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Güçlü E, Kocayiğit H, Okan HD, Erkorkmaz U, Yürümez Y, Yaylacı S, Koroglu M, Uzun C, Karabay O. Effect of COVID-19 on platelet count and its indices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:1122-1127. [PMID: 32935808 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.8.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Easily accessible, inexpensive, and widely used laboratory tests that demonstrate the severity of COVID-19 are important. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between mortality in COVID-19 and platelet count, Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width. METHODS In total, 215 COVID-19 patients were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups. Patients with room air oxygen saturation < 90% were considered as severe COVID-19, and patients with ≥90% were considered moderate COVID-19. Patient medical records and the electronic patient data monitoring system were examined retrospectively. Analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The patients' mean age was 64,32 ± 16,07 years. According to oxygen saturation, 81 patients had moderate and 134 had severe COVID-19. Our findings revealed that oxygen saturation at admission and the MPV difference between the first and third days of hospitalization were significant parameters in COVID-19 patients for predicting mortality. While mortality was 8.4 times higher in patients who had oxygen saturation under 90 % at hospital admission, 1 unit increase in MPV increased mortality 1.76 times. CONCLUSION In addition to the lung capacity of patients, the mean platelet volume may be used as an auxiliary test in predicting the mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertuğrul Güçlü
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Havva Kocayiğit
- . Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Division of Anesthesiology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Doğuş Okan
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Unal Erkorkmaz
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yürümez
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Yaylacı
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Koroglu
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Cem Uzun
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Karabay
- . Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya, Turkey
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252
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Rammohan A. Post-transplant immunosuppression and COVID-19: From a double whammy to a mixed blessing. World J Transplant 2020; 10:267-276. [PMID: 32995321 PMCID: PMC7504191 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v10.i9.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has had an unprecedented effect on various disease processes and their management. COVID-19 is likely to have a complex pathophysiological interplay with the post-transplant patients; one affecting the clinical course and outcome of the other. In the absence of validated data from trials, there is strong dependence on experience based on previous similar epidemics (SARS/MERS), and from consensus based on expert opinions. Despite the fact that our knowledge is rapidly evolving with time, there still is relatively limited objective data on the effect of COVID-19 on the human body. Numerous questions remain unanswered, one of which involves the management of immunosuppression in the post-transplant recipient during this contagion. The core tenet of which continues to be that of establishing an equipoise between infection and rejection. This review summarises the current knowledge on immune interactions of the virus, the immunomodulatory effects that may be at play, and its relation to the art of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Rammohan
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600044, India
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253
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Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H. Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation. Life Sci 2020; 257:118114. [PMID: 32693241 PMCID: PMC7368418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The world has witnessed a high morbidity and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2, and global death toll is still rising. Exaggerated inflammatory responses are thought to be more responsible for infiltrated immune cells accumulation, organ damage especially lung, dyspnea, and respiratory failure rather than direct effect of viral replication. IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome are the major immune components in immune responses stimulation upon pathogen infection. It's noteworthy that the function and expression of these components are remarkably influenced by non-coding RNAs including long non-coding RNAs. Given the potential role of these components in organ damage and pathological manifestations of patients infected with COVID-19, their blockage might be a hopeful and promising treatment strategy. Notably, more study on long non-coding RNAs involved in inflammatory responses could elevate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy. In this review we discuss the potential impact of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome blocker drugs on inflammatory responses, viral clearance, and pathological and clinical manifestations. Collectively, anti-inflammatory strategy might pave the way to diminish clinical and pathological manifestations and thereby discharging patients infected with COVID-19 from hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Paniri
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.
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254
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Placenta-Derived Cell Therapy to Treat Patients With Respiratory Failure Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0207. [PMID: 32984833 PMCID: PMC7498138 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: To determine whether placental cell therapy PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD (Pluristem Therapeutics, Haifa, Israel) may be beneficial to treating critically ill patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019. Design: Retrospective case report of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients treated with PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD from March 26, 2020, to April 4, 2020, with follow-up through May 2, 2020. Setting: Four hospitals in Israel (Rambam Health Care Campus, Bnai Zion Medical Center, and Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital), and Holy Name Medical Center in New Jersey. Patients: Eight critically ill patients on invasive mechanical ventilation, suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019. Interventions: Intramuscular injection of PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD (300 × 106 cells) given as one to two treatments. Measurements and Main Results: Mortality, time to discharge, and changes in blood and respiratory variables were monitored during hospitalization to day 17 posttreatment. Of the eight patients treated (median age 55 yr, seven males and one female), five were discharged, two remained hospitalized, and one died. By day 3 postinjection, mean C-reactive protein fell 45% (240.3–131.3 mg/L; p = 0.0019) and fell to 77% by day 5 (56.0 mg/L; p < 0.0001). Pao2/Fio2 improved in 5:8 patients after 24-hour posttreatment, with similar effects 48-hour posttreatment. A decrease in positive end-expiratory pressure and increase in pH were statistically significant between days 0 and 14 (p = 0.0032 and p = 0.00072, respectively). A decrease in hemoglobin was statistically significant for days 0–5 and 0–14 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.0028, respectively), whereas for creatinine, it was statistically significant between days 0 and 14 (p = 0.032). Conclusions: Improvement in several variables such as C-reactive protein, positive end-expiratory pressure, and Pao2/Fio2 was observed following PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD treatment, suggesting possible therapeutic effect. However, interpretation of the data is limited due to the small sample size, use of concomitant investigational therapies, and the uncontrolled study design. The efficacy of PLacental eXpanded (PLX)-PAD in coronavirus disease 2019 should be further evaluated in a controlled clinical trial.
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255
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Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative Review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Influenza A Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:552909. [PMID: 33013925 PMCID: PMC7516028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused a global health emergency. The outbreak of this virus has raised a number of questions: What is SARS-CoV-2? How transmissible is SARS-CoV-2? How severely affected are patients infected with SARS-CoV-2? What are the risk factors for viral infection? What are the differences between this novel coronavirus and other coronaviruses? To answer these questions, we performed a comparative study of four pathogenic viruses that primarily attack the respiratory system and may cause death, namely, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2 strains). This comparative study provides a critical evaluation of the origin, genomic features, transmission, and pathogenicity of these viruses. Because the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing, this evaluation may inform public health administrators and medical experts to aid in curbing the pandemic's progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Birds/virology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/transmission
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Virulence/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdelrahman
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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256
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An Ayurvedic personalized prophylactic protocol in COVID-19. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 13:100351. [PMID: 33334655 PMCID: PMC7834287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic brought about by the SARS-CoV-2, a novel β coronavirus is creating intense health havoc globally. Researchers suspect the situation to stay for long in the community, considering this virus’s pathogenesis, high rate transmission and tendency to provoke uncontrolled immune response activation. Immune mechanisms are highly individualistic. We put forward a hypothetical model of prakruti (Ayurvedic body phenotyping character) based personalized prophylactic-therapeutic strategies aiming at a better immunomodulation and quicker resolution of host immune mechanisms. We propose this model in symptomatic, mild to moderate, COVID-19 diagnosed cases and in cases quarantined for high to low risk primary contact with a positive case. We also suggest a community level personalized Ayurvedic prophylactic-therapeutic strategy based on the DOTS model. Person-centered body purificatory measures (panchakarma procedures) like therapeutic purgation (virechana) and medicated enema (basti) are suggested in this hypothetical protocol with justification on evidence-based links between immune responses and prakruti along with specific jwara (fevers of varied origin as per Ayurvedic sciences) and COVID-19 symptomatology. The paper also appraises the importance of pitta dosha/ama dosha in the manifestation of inflammation driven destructive phase of immune responses along with its stage-wise intervention. This hypothetical model intends to open up discussions on significance of prakruti assessment as a predictive marker to screen people who are at risk of succumbing into deteriorating states if infected with COVID-19. It also intends to discuss the predictive personalized medicine measures based on prakruti in yielding individual host immune homeostasis which may positively reduce the chances of untoward events of an aggravated immune responsiveness and subsequent inflammation driven tissue destruction – the candidate causes for COVID-19 related casualties. Testing this model may give insight towards emphasizing personalized host immune coping mechanisms that may prove crucial in any infectious outbreaks in near future too.
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257
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Lumpuy-Castillo J, Lorenzo-Almorós A, Pello-Lázaro AM, Sánchez-Ferrer C, Egido J, Tuñón J, Peiró C, Lorenzo Ó. Cardiovascular Damage in COVID-19: Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6471. [PMID: 32899833 PMCID: PMC7555368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually more severe and associated with worst outcomes in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension or atherothrombosis. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can differentially infect multiple tissues (i.e., lung, vessel, heart, liver) in different stages of disease, and in an age- and sex-dependent manner. In particular, cardiovascular (CV) cells (e.g., endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes) could be directly infected and indirectly disturbed by systemic alterations, leading to hyperinflammatory, apoptotic, thrombotic, and vasoconstrictive responses. Until now, hundreds of clinical trials are testing antivirals and immunomodulators to decrease SARS-CoV-2 infection or related systemic anomalies. However, new therapies targeting the CV system might reduce the severity and lethality of disease. In this line, activation of the non-canonical pathway of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) could improve CV homeostasis under COVID-19. In particular, treatments with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) may help to reduce hyperinflammation and viral propagation, while infusion of soluble ACE2 may trap plasma viral particles and increase cardioprotective Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) peptides. The association of specific ACE2 polymorphisms with increased susceptibility of infection and related CV pathologies suggests potential genetic therapies. Moreover, specific agonists of Ang-(1-7) receptor could counter-regulate the hypertensive, hyperinflammatory, and hypercoagulable responses. Interestingly, sex hormones could also regulate all these RAAS components. Therefore, while waiting for an efficient vaccine, we suggest further investigations on the non-canonical RAAS pathway to reduce cardiovascular damage and mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Lumpuy-Castillo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
| | - Ana Lorenzo-Almorós
- Department of Internal Medicine. Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Carlos Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (C.P.)
| | - Jesús Egido
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tuñón
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
- Department of Cardiology. Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (C.P.)
| | - Óscar Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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258
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Jayaramayya K, Mahalaxmi I, Subramaniam MD, Raj N, Dayem AA, Lim KM, Kim SJ, An JY, Lee Y, Choi Y, Raj A, Cho SG, Vellingiri B. Immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes for COVID-19 treatment. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32731913 PMCID: PMC7473478 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.8.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has witnessed unimaginable damage from the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because the pandemic is growing rapidly, it is important to consider diverse treatment options to effectively treat people worldwide. Since the immune system is at the hub of the infection, it is essential to regulate the dynamic balance in order to prevent the overexaggerated immune responses that subsequently result in multiorgan damage. The use of stem cells as treatment options has gained tremend-ous momentum in the past decade. The revolutionary mea-sures in science have brought to the world mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) as thera-peutic opportunities for various diseases. The MSCs and MSC-Exos have immunomodulatory functions; they can be used as therapy to strike a balance in the immune cells of patients with COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the basics of the cyto-kine storm in COVID-19, MSCs, and MSC-derived exosomes and the potential and stem-cell-based ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaavya Jayaramayya
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046; Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641-043, India
| | - Iyer Mahalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641-043, India
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya campus, Chennai 600-006, India
| | - Neethu Raj
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046, India
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Se Jong Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jong Yub An
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yujin Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Arthi Raj
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046, India
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259
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Zheng X, Li L. Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2020; 2:89-95. [PMID: 38630098 PMCID: PMC8529694 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly evolved into a pandemic with over 10 million infections and over 500 thousand deaths. There are currently no effective therapies or vaccines available to protect against this coronavirus infection. In this review, we discuss potential therapeutic options for COVID-19 based on the available information from previous research on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Substantial efforts are underway to discover new therapeutic agents for COVID-19, including the repurposing of existing agents and the development of novel agents that specifically target SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or host factors. Through the screening of compound libraries, various classes of drugs, such as ribavirin, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and hydroxychloroquine have been identified as potential therapeutic candidates against COVID-19. Novel antiviral drugs for SARS-coronavirus 2 are being developed to target viral enzymes or functional proteins, as well as host factors or cell signaling pathways.
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260
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Chaari A, Bendriss G, Zakaria D, McVeigh C. Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response. Front Public Health 2020; 8:476. [PMID: 32984253 PMCID: PMC7481450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus pandemic continues to spread causing further public health, social, and economic issues. The disparities in the rates of death between countries poses questions about the importance of lifestyle habits and the immune status of populations. An exploration of dietary habits and COVID-19-related death might unravel associations between these two variables. Indeed, while both nutritional excess and deficiency are associated with immunodeficiency, adequate nutrition leading to an optimally functioning immune system may be associated with better outcomes with regards to preventing infection and complications of COVID-19, as well as developing a better immune response to other pathogenic viruses and microorganisms. This article outlines the key functions of the immune system and how macronutrients, micronutrients, and metabolites from the gut microbiome can be essential in the development of an efficient immune system. In addition, the effects of intermittent fasting on the inflammatory state as well as metabolic parameters will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Chaari
- Premedical Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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261
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Abstract
Sumac is an herbal product, commonly consumed as a spice and was used for medical treatment for centuries. The phytochemical structure of Sumac was studied extensively, and it was established that the herb contained tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, and essential oils. Various scientific studies demonstrated that Sumac had a free oxygen radical-scavenging effect, a protective effect against liver damage, antihemolytic, leukopenia, and antifibrogenic effects, along with its antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Recently, several scientific studies described the pathophysiology, clinical course, and the treatment of COVID-19 infection. The examination of the characteristics of COVID-19 infection revealed via the clinical studies suggests that Sumac extract could be useful in the treatment of COVID-19. Given the scientific studies focusing on the beneficial effects of Sumac, the present review aims to provide an encouraging viewpoint to investigate whether Sumac is effective in treating COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Korkmaz
- Department of Cardiology, Fırat University Medicine Faculty, Elazıg, Turkey
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262
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Ortolan A, Lorenzin M, Felicetti M, Doria A, Ramonda R. Does gender influence clinical expression and disease outcomes in COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:496-504. [PMID: 32800858 PMCID: PMC7422797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Males are slightly more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection (M:F ratio 1:0.9). Male patients affected by COVID-19 have a higher chance of presenting with a more severe disease. COVID-19 mortality is nearly twice as high in males than in females. Mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are due to genetic, hormonal, and other biological factors.
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) was characterized at the end of 2019, and soon spread around the world, generating a pandemic. It has been suggested that men are more severely affected by the viral disease (COVID-19) than women. Objective The aim of this systematic literature review (SRL) and meta-analysis was to analyse the influence of gender on COVID-19 mortality, severity, and disease outcomes. A SRL was performed in PubMed and Embase, searching terms corresponding to the ‘PEO’ format: population = adult patients affected with COVID-19; exposure = gender; outcome = any available clinical outcomes by gender, including mortality and disease severity. The search covered the period from January 1 to April 30, 2020. Exclusion criteria were: case reports/series, reviews, commentaries, languages other than English. Full-text, original articles were included. Data on study type, country, and patients’ characteristics were extracted. Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS). From a total of 950 hits generated by the database search, 85 articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. Results A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to compare mortality, recovery rates, and disease severity in men compared with women. The male to female ratio for cases was 1:0.9. A significant association was found between male sex and mortality (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.25–2.62), as well as a lower chance of recovery in men (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.55–0.95). Male patients were more likely to present with a severe form of COVID-19 (OR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.10–1.94). Conclusions Males are slightly more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection, present with a more severe disease, and have a worse prognosis. Further studies are warranted to unravel the biological mechanisms underlying these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Ortolan
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Lorenzin
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mara Felicetti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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263
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Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Zarrintan A, Nezami N, Mohammadi A, Zarrintan A, Mohebbi I, Pirnejad H, Khademvatani K, Ashkavand Z, Forughi P, Arasteh A, Attari JA. Predictors of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pneumonitis outcome based on computed tomography (CT) imaging obtained prior to hospitalization: a retrospective study. Emerg Radiol 2020; 27:653-661. [PMID: 32770367 PMCID: PMC7414287 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Computed tomography (CT) has been utilized as a diagnostic modality in the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), while some studies have also suggested a prognostic role for it. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of computed tomography (CT) imaging in COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a retrospective study of fifty patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Twenty-seven patients survived, while 23 passed away. CT imaging was performed in all of the patients on the day of admission. Imaging findings were interpreted based on current guidelines by two expert radiologists. Imaging findings were compared between surviving and deceased patients. Lung scores were assigned to patients based on CT chest findings. Then, the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine cutoff values for lung scores. RESULTS The common radiologic findings were ground-glass opacities (82%) and airspace consolidation (42%), respectively. Air bronchogram was more commonly seen in deceased patients (p = 0.04). Bilateral and multilobar involvement was more frequently found in deceased patients (p = 0.049 and 0.014, respectively). The mean number of involved lobes was 3.46 ± 1.80 lobes in surviving patients and 4.57 ± 0.60 lobes in the deceased patients (p = 0.009). The difference was statistically significant. The area under the curve for a lung score cutoff of 12 was 0.790. CONCLUSION Air bronchogram and bilateral and multilobar involvement were more frequently seen in deceased patients and may suggest a poor outcome for COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Medical Radiation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Armin Zarrintan
- Medical Radiation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nariman Nezami
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Afshin Mohammadi
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Radiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Anita Zarrintan
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohebbi
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Habibollah Pirnejad
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Health Information Technology Department, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kamal Khademvatani
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Ashkavand
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Payman Forughi
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Arasteh
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Medical Radiation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Javad Aghazadeh Attari
- Department of Radiology, Neuro-Intervention and Neurologic Surgery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA. .,Faculty of Medicine, UMSU Campus, Daneshgah Avenue, Urmia, Iran.
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264
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Ferreira AO, Polonini HC, Dijkers ECF. Postulated Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E80. [PMID: 32764275 PMCID: PMC7565841 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of COVID-19 patients is still growing exponentially worldwide due to the high transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therapeutic agents currently under investigation are antiviral drugs, vaccines, and other adjuvants that could relieve symptoms or improve the healing process. In this review, twelve therapeutic agents that could play a role in prophylaxis or improvement of the COVID-19-associated symptoms (as add-on substances) are discussed. Agents were identified based on their known pharmacologic mechanism of action in viral and/or nonviral fields and are postulated to interact with one or more of the seven known mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus: (i) regulation of the immune system; (ii) virus entrance in the cell; (iii) virus replication; (iv) hyperinflammation; (v) oxidative stress; (vi) thrombosis; and (vii) endotheliitis. Selected agents were immune transfer factor (oligo- and polypeptides from porcine spleen, ultrafiltered at <10 kDa; Imuno TF®), anti-inflammatory natural blend (Uncaria tomentosa, Endopleura uchi and Haematoccocus pluvialis; Miodesin®), zinc, selenium, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, ferulic acid, spirulina, N-acetylcysteine, glucosamine sulfate potassium hydrochloride, trans-resveratrol, and maltodextrin-stabilized orthosilicic acid (SiliciuMax®). This review gives the scientific background on the hypothesis that these therapeutic agents can act in synergy in the prevention and improvement of COVID-19-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson O. Ferreira
- Fagron. Lichtenauerlaan 182, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.C.P.); (E.C.F.D.)
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265
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Muyayalo KP, Huang DH, Zhao SJ, Xie T, Mor G, Liao AH. COVID-19 and Treg/Th17 imbalance: Potential relationship to pregnancy outcomes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13304. [PMID: 32662111 PMCID: PMC7404618 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Caused by a novel type of virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) constitutes a global public health emergency. Pregnant women are considered to have a higher risk of severe morbidity and even mortality due to their susceptibility to respiratory pathogens and their particular immunologic state. Several studies assessing SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy reported adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with severe conditions, including spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, fetal distress, cesarean section, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, neonatal pneumonia, stillbirth, and neonatal death. However, whether these complications are causally related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is not clear. Here, we reviewed the scientific evidence supporting the contributing role of Treg/Th17 cell imbalance in the uncontrolled systemic inflammation characterizing severe cases of COVID‐19. Based on the recognized harmful effects of these CD4+ T‐cell subset imbalances in pregnancy, we speculated that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection might lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes through the deregulation of otherwise tightly regulated Treg/Th17 ratios, and to subsequent uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID‐19 from infected mothers to their infants, which could also explain adverse perinatal outcomes. Rigorous monitoring of pregnancies and appropriate measures should be taken to prevent and treat early eventual maternal and perinatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahinho P Muyayalo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Dong-Hui Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Jia Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Gil Mor
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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266
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Feitosa EL, Júnior FTDSS, Nery Neto JADO, Matos LFL, Moura MHDS, Rosales TO, De Freitas GBL. COVID-19: Rational discovery of the therapeutic potential of Melatonin as a SARS-CoV-2 main Protease Inhibitor. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2133-2146. [PMID: 32922174 PMCID: PMC7484667 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.48053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The mortality rate, hospital disorders and incalculable economic and social damages, besides the unproven efficacy of the treatments evaluated against COVID-19, raised the need for immediate control of this disease. Therefore, the current study employed in silico tools to rationally identify new possible SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors. That is an enzyme conserved among the coronavirus species; hence, the identification of an Mpro inhibitor is to make it a broad-spectrum drug. Molecular docking studies described the binding sites and the interaction energies of 74 Mpro-ligand complexes deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). A structural similarity screening was carried out in order to identify possible Mpro ligands that show additional pharmacological properties against COVID-19. We identified 59 hit compounds and among them, melatonin stood out due to its prominent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities; it can reduce oxidative stress, defence cell mobility and efficiently combat the cytokine storm and sepsis. In addition, melatonin is an inhibitor of calmodulin, an essential intracellular component to maintain angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) on the cell surface. Interestingly, one of the most promising hits in our docking study was melatonin. It revealed better interaction energy with Mpro compared to ligands in complexes from PDB. Consequently, melatonin can have response potential in early stages for its possible effects on ACE-2 and Mpro, although it is also promising in more severe stages of the disease for its action against hyper-inflammation. These results definitely do not confirm antiviral activity, but can rather be used as a basis for further preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L Feitosa
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia (LAQUIMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tiago Dos S S Júnior
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia (LAQUIMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - José Arimatéa De O Nery Neto
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia (LAQUIMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Luis F L Matos
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia (LAQUIMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Matheus H De S Moura
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia (LAQUIMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Barroso L De Freitas
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia (LAQUIMB), Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
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267
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Wang X, Xie P, Sun G, Zhao M, Deng Z, Zhou Y, Bao S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of arbidol in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21402. [PMID: 32791753 PMCID: PMC7386950 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious, and the epidemic has spread to hundreds of countries around the world, and seriously threatens the life safety of people around the world. Arbidol is an antiviral drug with high potential against COVID-19, but evidence of effectiveness and safety is lacking. The systematic review protocol aims to formulate a research plan that can evaluate the efficacy and safety of arbidol for COVID-19. METHODS The retrieval time will be from the database establishment to June 2020. The retrieval database will include the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, OVID, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, etc. The primary outcome will be clinical efficacy, and the secondary results will be accompanying symptoms, time for the temperature to return to normal, time of novel coronavirus nucleic acid turning negative, blood sample test, Computed Tomography examination, length of hospitalization, adverse reactions, and adverse events. RevManV.5.3 software will be used for meta-analysis, and fixed effects model, random-effects model, subgroup analysis, and descriptive analysis will be adopted according to the heterogeneity of the research results. RESULTS To provide the latest evidence of clinical efficacy and safety of arbidol in the treatment of COVID-19. CONCLUSION Our study will provide the latest evidence analysis of the efficacy and safety of arbidol for COVID-19, to provide evidence-based medicine for the prevention and control of this epidemic. REGISTRATION DETAILS PROSPERO CRD42020189203.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
| | - Guojuan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhumei Deng
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yunxia Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Shuting Bao
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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268
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Abstract
The current global pandemic COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has already inflicted insurmountable damage both to the human lives and global economy. There is an immediate need for identification of effective drugs to contain the disastrous virus outbreak. Global efforts are already underway at a war footing to identify the best drug combination to address the disease. In this review, an attempt has been made to understand the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, and based on this information potential druggable targets against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized. Also, the strategies for ongoing and future drug discovery against the SARS-CoV-2 virus are outlined. Given the urgency to find a definitive cure, ongoing drug repurposing efforts being carried out by various organizations are also described. The unprecedented crisis requires extraordinary efforts from the scientific community to effectively address the issue and prevent further loss of human lives and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrish Saxena
- Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, India
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269
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Temgoua MN, Endomba FT, Nkeck JR, Kenfack GU, Tochie JN, Essouma M. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a Multi-Systemic Disease and its Impact in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 2:1377-1387. [PMID: 32838173 PMCID: PMC7371790 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the priority of the global health agenda. Since the first case was reported in Wuhan, China, this infection has continued to spread and has been considered as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) within 3 months of its outbreak. Several studies have been done to better understand the pathogenesis and clinical aspects of the disease. It appears that COVID-19 affects almost all body organs due to the direct effect of the virus and its induced widespread inflammatory response. This multi-systemic aspect of the disease has to be inculcated in COVID-19 management by health providers to improve patient outcomes. This strategy could help curb the burden of the disease especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like most African countries where the pandemic is at an "embryonic" stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazou Ngou Temgoua
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Jan René Nkeck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gabin Ulrich Kenfack
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joel Noutakdie Tochie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mickael Essouma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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270
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Muraca M, Pessina A, Pozzobon M, Dominici M, Galderisi U, Lazzari L, Parolini O, Lucarelli E, Perilongo G, Baraldi E. Mesenchymal stromal cells and their secreted extracellular vesicles as therapeutic tools for COVID-19 pneumonia? J Control Release 2020; 325:135-140. [PMID: 32622963 PMCID: PMC7332437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic represents an unprecedented global health emergency, further aggravated by the lack of effective therapies. For this reason, several clinical trials are testing different off-label drugs, already approved for other pathologies. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been tested during the last two decades for the treatment of various pathologic conditions, including acute and chronic lung diseases, both in animal models and in patients. In particular, promising results have been obtained in the experimental therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome, which represents the most threatening complication of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, more recently, great interest has been devoted to the possible clinical applications of extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs, nanoparticles that convey much of the biological effects and of the therapeutic efficacy of their cells of origin. This review summarizes the experimental evidence underlying the possible use of MSCs and of MSC-EVs in severe COVID-19 infection and underlines the need to evaluate the possible efficacy of these therapeutic approaches through controlled studies under the supervision of the Regulatory Authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Augusto Pessina
- CRC StaMeTec, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of MilanVia Pascal 3620133 Milano - Italy.
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Umberto Galderisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine - Cell Factory, Department of Trasfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticolar Regeneration Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Perilongo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy
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271
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Akintayo RO, Akpabio A, Kalla A, Dey D, Migowa A, Olaosebikan H, Bahiri R, El Miedany Y, Hadef D, Hamdi W, Oyoo O, Slimani S, Yerima A, Taha Y, Adebajo A, Adelowo O, Tikly M, Ghozlani I, Abdelghani KB, Fouad NA, Mosad D, El Mikkawy D, Abu-Zaid MH, Abdel-Magied RA. COVID-19 and the practice of rheumatology in Africa: big changes to services from the shockwave of a pandemic. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:e100. [PMID: 32611599 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akpabio Akpabio
- Internal Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Asgar Kalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dzifa Dey
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Angela Migowa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Faculty of Health Sciences East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Rachid Bahiri
- Rheumatology, El Ayachi Hospital, Medical university, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Djohra Hadef
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Batna 2 University, Batna, Algeria
| | - Wafa Hamdi
- Kassab institute of orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Omondi Oyoo
- Department of clinical medicine and therapeutics, University of Nairobi College of Health Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samy Slimani
- Rheumatology, Atlas Clinic of Rheumatology, Batna, Algeria
| | - Abubakar Yerima
- Medicine, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Yassmin Taha
- Department of Paediatrics, Ahmed Gasim Children's Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Adewale Adebajo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Olufemi Adelowo
- Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Tikly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Doaa Mosad
- Pediatrics Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dalia El Mikkawy
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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272
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De D, Pandhi D. Use of Immunosuppressants/Immunomodulators in Autoimmune/Inflammatory Dermatologic Diseases during COVID-19 Pandemic-General Recommendation Based on Available Evidence. Indian Dermatol Online J 2020; 11:526-533. [PMID: 32832437 PMCID: PMC7413441 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_414_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar De
- Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepika Pandhi
- Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India E-mail:
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273
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Pal A, Pawar A, Goswami K, Sharma P, Prasad R. Hydroxychloroquine and Covid-19: A Cellular and Molecular Biology Based Update. Indian J Clin Biochem 2020; 35:274-284. [PMID: 32641874 PMCID: PMC7286553 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the time for finding a definitive and safe cure as a vaccine for novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is still far, there is need to study in depth about the other potential drugs, which can save millions of lives due to Covid-19 pandemic. Right at the center of the debate is the use of drug "Hydroxychloroquine" as a prophylaxis as well as a treatment strategy against Covid-19 in conjunction with azithromycin. In this review, we will study the cellular and molecular aspects of hydroxychloroquine, which had driven its use in Covid-19 patients, as well as its chemistry and pharmacokinetics along with clinical trials going on worldwide using hydroxychloroquine against Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Kalyani, 741235 West Bengal India
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar, 144012 Punjab India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Kalyani, 741235 West Bengal India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 Haryana India
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Bramante CT, Ingraham NE, Murray TA, Marmor S, Hovertsen S, Gronski J, McNeil C, Feng R, Guzman G, Abdelwahab N, King S, Meehan T, Pendleton KM, Benson B, Vojta D, Tignanelli CJ. Observational Study of Metformin and Risk of Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.06.19.20135095. [PMID: 32607520 PMCID: PMC7325185 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.19.20135095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are significant risks for mortality in Covid19. Metformin has been hypothesized as a treatment for COVID19. Metformin has sex specific immunomodulatory effects which may elucidate treatment mechanisms in COVID-19. In this study we sought to identify whether metformin reduced mortality from Covid19 and if sex specific interactions exist. Methods De-identified claims data from UnitedHealth were used to identify persons with at least 6 months continuous coverage who were hospitalized with Covid-19. Persons in the metformin group had at least 90 days of metformin claims in the 12 months before hospitalization. Unadjusted and multivariate models were conducted to assess risk of mortality based on metformin as a home medication in individuals with T2DM and obesity, controlling for pre-morbid conditions, medications, demographics, and state. Heterogeneity of effect was assessed by sex. Results 6,256 persons were included; 52.8% female; mean age 75 years. Metformin was associated with decreased mortality in women by logistic regression, OR 0.792 (0.640, 0.979); mixed effects OR 0.780 (0.631, 0.965); Cox proportional-hazards: HR 0.785 (0.650, 0.951); and propensity matching, OR of 0.759 (0.601, 0.960). TNF-alpha inhibitors were associated with decreased mortality in the 38 persons taking them, by propensity matching, OR 0.19 (0.0378, 0.983). Conclusions Metformin was significantly associated with reduced mortality in women with obesity or T2DM in observational analyses of claims data from individuals hospitalized with Covid-19. This sex-specific finding is consistent with metformin reducing TNF-alpha in females over males, and suggests that metformin conveys protection in Covid-19 through TNF-alpha effects. Prospective studies are needed to understand mechanism and causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn T. Bramante
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of General Internal Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nicholas E. Ingraham
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas A. Murray
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Schelomo Marmor
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Division of Surgical Oncology, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Ruoying Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gabriel Guzman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nermine Abdelwahab
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Samantha King
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Division of Surgical Oncology, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thomas Meehan
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kathryn M. Pendleton
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bradley Benson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Division of General Internal Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Christopher J. Tignanelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Division of Acute Care Surgery, Minneapolis, MN
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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275
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A González-Gay
- Division of Rheumatology and Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Santos Castañeda
- Division of Rheumatology. Hospital Universitario La Princesa. IIS-Princesa, Cátedra UAM-Roche (EPID-Future), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Division of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa. IIS-Princesa, Director Cátedra UAM-Roche (EPID-Future), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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276
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Ossami Saidy RR, Globke B, Pratschke J, Schoening W, Eurich D. Successful implementation of preventive measures leads to low relevance of SARS-CoV-2 in liver transplant patients: Observations from a German outpatient department. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13363. [PMID: 32516847 PMCID: PMC7300929 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunosuppressed liver transplant (LT) patients are considered to be at high risk for any kind of infection. What the outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) means for the transplant cohort is a question that, as of now, cannot easily be answered. Data on prevalence, relevance of the novel virus, and clinical course of the infection in stable LT patients are limited. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were performed in our outpatient department during the shutdown between March and April 2020 in Germany. Results The prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 was 3%. Three out of a cohort of 101 LT patients were asymptomatic for respiratory diseases. Respiratory complaints were common and not associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The overall monthly mortality rate was 0.22% and did not show alterations during the shutdown in Germany. Conclusions If preventive measures are applied, LT patients do not seem to be at a higher risk for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Telemedicine in the outpatient setting may help to maintain distance and to reduce direct patient contact. However, standard of care must be guaranteed for patients with relevant comorbidities in spite of pandemics, because complications may arise from preexisting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brigitta Globke
- Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenzel Schoening
- Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Eurich
- Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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277
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KARAKURT HU, PİR P. Integration of transcriptomic profile of SARS-CoV-2 infected normal human bronchial epithelial cells with metabolic and protein-protein interaction networks. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:168-177. [PMID: 32595353 PMCID: PMC7314513 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, formerly known as nCoV-2019) that causes an acute respiratory disease has emerged in Wuhan, China and spread globally in early 2020. On January the 30th, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared spread of this virus as an epidemic and a public health emergency. With its highly contagious characteristic and long incubation time, confinement of SARS-CoV-2 requires drastic lock-down measures to be taken and therefore early diagnosis is crucial. We analysed transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung epithelial cells, compared it with mock-infected cells, used network-based reporter metabolite approach and integrated the transcriptome data with protein-protein interaction network to elucidate the early cellular response. Significantly affected metabolites have the potential to be used in diagnostics while pathways of protein clusters have the potential to be used as targets for supportive or novel therapeutic approaches. Our results are in accordance with the literature on response of IL6 family of cytokines and their importance, in addition, we find that matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) with keratan sulfate synthesis pathway may play a key role in the infection. We hypothesize that MMP9 inhibitors have potential to prevent "cytokine storm" in severely affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Umut KARAKURT
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
- Idea Technology Solutions, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Pınar PİR
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
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278
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Wu L, Dong Y, Li J, Huang J, Wen D, Peng T, Luo J. The effect of massage on the quality of life in patients recovering from COVID-19: A systematic review protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20529. [PMID: 32502008 PMCID: PMC7306388 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a worldwide outbreak of covid-19, and as the number of patients increases, more and more patients are recovering. Massage is used as an alternative therapy. Currently, there are no relevant articles for systematic review. METHODS We will search the randomized controlled trials related to acupuncture therapy and postoperative anorectal diseases from inception to January 2020. The following database is our focus area: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wan-Fang Database. All published randomized controlled trials in English or Chinese related to massage for COVID-19 will be included. Primary outcome asthe influence of massage on the quality of life of convalescent patients. Secondary outcomes were accompanying symptoms (such as myalgia, expectoration, stuffiness, runny nose, pharyngalgia, anhelation, chest distress, dyspnea, crackles, headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea) disappear rate, negative COVID-19 results rate on 2 consecutive occasions (not on the same day), average hospitalization time, clinical curative effect, and improved quality of life. RESULTS The results will provide a high-quality synthesis of current evidence for researchers in this subject area. CONCLUSION The conclusion of our study will provide evidence to judge whether massage is an effective intervention on the quality of life in patients recovering. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020181398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wu
- Department of Tuina, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yuting Dong
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Ju Huang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengpeng Wen
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Tuina, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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279
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The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sci 2020; 256:117900. [PMID: 32502542 PMCID: PMC7266583 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel highly contagious infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been became a global public health challenge. The pathogenesis of this virus is not yet clearly understood, but there is evidence of a hyper-inflammatory immune response in critically ill patients, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature review was performed to identify relevant articles on COVID-19 published up to April 30, 2020. The search resulted in 361 total articles. After reviewing the titles and abstracts for inclusion, some irrelevant papers were excluded. Additional relevant articles were identified from a review of citations referenced. KEY FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2, directly and indirectly, affects the immune system and avoids being eliminated in early stages. On the other hand, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines creates critical conditions that lead to multi-organ failure. SIGNIFICANCE The immune system which is affected by the virus tries to respond via a cytokine storm and hyperinflammation, which itself leads to further multi-organ damage and even death.
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280
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Ancochea J, Soriano JB. COPD in Spain at the Start of a New Decade. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 57:1-2. [PMID: 32204954 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Ancochea
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, España
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, España.
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Novaes Matias J, Sorrentino dos Santos Campanari G, Achete de Souza G, Marinho Lima V, José Tofano R, Rucco Penteado Detregiachi C, M. Barbalho S. Metabolic syndrome and COVID-19. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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282
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Akbas F, Usta Atmaca H. Obesity and COVID-19: Time to Take Action. Obes Facts 2020; 13:608-610. [PMID: 33166962 PMCID: PMC7705937 DOI: 10.1159/000511446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feray Akbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Hanife Usta Atmaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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