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Dissecting the genetic relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:209-226. [PMID: 30413934 PMCID: PMC6358498 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV)- and lifestyle-associated risk factors (RFs) are increasingly recognized as important for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Beyond the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE), comparatively little is known about whether CV-associated genes also increase risk for AD. Using large genome-wide association studies and validated tools to quantify genetic overlap, we systematically identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) jointly associated with AD and one or more CV-associated RFs, namely body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD), waist hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In fold enrichment plots, we observed robust genetic enrichment in AD as a function of plasma lipids (TG, TC, LDL, and HDL); we found minimal AD genetic enrichment conditional on BMI, T2D, CAD, and WHR. Beyond APOE, at conjunction FDR < 0.05 we identified 90 SNPs on 19 different chromosomes that were jointly associated with AD and CV-associated outcomes. In meta-analyses across three independent cohorts, we found four novel loci within MBLAC1 (chromosome 7, meta-p = 1.44 × 10-9), MINK1 (chromosome 17, meta-p = 1.98 × 10-7) and two chromosome 11 SNPs within the MTCH2/SPI1 region (closest gene = DDB2, meta-p = 7.01 × 10-7 and closest gene = MYBPC3, meta-p = 5.62 × 10-8). In a large 'AD-by-proxy' cohort from the UK Biobank, we replicated three of the four novel AD/CV pleiotropic SNPs, namely variants within MINK1, MBLAC1, and DDB2. Expression of MBLAC1, SPI1, MINK1 and DDB2 was differentially altered within postmortem AD brains. Beyond APOE, we show that the polygenic component of AD is enriched for lipid-associated RFs. We pinpoint a subset of cardiovascular-associated genes that strongly increase the risk for AD. Our collective findings support a disease model in which cardiovascular biology is integral to the development of clinical AD in a subset of individuals.
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302
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Srivastava NK, Mukherjee S, Sharma R, Das J, Sharma R, Kumar V, Sinha N, Sharma D. Altered lipid metabolism in post-traumatic epileptic rat model: one proposed pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1757-1773. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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303
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Hussain G, Wang J, Rasul A, Anwar H, Imran A, Qasim M, Zafar S, Kamran SKS, Razzaq A, Aziz N, Ahmad W, Shabbir A, Iqbal J, Baig SM, Sun T. Role of cholesterol and sphingolipids in brain development and neurological diseases. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:26. [PMID: 30683111 PMCID: PMC6347843 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain is a vital organ of the human body which performs very important functions such as analysis, processing, coordination, and execution of electrical signals. For this purpose, it depends on a complex network of nerves which are ensheathed in lipids tailored myelin; an abundant source of lipids in the body. The nervous system is enriched with important classes of lipids; sphingolipids and cholesterol which compose the major portion of the brain particularly in the form of myelin. Both cholesterol and sphingolipids are embedded in the microdomains of membrane rafts and are functional units of the neuronal cell membrane. These molecules serve as the signaling molecules; hold important roles in the neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and many others. Thus, their adequate provision and active metabolism are of crucial importance in the maintenance of physiological functions of brain and body of an individual. In the present review, we have highlighted the physiological roles of cholesterol and sphingolipids in the development of the nervous system as well as the association of their altered metabolism to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Zafar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Kashif Shahid Kamran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Shabbir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian Province, China.
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304
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Khan AM, Korzeniowska B, Gorshkov V, Tahir M, Schrøder H, Skytte L, Rasmussen KL, Khandige S, Møller-Jensen J, Kjeldsen F. Silver nanoparticle-induced expression of proteins related to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:221-239. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1540728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Manzoor Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Barbara Korzeniowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Schrøder
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lilian Skytte
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kaare Lund Rasmussen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Surabhi Khandige
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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305
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Hussain G, Anwar H, Rasul A, Imran A, Qasim M, Zafar S, Imran M, Kamran SKS, Aziz N, Razzaq A, Ahmad W, Shabbir A, Iqbal J, Baig SM, Ali M, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Sun T, Muhammad A, Muhammad Umair A. Lipids as biomarkers of brain disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:351-374. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1529653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Zafar
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Kashif Shahid Kamran
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Shabbir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jose-Luis Gonzalez de Aguilar
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la Neurodégénérescence, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Atif Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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306
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Haduch A, Daniel WA. The engagement of brain cytochrome P450 in the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substrates: a possible role in mental disorders. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:415-429. [PMID: 30501426 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1554674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current state of knowledge indicates that the cerebral cytochrome P450 (CYP) plays an important role in the endogenous metabolism in the brain. Different CYP isoenzymes mediate metabolism of many endogenous substrates such as monoaminergic neurotransmitters, neurosteroids, cholesterol, vitamins and arachidonic acid. Therefore, these enzymes may affect brain development, susceptibility to mental and neurodegenerative diseases and may contribute to their pathophysiology. In addition, they can modify the therapeutic effects of psychoactive drugs at the place of their target action in the brain, where the drugs can act by affecting the metabolism of endogenous substrates. The article focuses on the role of cerebral CYP isoforms in the metabolism of neurotransmitters, neurosteroids, and cholesterol, and their possible involvement in animal behavior, as well as in stress, depression, schizophrenia, cognitive processes, learning, and memory. CYP-mediated alternative pathways of dopamine and serotonin synthesis may have a significant role in the local production of these neurotransmitters in the brain regions where the disturbances of these neurotransmitter systems are observed in depression and schizophrenia. The local alternative synthesis of neurotransmitters may be of great importance in the brain, since dopamine and serotonin do not pass the blood-brain barrier and cannot be supplied from the periphery. In vitro studies indicate that human CYP2D6 catalyzing dopamine and serotonin synthesis is more efficient in these reactions than the rat CYP2D isoforms. It suggests that these alternative pathways may have much greater significance in the human brain but confirmation of these assumptions requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haduch
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Institute of Pharmacology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków , Poland
| | - Władysława Anna Daniel
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Institute of Pharmacology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków , Poland
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307
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Anderson SR, Vetter ML. Developmental roles of microglia: A window into mechanisms of disease. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:98-117. [PMID: 30444278 PMCID: PMC6328295 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are engineers of the central nervous system (CNS) both in health and disease. In addition to the canonical immunological roles of clearing damaging entities and limiting the spread of toxicity and death, microglia remodel the CNS throughout life. While they have been extensively studied in disease and injury, due to their highly variable functions, their precise role in these contexts still remains uncertain. Over the past decade, we have greatly expanded our understanding of microglial function, including their essential homeostatic roles during development. Here, we review these developmental roles, identify parallels in disease, and speculate whether developmental mechanisms re-emerge in disease and injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:98-117, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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308
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309
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Kim SW, Kang HJ, Jhon M, Kim JW, Lee JY, Walker AJ, Agustini B, Kim JM, Berk M. Statins and Inflammation: New Therapeutic Opportunities in Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30890971 PMCID: PMC6413672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia, have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. These are thought to be responsible for the potential effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders. In this study, we comprehensively review the literature to investigate the effects of statins on various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. In addition, we review adverse effects and drug interactions of statins to give clinically useful information guiding statin use in the psychiatric field. Statins seem useful in reducing depression, particularly in patients with physical disorders such as cardiovascular disease. In patients with schizophrenia, negative symptoms may be reduced by adjuvant statin therapy. Studies on cohorts at risk for dementia have generally shown protective effects of statins, while those on treatment for dementia show inconsistent results. In conclusion, statins used in combination with conventional psychotropic medications may be effective for various psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, and dementia. Further study is required to determine optimal doses and duration of statin use for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruno Agustini
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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310
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Wei X, Nishi T, Kondou S, Kimura H, Mody I. Preferential enhancement of GluN2B-containing native NMDA receptors by the endogenous modulator 24S-hydroxycholesterol in hippocampal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 148:11-20. [PMID: 30594698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
24S-hydroxycholesterol (24HC) is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain. Among its other effects on neurons, 24HC modulates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA or GluN) receptors, but our understanding of this mechanism is poor. We used whole-cell patch clamp recordings and various pharmacological approaches in mouse brain slices to record isolated NMDAR-mediated (INMDA) tonic and evoked synaptic currents. 24HC (1 μΜ) significantly enhanced tonic, but not evoked, INMDA of dentate gyrus granule cells. The INMDA had both GluN2A and GluN2B-mediated components. Preincubation of the slices with PEAQX (a GluN2A antagonist) or Ro25-6981 (a GluN2B antagonist) dramatically changed the INMDA modulatory potential of 24HC. Ro25-6981 blocked the enhancing effect of 24HC on tonic INMDA, while preincubation with PEAQX had no effect. In cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) knockout mice, in sharp contrast to WT, 24HC slightly decreased the tonic INMDA of granule cells. Furthermore, 24HC had no effect on tonic INMDA of dentate gyrus parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs), known to express different GluN subunits than granule cells. Taken together, our results revealed a specific enhancement of GluN2B-containing NMDARs by 24HC, indicating a novel endogenous pathway to influence a subclass of NMDARs critically involved in cortical plasticity and in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shinichi Kondou
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Istvan Mody
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
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311
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The Role of APOE and TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease-Current Understanding and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010081. [PMID: 30587772 PMCID: PMC6337314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. The extracellular deposits of Amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain-called amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles-intracellular tau aggregates, are morphological hallmarks of the disease. The risk for AD is a complicated interplay between aging, genetic risk factors, and environmental influences. One of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles-APOEε4, is the major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD). APOE is the primary cholesterol carrier in the brain, and plays an essential role in lipid trafficking, cholesterol homeostasis, and synaptic stability. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified other candidate LOAD risk loci, as well. One of those is the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which, in the brain, is expressed primarily by microglia. While the function of TREM2 is not fully understood, it promotes microglia survival, proliferation, and phagocytosis, making it important for cell viability and normal immune functions in the brain. Emerging evidence from protein binding assays suggests that APOE binds to TREM2 and APOE-containing lipoproteins in the brain as well as periphery, and are putative ligands for TREM2, thus raising the possibility of an APOE-TREM2 interaction modulating different aspects of AD pathology, potentially in an isoform-specific manner. This review is focusing on the interplay between APOE isoforms and TREM2 in association with AD pathology.
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312
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Chen Y, Zhu L, Ji L, Yang Y, Lu L, Wang X, Zhou G. Silencing the ACAT1 Gene in Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Inhibits the Expression of Cyclo-Oxygenase 2 (COX2) and Reduces β-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity Due to Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) and ERK. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:9007-9018. [PMID: 30541014 PMCID: PMC6299791 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acyl-coenzymeA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 1, a key enzyme converting excess free cholesterol to cholesterol esters, has been demonstrated to be associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the protective role of ACAT1 blockage in AD progression remains elusive. Material/Methods Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated for 24 h with increasing concentrations of aggregated Aβ25–35 (5, 15, 25, and 45 μmol) with or without the ACAT1 siRNA pretreatment. Cell viability analysis was measured by CCK-8 assay. The genome-wide correlation between ACAT1 and all other probe sets was measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Western blotting was used to detect the ACAT1 protein expression in the hippocampus of APP/PSN transgenic AD mice. The mRNA level for each target was analyzed by qPCR. Western blotting was used to detect the ACAT1, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (Cox2), Calcium voltage-gated channel subunits (CACNAs), and ERK/PKC proteins in SH-SY5Y cells with or without the ACAT1 siRNA pretreatment in the presence of Aβ25–35. Results The expression of ACAT1 was significantly increased in the hippocampus of APP/PSN mice, and also showed an increasing trend when SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to Aβ25–35. Silencing ACAT1 significantly attenuated Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The genome-wide correlation analysis showed that Ptgs2 had the most significant correlation with Acat1 in the hippocampus of BXD RI mice. We further determined the regulatory effect of ACAT1 on COX2 expression by silencing or over-expressing ACAT1 in SH-SY5Y cells and found that silencing ACAT1 played a protective role in AD progression by regulating CACNAs and PKC/ERK signaling cascades. Conclusions Silencing ACAT1 attenuates Aβ25–35-induced cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, which may due to the synergistic effect of ACAT1 and COX2 through PKC/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, Urumqi, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Guomim Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Horid’ko TM, Kosiakova HV, Berdyshev AG. Preventive effect of N-stearoylethanolamine on memory disorders, blood and brain biochemical parameters in rats with experimental scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj90.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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314
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Yano K, Hirayama S, Misawa N, Furuta A, Ueno T, Motoi Y, Seino U, Ebinuma H, Ikeuchi T, Schneider WJ, Bujo H, Miida T. Soluble LR11 competes with amyloid β in binding to cerebrospinal fluid-high-density lipoprotein. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:29-34. [PMID: 30448281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LR11 is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family with high expression in neurons. Some cell surface LR11 is cleaved and secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as soluble LR11 (sLR11). Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly apolipoprotein E4 carriers, have high CSF-sLR11 and low CSF-amyloid β (Aβ) concentrations. Therefore, we assessed whether sLR11 is bound to CSF-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and whether sLR11 competes with Aβ in binding to apoE in CSF-HDL. METHODS We measured CSF-sLR11 concentrations (50 controls and 16 patients with AD) using enzyme immunoassay. sLR11 and apoE distribution in the CSF was evaluated using non-denaturing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (N-2DGE). ApoE bound to sLR11 or Aβ was identified using co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS CSF-sLR11 concentrations were higher in patients with AD than controls (adjusted for sLR11 using phospholipid). N-2DGE analysis showed that sLR11 and Aβ comigrated with a large apoE-containing CSF-HDL. Moreover, fewer apoE was bound to Aβ when a higher amount of apoE was bound to sLR11 in patients with AD who presented with ε4/4. CONCLUSION sLR11 binds to CSF-HDL and competes with Aβ in binding to apoE in CSF-HDL, indicating that sLR11 affects Aβ clearance via CSF-HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Yano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Naomi Misawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ayaka Furuta
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ueno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Dementia, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Utako Seino
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Asahimachi-Tohri 1-754, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ebinuma
- Sekisui Medical Tsukuba Research Institute, Yoshiwara 3262-12, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 301-1155, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-Tohri 1-757, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Shimoshizu 564-1, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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315
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Bukiya AN, Blank PS, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A. Cholesterol intake and statin use regulate neuronal G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:19-29. [PMID: 30420402 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, a critical component of the cellular plasma membrane, is essential for normal neuronal function. Cholesterol content is highest in the brain, where most cholesterol is synthesized de novo; HMG-CoA reductase controls the synthesis rate. Despite strict control, elevated blood cholesterol levels are common and are associated with various neurological disorders. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels mediate the actions of inhibitory brain neurotransmitters. Loss of GIRK function enhances neuron excitability; gain of function reduces neuronal activity. However, the effect of dietary cholesterol or HMG-CoA reductase inhibition (i.e., statin therapy) on GIRK function remains unknown. Using a rat model, we compared the effects of a high-cholesterol versus normal diet both with and without atorvastatin, a widely prescribed HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on neuronal GIRK currents. The high-cholesterol diet increased hippocampal CA1 region cholesterol levels and correspondingly increased neuronal GIRK currents. Both phenomena were reversed by cholesterol depletion in vitro. Atorvastatin countered the high-cholesterol diet effects on neuronal cholesterol content and GIRK currents; these effects were reversed by cholesterol enrichment in vitro. Our findings suggest that high-cholesterol diet and atorvastatin therapy affect ion channel function in the brain by modulating neuronal cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Bukiya
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Paul S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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316
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Engle SJ, Blaha L, Kleiman RJ. Best Practices for Translational Disease Modeling Using Human iPSC-Derived Neurons. Neuron 2018; 100:783-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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317
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Koubek EJ, Weissenrieder JS, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Schweinfurthins: Lipid Modulators with Promising Anticancer Activity. Lipids 2018; 53:767-784. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Koubek
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Jillian S. Weissenrieder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Neighbors
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Raymond J. Hohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
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318
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Ďurfinová M, Procházková Ľ, Petrleničová D, Bystrická Z, Orešanská K, Kuračka Ľ, Líška B. Cholesterol level correlate with disability score in patients with relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:304-307. [PMID: 30339921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by demyelination. There are many environmental factors that can affect the progression of this disease. It is necessary to better understand the impact of these factors in MS pathogenesis and progression. OBJECTIVE Present study investigates the relationship of total cholesterol serum levels and other parameters contributing to cardiovascular risk - homocysteine and serum lipid parameters (triglycerides, HDL, LDL) - with the progression of MS (EDSS score). METHODS The study involved 169 patients diagnosed with MS. Total homocysteine levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum lipid parameters were measured with enzymatic kits. RESULTS There was no difference observed between homocysteine levels in MS patients and controls. Dyslipidaemia seems to be associated with MS progression, particularly in women with relapsing-remitting form of MS. CONCLUSION Positive correlation of total and LDL cholesterol with disability score in patients with relapsing-remitting form of MS suggests that lipid parameters could have a negative effect on the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ďurfinová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ľ Procházková
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbová 5, SK-83305 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - D Petrleničová
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbová 5, SK-83305 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Bystrická
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K Orešanská
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľ Kuračka
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - B Líška
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, SK-81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
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319
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Boussicault L, Kacher R, Lamazière A, Vanhoutte P, Caboche J, Betuing S, Potier MC. CYP46A1 protects against NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in Huntington's disease: Analysis of lipid raft content. Biochimie 2018; 153:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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320
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Reshef YA, Finucane HK, Kelley DR, Gusev A, Kotliar D, Ulirsch JC, Hormozdiari F, Nasser J, O'Connor L, van de Geijn B, Loh PR, Grossman SR, Bhatia G, Gazal S, Palamara PF, Pinello L, Patterson N, Adams RP, Price AL. Detecting genome-wide directional effects of transcription factor binding on polygenic disease risk. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1483-1493. [PMID: 30177862 PMCID: PMC6202062 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological interpretation of genome-wide association study data frequently involves assessing whether SNPs linked to a biological process, for example, binding of a transcription factor, show unsigned enrichment for disease signal. However, signed annotations quantifying whether each SNP allele promotes or hinders the biological process can enable stronger statements about disease mechanism. We introduce a method, signed linkage disequilibrium profile regression, for detecting genome-wide directional effects of signed functional annotations on disease risk. We validate the method via simulations and application to molecular quantitative trait loci in blood, recovering known transcriptional regulators. We apply the method to expression quantitative trait loci in 48 Genotype-Tissue Expression tissues, identifying 651 transcription factor-tissue associations including 30 with robust evidence of tissue specificity. We apply the method to 46 diseases and complex traits (average n = 290 K), identifying 77 annotation-trait associations representing 12 independent transcription factor-trait associations, and characterize the underlying transcriptional programs using gene-set enrichment analyses. Our results implicate new causal disease genes and new disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakir A Reshef
- Department of Computer Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard/MIT MD/PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - David R Kelley
- California Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dylan Kotliar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farhad Hormozdiari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Nasser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke O'Connor
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryce van de Geijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon R Grossman
- Harvard/MIT MD/PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Francesco Palamara
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luca Pinello
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ryan P Adams
- Google Brain, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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321
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Wages PA, Kim HYH, Korade Z, Porter NA. Identification and characterization of prescription drugs that change levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol and desmosterol. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1916-1926. [PMID: 30087204 PMCID: PMC6168312 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating blood cholesterol (Chol) levels by pharmacotherapy has successfully improved cardiovascular health. There is growing interest in the role of Chol precursors in the treatment of diseases. One sterol precursor, desmosterol (Des), is a potential pharmacological target for inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. However, elevating levels of the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) by inhibiting the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase is linked to teratogenic outcomes. Thus, altering the sterol profile may either increase risk toward an adverse outcome or confer therapeutic benefit depending on the metabolite affected by the pharmacophore. In order to characterize any unknown activity of drugs on Chol biosynthesis, a chemical library of Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs was screened for the potential to modulate 7-DHC or Des levels in a neural cell line. Over 20% of the collection was shown to impact Chol biosynthesis, including 75 compounds that alter 7-DHC levels and 49 that modulate Des levels. Evidence is provided that three tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib, ponatinib, and masitinib, elevate Des levels as well as other substrates of 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme responsible for converting Des to Chol. Additionally, the mechanism of action for ponatinib and masitinib was explored, demonstrating that protein levels are decreased as a result of treatment with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Wages
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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322
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The Age-dependent Elevation of miR-335-3p Leads to Reduced Cholesterol and Impaired Memory in Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 390:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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323
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Additive neuroprotective effects of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and allopregnanolone in an ex vivo rat glaucoma model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12851. [PMID: 30150786 PMCID: PMC6110753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a rat ex vivo acute glaucoma model, high pressure (75 mmHg) causes swelling of ganglion cell axons and elevates levels of the endogenous steroids 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24SH) and allopregnanolone (AlloP). Furthermore, 24SH (0.1 µM) alone elevates AlloP levels via NMDA receptors. With this model, we now investigate possible interactions between 24SH and AlloP. We found that inhibition of AlloP synthesis with dutasteride under high pressure results in severe excitotoxicity in addition to axonal swelling. The excitotoxicity is prevented by exogenous AlloP but not 24SH, indicating that endogenous AlloP is crucial for protection. However, inhibition of 24SH synthesis with voriconazole induces severe excitotoxicity under normal pressure. Paradoxically, the excitotoxicity by voriconazole is better prevented by AlloP than 24SH. These findings suggest that inhibition of 24SH synthesis becomes excitotoxic in the absence of AlloP. We also observed that co-administration of sub-micromolar 24SH (0.1 µM) and AlloP (0.1 µM), concentrations that are only partially effective when administered alone, prevents axonal swelling under high pressure. This apparent enhanced protection indicates strong interaction between the two neurosteroids to preserve neuronal integrity, with 24SH contributing to AlloP synthesis via NMDA receptors and with AlloP playing an essential role in neuroprotection via GABAA receptors.
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324
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Ranson MA, Del Bigio MR. Chronic near lifetime toluene exposure in rodents does not replicate solvent abuse leukoencephalopathy in humans. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:260-265. [PMID: 30056179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Toluene is an organic solvent used in industry and as a substance of abuse. The latter situation may be associated with a leukoencephalopathy characterized by white matter atrophy, multifocal myelin loss, and macrophages that contain birefringent granular inclusions. To determine if rodents can develop the same white matter damage, we studied archived rodent brain samples from three near-lifetime toluene carcinogenicity experiments. Rats and mice were exposed to toluene via an inhalation chamber at 1200 ppm for 6.5 h daily, 5 days per week, for 103 weeks. Rats were exposed to toluene via oral gavage of 800 mg/kg, 4 days per week, for 104 weeks. In gavage-exposed brains, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect reactive astroglial and microglial changes, neuron populations, and cytochrome P450 upregulation. None of the white matter changes reported in human toluene abuse were identified in the rat or mouse brains. In a blinded analysis, a mild widespread increase in reactive microglia was detected in female rats that received toluene by gavage at 800 mg/kg. However, no significant differences were detected in neurons or astrocytes. Potential reasons for the absence of changes are discussed. We conclude that rodent studies designed to study carcinogenicity of toluene might not adequately model abuse exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Ranson
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg Canada.
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325
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Liu CY, Yang Y, Ju WN, Wang X, Zhang HL. Emerging Roles of Astrocytes in Neuro-Vascular Unit and the Tripartite Synapse With Emphasis on Reactive Gliosis in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:193. [PMID: 30042661 PMCID: PMC6048287 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are five-fold more numerous than neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), are traditionally viewed to provide simple structural and nutritional supports for neurons and to participate in the composition of the blood brain barrier (BBB). In recent years, the active roles of astrocytes in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and in maintaining the homeostasis of the tripartite synapse have attracted increasing attention. More importantly, astrocytes have been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a major cause of dementia in the elderly. Although microglia-induced inflammation is considered important in the development and progression of AD, inflammation attributable to astrogliosis may also play crucial roles. A1 reactive astrocytes induced by inflammatory stimuli might be harmful by up-regulating several classical complement cascade genes thereby leading to chronic inflammation, while A2 induced by ischemia might be protective by up-regulating several neurotrophic factors. Here we provide a concise review of the emerging roles of astrocytes in the homeostasis maintenance of the neuro-vascular unit (NVU) and the tripartite synapse with emphasis on reactive astrogliosis in the context of AD, so as to pave the way for further research in this area, and to search for potential therapeutic targets of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Na Ju
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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326
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Serum lipidomic analysis for the discovery of biomarkers for major depressive disorder in drug-free patients. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:174-182. [PMID: 29719272 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipidomic analysis can be used to efficiently identify hundreds of lipid molecular species in biological materials and has been recently established as an important tool for biomarker discovery in various neuropsychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study, quantitative targeted serum lipidomic profiling was performed on female subjects using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Global lipid profiling of pooled serum samples from 10 patients currently with MDD (cMDD), 10 patients with remitted MDD (rMDD), and 10 healthy controls revealed 37 differentially regulated lipids (DRLs). DRLs were further verified using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) in each of the 25 samples from the three groups of independent cohorts. Using multivariate analysis and MRM data we identified serum biomarker panels of discriminatory lipids that differentiated between pairs of groups: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)(16:1), triglycerides (TG)(44:0), and TG(54:8) distinguished cMDD from controls with 76% accuracy; lysophosphatidylcholines(16:1), TG(44:0), TG(46:0), and TG(50:1) distinguished between cMDD and rMDD at 65% accuracy; and LPA(16:1), TG(52:6), TG(54:8), and TG(58:10) distinguished between rMDD and controls with 60% accuracy. Our lipidomic analysis identified peripheral lipid signatures of MDD, which thereby provides providing important biomarker candidates for MDD.
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327
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Meltzer S, Bagley JA, Perez GL, O'Brien CE, DeVault L, Guo Y, Jan LY, Jan YN. Phospholipid Homeostasis Regulates Dendrite Morphogenesis in Drosophila Sensory Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 21:859-866. [PMID: 29069593 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in lipid homeostasis have been observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with dendrite morphogenesis defects. However, the molecular mechanisms of how lipid homeostasis affects dendrite morphogenesis are unclear. We find that easily shocked (eas), which encodes a kinase with a critical role in phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) synthesis, and two other enzymes in this synthesis pathway are required cell autonomously in sensory neurons for dendrite growth and stability. Furthermore, we show that the level of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) activity is important for dendrite development. SREBP activity increases in eas mutants, and decreasing the level of SREBP and its transcriptional targets in eas mutants largely suppresses the dendrite growth defects. Furthermore, reducing Ca2+ influx in neurons of eas mutants ameliorates the dendrite morphogenesis defects. Our study uncovers a role for EAS kinase and reveals the in vivo function of phospholipid homeostasis in dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meltzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joshua A Bagley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gerardo Lopez Perez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Caitlin E O'Brien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Laura DeVault
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanmeng Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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328
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Ugur C, Uneri OS, Goker Z, Sekmen E, Aydemir H, Solmaz E. The assessment of serum lipid profiles of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:231-235. [PMID: 29655116 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and the pathophysiology remains obscure. Some studies show that lipid imbalances are associated with ADHD etiology. We studied the association of serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels in ADHD. We examined 88 children aged 8-12 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and 88 healthy children. The exclusion criteria were as follows: obesity, any psychotropic use in the last 3 months, presence of a chronic disease and/or malignancy, history of medically treated lipid metabolism disease in family members, intelligence quotient (IQ) < 70, and comorbidities, with the exception of oppositional defiant disorder. The sample was evaluated using a semi-structured clinical assessment interview and Conners' rating scales. Despite controlling for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) variables, the total cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher in the ADHD group than the levels of healthy controls, whereas the TG and HDL cholesterol levels were similar among groups. Conners' rating scales, reflecting symptom severity, and total cholesterol, TG, HDL, and LDL levels of the ADHD group were not correlated. The study results support the difference in serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles of children with ADHD compared with healthy controls. This difference is thought to be related with changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance states in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Ugur
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey.
| | - Ozden Sukran Uneri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Zeynep Goker
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Ebru Sekmen
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Hilal Aydemir
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sehit Omer Halisdemir Caddesi, Kurtdereli Sokak, No: 10 06100, Diskapi/Ankara Turkey
| | - Esra Solmaz
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara Turkey
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329
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Lee JC, Park SM, Kim IY, Sung H, Seong JK, Moon MH. High-fat diet-induced lipidome perturbations in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb of mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:980-990. [PMID: 29787912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given their important role in neuronal function, there has been an increasing focus on altered lipid levels in brain disorders. The effect of a high-fat (HF) diet on the lipid profiles of the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb of the mouse brain was investigated using nanoflow ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in the current study. For 8 weeks, two groups of 5-week-old mice were fed either an HF or normal diet (6 mice from each group analyzed as the F and N groups, respectively). The remaining mice in both groups then received a 4-week normal diet. Each group was then subdivided into two groups for another 4-week HF or normal diet. Quantitative analysis of 270 of the 359 lipids identified from brain tissue revealed that an HF diet significantly affected the brain lipidome in all brain regions that were analyzed. The HF diet significantly increased diacylglycerols, which play a role in insulin resistance in all regions that were analyzed. Although the HF diet increased most lipid species, the majority of phosphatidylserine species were decreased, while lysophosphatidylserine species, with the same acyl chain, were substantially increased. This result can be attributed to increased oxidative stress due to the HF diet. Further, weight-cycling (yo-yo effect) was found more critical for the perturbation of brain lipid profiles than weight gain without a preliminary experience of an HF diet. The present study reveals systematic alterations in brain lipid levels upon HF diet analyzed either by lipid class and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Mi Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Sung
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program Plus for Advanced Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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330
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Carson RA, Rudine AC, Tally SJ, Franks AL, Frahm KA, Waldman JK, Silswal N, Burale S, Phan JV, Chandran UR, Monaghan AP, DeFranco DB. Statins impact primary embryonic mouse neural stem cell survival, cell death, and fate through distinct mechanisms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196387. [PMID: 29738536 PMCID: PMC5940229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (CBP), and are used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The anti-inflammatory effects of statins may also provide therapeutic benefits and have led to their use in clinical trials for preeclampsia, a pregnancy-associated inflammatory condition, despite their current classification as category X (i.e. contraindicated during pregnancy). In the developing neocortex, products of the CBP play essential roles in proliferation and differentiation of neural stem-progenitor cells (NSPCs). To understand how statins could impact the developing brain, we studied effects of pravastatin and simvastatin on primary embryonic NSPC survival, proliferation, global transcription, and cell fate in vitro. We found that statins dose dependently decrease NSPC expansion by promoting cell death and autophagy of NSPCs progressing through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis demonstrates an increase in expression of CBP genes following pravastatin treatment, through activation of the SREBP2 transcription factor. Co-treatment with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a CBP metabolite downstream of HMG-CoA reductase, reduces SREBP2 activation and pravastatin-induced PARP cleavage. Finally, pravastatin and simvastatin differentially alter NSPC cell fate and mRNA expression during differentiation, through a non-CBP dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A. Carson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony C. Rudine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Serena J. Tally
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis L. Franks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Krystle A. Frahm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob K. Waldman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neerupma Silswal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Suban Burale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James V. Phan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Uma R. Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Paula Monaghan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Donald B. DeFranco
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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331
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Xie T, Akbar S, Stathopoulou MG, Oster T, Masson C, Yen FT, Visvikis-Siest S. Epistatic interaction of apolipoprotein E and lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor genetic variants is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:292.e1-292.e5. [PMID: 29858039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene common polymorphism is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human APOE gene is located on chromosome 19q13.1, a region linked to AD that also includes the LSR gene, which encodes the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR). As an APOE receptor, LSR is involved in the regulation of lipid homeostasis in both periphery and brain. This study aimed to determine the potential interactions between 2 LSR genetic variants, rs34259399 and rs916147, and the APOE common polymorphism in 142 AD subjects (mean age: 73.16 ± 8.50 years) and 63 controls (mean age: 70.41 ± 8.49 years). A significant epistatic interaction was observed between APOE and both LSR variants, rs34259399 (beta = -0.95; p = 2 × 10-5) and rs916147 (beta = -0.83; p = 6.8 × 10-3). Interestingly, the interaction of LSR polymorphisms with APOE non-ε4 alleles increased AD risk. This indicates the existence of complex molecular interactions between these 2 neighboring genes involved in the pathogenesis of AD, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- UMR INSERM U1122; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IGE-PCV, Nancy, France
| | - Samina Akbar
- UMR INSERM U1122; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IGE-PCV, Nancy, France
| | | | - Thierry Oster
- EA3998 INRA USC 0340 UR AFPA, Université de Lorraine, 2 ave de la Forêt de Haye, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christine Masson
- UMR INSERM U1122; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IGE-PCV, Nancy, France
| | - Frances T Yen
- EA3998 INRA USC 0340 UR AFPA, Université de Lorraine, 2 ave de la Forêt de Haye, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- UMR INSERM U1122; Université de Lorraine, Inserm, IGE-PCV, Nancy, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Nancy, France.
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332
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Golic M, Stojanovska V, Bendix I, Wehner A, Herse F, Haase N, Kräker K, Fischer C, Alenina N, Bader M, Schütte T, Schuchardt M, van der Giet M, Henrich W, Muller DN, Felderhoff-Müser U, Scherjon S, Plösch T, Dechend R. Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy Leads to Growth Restriction and Epigenetic Modification of the
Srebf2
Gene in Rat Fetuses. Hypertension 2018; 71:911-920. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic pregnancy is correlated with increased risk of metabolic and neurological disorders in the offspring putatively mediated epigenetically. Little is known about epigenetic changes already present in fetuses of diabetic pregnancies. We aimed at characterizing the perinatal environment after preexisting maternal diabetes mellitus and at identifying relevant epigenetic changes in the fetus. We focused on the transcription factor
Srebf2
(sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2), a master gene in regulation of cholesterol metabolism. We tested whether diabetic pregnancy induces epigenetic changes in the
Srebf2
promoter and if they become manifest in altered
Srebf2
gene expression. We worked with a transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Tet29) in which the insulin receptor is knocked down by doxycycline-induced RNA interference. Doxycycline was administered preconceptionally to Tet29 and wild-type control rats. Only Tet29 doxycycline dams were hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, and hyperlipidemic. Gene expression was analyzed with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and CpG promoter methylation with pyrosequencing. Immunohistochemistry was performed on fetal brains. Fetuses from diabetic Tet29 dams were hyperglycemic and growth restricted at the end of pregnancy. They further displayed decreased liver and brain weight with concomitant decreased microglial activation in the hippocampus in comparison to fetuses of normoglycemic mothers. Importantly, diabetic pregnancy induced CpG hypermethylation of the
Srebf2
promoter in the fetal liver and brain, which was associated with decreased
Srebf2
gene expression. In conclusion, diabetic and hyperlipidemic pregnancy induces neurological, metabolic, and epigenetic alterations in the rat fetus.
Srebf2
is a potential candidate mediating intrauterine environment-driven epigenetic changes and later diabetic offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Golic
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Violeta Stojanovska
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Ivo Bendix
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Anika Wehner
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Florian Herse
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Nadine Haase
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Kristin Kräker
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Caroline Fischer
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Natalia Alenina
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Michael Bader
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Till Schütte
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Markus van der Giet
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Dominik N. Muller
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Sicco Scherjon
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Torsten Plösch
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
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333
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Ceppa F, Mancini A, Tuohy K. Current evidence linking diet to gut microbiota and brain development and function. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1462309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Ceppa
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all‘Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all‘Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all‘Adige, Trento, Italy
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334
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Sathya M, Moorthi P, Premkumar P, Kandasamy M, Jayachandran KS, Anusuyadevi M. Resveratrol Intervenes Cholesterol- and Isoprenoid-Mediated Amyloidogenic Processing of AβPP in Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S3-S23. [PMID: 28059793 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deterioration of cholesterol metabolism has recently been a frontier subject of investigation in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Though amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) primes the pathological cascade, changes in cholesterol levels and its intermediates, geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, is expected to have a different consequence on AβPP processing and amyloid-β (Aβ) generation. However, the use of statins (HMG-COA reductase inhibitor) has been widely implicated in slowing down the pathogenic progression of AD, while the epidemiological reports on its biological effect remains controversial. Considering this fact, the choice of drug that could maintain cholesterol homeostasis without altering its biosynthesis may yield a better therapeutic efficacy on AD. Thus, the present study focused on determining the influence of cholesterol and isoprenoids on amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, in addition to resveratrol as a potent therapeutic drug in CHO-APPswe cell lines. High levels of cholesterol were found to enhance the maturation of AβPP and altered the expression and subcellular localization of ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1 thereby promoting Aβ generation, whereas high isoprenoids increased both maturation as well as amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, which was evident through β-CTF production. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol maintained cholesterol homeostasis and reduced the amyloidogenic burden through its ability to enhance SIRT1 expression and thereby regulating differential expression of AD determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sathya
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ponnusamy Moorthi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Premkumar
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- UGC-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), University Grant Commission, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
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335
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Inflammation as a Possible Link Between Dyslipidemia and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2018; 376:127-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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336
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Mutemberezi V, Buisseret B, Masquelier J, Guillemot-Legris O, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Oxysterol levels and metabolism in the course of neuroinflammation: insights from in vitro and in vivo models. J Neuroinflammation 2018. [PMID: 29523207 PMCID: PMC5845224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxysterols are cholesterol derivatives that have been suggested to play a role in inflammatory diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, or neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the effect of neuroinflammation on oxysterol levels has only been partially studied so far. Methods We used an HPLC-MS method to quantify over ten oxysterols both in in vitro and in vivo models of neuroinflammation. In the same models, we used RT-qPCR to analyze the expression of the enzymes responsible for oxysterol metabolism. Using the BV2 microglial cell line, we explored the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (M1-type) and IL-4-induced (M2-type) cell activation on oxysterol levels. We also used LPS-activated co-cultures of mouse primary microglia and astrocytes. In vivo, we induced a neuroinflammation by administering LPS to mice. Finally, we used a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, namely the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, that is characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation. Results In vitro, we found that LPS activation induces profound alterations in oxysterol levels. Interestingly, we could discriminate between control and LPS-activated cells based on the changes in oxysterol levels both in BV2 cells and in the primary co-culture of glial cells. In vivo, the changes in oxysterol levels were less marked than in vitro. However, we found in both models increased levels of the GPR183 agonist 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, we studied in vitro the effect of 14 oxysterols on the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in LPS-activated co-culture of microglia and astrocytes. We found that several oxysterols decreased the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Conclusions These data demonstrate that inflammation profoundly affects oxysterol levels and that oxysterols can modulate glial cell activation. This further supports the interest of a large screening of oxysterol levels when studying the interplay between neuroinflammation and bioactive lipids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1114-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Buisseret
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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337
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Dietary betaine supplementation in hens modulates hypothalamic expression of cholesterol metabolic genes in F1 cockerels through modification of DNA methylation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 217:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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338
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Diotel N, Charlier TD, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Couret D, Trudeau VL, Nicolau JC, Meilhac O, Kah O, Pellegrini E. Steroid Transport, Local Synthesis, and Signaling within the Brain: Roles in Neurogenesis, Neuroprotection, and Sexual Behaviors. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:84. [PMID: 29515356 PMCID: PMC5826223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and exert pleiotropic effects notably in the central nervous system. Pioneering studies from Baulieu and colleagues have suggested that steroids are also locally-synthesized in the brain. Such steroids, called neurosteroids, can rapidly modulate neuronal excitability and functions, brain plasticity, and behavior. Accumulating data obtained on a wide variety of species demonstrate that neurosteroidogenesis is an evolutionary conserved feature across fish, birds, and mammals. In this review, we will first document neurosteroidogenesis and steroid signaling for estrogens, progestagens, and androgens in the brain of teleost fish, birds, and mammals. We will next consider the effects of sex steroids in homeostatic and regenerative neurogenesis, in neuroprotection, and in sexual behaviors. In a last part, we will discuss the transport of steroids and lipoproteins from the periphery within the brain (and vice-versa) and document their effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and on neuroprotection. We will emphasize the potential interaction between lipoproteins and sex steroids, addressing the beneficial effects of steroids and lipoproteins, particularly HDL-cholesterol, against the breakdown of the BBB reported to occur during brain ischemic stroke. We will consequently highlight the potential anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of sex steroid and lipoproteins, these latest improving cholesterol and steroid ester transport within the brain after insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Thierry D. Charlier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - David Couret
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Joel C. Nicolau
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Elisabeth Pellegrini
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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339
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Bryonolic Acid Blocks Cancer Cell Clonogenicity and Invasiveness through the Inhibition of Fatty Acid: Cholesteryl Ester Formation. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010021. [PMID: 29439506 PMCID: PMC5874678 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bryonolic acid (BrA) is a pentacyclic triterpene present in several plants used in African traditional medicine such as Anisophyllea dichostyla R. Br. Here we investigated the in vitro anticancer properties of BrA. We report that BrA inhibits acyl-coA: cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) activity in rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner, blocking the biosynthesis of the cholesterol fatty acid ester tumour promoter. We next demonstrated that BrA inhibits ACAT in intact cancer cells with an IC50 of 12.6 ± 2.4 µM. BrA inhibited both clonogenicity and invasiveness of several cancer cell lines, establishing that BrA displays specific anticancer properties. BrA appears to be more potent than the other pentacyclic triterpenes, betulinic acid and ursolic acid studied under similar conditions. The inhibitory effect of BrA was reversed by exogenous addition of cholesteryl oleate, showing that ACAT inhibition is responsible for the anticancer effect of BrA. This report reveals new anticancer properties for BrA.
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340
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Picard C, Julien C, Frappier J, Miron J, Théroux L, Dea D, Breitner JCS, Poirier J. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism-related genes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 66:180.e1-180.e9. [PMID: 29503034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several cholesterol metabolism-related genes as top risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We hypothesized that specific genetic variants could act as disease-modifying factors by altering the expression of those genes. Targeted association studies were conducted with available genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological data from 3 independent cohorts: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), the Quebec Founder Population (QFP), and the United Kingdom Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC). First, a total of 273 polymorphisms located in 17 cholesterol metabolism-related loci were screened for associations with cerebrospinal fluid LOAD biomarkers beta amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and tau (from the ADNI) and with amyloid plaque and tangle densities (from the QFP). Top polymorphisms were then contrasted with gene expression levels measured in 134 autopsied healthy brains (from the UKBEC). In the end, only SREBF2 polymorphism rs2269657 showed significant dual associations with LOAD pathological biomarkers and gene expression levels. Furthermore, SREBF2 expression levels measured in LOAD frontal cortices inversely correlated with age at death; suggesting a possible influence on survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Picard
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cédric Julien
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justin Miron
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John C S Breitner
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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341
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Yang W, Shen Z, Wen S, Wang W, Hu M. Mechanisms of multiple neurotransmitters in the effects of Lycopene on brain injury induced by Hyperlipidemia. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:13. [PMID: 29409499 PMCID: PMC5801668 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is a kind of carotenoid, with a strong capacity of antioxidation and regulating the bloodlipid. There has been some evidence that lycopene has protective effects on the central nervous system, but few studies have rigorously explored the role of neurotransmitters in it. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of several neurotransmitters as lycopene exerts anti-injury effects induced by hyperlipidemia. METHODS Eighty adult SD rats, half male and half female, were randomly divided into eight groups on the basis of serum total cholesterol (TC) levels and body weight. There was a control group containing rats fed a standard laboratory rodent chow diet (CD); a hypercholesterolemic diet (rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil - this is also called a CCT diet) group; a positive group (CCT + F) fed CCT, supplemented with 10 mg·kg·bw- 1·d- 1 fluvastatin sodium by gastric perfusion; and lycopene groups at five dose levels (CCT + LYCO) fed with CCT and supplied lycopene at doses of 5, 25, 45, 65, and 85 mg·kg·bw- 1·d- 1. The levels of TC, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), nerve growth factor (NGF), glutamic acid (Glu), Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA1R), GABAA, 5-HT1, D1, and apoptosis-related proteins Caspase3, bax, and bcl-2 were measured after the experiment. Nissl staining was adopted to observe the morphological changes in neurons. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, IL-1, TNF-α, and ox-LDL in the serum and brain as well as the content of Glu, DA, NMDA, and D1 in the brain of rats in the CCT group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05); the levels of LDLR, NGF, GABA, 5-HT, GABAA, 5-HT1, and neuron quantities in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Compared to the CCT group, levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, IL-1, TNF-α, and ox-LDL in the serum and brain, as well as the content of Glu, DA and the expression of pro-apoptotic Caspase3 in the brain decreased in the rats with lycopene (25 mg to 85 mg) added to the diet (P<0.05); the levels of LDLR, NGF, GABA, 5-HT, GABAA, and 5-HT1 as well as the expression of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 and the neuron quantity in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas increased (P<0.05); further, the hippocampal cells were closely arranged. Lycopene dose was negatively correlated with the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C in the serum and brain as well as levels of IL-1, TNF-α, ox-LDL, Glu/GABA, NMDA1R, and Caspase3 (P<0.05); it was positively correlated with the levels of LDLR, NGF, 5-HT, 5-HT1, GABAA, bcl-2, and the neuron quantity in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lycopene exerts anti-injury effects in the brain as-induced by hyperlipidemia. It can inhibit the elevation of serum TC, TG, and LDL-C in rats with hyperlipidemia while indirectly affecting the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C in the brain, leading to a reduction in ox-LDL, IL-1, and TNF-α in the brain. This inhibits the release of Glu, which weakens nerve toxicity and downregulates pro-apoptotic Caspase3. Lycopene also plays an anti-injury role by promoting the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and 5-HT, which enhances the protective effect, and by upregulating the anti-apoptotic bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Ziyi Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Sixian Wen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Minyu Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, China.
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342
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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343
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Zhang S, Glukhova SA, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA. NCEH-1 modulates cholesterol metabolism and protects against α-synuclein toxicity in a C. elegans model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3823-3836. [PMID: 28934392 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aging-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting millions worldwide. Misfolding, oligomerization and accumulation of the human α-synuclein protein is a key pathological hallmark of PD and is associated with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons over the course of aging. Lifespan extension via the suppression of IGF-1/insulin-like signaling (IIS) offers a possibility to retard disease onset through induction of metabolic changes that provide neuroprotection. The nceh-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans encodes an ortholog of neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH-1), an IIS downstream protein that was identified in a screen as a modulator of α-synuclein accumulation in vivo. The mechanism whereby cholesterol metabolism functionally impacts neurodegeneration induced by α-synuclein is undefined. Here we report that NCEH-1 protects dopaminergic neurons from α-synuclein-dependent neurotoxicity in C. elegans via a mechanism that is independent of lifespan extension. We discovered that the presence of cholesterol, LDLR-mediated cholesterol endocytosis, and cholesterol efflux are all essential to NCEH-1-mediated neuroprotection. In protecting from α-synuclein neurotoxicity, NCEH-1 also stimulates cholesterol-derived neurosteroid formation and lowers cellular reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Collectively, this study augments our understanding of how cholesterol metabolism can modulate a neuroprotective mechanism that attenuates α-synuclein neurotoxicity, thereby pointing toward regulation of neuronal cholesterol turnover as a potential therapeutic avenue for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Samantha A Glukhova
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama School of Medicine at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama School of Medicine at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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344
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Caramaschi D, Sharp GC, Nohr EA, Berryman K, Lewis SJ, Davey Smith G, Relton CL. Exploring a causal role of DNA methylation in the relationship between maternal vitamin B12 during pregnancy and child's IQ at age 8, cognitive performance and educational attainment: a two-step Mendelian randomization study. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3001-3013. [PMID: 28453778 PMCID: PMC5703349 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate intake of vitamin B12 during pregnancy plays an important role in
offspring neurodevelopment, potentially via epigenetic processes. We used a two-step
Mendelian randomization approach to assess whether DNA methylation plays a mediating and
causal role in associations between maternal vitamin B12 status and offspring’s
cognition. Firstly, we estimated the causal effect of maternal vitamin B12
levels on cord blood DNA methylation using the maternal FUT2 genotypes
rs492602:A > G and rs1047781:A > T as proxies for circulating vitamin B12
levels in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and we tested the
observed associations in a replication cohort. Secondly, we estimated the causal effect of
DNA methylation on IQ using the offspring genotype at sites close to the methylated CpG
site as a proxy for DNA methylation in ALSPAC and in a replication sample. The first step
Mendelian randomization estimated that maternal vitamin B12 had a small causal
effect on DNA methylation in offspring at three CpG sites, which was replicated for one of
the sites. The second step Mendelian randomization found weak evidence of a causal effect
of DNA methylation at two of these sites on childhood performance IQ which was replicated
for one of the sites. The findings support a causal effect of maternal vitamin
B12 levels on cord blood DNA methylation, and a causal effect of vitamin
B12-responsive DNA methylation changes on children’s cognition. Some
limitations were identified and future studies using a similar approach should aim to
overcome such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doretta Caramaschi
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine.,School of Oral and Dental Sciences, The Cleft Collective, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000C, Denmark
| | - Katie Berryman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8?2BN, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8?2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine
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345
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Zhang X, Lv C, An Y, Liu Q, Rong H, Tao L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xiao R. Increased Levels of 27-Hydroxycholesterol Induced by Dietary Cholesterol in Brain Contribute to Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29193679 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary cholesterol has been shown to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is proposed that oxysterol especially 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) may play a potential role in β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) production and accumulation during AD progression. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate the mechanisms of dietary cholesterol and 27-OHC on learning and memory impairment, male Sprague-Dawley rats are fed with cholesterol diet with or without 27-OHC synthetase inhibitor (anastrozole) injection. The levels of cholesterol, 27-OHC, 24-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), 7α-hydroxycholesterol, and 7β-hydroxycholesterol in plasma are determined; apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma or brain; CYP27A1 and CYP7A1 in liver and CYP46A1 and CYP7B1 in brain; cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and acid phosphatase in lysosome; and Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in brain. Results show increased levels of 27-OHC (p < 0.01), LDL-C (p < 0.01), and ApoB (p < 0.01), and decreased level of HDL-C (p < 0.05) in plasma, upregulated CYP27A1 (p < 0.01) and CYP7A1 (p < 0.01) expression in liver, altered lysosomal function, and increased level of Aβ in brain (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the mechanisms of dietary cholesterol on learning and memory impairment may be involved in cholesterol metabolism and lysosome function with the increase of plasma 27-OHC, thus resulting in Aβ formation and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Lv
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Quanri Liu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguo Rong
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingwei Tao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zandl-Lang M, Fanaee-Danesh E, Sun Y, Albrecher NM, Gali CC, Čančar I, Kober A, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Stracke A, Storck SM, Saeed A, Stefulj J, Pietrzik CU, Wilson MR, Björkhem I, Panzenboeck U. Regulatory effects of simvastatin and apoJ on APP processing and amyloid-β clearance in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:40-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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347
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Ce O, Rs P, Ab W, S D, Cj W, Qm M, D L. Potential Link Between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1. [PMID: 32352077 DOI: 10.31531/2581-4745.1000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease [AD] is not only the most common neurodegenerative disease but is also currently incurable. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 [PCSK9] is an indirect regulator of plasma low density lipoprotein [LDL] levels controlling LDL receptor expression at the plasma membrane. PCSK9 also appears to regulate the development of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, inflammation, and hypertension, conditions that have been identified as risk factors for AD. PCSK9 levels also depend on age, sex, and ethnic background, factors associated with AD. Herein, we will review indirect evidence that suggests a link between PCSK9 levels and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldham Ce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Powell Rs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Williams Ab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Dixon S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Wooten Cj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Melendez Qm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Lopez D
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
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348
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Li HH, Lin CL, Huang CN. Neuroprotective effects of statins against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:198-206. [PMID: 29557360 PMCID: PMC5879882 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that disruption of the homeostasis of lipid metabolism affects the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain has been reported to considerably increase the risk of developing AD. Thus, dysregulation of lipid homeostasis may increase the amyloid β (Aβ) levels by affecting amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, which is the most important risk factor involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Previous research demonstrated that Aβ can trigger neuronal insulin resistance, which plays an important role in response to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in AD. Epidemiological studies also suggested that statin use is associated with a decreased incidence of AD. Therefore, statins are believed to be a good candidate for conferring neuroprotective effects against AD. Statins may play a beneficial role in reducing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Their effect involves a putative mechanism beyond its cholesterol-lowering effects in preventing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of statins have not been clearly determined in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Given that statins may provide benefits beyond the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, these drugs may also improve the brain. Thus, statins may have beneficial effects on impaired insulin signaling by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in neuronal cells. They play a potential therapeutic role in targeting Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Li
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - Chien-Ning Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
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349
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Oleic Acid and Hydroxytyrosol Inhibit Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Synthesis in C6 Glioma Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9076052. [PMID: 29435099 PMCID: PMC5757140 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9076052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the discovery of natural compounds capable of modulating nervous system function has revealed new perspectives for a healthier brain. Here, we investigated the effects of oleic acid (OA) and hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), two important extra virgin olive oil compounds, on lipid synthesis in C6 glioma cells. OA and HTyr inhibited both de novo fatty acid and cholesterol syntheses without affecting cell viability. The inhibitory effect of the individual compounds was more pronounced if OA and HTyr were administered in combination. A reduction of polar lipid biosynthesis was also detected, while triglyceride synthesis was marginally affected. To clarify the lipid-lowering mechanism of these compounds, their effects on the activity of key enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase-ACC and fatty acid synthase-FAS) and cholesterologenesis (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase-HMGCR) were investigated in situ by using digitonin-permeabilized C6 cells. ACC and HMGCR activities were especially reduced after 4 h of 25 μM OA and HTyr treatment. No change in FAS activity was observed. Inhibition of ACC and HMGCR activities is corroborated by the decrease of their mRNA abundance and protein level. Our results indicate a direct and rapid downregulatory effect of the two olive oil compounds on lipid synthesis in C6 cells.
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350
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Global loss of acetylcholinesterase activity with mitochondrial complexes inhibition and inflammation in brain of hypercholesterolemic mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17922. [PMID: 29263397 PMCID: PMC5738385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There exists an intricate relationship between hypercholesterolemia (elevated plasma cholesterol) and brain functions. The present study aims to understand the impact of hypercholesterolemia on pathological consequences in mouse brain. A chronic mouse model of hypercholesterolemia was induced by giving high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. The hypercholesterolemic mice developed cognitive impairment as evident from object recognition memory test. Cholesterol accumulation was observed in four discrete brain regions, such as cortex, striatum, hippocampus and substantia nigra along with significantly damaged blood-brain barrier by hypercholesterolemia. The crucial finding is the loss of acetylcholinesterase activity with mitochondrial dysfunction globally in the brain of hypercholesterolemic mice, which is related to the levels of cholesterol. Moreover, the levels of hydroxyl radical were elevated in the regions of brain where the activity of mitochondrial complexes was found to be reduced. Intriguingly, elevations of inflammatory stress markers in the cholesterol-rich brain regions were observed. As cognitive impairment, diminished brain acetylcholinesterase activity, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and inflammation are the prima facie pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases, the findings impose hypercholesterolemia as potential risk factor towards brain dysfunction.
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