Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes

Sodium Selenite inhibits mitophagy, downregulation and mislocalization of blood-testis barrier proteins of bovine Sertoli cell exposed to microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) via TLR4/NF-kB and mitochondrial signaling pathways blockage

This study was conducted to investigate the ameliorative effect of selenium on microcystin-LR induced toxicity in bovine Sertoli cells. Bovine Sertoli cells were pretreated with selenium (Na₂SeO₃) for 24 h after which selenium pretreated and non-pretreated Sertoli cells were cultured in medium containing 10% heat activated fetal bovine serum FBS+ 80 µg/L MC-LR to assess its ameliorative effect on MC-LR toxicity. The results show that selenium pretreatment inhibited the MC-LR induced mitophagy, downregulation and mislocalization of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins in bovine Sertoli cells via NF-kB and cytochrome c release blockage. The observed downregulation of electron transport chain (ETC) related genes (mt-ND2, COX-1, COX-2) and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, 1 L-13, TGFβ1) in non-pretreated cells exposed to MC-LR were ameliorated in selenium pretreated cells. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the protein levels of blood-testis barrier constituent proteins (ZO-1, occludin, connexin-43, CTNNB1, N-cadherin) and mitochondria related genes (mt-ND2, COX-1, COX-2, ACAT1, mtTFA) of selenium pretreated Sertoli cell compared to the control. Taken together, we conclude that selenium inhibits MC-LR caused Mitophagy, downregulation and mislocalization of blood-testis barrier proteins of bovine Sertoli cell via mitochondrial and TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathways blockage.

Sulphur dioxide and arsenic affect male reproduction via interfering with spermatogenesis in mice

As two potential environmental hazards, sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and arsenic have adverse effects on male reproduction, but the mechanism of which and their combined toxicity are not clear. In this study, we investigate male reproductive toxicity with a focus on spermatogenesis by treating mice with 5 mg/m³ SO₂ and/or 5 mg/L arsenic. Our results showed that arsenic exposure caused significant decreases in water and food consumption and body weight in mice, whereas these changes were not observed in the SO₂-only group. Both SO₂ and arsenic reduced sperm counts, increased the percentage of sperm malformation, and induced abnormal testicular pathological changes. Elevated H₂O₂ and MDA contents, declined T-SOD activity, decreased spermatogenic cell counts, enhanced caspase-3 activity, and increased TUNEL-positive cells were also observed in mice exposed to SO₂ and/or arsenic. Moreover, SO₂ and arsenic co-exposure changed the mRNA levels of Bax and Bcl-2, decreased serum testosterone levels, and downregulated the expression of steroidogenic-related genes (LHR, StAR, and ABP) in mice. These findings provide a new theoretical basis for understanding how SO₂ and arsenic interfere with spermatogenesis leading to infertility. These results also suggest that SO₂ and arsenic co-exposure likely result in an additive effect on male reproductive toxicity in mice.

Protective effects of selenium and nano-selenium on bisphenol-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread compound associated with the manufacture of many consumer products. The BPA-induced reproductive toxicity was reported to be mainly attributed to oxidative stress. However, the role of antioxidants usage to decrease the injurious effects of BPA, on male reproductive functions, remains to unveil. The present research is established to evaluate the role of selenium (Se) and its nano form (NSe) as protective agents to alleviate BPA-induced testicular toxicity. Ninety mature albino male rats were assigned into six equal groups: negative control; orally BPA 150 mg/kg; Se 3 mg/kg; NSe 2 mg/kg; both BPA 150 mg/kg and Se 3 mg/kg; and BPA 150 mg/kg + NSe 2 mg/kg. The experiment lasted for 70 consecutive days, and then serum was collected for estimation of prostatic acid phosphatase. Testicular tissues were subjected to measurement of antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and expression of some apoptotic genes. Our results reported that BPA-induced marked testicular damage evidenced by significant elevations in serum prostatic acid phosphatase activity, malondialdehyde levels, a decrease in testicular catalase activity and reduced glutathione level. Moreover, marked DNA internucleosomal fragmentation pattern as well as upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and estrogen receptor-2 NSe genes were detected. Coadministration of Se and NSe attenuated the reproductive toxicity induced by BPA via improvement of the antioxidant activity, genetic changes, and restoration of testicular tissue nearly as control one. These results indicated that both Se and NSe forms could be used as reproductive protective agents against the detrimental effect induced by BPA. However, the NSe surpassed the selenium in modulating the DNA laddering, and the studied gene expression levels, and offered a potent reproductive protection.

The role of cytochrome P450 2E1 on ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and HIV replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages

Background

Alcohol consumption is considered to be a major health problem among people living with HIV/AIDS. Our previous reports have shown that ethanol reduced intracellular concentrations of antiretroviral drugs elvitegravir and darunavir in the HIV-1-infected U1 cell line. Ethanol also increased HIV-1 replication despite the presence of elvitegravir. Our previous finding has also shown that the levels of cytochrome P450 enzyme 2E1 (CYP2E1) and oxidative stress in blood monocytes were induced, while the concentration of alcohol in the plasma was reduced in HIV-1-infected alcohol users compared to uninfected alcohol users. However, the role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-enhanced oxidative stress and HIV-1 replication is still unclear.

Methods

This study examined the chronic effects (14 days) of ethanol on HIV viral load, oxidative DNA damage, expression of CYP2E1, expression of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Further, to evaluate the role of CYP2E1 in mediating ethanol-induced viral replication, CYP2E1 siRNA and CYP2E1 selective inhibitor were used in the HIV-1-infected U1 cell line following ethanol treatment.

Results

Chronic ethanol exposure demonstrated an increase in oxidative DNA damage and CYP2E1 expression in both non-infected and HIV-1-infected MDM. Our results showed that ethanol chronic exposure increased HIV-1 replication by ~3-fold in HIV-1-infected MDM. This ethanol-enhanced HIV-1 replication was associated with an increased oxidative DNA damage, an increased expression of CYP2E1, and a decreased expression of antioxidant enzyme PRDX6. In HIV-1-infected U1 cell line, we observed a decreased viral replication (~30%) and a decreased DNA damage (~100%) after repression of CYP2E1 by siRNA, upon ethanol exposure. We also observed a decreased viral replication (~25%) after inhibition of CYP2E1 by using selective CYP2E1 inhibitor.

Conclusions

The data suggest that chronic ethanol exposure increases HIV-1 replication in MDM, at least in part, through CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress. These results are clinically relevant to potentially find effective treatment strategies for HIV-1-infected alcohol users.

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Chronic EtOH exposure increased HIV-1 replication and oxidative DNA damage in MDM.

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Chronic EtOH exposure increased CYP2E1 expression in MDM.

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EtOH-enhanced HIV replication and DNA damage were prevented by CYP2E1 siRNA.

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Selective CYP2E1 inhibitor decreased HIV-1 replication upon ethanol exposure.

Comparative Effects of Estrogen and Phytoestrogen, Genistein on Testicular Activities of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Mice

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of synthetic estrogen (E2) with a phytoestrogen and genistein in ameliorating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D)-mediated testicular dysfunction in mice. The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic mice were treated exogenously with either E2 or genistein for 2 durations and compared their effects on testicular activities, serum glucose, and insulin level. Type 2 diabetic mice treated with E2 for only short term (14 days) improved regressive changes in the testicular histology by increasing testosterone synthesis and improving insulin sensitivity, whereas those treated for longer duration (28 days) failed to improve testicular dysfunctions. On the other hand, genistein treated for both short- and long term was useful in improving T2D-induced adverse effects on testicular functions. This study further suggests that treatment with genistein improves spermatogenesis in type 2 diabetic mice by increasing insulin-induced formation of lactate and antioxidative enzymes, which contributes to prevent germ cell apoptosis. Thus, genistein can be used to ameliorate T2D-induced testicular dysfunction.

Impaired dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in pubertal gynecomastia

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) with a new method in patients with pubertal gynecomastia and also to investigate the relationship between sex hormones.

METHODS

Thiol/disulfide homeostasis, involving native thiol (SH), disulfide (SS) and total thiol (SS + SH), was evaluated between 20 adolescent boys with gynecomastia in mid-puberty and 50 healthy adolescents, who were matched for age, body mass index (BMI) and pubertal stage. The correlations of total serum testosterone (TT) and estradiol (E2) levels with the oxidative parameters were also determined.

RESULTS

No significant difference was found between the total thiol, native thiol, disulfide/native thiol and disulfide/total thiol ratios of the patient and control groups. The mean disulfide concentrations, disulfide/native thiol and the disulfide/total thiol ratios were statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the controls. A positive correlation was found between the E2 and native thiol levels, also there was a negative correlation between the E2 and disulfide levels. TT was negatively correlated with both native thiol and disulfide levels. All these did not statistically differ between the patients with unilateral and bilateral gynecomastia.

CONCLUSIONS

There was an impaired thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with pubertal gynecomastia. According to this result, we can postulate that oxidative stress may be an etiologic factor that contributes to initiation and/or progression of gynecomastia.

Histomorphology, Sperm Quality and Hormonal Profile in Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rats following administration of aqueous crude Extract of Solanum nigrum by gastric gavage

Objective

The present study focused on histomorphology, sperm quality, hormonal profile and hematological parameters in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following the administration of aqueous crude extract of Solanum nigrum by gastric gavage.

Methods

Fourty healthy male adult (12-14 weeks old) Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-220g were randomly divided into four groups (A,B,C and D) of ten (n=10) rats each. Group A which served as control were given distilled water 2ml/kg b.wt each, daily for 28 days. Group B, C and D rats were administered 100, 300 and 500mg/kg b.wt each daily respectively for 28 days. The extract was saved with LD₅₀ >5000mg/Kg. Sperm counts, percentage motility, morphology and percentage live sperm, hormonal profile and hematological parameter were quantified; testis, epididymal and general body weights were measured using a weighing scale. The extract was administered once daily for six days within a week via oral gavage. After the last administration, all rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the testis were harvested and fixed in Bouin‘s fluid for histology processing.

Results

Our results revealed an increase in sperm counts, percentage of motility, morphology and percentage of live sperm, blood level of follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone and testosterone, hematological parameters, testis, epididymal and general body weights across the groups in a dose-depentant manner. The testis histoarchtecture showed normal cellular composition in their germinal epithelium, with sperm cells in the lumen and a normal interstitium.

Conclusion

This experiment revealed that aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum bears profertility properties which may be beneficial to those who consume it.

Dietary antioxidants, but not courtship effort, affect oxidative balance in the testes and muscles of crickets

Recent interest has focused on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as universal constraints in life-history evolution. Empirical studies have examined the oxidative costs of reproduction for females, with little work conducted on males. The male germline is thought to be particularly susceptible to oxidative damage because the testes, and the sperm themselves, can be prolific producers of ROS. We tested the hypothesis that protection of the male germline from oxidative damage represents a cost of reproduction for males. We fed male crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus, with one of two experimental diets in which we manipulated the availability of dietary antioxidants, and we induced variation in their expenditure on courtship effort by manipulating access to females. We measured the total antioxidant capacity, levels of ROS production and the amount of oxidative damage to proteins in both testis and thoracic muscle tissues. Dietary antioxidants contributed to positive oxidative balance in both tissue types. Although the testes had greater antioxidant defences than muscle tissue, they also produced considerably higher levels of ROS and sustained higher levels of oxidative damage. Courtship effort had no impact on any measure of oxidative balance. Our data confirm that the male germline is especially susceptible to oxidative stress and that dietary antioxidants can alleviate this oxidative cost of reproduction.

Tissue-Specific Profiling of Oxidative Stress-Associated Transcriptome in a Healthy Mouse Model

Oxidative stress is a common phenomenon and is linked to a wide range of diseases and pathological processes including aging. Tissue-specific variation in redox signaling and cellular responses to oxidative stress may be associated with vulnerability especially to age-related and chronic diseases. In order to provide a basis for tissue-specific difference, we examined the tissue-specific transcriptional features of 101 oxidative stress-associated genes in 10 different tissues and organs of healthy mice under physiological conditions. Microarray analysis results, which were consistent with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results, showed that catalase, Gpx3, and Gpx4 were most highly regulated in the liver, kidney, and testes. We also found the tissue-specific gene expression of SOD1 (liver and kidney), SOD2 (heart and muscle), and SOD3 (lung and kidney). The current results will serve as a reference for animal models and help advance our understanding of tissue-specific variability in oxidative stress-associated pathogenesis.

Proinsulin C-peptide as an alternative or combined treatment with insulin for management of testicular dysfunction and fertility impairments in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely associated with male infertility and sexual dysfunction. Recent data indicate that the proinsulin C-peptide (CP) exerts important physiological effects and shows the characteristics of an endogenous peptide hormone. So, this study was done to investigate the effect of C-peptide with or without insulin treatment on testicular function and architecture in diabetic rats. Rats were divided into the following groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic groups treated with either CP alone or combined with insulin. Tested parameters included, estimation of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and glucose levels, testicular samples for histopathology and estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) levels as well as sperm count and motility. Results showed that DM caused a severe alteration in hormonal profile and reduced sperm parameters along with increased MDA and decrease in both TAC and BCL-2 levels. CP alone or with insulin treatment efficiently reversed all the negative effects of DM on rat testes, with maximum improvement in the combined regimen. Proposed mechanisms may involve its hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties. Thus, CP could substitute for or better combined with insulin to prevent or retard diabetic-induced testicular dysfunction.

Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles formulation

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are being used extensively in manufacturing skin lotions and food products and in various biological and pharmaceutical industries because of their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties. In this study, ZnONPs were synthesized by a precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to investigate their structural, morphological, and optical properties. For in vivo evaluation, 40 healthy albino mice were randomly allocated to four equal groups among which the first one was the control group, while the second, third, and fourth were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), a blend of CCl₄ and ZnONPs, and ZnONPs alone, respectively, for 21 days. The XRD analysis confirmed hexagonal wurtzite type structures having an average crystallite size of 41.54 nm. The morphology of ZnONPs analyzed through SEM showed uniform distribution of the grains and shape of the synthesized oxide. The energy band gap of the ZnONPs was found to be 3.498 eV. Hepatic and renal damage following CCl₄ administration was apparent after 14 days and was increased at the 21st day, showing nodular fibrotic masses in the liver and bumpy surfaces in the kidney as observed by gross and histological examination. Coadministration of ZnONPs (15 mg/kg b.w. intragastrically 5 days a week) significantly prevented the CCl₄-dependent increases in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, and urea levels, suggesting a protective potential of ZnONPs.

Reactive oxygen species and male reproductive hormones

Reports of the increasing incidence of male infertility paired with decreasing semen quality have triggered studies on the effects of lifestyle and environmental factors on the male reproductive potential. There are numerous exogenous and endogenous factors that are able to induce excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) beyond that of cellular antioxidant capacity, thus causing oxidative stress. In turn, oxidative stress negatively affects male reproductive functions and may induce infertility either directly or indirectly by affecting the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and/or disrupting its crosstalk with other hormonal axes. This review discusses the important exogenous and endogenous factors leading to the generation of ROS in different parts of the male reproductive tract. It also highlights the negative impact of oxidative stress on the regulation and cross-talk between the reproductive hormones. It further describes the mechanism of ROS-induced derangement of male reproductive hormonal profiles that could ultimately lead to male infertility. An understanding of the disruptive effects of ROS on male reproductive hormones would encourage further investigations directed towards the prevention of ROS-mediated hormonal imbalances, which in turn could help in the management of male infertility.

Fertility Enhancing Activities of Bioactive Components of Cochlospermum planchonii Rhizome on Cisplatin Induced Reproductive Dysfunctions in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Objective: Cisplatin has been established to cause reproductive dysfunction; Cochlospermum planchonii is globally used in folklore medicine and has numerous therapeutic benefits. This study focused on fertility enhancing activities of Cochlospermum planchonii (Cp) on cisplatin-induced reproductive dysfunctions. Materials and methods: Total of 30 male and 30 female adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. The male rats randomly assigned into Group A (control) was given normal saline 2 ml/kg, Group B, C, D and E rats received(single dose of 8 mg/kg Cisplatin (i.p.) on the first day), (500 mg/kg body weight (bwt) of Cponce once daily for 14 days), (single dose of 8 mg/kg Cisplatin (i.p.) on 1st day followed by 500 mg/kg bwt of Cp once daily for 14 days) and (single dose of 8 mg/kg Cisplatin on first day followed by 50 mg/kg vitamin C for 14 days). Parameters tested include reproductive hormones, testicular histology, testicular antioxidants, semen parameters and fertility test. Results: Histological profile of the testes revealed derangement of the testis cytoarchitecture; Seminiferous epithelium, body, testes, accessory sex organs weight and sperm parameters, were significantly reduced (p <0.05). Hormonal assay showed significant changes in testosterone (p< 0.05) while luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone remained unchanged following cisplatin administration and a marked improvement was observed after Cochlospermum planchonii administration. Similarly, Cochlospermum planchonii improved the reduction of antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) and the increased MDA caused by cisplatin ingestion. Conclusion: Cochlospermum planchonii may thus offer protection against free radical mediated oxidative stress of rats with cisplatin induced reproductive dysfunction.

Potentiating effect of imidacloprid on arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

It is an established fact that humans and animals are exposed to more than one chemical concurrently from various sources such as food, air and water. In the past, much emphasis was laid on evaluating the toxic effects of a single chemical. Nowadays an increased attention is being paid to the interaction of xenobiotics with one another. Therefore, a study was aimed to evaluate the potentiating effect of imidacloprid (IMI) on arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in rats.

METHODS

Adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into eight groups with six in each were subjected to daily oral administrations for 28 days. Group I served as control, group II received IMI at the dose rate of 16.9 mg/kg body weight, group III, IV and V received arsenic at the dose rate of 50, 100 and 150 ppb in drinking water whereas group VI, VII and VIII received both arsenic and IMI.

RESULTS

Repeated oral administrations of IMI or arsenic (150 ppb) alone resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) along with significant (P < 0.05) decline in total thiols and antioxidant enzymatic activities indicating reduced antioxidant defense in testicular tissue of exposed rats. These findings were further corroborated with histological alterations in testes like fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces in IMI administered rats. Similarly, rats provided access exclusively to arsenic-containing drinking water induced degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules in a concentration-dependent manner. Concurrent administration of IMI and arsenic produced more severe antioxidant and histopathological alterations of testes as compared to exposure to either toxicant.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduced antioxidant activities, increased MDA and AOPP levels with severe histopathological alterations in testes of rats on concurrent exposure indicated that IMI potentiated the arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats.

Toxic Effects of Trazodone on Male Reproductive System via Disrupting Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis and Inducing Testicular Oxidative Stress

Depression and anxiety are recognized as public health problems. Epidemiological studies have shown that depression and anxiety often occur during reproductive ages between 20 and 60 years of age in males. Trazodone is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Drugs used in repeated doses also play a role in the etiology of infertility. In our study, it was aimed to identify the possible toxic effects of trazodone on male rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Vehicle or trazodone (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day) was administered to rats for 28 consecutive days (n = 8 per group). At the end of that period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage were determined and testicular morphology was assessed histopathologically in rats. Additionally, we investigated hormonal status by determining serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels and oxidative stress by determining glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in testicular tissue to elucidate mechanisms of possible reproductive toxicity. According to our results, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology were decreased; sperm DNA damage was increased in trazodone-administered groups. Degenerative findings on the testicular structure were observed after trazodone administration in rats. Additionally, serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were elevated in the trazodone-administered groups. Increased MDA levels were the signs of enhanced oxidative stress after trazodone administration in testis tissues. Thus, we concluded that trazodone induced reproductive toxicity in male rats; this reproductive toxicity was accompanied by oxidative stress and hormonal changes, which are considered as important causes of reproductive disorders.

Maternal obesity in the rat impairs male offspring aging of the testicular antioxidant defence system

A high-fat diet during intrauterine development predisposes offspring (F₁) to phenotypic alterations, such as lipid synthesis imbalance and increased oxidative stress, causing changes in male fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal obesity during pregnancy and lactation on antioxidant enzymes in the F₁ testes. Female Wistar rats (F₀) were fed either a control (C, 5% fat) or an obesogenic (MO, maternal obesity, 25% fat) diet from weaning and throughout subsequent pregnancy and lactation. F₁ offspring were weaned to the control diet. Testes were retrieved at 110, 450 and 650 postnatal days (PND) for real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) antioxidant enzyme analyses. Catalase was similar between groups by RT-qPCR, whereas by IHC it was higher in the MO group at all ages than in the C group. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) had lower expression at PND 110 in MO than in C by both techniques; at PND 450 and 650 by immunoanalysis SOD1 was higher in MO than in C. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), GPX2 and GPX4 by RT-qPCR were similar between groups and ages; by IHC GPX1/2 was higher in MO than in C, whereas GPX4 showed the opposite result at PND 110 and 450. In conclusion, antioxidant enzymes in the rat testes are modified with age. Maternal obesity negatively affects the F₁ testicular antioxidant defence system, which, in turn, can explain the decrease in reproductive capacity.

Effects of Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) Oil on Malondialdehyde Level and Spermatozoa Quality in Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Monosodium Glutamate

This study aimed to determine the effects of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil on MDA levels and spermatozoa quality in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to MSG. The quality includes motility, viability, concentration, and morphology of spermatozoa. This experimental study used randomized post-test only control group design. The subjects of this study were 25 mice (Mus musculus), divided into 5 groups (5 mice per group). K- group received distilled water for 35 days. K+ group received 4 mg/g BW MSG for 21 days. P1, P2, and P3 treatment groups received 4 mg/g BW MSG for 21 days and 0.02; 0.04; 0.08 ml/g BW red fruit oil, respectively, from day 22 to 35. The results showed that mean spermatozoa morphology in K-, K+, P1, P2, P3 groups were as follows: 0.86; 0.56; 0.67; 0.61; and 0.87 (%). The spermatozoa concentrations were sequentially as follows: 21; 10; 15; 32,8,19 (107 cells/ml). The spermatozoa's vitalities were as follows: 0,64; 0,14; 0,24; P2: 0.36; 0.68 (%). MDA levels were respectively: 0.29; 0.60; 0.35; 0.23; and 0.19 (nm). As a conclusion, testicular MDA levels in mice exposed to MSG and given with red fruit oil were lower than those in mice exposed to MSG without receiving red fruit oil. The quality of spermatozoa in mice exposed to MSG and receiving red fruit oil was higher than that of mice exposed to MSG without being given with red fruit oil.

Therapeutic Role of Green Tea Polyphenols in Improving Fertility: A Review

Sperm cells are highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during cellular oxidation. In normal cell biology, ROS levels increase with a decreasing antioxidant response, resulting in oxidative stress which threatens sperm biology. Oxidative stress has numerous effects, including increased apoptosis, reduced motion parameters, and reduced sperm integrity. In this regard, green tea polyphenols (GrTPs) have been reported to possess properties that may increase the quality of male and female gametes, mostly via the capability of catechins to reduce ROS production. GrTPs have antioxidant properties that improve major semen parameters, such as sperm concentration, motility, morphology, DNA damage, fertility rate, and gamete quality. These unique properties of green tea catechins could improve reproductive health and represent an important study area. This exploratory review discusses the therapeutic effects of GrTPs against infertility, their possible mechanisms of action, and recommended supportive therapy for improving fertility in humans and in animals.

Influence of the AT1 Receptor Antagonists Telmisartan and Losartan on Reproduction and Offspring After Paternal Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

This study evaluated the repercussions of paternal exposure to radiation on reproduction and offspring in rats, as well as whether treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists telmisartan and losartan has a mitigating effect. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, radiation, telmisartan, losartan, radiation + telmisartan, and radiation + losartan. A single 5 Gy dose of radiation was administered directly into the scrotum, followed by treatment with telmisartan (12 mg/kg/d) or losartan (34 mg/kg/2 times per day) for 60 days in the groups receiving these medications. The reproductive ability of the test animals was assessed before and after exposure to radiation via fertility tests. The resulting offspring were analyzed for the presence of external and internal anomalies. Ionizing radiation significantly affected the rates of fertility, pre- and postimplantation losses, and implantation. Telmisartan and losartan did not significantly prevent this radiation-induced damage. The frequency of fetal anomalies was similar in offspring produced before and after paternal radiation exposure. Moreover, irradiated rats that received treatments and were able to generate offspring did not produce fetuses with morphological changes; this may represent a possible radioprotective effect AT1 antagonists have on offspring development, although few fetuses survived and were evaluated for malformations. Although the study findings indicate that these medications have a positive effect, further studies with longer treatment periods (extending beyond 1 rat spermatogenic cycle) are needed to determine whether these drugs significantly improve reproductive rates after paternal exposure to radiation, which may also reflect an increase in the number of viable fetuses.

Sertraline-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms

This study was conducted to clarify the toxic effects of sertraline (SRT) on the reproductive system of male rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Rats were treated orally with SRT at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were investigated by computer-assisted sperm analysis system whereas sperm DNA damage was detected by comet assay. The oxidative status of the testes was investigated, and a histopathological examination was conducted. Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured to determine the effects of SRT on the spermatogenesis process. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Dunnett's T3 test for the sperm comet assay, and post-hoc Tukey's test for the others were performed for statistical analysis. The results showed that SRT caused an increase in sperm DNA damage and induced histopathological lesions in all groups treated with SRT. There was abnormal sperm morphology and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the 10 mg kg-1 treatment group. More dramatic changes were observed in the 20 mg kg-1 treatment group. Decreased sperm count was accompanied by a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology, DNA damage, and degeneration in cellular-tubular structures. Serum LH and testosterone levels were elevated in the 20 mg kg-1 treatment group. Decreased glutathione (GSH) and increased MDA were signs of enhanced oxidative stress (OS). In conclusion, SRT induced testicular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner and OS is suggested as a crucial mechanism.

Effects of L-Carnitine on the sperm parameters disorders, apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and testis histopathology in diabetic Rats

Background

Diabetes mellitus affects male reproductive system that is known to cause male infertility.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of L-carnitine (LC) on sperm parameters, apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and testis histopathology in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rats.

Materials and Methods

The study was carried out on 36 male Wistar adult rats (220 ± 30 gr) randomly divided into six groups (n = 6/each). 1 (Control); 2 (LC 100 mg/kg); 3 (Diabetic); 4, 5, and 6 (Diabetic + LC 50 or 100 or 200 mg/kg, respectively). Daily injections were administered intraperitoneally for 48 days. Then, rats were sacrificed, left testis and epididymis were harvested for sperm analysis and histopathology, morphometric and spermatogenesis assessments, and Tunnel assay.

Results

L-carnitine in group 6 significantly decreased blood glucose level (p < 0.01) in comparison with group 3. L-carnitine in groups 5 and 6 significantly (p < 0.001) and dose-dependently increased the count, motility, viability, maturity, and chromatin quality of sperm and decreased the abnormal morphology of sperm in comparison with group 3. In groups 4, 5, and particularly 6, in comparison with group 3, there has been a significant difference in the increase of seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height (p < 0.001), maturity quality of the seminiferous tubules (p < 0.001), decrease apoptosis of spermatogenic cells (p < 0.001), and testis tissue histopathological complications.

Conclusion

The data obtained from the present study suggest that in the diabetic rats, LC decreases serum glucose level, improves the diameter and thickness of the epithelium of spermatogenic cells, reduces germ cells' apoptosis, and improves epididymal sperm parameters. Therefore, it seems that LC plays an effective role in diabetes-induced infertility.

Ellagic acid: A promising protective remedy against testicular toxicity induced by arsenic

Chronic exposure to arsenic, an inducer of oxidative stress, is one of the major causes of male infertility. Therefore, the present study investigated the protective role of Ellagic acid (EA), as a natural antioxidant, against testicular toxicity evoked by arsenic. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 5 treatment groups. Group 1 served as control, group 2 were orally exposed to sodium arsenite (SA, 10 mg/kg; 21 days), groups 3 and 4 were initially exposed to SA for 7 days and then were treated with both EA (10 and 30 mg/kg) and SA up to 21 days, and group 5 was treated with EA for 14 days. After this period, biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated in serum samples and testicular tissue. SA markedly reduced levels of serum testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, SA enhanced levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and nitric oxide in testes. Treatment with EA was found to reduce testicular arsenic accumulation and oxidative stress parameters. In addition, EA improved the serum testosterone level, testicular antioxidant markers and histological parameters after exposure to SA. EA may emerge as a promising therapeutic option to protect testes from arsenic-induced toxicity through reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

Parastar insecticide induced changes in reproductive parameters and testicular oxidative stress biomarkers in Wistar male rats

Parastar is an insecticide formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid, and it is largely used for crop production improvement in Santa, North West Region of Cameroon. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of Parastar on reproductive parameters and testicular oxidative stress in adult albino Wistar male rats. Twenty rats (154 g ± 28 g) were divided into four groups of five animals each and treated daily with either distilled water (10 mL/kg), 1.25, 2.49 or 6.23 mg/kg of Parastar, respectively, for 35 days. After treatment, animal reproductive function was evaluated through fertility tests, sperm characteristics, testosterone levels and organ weights, while oxidative stress biomarkers were determined on testicular homogenates. Parastar administration resulted into increased seminal vesicle and prostate weights, while body weight remained unaffected. Parastar dose-dependently reduced sperm density and mobility, and the highest dose decreased serum testosterone levels. Parastar also modulated stress biomarkers with increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels, decreased glutathione levels and inhibition of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. In conclusion, Parastar negatively affected male reproductive function through alteration of testosterone levels, sperm parameters and induction of oxidative stress in rats.

MAT, a Novel Polyherbal Aphrodisiac Formulation, Enhances Sexual Function and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway While Reducing Oxidative Damage in Male Rats

Mucuna pruriens, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus terrestris are known as the enhancers for sexual health, functional activities, vitality, and longevity. These herbs had been widely used in the Ayurveda medicine as aphrodisiacs through the ages, and their efficacy was also verified separately in our previous publication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of Mucuna, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus complexes on sexual function in rats. Twenty-eight male rats allocated to four groups as follows: (i) negative control (C); (ii) positive control or sildenafil citrate treated group (5 mg/kg) (S); (iii) MAT1 (combination of 10 mg Mucuna (M) + 10 mg Ashwagandha (A) + 10 mg Tribulus (T)/kg BW); (iv) MAT 2 (20 mg Mucuna + 20 mg Ashwagandha + 20 mg Tribulus/kg BW). There was no significant difference found between the MAT1 and MAT2 groups while they showed significantly increased testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when compared to the negative control. Significant increases in Nrf2/HO1 levels and decreases in NF-κB were detected in MAT groups similar to the decrease in serum and testis malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as compared to both controls. The sperm motility, count, and rate also significantly improved in both MAT groups, while ALT, AST, creatinine, ALP, and urea levels did not change in any of the groups. Oral consumption of MATs combination in male rats resulted in inhibition of NF-κB and MDA and also increased sex hormones with Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction. MAT combinations may improve sexual functions by increasing levels of sexual hormones and regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Fertility in male rats: Disentangling adverse effects of arsenic compounds

Arsenic impairs male reproductive functions. However, it is not clear whether different arsenic compounds similarly affect fertility. In this study, we compared the impact of sodium arsenite and arsenate on sperm quality and fertility. After 56 d exposure, male Wistar rats were mated and pregnant females were evaluated by fertility indexes. Clearly, exposure to 10 mg/L arsenite reduced daily sperm production via H₂O₂ overproduction and germ cells loss. Animals from this group also showed a decrease in epididymal sperm counts and percentage of sperm with intact membranes. Moreover, they presented low fertility potential and high preimplantation loss. In contrast, 10 mg/L arsenate caused oxidative stress in testis, mineral imbalance in epididymis, and sperm membranes damage, with no effects on fertility. Both arsenic compounds at 0.01 mg/L altered reproductive parameters. We concluded that arsenite is more harmful than arsenate to sperm quality and male fertility, with negative influences in early pregnancy.

Sub-chronic indomethacin treatment and its effect on the male reproductive system of albino rats: possible protective role of black tea extract

BACKGROUND

Indomethacin is commonly used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to treat inflammation, arthritis and joint pains. Unfortunately, it has a wide range of adverse effects on the physiological system, including gonads. This study aimed to assess possible beneficial effects of black tea extract (BTE) against indomethacin-induced alteration of gonadal hormone levels in male rats.

METHODS

Adult male rats were divided into Group I (control), Group II (indomethacin, 5 mg/kg body weight [bwt.]; i.p., 21 days), Group III (BTE, 2.5 g tea leaf/dL of water, i.e. 2.5% of aqueous BTE, orally, 21 days) and Group IV (indomethacin+BTE, 21 days). Sperm count and motility, serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone, along with histopathology of testes were studied. One-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc t-test were conducted.

RESULTS

Indomethacin-treated rats showed significant decrease in testicular weight, sperm count, sperm motility, serum gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations. Histopathology of the testes showed tortuous and distorted seminiferous tubules, marked thickening of the tubular basement membrane, reduced spermatogenesis process (>30%) and marked decrease in the number of interstitial cells of Leydig in indomethacin-treated rats. Interestingly, rats supplemented with BTE showed remarkable improvements in testicular weight gain, sperm count and motility, serum gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations, along with testicular histopathology.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that BTE might have potential ameliorative effects against sub-chronic indomethacin-induced alteration of gonadal hormone levels in male albino rats.

Ebselen alleviates testicular pathology in mice with Zika virus infection and prevents its sexual transmission

Despite the low case fatality, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Antiviral and vaccine developments against ZIKV are still ongoing; therefore, in the meantime, preventing the disease transmission is critical. Primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, ZIKV also can be sexually transmitted. We used AG129 mice lacking interferon-α/β and -γ receptors to study the testicular pathogenesis and sexual transmission of ZIKV. Infection of ZIKV progressively damaged mouse testes, increased testicular oxidative stress as indicated by the levels of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, glutathione peroxidase 4, spermatogenesis-associated-18 homolog in sperm and pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and G-CSF. We then evaluated the potential role of the antioxidant ebselen (EBS) in alleviating the testicular pathology with ZIKV infection. EBS treatment significantly reduced ZIKV-induced testicular oxidative stress, leucocyte infiltration and production of pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, it improved testicular pathology and prevented the sexual transmission of ZIKV in a male-to-female mouse sperm transfer model. EBS is currently in clinical trials for various diseases. ZIKV infection could be on the list for potential use of EBS, for alleviating the testicular pathogenesis with ZIKV infection and preventing its sexual transmission.

Effects of the supplementation with an high-polyphenols extra-virgin olive oil on kinetic sperm features and seminal plasma oxidative status in healthy dogs

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of two extra-virgin olive oils (EVOO) having different polyphenols content, on canine spermatozoa kinetic parameters and seminal plasma oxidative status. The study was conducted on 12 clinically healthy dogs of different breeds (2-7 years, 5-48 kg of body weight) divided into two groups: an experimental group supplemented with EVOO (Coratina cultivar) high in polyphenols (H-P) and a control group fed EVOO (Cima di Bitonto cultivar) low in polyphenols (L-P). The oil was daily administered per os (1 ml/3 kg BW) before meal. Semen collection was made twice at 15 days distance (D0₁ and D0₂ ) and then at 30 (D30), 60 (D60) and 90 (D90) days. Semen concentration and kinetic parameters were measured using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system to evaluate: sperm total count, sperm motile (MOT%), progressive motility (PROGR%) and its fractions, straight-line velocity (VSL, μm/s), curvilinear velocity (VCL, μm/s), average path velocity (VAP, μm/s), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, μm), beat cross frequency (BCF, Hz), straightness (STR%) and linearity (LIN%). On seminal plasma, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were tested. From findings, no differences were found for sperm MOT, VSL, VCL, VAP, ALH, BCF, STR, LIN and BAP. A gradual enhancement of PROGR% was observed in H-P group (p < .01). The ROS levels were higher in dogs H-P compared to the other group (p < .05). In conclusion, our results highlight the positive effects of EVOO polyphenols on sperm PROGR% in healthy dogs.

Testicular Dysfunction Ameliorative Effect of the Methanolic Roots Extracts of Maytenus procumbens and Ozoroa paniculosa

The traditional use of medicinal plants in the management of sexual dysfunctions has a long history. This study investigated testicular dysfunction ameliorative effect of the methanolic roots extracts of Maytenus procumbens and Ozoroa paniculosa in a butanol-induced testicular dysfunction rat model. The rats in respective experimental groups were orally administered with the extract at 50 and 250 mg/kg bw, daily for 28 days. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated against HEK293, MCF-7, and HT29 cell lines. The extracts exhibited moderate (LC₅₀ 30.3–330.2 μg/mL) to weak (LC₅₀ 200.8–438.4 μg/mL) cytotoxicity level on the cancer and normal cells, respectively. While relatively lower serum testosterone levels and total sperm count along with decreased numbers of spermatogonia were noted in the untreated group, all these parameters were improved in the groups treated with the extracts at 250 mg/kg. Improved histomorphological changes of the testes were also observed when compared to the untreated group. While the extracts (at 250 mg/kg) increased serum reduced glutathione content and decreased malondialdehyde content, a relatively higher serum creatinine level was also observed in the treated animals group. The results indicate that the two plant extracts have potential to ameliorate testicular dysfunction.

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Alters Sperm Parameters and Testicular Antioxidant Status in Diet-Induced Obese Rats

The efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to an increase demand for therapeutic use, thereby necessitating investigation into drug toxicity. This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of HAART on sperm parameters and testicular oxidative stress in lean and obese rats. Wistar rats (males, n = 40, weighing 180~200 g) were assigned randomly into 4 groups and treated accordingly for 16 weeks as follows: Control (C): lean group fed with standard rat chow; Diet induced obesity (DIO): obese animals fed a high caloric diet; C + ART: lean animals treated with HAART; DIO + ART: obese animals treated with HAART. An antiretroviral drug combination of Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Efavirenz at a dose of 17, 26 and 50 mg/kg/day was administered for the latter 6 weeks via jelly cube feeding. At the end of the experimental period, sperm analysis was performed on sperm collected from the caudal epididymis, while the testis was homogenized for antioxidant enzyme and lipid peroxidation assays. Results showed that HAART significantly decreased sperm motility (p < 0.05) in both lean and obese animals, and viability (p < 0.05) in the DIO group. Testicular glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) when the DIO+ART group was compared to Control group. Thus, the decreased sperm qualities associated with HAART might be as a result of increased testicular oxidative stress prominent in obese animals.

Investigation of the effects of curcumin, vitamin E and their combination in cisplatin-induced testicular apoptosis using immunohistochemical technique

OBJECTIVE

Cisplatin is an effective antineoplastic agent used in cancer therapy. However, the use of cisplatin is restricted due to its toxic side effects. Alleviation of its side effects which restricts cisplatin use is highly important. We aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin, vitamin E and their combination in cisplatin induced testicular apoptosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty-five Wistar albino male adult rats, weighing 300-350 g were divided randomly into five groups including seven rats in each as control, cisplatin, curcumin, vitamin E, and curcumin + vitamin E. On the posttest 5th day, rats were sacrificed, and their testes were removed. 4-5 μm sections from formalin fixed paraffin embedded testis tissues were stained both hematoxylin-eosin to analyze histologically and immunohistochemically to determine the expression of the apoptotic pathway proteins (Bax, Cas-3, Bcl-2).

RESULTS

Increased histological damage with cisplatin administration was reduced in treatment, especially in combination therapy. Cas-3 and Bax protein immunostaining intensities H-scores were significantly increased but Bcl-2 was slightly decreased in the cisplatin group compared to the control. In all treatment groups Bax, Cas-3 decreased compared to cisplatin group however Bcl-2 decreased in the curcumin and vitamin E groups. Bax/Bcl-2 was the highest in the cisplatin, and decreased in all treatment groups in favor of control.

CONCLUSION

Cas-3 expression increased by cisplatin administration suggests that cisplatin causes apoptosis of germ cells. According to the present findings, cisplatin mainly caused testicular apoptosis through the Cas-3 and Bax apoptotic protein pathways. Cisplatin-induced testicular apoptosis can be prevented by administration of curcumin, vitamin E, and combination therapy.

Malathion-induced spermatozoal oxidative damage and alterations in sperm quality of endangered trout Salmo coruhensis

The use of pesticides has been increased along with increasing the farming activities and has caused environmental impacts deleteriously. In particular, non-target organisms including fish can be affected by toxic effects of pesticides. Therefore, the impacts of malathion (MTN) on oxidative stress and sperm quality were investigated in vitro. The MTN concentrations used on this study were 0 (control), 75, 100, and 125 μg/L. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), non-enzymatic (GSH), and enzymatic (SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) activities in spermatozoa were examined for determination of oxidative stress status. Our findings showed that motility rate and period of sperm cells significantly decreased with exposure to MTN. Biochemical assays revealed that CAT activity and levels of MDA, GSH increased in spermatozoa based on concentration while activity of GSH-Px and SOD decreased. Consequently, spermatozoa were highly sensitive to MTN exposure. MTN has disruptive effects on sperm quality and caused to oxidative stress in spermatozoa.

Protective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Quercus brantii against lead-induced oxidative stress in the reproductive system of male mice

OBJECTIVE

Exposure to heavy metals such as lead (Pb) results in oxidative stress induction in the male reproductive system. Herbal medicine can be utilized as antioxidant agents against oxidative stress. Quercus brantii (QB) has shown antioxidant activity in previous studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of QB hydro-alcoholic extract against Pb-induced oxidative stress in the male mice reproductive system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-two NMRI adult male mice were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 animals each. Group I was the control group that received no treatment. Group II was the sham group and received 0.2 ml distilled water. Groups III and IV received QB hydro-alcoholic extract 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw, respectively. Group V received Pb 1000 ppm/kg bw. Group VI and VII received Pb 1000 ppm/kg bw and QB extract 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw, respectively. All groups received treatment via oral gavage. After 35 days, sperm parameters (i.e. sperm motility, count and morphology) were evaluated. Levels of sex hormones including LH, FSH, and testosterone, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in animals' serum.

RESULTS

Exposure to Pb negatively affected sperm parameters (i.e. sperm motility, count and morphology), decreased serum concentrations of sex hormones (i.e. LH, FSH, and testosterone), TAC and SOD activity but increased MDA levels. However, co-administration of 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw QB hydro-alcoholic extract and Pb considerably improved sperm parameters (i.e. sperm motility, count and morphology), increased sex hormones (i.e.LH, FSH, and testosterone), TAC, and SOD activity while decreased MDA levels in animals' serum.

CONCLUSION

Administration of QB extracts (Low dose and high dose) is able to protect the male reproductive system of mice against Pb-induced oxidative stress.

Resveratrol attenuates reproductive alterations in type 1 diabetes-induced rats

The progression of diabetes mellitus leads to several complications including overproduction of reactive oxygen species and reproductive alterations. As resveratrol (RES) is a powerful anti-oxidant and an anti-apoptotic compound, we hypothesized that side effects of type-1 diabetes (DM1) on male reproduction could be reduced by the RES treatment. Eighty-four prepubertal male rats were distributed into seven groups: sham-control (SC), RES-treated (R), resveratrol-vehicle-treated (RV), diabetic (D), diabetic-insulin-treated (DI), diabetic-RES-treated (DR), diabetic-insulin and RES-treated (DIR). DM1 was induced by a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection (65 mg/kg) on the 30th day postpartum (dpp). Animals of DR, DIR and R groups received 150 mg/day of RES by gavage for 43 consecutive days (from the 33 to 75 dpp). DI and DIR rats received subcutaneous injections of insulin (1 U/100 g b.w./day) from 5th day after the DM1 induction. The blood glucose level was monitored. At 75 dpp, the euthanasia was performed for morphometric and biometric testicular analyses, spermatic evaluation and hormonal doses. In the D group, the blood glucose level was higher than in the DR, DI and DIR groups. Besides morphometric testicular measurements, testosterone and estradiol doses were lower in D group than in DR and DIR groups; LH dose was also lower than in DR. The preputial separation age was delayed in diabetes-induced groups. The DR and DIR groups showed an improvement in sperm mitochondrial activity, epididymal sperm counts and the frequency of morphologically normal sperms. RES treatment improved glycaemic level, sperm quantitative and qualitative parameters and the hormonal profile in DM1-induced rats and seems to be a good reproductive protector.

A chemical compound based on methylxanthine-polyphenols lowers nitric oxide levels and increases post-thaw human sperm viability

We produced a new chemical compound based on methylxanthines and polyphenols (CCMP) present in the chemical matrix of guaraná (Paullinia cupana), a seed extract with antioxidant properties. After supplementation with the standard extract of resveratrol, a well documented antioxidant found in other plant sources, we investigated whether this resveratrol-enriched compound could improve sperm viability and modulate differentially reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in thawed sperm. Sperm samples obtained from healthy young donors were treated with different concentrations of guaraná extract (0.1, 1, 5 or 10 mg/ml) and cells were frozen at -80°C for 24 h. In addition, the potential protective effects of guaraná treatment on sperm treated with pro-oxidant compound (200 µM hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) were assessed. Samples were also exposed to three concentrations of CCMP before being frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) or in an ultrafreezer (-80°C) for 24 h, and both pre-freezing and post-thaw measurements of viability and oxidative stress were performed. Guaraná supplementation at 10 mg/ml significantly increased post-thaw viability and decreased oxidative metabolism of the sperm. Moreover, selected concentrations of CCMP improved viability and oxidative metabolism in sperm samples pre-freezing. Furthermore, CCMP showed cryoprotective activity by increasing viability and decreasing oxidative stress in post-thaw samples. In summary, these findings suggested that CCMP supplementation acts as a cryoprotectant to modulate ROS and NO levels in thawed sperm. CCMP could be used to enhance sperm quality and reproductive success.