficiently promoted (4.17 ± 1.21 points). Having female child and more knowledge on HPV were independently associated with positive attitude towards vaccination among parents of children aged <9 years. Having received recommendation for HPV vaccination from a pediatrician was independently associated with positive attitude towards HPV vaccination among parents of children aged ≥9 years. CONCLUSION Coverage with one dose of HPV vaccine is low. Health-care authorities are urged to consider inclusion of HPV vaccination in immunization schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorica Marić
- Institute of Epidemiology, Višegradska 26a, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđa Birčanin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Višegradska 26a, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Kisić
- Community Health Center "Voždovac", Krivolačka 4-6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dotlić
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Višegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zarić
- Institute of Epidemiology, Višegradska 26a, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darija Kisić-Tepavčević
- Institute of Epidemiology, Višegradska 26a, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Gazibara
- Institute of Epidemiology, Višegradska 26a, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are an ancient group of viruses with small, double-stranded DNA circular genomes. They are species-specific and have a strict tropism for mucosal and cutaneous stratified squamous epithelial surfaces of the host. A subset of these viruses has been demonstrated to be the causative agent of several human cancers. Here, we review the biology, natural history, evolution and cancer association of the oncogenic HPVs.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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266
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Wang CCJ, Sparano J, Palefsky JM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS, Human Papillomavirus, and Anal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2018; 26:17-31. [PMID: 27889034 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anal cancer is an increasingly common non-AIDS-defining cancer among individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV16 is the most common genotype detected in anal cancers. The HPV types detected in anal cancer are included in the 9-valent vaccine. HPV vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in reducing anal precancerous lesions in HIV-infected individuals. Standard treatment has been fluorouracil and mitomycin (or cisplatin) plus radiation. Continued studies are needed to test new treatment strategies in HIV-infected patients with anal cancer to determine which treatment protocols provide the best therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching J Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Joseph Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Medical Science Room 420E, Box 0654, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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267
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Fung N, Faraji F, Kang H, Fakhry C. The role of human papillomavirus on the prognosis and treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:449-461. [PMID: 28812214 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-positive OPC) is a distinct subtype of head and neck carcinoma (HNC) distinguished from HPV-negative HNC by its risk factor profile, clinical behavior, and molecular biology. Compared to HPV-negative HNC, HPV-positive OPC exhibits significantly better prognosis and an enhanced response to treatment. Recognition of the survival benefit of HPV-positive tumors has led to therapeutic de-intensification strategies aiming to mitigate treatment-related toxicities while maintaining high response rates. In this review, we summarize key aspects of oral HPV infection and the molecular mechanisms of HPV-related carcinogenesis. We review the clinical and molecular characteristics of HPV-positive OPC that contribute to its improved prognosis compared to HPV-negative HNC. We also discuss current and emerging treatment strategies, emphasizing potential mechanisms of treatment sensitivity and the role of therapeutic de-intensification in HPV-positive OPC. Lastly, we examine literature on the management and prognosis of recurrent/metastatic HPV-positive OPC with a focus on the role of salvage surgery in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Sixth Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Sixth Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hyunseok Kang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Sixth Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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268
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Cheng MA, Farmer E, Huang C, Lin J, Hung CF, Wu TC. Therapeutic DNA Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus and Associated Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:971-996. [PMID: 29316817 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been recognized as the causative agent of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 alone are responsible for over 70% of all cases of cervical cancers. More recently, HPV has been identified as an etiological factor for several other forms of cancers, including oropharyngeal, anogenital, and skin. Thus, the association of HPV with these malignancies creates an opportunity to control these HPV lesions and HPV-associated malignancies through immunization. Strategies to prevent or to therapeutically treat HPV infections have been developed and are still pushing innovative boundaries. Currently, commercial prophylactic HPV vaccines are widely available, but they are not able to control established infections or lesions. As a result, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines, to treat existing infections, and to prevent the development of HPV-associated cancers. In particular, DNA vaccination has emerged as a promising form of therapeutic HPV vaccine. DNA vaccines have great potential for the treatment of HPV infections and HPV-associated cancers due to their safety, stability, simplicity of manufacturability, and ability to induce antigen-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current state of therapeutic HPV DNA vaccines, including results from recent and ongoing clinical trials, and outlines different strategies that have been employed to improve their potencies. The continued progress and improvements made in therapeutic HPV DNA vaccine development holds great potential for innovative ways to effectively treat HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Cheng
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Farmer
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claire Huang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Lin
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
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269
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A large-scale immunoinformatics analysis of the human papillomaviruses reveals a common E5 oncoprotein-pattern to evade the immune response. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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270
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Hansen BT, Campbell S, Nygård M. Long-term incidence trends of HPV-related cancers, and cases preventable by HPV vaccination: a registry-based study in Norway. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019005. [PMID: 29476028 PMCID: PMC5855252 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine long-term incidence trends of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer in Norway, and estimate the number of cancer cases preventable by vaccines against HPV 16/18 or HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58. DESIGN Observational registry-based study. We extracted incident cases of HPV-related cancer during 1953-2015 from the Cancer Registry of Norway. Tumour HPV prevalence estimates from large international meta-analyses or from Norway were used to estimate the protective potential of HPV vaccines. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The Norwegian population. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence trend analyses during 1953-2015 for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix, vulva, vagina, oropharynx, anus and penis, and adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Additionally, the number of cancer cases preventable by HPV vaccination. RESULTS Among women, incidences of SCC of the anus, oropharynx, vulva and cervical adenocarcinoma increased, while vaginal SCC showed no trend. For these cancers combined, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) during 1953-2015 was 1.2 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.6). The incidence of cervical SCC generally decreased during 1976-2004 and remained stable thereafter. Among men, incidences of SCC of the anus, oropharynx and penis increased. The AAPC during 1953-2015 combined for all male HPV-related cancer was 1.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.5). A vaccine against HPV 16/18 might yearly prevent 402 (95% CI 382 to 420) cancers. A vaccine against HPV 16/18/31/33/45/52/58 might yearly prevent 478 (95% CI 464 to 490) cancers, of which 206 (95% CI 202 to 209) occur in non-cervical organs, and 113 (95% CI 110 to 115) occur among men. CONCLUSIONS The incidences of HPV-related cancers that are not effectively prevented by screening have generally increased during 1953-2015. HPV vaccination can prevent a substantial number of cancers in Norway, in cervical and non-cervical organs, among women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo T Hansen
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mari Nygård
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
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271
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Mirabello L, Clarke MA, Nelson CW, Dean M, Wentzensen N, Yeager M, Cullen M, Boland JF, Schiffman M, Burk RD. The Intersection of HPV Epidemiology, Genomics and Mechanistic Studies of HPV-Mediated Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020080. [PMID: 29438321 PMCID: PMC5850387 DOI: 10.3390/v10020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the ~60 human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes that infect the cervicovaginal epithelium, only 12–13 “high-risk” types are well-established as causing cervical cancer, with HPV16 accounting for over half of all cases worldwide. While HPV16 is the most important carcinogenic type, variants of HPV16 can differ in their carcinogenicity by 10-fold or more in epidemiologic studies. Strong genotype-phenotype associations embedded in the small 8-kb HPV16 genome motivate molecular studies to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of HPV genomic findings is complicated by the linkage of HPV genome variants. A panel of experts in various disciplines gathered on 21 November 2016 to discuss the interdisciplinary science of HPV oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the discussion of the complexity of the viral–host interaction and highlight important next steps for selected applied basic laboratory studies guided by epidemiological genomic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (R.D.B.)
| | - Megan A. Clarke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Chase W. Nelson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Michael Cullen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Joseph F. Boland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | | | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (M.A.C.); (C.W.N.); (M.D.); (N.W.); (M.Y.); (M.C.); (J.F.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Epidemiology and Population Health, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (R.D.B.)
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272
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Cavallari I, Scattolin G, Silic-Benussi M, Raimondi V, D'Agostino DM, Ciminale V. Mitochondrial Proteins Coded by Human Tumor Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:81. [PMID: 29467726 PMCID: PMC5808139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must exploit the cellular biosynthetic machinery and evade cellular defense systems to complete their life cycles. Due to their crucial roles in cellular bioenergetics, apoptosis, innate immunity and redox balance, mitochondria are important functional targets of many viruses, including tumor viruses. The present review describes the interactions between mitochondria and proteins coded by the human tumor viruses human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, human hepatitis viruses B and C, and human papillomavirus, and highlights how these interactions contribute to viral replication, persistence and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Scattolin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRRCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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273
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de Campos RP, Schultz IC, de Andrade Mello P, Davies S, Gasparin MS, Bertoni APS, Buffon A, Wink MR. Cervical cancer stem-like cells: systematic review and identification of reference genes for gene expression. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:139-152. [PMID: 28949053 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Among many factors, the presence of cancer stem cells, a subpopulation of cells inside the tumor, has been associated with a worse prognosis. Considering the importance of gene expression studies to understand the biology of cervical cancer stem cells (CCSC), this work identifies stable reference genes for cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their respective cancer stem-like cells. A literature review was performed to identify validated reference genes currently used to normalize RT-qPCR data in cervical cancer cell lines. Then, cell lines were cultured in regular monolayer or in a condition that favors tumor sphere formation. RT-qPCR was performed using five reference genes: ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP. Stability was assessed to validate the selected genes as suitable reference genes. The evaluation validated B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP in these experimental conditions. Among them, GAPDH and TBP presented the lowest variability according to the analysis by Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and ΔCq methods, being therefore the most adequate genes to normalize the combination of all samples. These results suggest that B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP are suitable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data of established cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, HeLa, and ME180 as well as their derived cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, GAPDH and TBP seem to be the most convenient choices for studying gene expression in these cells in monolayers or spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P de Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iago C Schultz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paola de Andrade Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Davies
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Manuela S Gasparin
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P S Bertoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratório de Análises Bioquímicas e Citológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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274
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de Sanjosé S, Brotons M, Pavón MA. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 47:2-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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275
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Albertini S, Lo Cigno I, Calati F, De Andrea M, Borgogna C, Dell'Oste V, Landolfo S, Gariglio M. HPV18 Persistence Impairs Basal and DNA Ligand-Mediated IFN-β and IFN-λ 1 Production through Transcriptional Repression of Multiple Downstream Effectors of Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2076-2089. [PMID: 29386255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is clear that high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can selectively infect keratinocytes and persist in the host, it still remains to be unequivocally determined whether they can escape antiviral innate immunity by interfering with pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling. In this study, we have assessed the innate immune response in monolayer and organotypic raft cultures of NIKS cells harboring multiple copies of episomal HPV18 (NIKSmcHPV18), which fully recapitulates the persistent state of infection. We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that NIKSmcHPV18, as well as HeLa cells (a cervical carcinoma-derived cell line harboring integrated HPV18 DNA), display marked downregulation of several PRRs, as well as other PRR downstream effectors, such as the adaptor protein stimulator of IFN genes and the transcription factors IRF1 and 7. Importantly, we provide evidence that downregulation of stimulator of IFN genes, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I mRNA levels occurs at the transcriptional level through a novel epigenetic silencing mechanism, as documented by the accumulation of repressive heterochromatin markers seen at the promoter region of these genes. Furthermore, stimulation of NIKSmcHPV18 cells with salmon sperm DNA or poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid, two potent inducers of PRR signaling, only partially restored PRR protein expression. Accordingly, the production of IFN-β and IFN-λ1 was significantly reduced in comparison with the parental NIKS cells, indicating that HPV18 exerts its immunosuppressive activity through downregulation of PRR signaling. Altogether, our findings indicate that high-risk human papillomaviruses have evolved broad-spectrum mechanisms that allow simultaneous depletion of multiple effectors of the innate immunity network, thereby creating an unreactive cellular milieu suitable for viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Albertini
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Federica Calati
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and.,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin Medical School, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy; and
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276
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Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano M. The Role of E6 Spliced Isoforms (E6*) in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010045. [PMID: 29346309 PMCID: PMC5795458 DOI: 10.3390/v10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with High Risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the main cause of cervical cancer development. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HR-HPVs are derived from a polycistronic pre-mRNA transcribed from an HPV early promoter. Through alternative splicing, this pre-mRNA produces a variety of E6 spliced transcripts termed E6*. In pre-malignant lesions and HPV-related cancers, different E6/E6* transcriptional patterns have been found, although they have not been clearly associated to cancer development. Moreover, there is a controversy about the participation of E6* proteins in cancer progression. This review addresses the regulation of E6 splicing and the different functions that have been found for E6* proteins, as well as their possible role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Contreras-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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277
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Bashaw AA, Leggatt GR, Chandra J, Tuong ZK, Frazer IH. Modulation of antigen presenting cell functions during chronic HPV infection. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 4:58-65. [PMID: 29179871 PMCID: PMC5883240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) infect basal keratinocytes, where in some individuals they evade host immune responses and persist. Persistent HR-HPV infection of the cervix causes precancerous neoplasia that can eventuate in cervical cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient in priming/cross-priming antigen-specific T cells and generating antiviral and antitumor cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, HR-HPV have adopted various immunosuppressive strategies, with modulation of DC function crucial to escape from the host adaptive immune response. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins alter recruitment and localization of epidermal DCs, while soluble regulatory factors derived from HPV-induced hyperplastic epithelium change DC development and influence initiation of specific cellular immune responses. This review focuses on current evidence for HR-HPV manipulation of antigen presentation in dendritic cells and escape from host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abate Assefa Bashaw
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Janin Chandra
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Zewen K Tuong
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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278
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RNA-Seq Analysis of Differentiated Keratinocytes Reveals a Massive Response to Late Events during Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection, Including Loss of Epithelial Barrier Function. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01001-17. [PMID: 29021401 PMCID: PMC5709591 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01001-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) replication cycle is tightly linked to epithelial cell differentiation. To examine HPV-associated changes in the keratinocyte transcriptome, RNAs isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated cell populations of normal, spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS) and NIKS stably transfected with HPV16 episomal genomes (NIKS16) were compared using next-generation sequencing (RNA-Seq). HPV16 infection altered expression of 2,862 cellular genes. Next, to elucidate the role of keratinocyte gene expression in late events during the viral life cycle, RNA-Seq was carried out on triplicate differentiated populations of NIKS (uninfected) and NIKS16 (infected). Of the top 966 genes altered (>log2 = 1.8, 3.5-fold change), 670 genes were downregulated and 296 genes were upregulated. HPV downregulated many genes involved in epithelial barrier function, which involves structural resistance to the environment and immunity to infectious agents. For example, HPV infection repressed expression of the differentiated keratinocyte-specific pattern recognition receptor TLR7, the Langerhans cell chemoattractant CCL20, and proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β. However, the type I interferon regulator IRF1, kappa interferon (IFN-κ), and viral restriction factors (IFIT1, -2, -3, and -5, OASL, CD74, and RTP4) were upregulated. HPV infection abrogated gene expression associated with the physical epithelial barrier, including keratinocyte cytoskeleton, intercellular junctions, and cell adhesion. Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting confirmed changes in expression of seven of the most significantly altered mRNAs. Expression of three genes showed statistically significant changes during cervical disease progression in clinical samples. Taken together, the data indicate that HPV infection manipulates the differentiating keratinocyte transcriptome to create an environment conducive to productive viral replication and egress. IMPORTANCE HPV genome amplification and capsid formation take place in differentiated keratinocytes. The viral life cycle is intimately associated with host cell differentiation. Deep sequencing (RNA-Seq) of RNA from undifferentiated and differentiated uninfected and HPV16-positive keratinocytes showed that almost 3,000 genes were differentially expressed in keratinocytes due to HPV16 infection. Strikingly, the epithelial barrier function of differentiated keratinocytes, comprising keratinocyte immune function and cellular structure, was found to be disrupted. These data provide new insights into the virus-host interaction that is crucial for the production of infectious virus and reveal that HPV infection remodels keratinocytes for completion of the virus replication cycle.
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279
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Abstract
Preclinical infection model systems are extremely valuable tools to aid in our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease progression, prevention, and treatments. In this context, rodent papillomaviruses and their respective infection models are useful tools but remain underutilized resources in the field of papillomavirus biology. Two rodent papillomaviruses, MnPV1, which infects the Mastomys species of multimammate rats, and MmuPV1, which infects laboratory mice, are currently the most studied rodent PVs. Both of these viruses cause malignancy in the skin and can provide attractive infection models to study the lesser understood cutaneous papillomaviruses that have been frequently associated with HPV-related skin cancers. Of these, MmuPV1 is the first reported rodent papillomavirus that can naturally infect the laboratory strain of mice. MmuPV1 is an attractive model virus to study papillomavirus pathogenesis because of the ubiquitous availability of lab mice and the fact that this mouse species is genetically modifiable. In this review, we have summarized the knowledge we have gained about PV biology from the study of rodent papillomaviruses and point out the remaining gaps that can provide new research opportunities.
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280
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Non-invasive detection of HPV DNA in exfoliative samples from ophthalmic pterygium: a feasibility study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 256:193-198. [PMID: 29124395 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The evaluation of a non-invasive detection method for human papilloma virus (HPV) in ophthalmic pterygia. METHODS Cotton swab samples and corresponding tissue specimens were collected from 21 ophthalmic pterygia of 21 patients. HPV detection and typing were performed by real-time PCR. Discrepancies in HPV detection between swab and tissue samples as well as clinical correlations of findings were examined. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in 9 (42.86%) tissue specimens and 8 (38.09%) respective swab specimens. HPV genotypes 33, 39, 45, 56, 59 and 66 were identified in the examined specimens, while more than one strain's HPV type was detected in 2 specimens. HPV presence was significantly correlated with the female gender whereas other clinical associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings imply that PCR-mediated HPV detection and typing in exfoliative swab specimens may be employed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in the management of ophthalmic pterygia.
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281
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Nakamura K, Komatsu M, Chiwaki F, Takeda T, Kobayashi Y, Banno K, Aoki D, Yoshida T, Sasaki H. SIM2l attenuates resistance to hypoxia and tumor growth by transcriptional suppression of HIF1A in uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14574. [PMID: 29109451 PMCID: PMC5674005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite chemoradiotherapy being one of the most important modalities in advanced cervical cancer, there is a lack of both usable biomarkers to predict treatment outcome and of knowledge about the mechanism of refractoriness to the therapy. Here we identified a transcriptional factor Single-minded homolog 2 (SIM2) as an independent predictive biomarker for uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CvSCC). The retrospective study showed that high expression level of SIM2 was correlated to good survival in CvSCC patients. SIM2 knockdown in CvSCC cell lines showed resistance to hypoxia with increased expression of HIF1A and its target genes. Loss of SIM2 also caused growth promotion, resistance to ROS, and radiation in 3D culture. Furthermore, SIM2 knockdown suppressed tumor growth with increased HIF-1α expression and angiogenesis in vivo. On the other hand, SIM2 long isoform (SIM2l)-overexpressed cells had contrary results, indicating the long isoform plays a key role for maintenance of these phenotypes. These data indicated that SIM2l has a potential to be precision medicine for CvSCC patients and that anti-angiogenesis therapy might be usable for SIM2lLow poor survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Komatsu
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Chiwaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core Center, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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282
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Kurmyshkina OV, Kovchur PI, Schegoleva LV, Volkova TO. T- and NK-cell populations with regulatory phenotype and markers of apoptosis in circulating lymphocytes of patients with CIN3 or microcarcinoma of the cervix: evidence for potential mechanisms of immune suppression. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 29075318 PMCID: PMC5646147 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processes and mechanisms responsible for systemic immune suppression in early-stage cervical cancer remain substantially underinvestigated. In this work, we focused on studying the frequencies of circulating regulatory T (CD4 and CD8 Tregs) and NK (NKregs) cells in parallel with assessment of apoptotic markers expression in T cells from patients with preinvasive and microinvasive cervical cancer, with the aim to determine whether up-regulation of apoptosis-associated markers in Т lymphocytes accompanies cervical cancer development and correlates with the change in percentages of regulatory cell populations at systemic level during the initial stages of invasive cervical cancer progression. METHODS Fourty two women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3, including carcinoma in situ) or cervical cancer (stage IA) and 30 healthy women (control) were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood samples were taken immediately before surgery or any treatment and immediately subjected to multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS Analysis of a combination of CD4/CD8, CD25, CD127, and FoxP3 markers revealed a statistically significant increase in the frequencies of Tregs within both the CD4 and CD8 subsets of circulating lymphocytes in patients with CIN3 and stage IA cancer. In contrast, lower numbers of NKregs (defined as CD16dim/negCD56bright subpopulation) and increased CD56dim/CD56bright NK ratio were found in patients compared to controls, with the percentage of CD16brightCD56dim cells (major subtype of circulating NKs) showing no difference. Patients also exhibited an increased expression of CD95 in total peripheral blood T lymphocytes, along with increased level of Annexin V binding to CD95-positive cells, suggesting higher susceptibility of T cells to apoptosis and potential involvement of CD95-dependent pathway in early-stage cervical cancer. Differential analysis of CD4 and CD8 T cells revealed different trends in the change of CD95 expression, confirming that this change likely has different functional significance for these two subsets. A search for correlations between the phenotypic parameters analyzed in this study was performed to demonstrate that women with early neoplastic lesions of the cervix, such as carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma, displayed a coordinated increase in expression of Treg markers in circulating lymphocytes, along with more pronounced cross-relationships between Treg numbers, CD95 expression on T cells, and apoptosis, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that a diversity of immune regulatory mechanisms that provide support for initial stages of invasive growth in cervical cancer patients includes systemic changes in the ratios between the principal regulatory and effector lymphocyte populations both within adaptive and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kurmyshkina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Innate Immunity, Institute of High-Tech Biomedicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel I Kovchur
- Department of Hospital Surgery, ENT Diseases, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Oncology, Urology, Institute of Medicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila V Schegoleva
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Cybernetics, Institute of Mathematics and Information Technologies, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana O Volkova
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation.,Institute of High-Tech Biomedicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
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283
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Alizon S, Murall CL, Bravo IG. Why Human Papillomavirus Acute Infections Matter. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100293. [PMID: 28994707 PMCID: PMC5691644 DOI: 10.3390/v9100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most infections by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are `acute', that is non-persistent. Yet, for HPVs, as for many other oncoviruses, there is a striking gap between our detailed understanding of chronic infections and our limited data on the early stages of infection. Here we argue that studying HPV acute infections is necessary and timely. Focusing on early interactions will help explain why certain infections are cleared while others become chronic or latent. From a molecular perspective, descriptions of immune effectors and pro-inflammatory pathways during the initial stages of infections have the potential to lead to novel treatments or to improved handling algorithms. From a dynamical perspective, adopting concepts from spatial ecology, such as meta-populations or meta-communities, can help explain why HPV acute infections sometimes last for years. Furthermore, cervical cancer screening and vaccines impose novel iatrogenic pressures on HPVs, implying that anticipating any viral evolutionary response remains essential. Finally, hints at the associations between HPV acute infections and fertility deserve further investigation given their high, worldwide prevalence. Overall, understanding asymptomatic and benign infections may be instrumental in reducing HPV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Alizon
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224, UM), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Carmen Lía Murall
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224, UM), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224, UM), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
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284
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Stepp WH, Stamos JD, Khurana S, Warburton A, McBride AA. Sp100 colocalizes with HPV replication foci and restricts the productive stage of the infectious cycle. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006660. [PMID: 28968443 PMCID: PMC5638619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that Sp100 (a component of the ND10 nuclear body) represses transcription, replication and establishment of incoming human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the early stages of infection. In this follow up study, we show that Sp100 does not substantially regulate viral infection in the maintenance phase, however at late stages of infection Sp100 interacts with amplifying viral genomes to repress viral processes. We find that Sp100 localizes to HPV16 replication foci generated in primary keratinocytes, to HPV31 replication foci that form in differentiated cells, and to HPV16 replication foci in CIN 1 cervical biopsies. To analyze this further, Sp100 was down regulated by siRNA treatment of differentiating HPV31 containing cells and levels of viral transcription and replication were assessed. This revealed that Sp100 represses viral transcription and replication in differentiated cells. Analysis of Sp100 binding to viral chromatin showed that Sp100 bound across the viral genome, and that binding increased at late stages of infection. Therefore, Sp100 represses the HPV life cycle at both early and late stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H. Stepp
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James D. Stamos
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simran Khurana
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alix Warburton
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison A. McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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285
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Moody C. Mechanisms by which HPV Induces a Replication Competent Environment in Differentiating Keratinocytes. Viruses 2017; 9:v9090261. [PMID: 28925973 PMCID: PMC5618027 DOI: 10.3390/v9090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer and are also associated with other genital malignancies, as well as an increasing number of head and neck cancers. HPVs have evolved their life cycle to contend with the different cell states found in the stratified epithelium. Initial infection and viral genome maintenance occurs in the proliferating basal cells of the stratified epithelium, where cellular replication machinery is abundant. However, the productive phase of the viral life cycle, including productive replication, late gene expression and virion production, occurs upon epithelial differentiation, in cells that normally exit the cell cycle. This review outlines how HPV interfaces with specific cellular signaling pathways and factors to provide a replication-competent environment in differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Moody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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286
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Steinbach A, Riemer AB. Immune evasion mechanisms of human papillomavirus: An update. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:224-229. [PMID: 28865151 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most frequently sexually transmitted agent in the world. It can cause cervical and other anogenital malignancies, and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV has the unique ability to persist in the host's epithelium for a long time-longer than most viruses do-which is necessary to complete its replication cycle. To this end, HPV has developed a variety of immune evasion mechanisms, which unfortunately also favor the progression of the disease from infection to chronic dysplasia and eventually to cancer. This article summarizes the current knowledge about HPV immune evasion strategies. A special emphasis lies in HPV-mediated changes of the antigen processing machinery, which is generating epitopes for T cells and contributes to the detectability of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Steinbach
- Immunotherapy & Immunoprevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika B Riemer
- Immunotherapy & Immunoprevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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287
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Smola S. Immunopathogenesis of HPV-Associated Cancers and Prospects for Immunotherapy. Viruses 2017; 9:E254. [PMID: 28895886 PMCID: PMC5618020 DOI: 10.3390/v9090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a causative factor for various cancers of the anogenital region and oropharynx, and is supposed to play an important cofactor role for skin carcinogenesis. Evasion from immunosurveillance favors viral persistence. However, there is evidence that the mere presence of oncogenic HPV is not sufficient for malignant progression and that additional tumor-promoting steps are required. Recent studies have demonstrated that HPV-transformed cells actively promote chronic stromal inflammation and conspire with cells in the local microenvironment to promote carcinogenesis. This review highlights the complex interplay between HPV-infected cells and the local immune microenvironment during oncogenic HPV infection, persistence, and malignant progression, and discusses new prospects for diagnosis and immunotherapy of HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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288
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Rosales C, Rosales R. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines against Human Papillomavirus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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289
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Graham SV. Keratinocyte Differentiation-Dependent Human Papillomavirus Gene Regulation. Viruses 2017; 9:E245. [PMID: 28867768 PMCID: PMC5618011 DOI: 10.3390/v9090245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause diseases ranging from benign warts to invasive cancers. HPVs infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is tightly linked with the differentiation process of the infected keratinocyte. The normal replication cycle involves an early and a late phase. The early phase encompasses viral entry and initial genome replication, stimulation of cell division and inhibition of apoptosis in the infected cell. Late events in the HPV life cycle include viral genome amplification, virion formation, and release into the environment from the surface of the epithelium. The main proteins required at the late stage of infection for viral genome amplification include E1, E2, E4 and E5. The late proteins L1 and L2 are structural proteins that form the viral capsid. Regulation of these late events involves both cellular and viral proteins. The late viral mRNAs are expressed from a specific late promoter but final late mRNA levels in the infected cell are controlled by splicing, polyadenylation, nuclear export and RNA stability. Viral late protein expression is also controlled at the level of translation. This review will discuss current knowledge of how HPV late gene expression is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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290
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Doorbar J. Host control of human papillomavirus infection and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 47:27-41. [PMID: 28919159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most human papillomaviruses cause inapparent infections, subtly affecting epithelial homeostasis, to ensure genome persistence in the epithelial basal layer. As with conspicuous papillomas, these self-limiting lesions shed viral particles to ensure population level maintenance and depend on a balance between viral gene expression, immune cell stimulation and immune surveillance for persistence. The complex immune evasion strategies, characteristic of high-risk HPV types, also allow the deregulated viral gene expression that underlies neoplasia. Neoplasia occurs at particular epithelial sites where vulnerable cells such as the reserve or cuboidal cells of the cervical transformation zone are found. Beta papillomavirus infection can also predispose an individual with immune deficiencies to the development of cancers. The host control of HPV infections thus involves local interactions between keratinocytes and the adaptive immune response. Effective immune detection and surveillance limits overt disease, leading to HPV persistence as productive microlesions or in a true latent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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291
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The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: a comprehensive review. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2201-2221. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HPVs (human papillomaviruses) infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. There are over 200 different HPV genotypes identified to date and each displays a strict tissue specificity for infection. HPV infection can result in a range of benign lesions, for example verrucas on the feet, common warts on the hands, or genital warts. HPV infects dividing basal epithelial cells where its dsDNA episomal genome enters the nuclei. Upon basal cell division, an infected daughter cell begins the process of keratinocyte differentiation that triggers a tightly orchestrated pattern of viral gene expression to accomplish a productive infection. A subset of mucosal-infective HPVs, the so-called ‘high risk’ (HR) HPVs, cause cervical disease, categorized as low or high grade. Most individuals will experience transient HR-HPV infection during their lifetime but these infections will not progress to clinically significant cervical disease or cancer because the immune system eventually recognizes and clears the virus. Cancer progression is due to persistent infection with an HR-HPV. HR-HPV infection is the cause of >99.7% cervical cancers in women, and a subset of oropharyngeal cancers, predominantly in men. HPV16 (HR-HPV genotype 16) is the most prevalent worldwide and the major cause of HPV-associated cancers. At the molecular level, cancer progression is due to increased expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which activate the cell cycle, inhibit apoptosis, and allow accumulation of DNA damage. This review aims to describe the productive life cycle of HPV and discuss the roles of the viral proteins in HPV replication. Routes to viral persistence and cancer progression are also discussed.
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292
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McBride AA. Mechanisms and strategies of papillomavirus replication. Biol Chem 2017; 398:919-927. [PMID: 28315855 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) replicate persistently in specific types of stratified epithelia of their host. After the initial infection, the viral genome replicates at low levels in the dividing cells of the epithelium, and these cells form a reservoir of infection that can last for decades. When the infected cells differentiate, viral genomes replicate to high levels to form progeny virus that is released from the surface of the epithelium. This complex life cycle requires several different modes of viral DNA replication, but papillomaviruses are masters at hijacking key cellular processes to facilitate their own reproduction.
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Galati L, Peronace C, Fiorillo MT, Masciari R, Giraldi C, Nisticò S, Minchella P, Maiolo V, Barreca GS, Marascio N, Lamberti AG, Giancotti A, Lepore MG, Greco F, Mauro MV, Borelli A, Bocchiaro GL, Surace G, Liberto MC, Focà A. Six years genotype distribution of Human Papillomavirus in Calabria Region, Southern Italy: a retrospective study. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:43. [PMID: 28770002 PMCID: PMC5531005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although analysis of the Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype spread in a particular area has a crucial impact on public health and prevention programmes, there is a lack of epidemiological data regarding HPV in the Calabria region of Italy. We therefore update information on HPV age/genotype distribution by retrospectively analysing a cohort of women, with and without cervical lesions, living in Calabria, who underwent HPV DNA testing; moreover, we also evaluated HPV age/genotype distribution in a subset of patients with cervical lesions. METHODS Cervical scrape specimens obtained from 9590 women (age range 20-75 years) from January 2010 to December 2015 were tested for HPV DNA. Viral types were genotyped by Linear Array HPV Genotyping® test (Roche, USA) at the Clinical Microbiology Operative Unit of six hospitals located in four provinces of the Calabria region. Cervical scrape specimens were also used to perform Pap smears for cytological analysis in a subset of 405 women; cytological classification of the samples was performed according to the Bethesda classification system. RESULTS A total of 2974 women (31%) (C.I. 95% 30.09-31.94) were found to be HPV DNA positive for at least one (57.3%) or several (42.7%) HPV genotypes. Of single genotype HPV infections, 46.5% and 36.4 % were classed as high-risk (HR, Group 1) and low-risk (LR, Group 3) respectively, while 16.9% were classed as probably/possibly carcinogenic and 0.2% undetermined risk. Stratified by age, total HPV distribution, showed the highest prevalence within the range 30-39 years (37.2%), while single genotype infection distribution displayed a peak in women from the age range 20-29 years (37.5%). The most common high-risk HPV type was HPV 16 (19.1%), followed by HPV 31 (9.1%). CONCLUSIONS We provide epidemiological data on HPV age/genotype distribution in women living in the Calabria region with or without cytological abnormalities, further to the enhancement of HPV screening/prevention programmes for the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Galati
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cinzia Peronace
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Polo Sanitario Nord ASP 5, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rosanna Masciari
- Unit of Mirobiology and Virology, "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Giraldi
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, "Annunziata" Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nisticò
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, General Hospital, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Pasquale Minchella
- Unit of Mirobiology and Virology, "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maiolo
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, "G. Jazzolino" Hospital, Vibo Valentia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Settimo Barreca
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Marascio
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Giuseppe Lamberti
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aida Giancotti
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Greco
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, "Annunziata" Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Annelisa Borelli
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, General Hospital, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Lo Bocchiaro
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Polo Sanitario Nord ASP 5, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Giovanni Surace
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Polo Sanitario Nord ASP 5, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Abstract
Individuals with inherited immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, organ or bone marrow transplantation, or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of infection with both low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Chronic immunosuppression provides an environment for persistent HPV infection which carries a higher risk of malignant transformation. Screening guidelines have been developed or advocated for processes that have detectable premalignant lesions, such as anal cancer or cervical cancer. For other anatomic locations, such as cutaneous, penile, and oropharyngeal, a biopsy of suspicious lesions is necessary for diagnosis. HPV cannot be cultured from clinical specimens in the laboratory, and diagnosis relies on cytologic, histologic, or molecular methods.
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295
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Ma Y, Yang A, Peng S, Qiu J, Farmer E, Hung CF, Wu TC. Characterization of HPV18 E6-specific T cell responses and establishment of HPV18 E6-expressing tumor model. Vaccine 2017; 35:3850-3858. [PMID: 28599791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as the primary etiologic factor of cervical cancer, and subsets of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV18 is the second most prevalent high-risk HPV type after HPV16. Furthermore, HPV18 is responsible for approximately 12% of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 37% of cervical adenocarcinoma cases worldwide. In this study, we aimed to characterize the HPV18-E6-specific epitope and establish an HPV18 animal tumor model to evaluate the E6-specific immune response induced by our DNA vaccine. We vaccinated naïve C57BL/6 mice with a prototype DNA vaccine, pcDNA3-HPV18-E6, via intramuscular injection followed by electroporation, and analyzed the E6-specific CD8+ T cell responses by flow cytometry using a reported T cell epitope. We then characterized the MHC restriction element for the characterized HPV18-E6 epitope. Additionally, we generated an HPV18-E6-expressing tumor cell line to study the antitumor effect mediated by E6-specific immunity. We observed a robust HPV18-E6aa67-75 peptide-specific CD8+ T cell response after vaccination with pcDNA3-HPV18-E6. Further characterization demonstrated that this epitope was mainly restricted by H-2Kb, but was also weakly presented by HLA-A∗0201, as previously reported. We observed that vaccination with pcDNA3-HPV18-E6 significantly inhibited the growth of HPV18-E6-expressing tumor cells, TC-1/HPV18-E6, in mice. An antibody depletion study demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are necessary for the observed antitumor immunity. The characterization of HPV18-E6-specific T cell responses and the establishment of HPV18-E6-expressing tumor cell line provide infrastructures for further development of HPV18-E6 targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Jin Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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296
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Iovieno A, Piana S, Chiesi L, Fodero C, Fontana L. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated trilateral squamous neoplasia in immunocompetent individual. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:1347-1350. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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297
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Šterbenc A, Hošnjak L, Chouhy D, Bolatti EM, Oštrbenk A, Seme K, Kocjan BJ, Luzar B, Giri AA, Poljak M. Molecular characterization, tissue tropism, and genetic variability of the novel Mupapillomavirus type HPV204 and phylogenetically related types HPV1 and HPV63. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175892. [PMID: 28426749 PMCID: PMC5398564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV204 is the only newly identified Mupapillomavirus (Mu-PV) type in more than a decade. To comprehensively characterize HPV204, we performed a detailed molecular analysis of the viral genome and evaluated its clinical relevance in comparison to the other Mu-PVs, HPV1 and HPV63. The 7,227-bp long genome of HPV204 exhibits typical genomic organization of Mu-PVs with eight open reading frames (ORFs) (E6, E7, E1, E2, E8, E4, L2, and L1). We developed three type-specific quantitative real-time PCRs and used them to test a representative collection (n = 1,006) of various HPV-associated benign and malignant neoplasms, as well as samples of clinically normal cutaneous, mucosal, and mucocutaneous origins. HPV204, HPV1, and HPV63 were detected in 1.1%, 2.7%, and 1.9% of samples tested, respectively, and were present in skin and mucosa, suggesting dual tissue tropism of all Mu-PVs. To evaluate the etiological role of Mu-PVs in the development of HPV-associated neoplasms, Mu-PV viral loads per single cell were estimated. HPV1 and HPV63 were present in high viral copy numbers in 3/43 and 1/43 cutaneous warts, respectively, and were identified as the most likely causative agents of these warts. HPV204 viral load was extremely low in a single HPV204-positive cutaneous wart (7.4 × 10−7 viral copies/cell). Hence, etiological association between HPV204 and the development of cutaneous warts could not be established. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the genetic variability of Mu-PVs by sequencing complete LCR genomic regions of HPV204, HPV1, and HPV63. We detected several nucleotide substitutions and deletions within the LCR genomic regions of Mu-PVs and identified two genetic variants of HPV204 and HPV63 and five genetic variants of HPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Šterbenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diego Chouhy
- Virology Area, School of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elisa M. Bolatti
- Virology Area, School of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anja Oštrbenk
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan J. Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Luzar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriana A. Giri
- Virology Area, School of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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298
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HPV16-E2 protein modifies self-renewal and differentiation rate in progenitor cells of human immortalized keratinocytes. Virol J 2017; 14:65. [PMID: 28372578 PMCID: PMC5376701 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of death worldwide by cancer in women and is a disease associated to persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly from two high-risk types HPV16 and 18. The virus initiates its replicative cycle infecting cells located in the basal layer of the epithelium, where a small population of epithelial stem cells is located performing important functions of renewal and maintenance of the tissue. Viral E2 gene is one of the first expressed after infection and plays relevant roles in the replicative cycle of the virus, modifying fundamental processes in the infected cells. Thus, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of hierarchic subpopulations in HaCaT cell line and evaluate the effect of HPV16-E2 expression, on their biological processes. METHODS HaCaT-HPV16-E2 cells were generated by transduction of HaCaT cell line with a lentiviral vector. The α6-integrin-CD71 expression profile was established by immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. After sorting, cell subpopulations were analyzed in biological assays for self-renewal, clonogenicity and expression of stemness factors (RT-qPCR). RESULTS We identified in HaCaT cell line three different subpopulations that correspond to early differentiated cells (α6-integrindim), transitory amplifying cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71bri) and progenitor cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71dim). The last subpopulation showed stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal ability, clonogenicity and expression of the well-known stem cell factors SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG, suggesting they are stem-like cells. Interestingly, the expression of HPV16-E2 in HaCaT cells changed its α6-integrin-CD71 immunophenotype modifying the relative abundance of the cell subpopulations, reducing significantly the percentage of α6-integrinbri/CD71dim cells. Moreover, the expression of the stem cell markers was also modified, increasing the expression of SOX2 and NANOG, but decreasing notably the expression of OCT4. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the presence of a small subpopulation with epithelial "progenitor cells" characteristics in the HaCaT cell line, and that HPV16-E2 expression on these cells induces early differentiation.
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299
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Egawa N, Wang Q, Griffin HM, Murakami I, Jackson D, Mahmood R, Doorbar J. HPV16 and 18 genome amplification show different E4-dependence, with 16E4 enhancing E1 nuclear accumulation and replicative efficiency via its cell cycle arrest and kinase activation functions. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006282. [PMID: 28306742 PMCID: PMC5371391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify E1^E4’s role during high-risk HPV infection, the E4 proteins of HPV16 and 18 were compared side by side using an isogenic keratinocyte differentiation model. While no effect on cell proliferation or viral genome copy number was observed during the early phase of either virus life cycle, time-course experiments showed that viral genome amplification and L1 expression were differently affected upon differentiation, with HPV16 showing a much clearer E4 dependency. Although E4 loss never completely abolished genome amplification, its more obvious contribution in HPV16 focused our efforts on 16E4. As previously suggested, in the context of the virus life cycle, 16E4s G2-arrest capability was found to contribute to both genome amplification success and L1 accumulation. Loss of 16E4 also lead to a reduced maintenance of ERK, JNK and p38MAPK activity throughout the genome amplifying cell layers, with 16E4 (but not 18E4) co-localizing precisely with activated cytoplasmic JNK in both wild type raft tissue, and HPV16-induced patient biopsy tissue. When 16E1 was co-expressed with E4, as occurs during genome amplification in vivo, the E1 replication helicase accumulated preferentially in the nucleus, and in transient replication assays, E4 stimulated viral genome amplification. Interestingly, a 16E1 mutant deficient in its regulatory phosphorylation sites no longer accumulated in the nucleus following E4 co-expression. E4-mediated stabilisation of 16E2 was also apparent, with E2 levels declining in organotypic raft culture when 16E4 was absent. These results suggest that 16E4-mediated enhancement of genome amplification involves its cell cycle inhibition and cellular kinase activation functions, with E4 modifying the activity and function of viral replication proteins including E1. These activities of 16E4, and the different kinase patterns seen here with HPV18, 31 and 45, may reflect natural differences in the biology and tropisms of these viruses, as well as differences in E4 function. In HPV induced lesions, the most abundant protein expressed in the productive stage of viral life cycle is E1^E4 (E4), with its expression being coincident with viral genome amplification. To clarify the role of E4 in the high-risk HPV life cycle, we carried out a comparative analysis of E4 function in HPV16 and 18 using an isogenic keratinocyte cell-line background. Our results show that E1^E4 contributes to virus genome replication efficiency and life cycle completion rather than being essential. These effects were seen more dramatically with HPV16. The difference between HPV16 and HPV18 in our system suggests important tropism differences between these viruses. HPV16 E4’s contribution to the virus life cycle is mediated by several activities, including its G2 arrest function, as well as its role in activating members of the MAPK pathway, including ERK, p38, and most notably pJNK. These 16 E4 functions facilitated the nuclear localization of the E1 virus helicase and enhanced E1/E2 dependent viral genome amplification as well as stabilising E2. We suspect that the massive accumulation of E4 in the upper epithelial layers may however underlie a more critical role for E4 post-genome amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Wang
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isao Murakami
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Jackson
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Radma Mahmood
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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300
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The PTPN14 Tumor Suppressor Is a Degradation Target of Human Papillomavirus E7. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00057-17. [PMID: 28100625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00057-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signaling pathways ensuring cell growth is essential for the proliferative competence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected cells. Tyrosine kinases and phosphatases are key regulators of cellular growth control pathways. A recently identified potential cellular target of HPV E7 is the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14, which is a potential tumor suppressor and is linked to the control of the Hippo and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways. In this study, we show that the E7 proteins of both high-risk and low-risk mucosal HPV types can interact with PTPN14. This interaction is independent of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and involves residues in the carboxy-terminal region of E7. We also show that high-risk E7 induces proteasome-mediated degradation of PTPN14 in cells derived from cervical tumors. This degradation appears to be independent of cullin-1 or cullin-2 but most likely involves the UBR4/p600 ubiquitin ligase. The degree to which E7 downregulates PTPN14 would suggest that this interaction is important for the viral life cycle and potentially also for the development of malignancy. In support of this we find that overexpression of PTPN14 decreases the ability of HPV-16 E7 to cooperate with activated EJ-ras in primary cell transformation assays.IMPORTANCE This study links HPV E7 to the deregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathways. PTPN14 is classified as a potential tumor suppressor protein, and here we show that it is very susceptible to HPV E7-induced proteasome-mediated degradation. Intriguingly, this appears to use a mechanism that is different from that employed by E7 to target pRb. Therefore, this study has important implications for our understanding of the molecular basis for E7 function and also sheds important light on the potential role of PTPN14 as a tumor suppressor.
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