301
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Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Hofer SJ, Kroemer G. Caloric Restriction Mimetics against Age-Associated Disease: Targets, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Cell Metab 2019; 29:592-610. [PMID: 30840912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy has boosted the incidence of age-related pathologies beyond social and economic sustainability. Consequently, there is an urgent need for interventions that revert or at least prevent the pathogenic age-associated deterioration. The permanent or periodic reduction of calorie intake without malnutrition (caloric restriction and fasting) is the only strategy that reliably extends healthspan in mammals including non-human primates. However, the strict and life-long compliance with these regimens is difficult, which has promoted the emergence of caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs). We define CRMs as compounds that ignite the protective pathways of caloric restriction by promoting autophagy, a cytoplasmic recycling mechanism, via a reduction in protein acetylation. Here, we describe the current knowledge on molecular, cellular, and organismal effects of known and putative CRMs in mice and humans. We anticipate that CRMs will become part of the pharmacological armamentarium against aging and age-related cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China.
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302
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Rankin LC, Artis D. Beyond Host Defense: Emerging Functions of the Immune System in Regulating Complex Tissue Physiology. Cell 2019; 173:554-567. [PMID: 29677509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The essential roles played by the immune system in the discrimination between self- versus non/altered-self and its integral role in promoting host defense against invading microbes and tumors have been extensively studied for many years. In these contexts, significant advances have been made in defining the molecular and cellular networks that orchestrate cell-cell communication to mediate host defense and pathogen expulsion. Notably, recent studies indicate that in addition to these classical immune functions, cells of the innate and adaptive immune system also sense complex tissue- and environment-derived signals, including those from the nervous system and the diet. In turn these responses regulate physiologic processes in multiple tissues throughout the body, including nervous system function, metabolic state, thermogenesis, and tissue repair. In this review we propose an integrated view of how the mammalian immune system senses and interacts with other complex organ systems to maintain tissue and whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille C Rankin
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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303
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Western diet regulates immune status and the response to LPS-driven sepsis independent of diet-associated microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3688-3694. [PMID: 30808756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814273116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a deleterious immune response to infection that leads to organ failure and is the 11th most common cause of death worldwide. Despite plaguing humanity for thousands of years, the host factors that regulate this immunological response and subsequent sepsis severity and outcome are not fully understood. Here we describe how the Western diet (WD), a diet high in fat and sucrose and low in fiber, found rampant in industrialized countries, leads to worse disease and poorer outcomes in an LPS-driven sepsis model in WD-fed mice compared with mice fed standard fiber-rich chow (SC). We find that WD-fed mice have higher baseline inflammation (metaflammation) and signs of sepsis-associated immunoparalysis compared with SC-fed mice. WD mice also have an increased frequency of neutrophils, some with an "aged" phenotype, in the blood during sepsis compared with SC mice. Importantly, we found that the WD-dependent increase in sepsis severity and higher mortality is independent of the microbiome, suggesting that the diet may be directly regulating the innate immune system through an unknown mechanism. Strikingly, we could predict LPS-driven sepsis outcome by tracking specific WD-dependent disease factors (e.g., hypothermia and frequency of neutrophils in the blood) during disease progression and recovery. We conclude that the WD is reprogramming the basal immune status and acute response to LPS-driven sepsis and that this correlates with alternative disease paths that lead to more severe disease and poorer outcomes.
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304
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Abstract
Serum lactate levels are traditionally interpreted as a marker of tissue hypoxia and often used clinically as an indicator of severity and outcome of sepsis/septic shock. Interestingly, recent studies involving the effects of tumor-derived lactate suggest that lactate itself may have an immunosuppressive effect in its local environment. This finding adds to the recent advances in immunometabolism that shed light on the importance of metabolism and metabolic intermediates in the regulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses in sepsis. In this article, we summarize recent studies, showing that the activation of immune cells requires aerobic glycolytic metabolism and that lactate produced by aerobic glycolysis may play an immunosuppressive role in sepsis.
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305
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High ambient temperature dampens adaptive immune responses to influenza A virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3118-3125. [PMID: 30718396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815029116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although climate change may expand the geographical distribution of several vector-borne diseases, the effects of environmental temperature in host defense to viral infection in vivo are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of mice to the high ambient temperature of 36 °C impaired adaptive immune responses against infection with viral pathogens, influenza, Zika, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome phlebovirus. Following influenza virus infection, the high heat-exposed mice failed to stimulate inflammasome-dependent cytokine secretion and respiratory dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes. Although commensal microbiota composition remained intact, the high heat-exposed mice decreased their food intake and increased autophagy in lung tissue. Induction of autophagy in room temperature-exposed mice severely impaired virus-specific CD8 T cells and antibody responses following respiratory influenza virus infection. In addition, we found that administration of glucose or dietary short-chain fatty acids restored influenza virus-specific adaptive immune responses in high heat-exposed mice. These findings uncover an unexpected mechanism by which ambient temperature and nutritional status control virus-specific adaptive immune responses.
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306
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Specific sequences of infectious challenge lead to secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like disease in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2200-2209. [PMID: 30674681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820704116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) is a highly mortal complication associated with sepsis. In adults, it is often seen in the setting of infections, especially viral infections, but the mechanisms that underlie pathogenesis are unknown. sHLH is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state and the presence hemophagocytosis. We found that sequential challenging of mice with a nonlethal dose of viral toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist followed by a nonlethal dose of TLR4 agonist, but not other permutations, produced a highly lethal state that recapitulates many aspects of human HLH. We found that this hyperinflammatory response could be recapitulated in vitro in bone marrow-derived macrophages. RNA sequencing analyses revealed dramatic up-regulation of the red-pulp macrophage lineage-defining transcription factor SpiC and its associated transcriptional program, which was also present in bone marrow macrophages sorted from patients with sHLH. Transcriptional profiling also revealed a unique metabolic transcriptional profile in these macrophages, and immunometabolic phenotyping revealed impaired mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism and a reliance on glycolytic metabolism. Subsequently, we show that therapeutic administration of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose was sufficient to rescue animals from HLH. Together, these data identify a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of sHLH and a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for its treatment.
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307
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Martins R, Carlos AR, Braza F, Thompson JA, Bastos-Amador P, Ramos S, Soares MP. Disease Tolerance as an Inherent Component of Immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:405-437. [PMID: 30673535 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic organisms exert a negative impact on host health, revealed by the clinical signs of infectious diseases. Immunity limits the severity of infectious diseases through resistance mechanisms that sense and target pathogens for containment, killing, or expulsion. These resistance mechanisms are viewed as the prevailing function of immunity. Under pathophysiologic conditions, however, immunity arises in response to infections that carry health and fitness costs to the host. Therefore, additional defense mechanisms are required to limit these costs, before immunity becomes operational as well as thereafter to avoid immunopathology. These are tissue damage control mechanisms that adjust the metabolic output of host tissues to different forms of stress and damage associated with infection. Disease tolerance is the term used to define this defense strategy, which does not exert a direct impact on pathogens but is essential to limit the health and fitness costs of infection. Under this argument, we propose that disease tolerance is an inherent component of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | | | - Faouzi Braza
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | | | | | - Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
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308
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Metabolism Plays a Key Role during Macrophage Activation. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:2426138. [PMID: 30647530 PMCID: PMC6311794 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2426138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte and macrophage diversity is evidenced by the modulation of cell surface markers and differential production of soluble mediators. These immune cells play key roles in controlling tissue homeostasis, infections, and excessive inflammation. Macrophages remove dead cells in a process named efferocytosis, contributing to the healthy tissue maintenance. Recently, it became clear that the main macrophage functions are under metabolic control. Modulation of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism is associated with various macrophage activations in response to external stimuli. Deciphering these metabolic pathways provided critical information about macrophage functions.
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309
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310
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A fatal case of Fournier's gangrene during neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2018; 195:441-446. [PMID: 30470845 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-018-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the development of an ultimately fatal occurrence of Fournier's gangrene in a rectal cancer patient undergoing neoadjuvant radiotherapy without chemotherapy. METHODS A 53-year-old male patient with G2 cT3 cN1a cM0 stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum and several comorbidities including ulcerative colitis was treated with 56 Gy to the primary tumor in 28 fractions because he declined the recommended simultaneous chemotherapy. He was also enrolled in the ketogenic diet arm of our KETOCOMP study, so that prospective measurements of blood parameters, quality of life, and body composition were made. RESULTS The patient died 6 days after completion of radiotherapy due to septic shock associated with Fournier's gangrene reaching from the right buttock into the gluteal muscles and descending into the scrotum. In retrospect, there were several signs probably indicating the development of the gangrene: (i) a decline in bioelectrical phase angle; (ii) an accelerated weight and fat-free mass loss starting in the third week of radiotherapy; (iii) an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) and concurrent drop in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-1 concentrations; and (iv) the occurrence of a sharp pain in the perianal region reported in the fifth week of radiotherapy. Notably, his self-reported quality of life score was the same at the end of as before radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the occurrence of Fournier's gangrene as an extremely rare but life-threatening complication during neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer which should be refreshed in the awareness of radiation oncologists and radiologists.
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311
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Suassuna PGDA, de Paula RB, Sanders-Pinheiro H, Moe OW, Hu MC. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2018; 32:365-377. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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312
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Librán-Pérez M, Costa MM, Figueras A, Novoa B. β-glucan administration induces metabolic changes and differential survival rates after bacterial or viral infection in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:173-182. [PMID: 30081180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is able to ward off pathogens and remember previous infections using different mechanisms; this kind of immune reaction has been called "trained immunity". Changes in cellular metabolism (aerobic glycolysis) have been observed during training with some immunostimulants like β-glucans or during viral and bacterial infections. We hypothesize that β-glucans can induce metabolic changes used by the host to fight pathogens. Accordingly, we evaluated changes in metabolic parameters in turbot that could affect their survival after a previous intraperitoneal treatment with β-glucans and subsequent administration of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) or bacteria (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida). The results obtained support that β-glucans, VHSV and A. salmonicida induce changes in lactate, glucose and ATP levels in plasma, head kidney and liver and in the mRNA expression of enzymes related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism in head kidney. Additionally, the metabolic changes induced by β-glucans are beneficial for VHSV replication, but they are harmful to A. salmonicida, resulting in reduced mortality. β-glucans appear to have great therapeutic potential and can induce trained immunity against bacterial disease but not against viral disease, which seems to take advantage of β-glucan metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Librán-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - María M Costa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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313
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Hatter JA, Kouche YM, Melchor SJ, Ng K, Bouley DM, Boothroyd JC, Ewald SE. Toxoplasma gondii infection triggers chronic cachexia and sustained commensal dysbiosis in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204895. [PMID: 30379866 PMCID: PMC6209157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a predation-mediated transmission cycle between rodents and felines. Intermediate hosts acquire Toxoplasma by eating parasite cysts which invade the small intestine, disseminate systemically and finally establish host life-long chronic infection in brain and muscles. Here we show that Toxoplasma infection can trigger a severe form of sustained cachexia: a disease of progressive lean weight loss that is a causal predictor of mortality in cancer, chronic disease and many infections. Toxoplasma cachexia is characterized by acute anorexia, systemic inflammation and loss of 20% body mass. Although mice recover from symptoms of peak sickness, they fail to regain muscle mass or visceral adipose depots. We asked whether the damage to the intestinal microenvironment observed at acute time points was sustained in chronic infection and could thereby play a role in sustaining cachexia. We found that parasites replicate in the same region of the distal jejunum/proximal ileum throughout acute infection, inducing the development of secondary lymphoid structures and severe, regional inflammation. Small intestine pathology was resolved by 5 weeks post-infection. However, changes in the commensal populations, notably an outgrowth of Clostridia spp., were sustained in chronic infection. Importantly, uninfected animals co-housed with infected mice display similar changes in commensal microflora but never display symptoms of cachexia, indicating that altered commensals are not sufficient to explain the cachexia phenotype alone. These studies indicate that Toxoplasma infection is a novel and robust model to study the immune-metabolic interactions that contribute to chronic cachexia development, pathology and potential reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Hatter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Yue Moi Kouche
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie J. Melchor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Bouley
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America
| | - John C. Boothroyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
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314
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Carlos AR, Weis S, Soares MP. Cross-Talk Between Iron and Glucose Metabolism in the Establishment of Disease Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2498. [PMID: 30425714 PMCID: PMC6218924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are associated with disruption of host homeostasis. This can be triggered directly by pathogens or indirectly by host immune-driven resistance mechanisms. Disease tolerance is a defense strategy against infection that sustains host homeostasis, without exerting a direct negative impact on pathogens. The mechanisms governing disease tolerance encompass host metabolic responses that maintain vital homeostatic parameters within a range compatible with survival. Central to this defense strategy is the host's ability to sense and adapt to variations in nutrients, such as iron and glucose. Here we address how host responses regulating iron and glucose metabolism interact to establish disease tolerance and possibly modulate resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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315
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Vandermosten L, Pham TT, Knoops S, De Geest C, Lays N, Van der Molen K, Kenyon CJ, Verma M, Chapman KE, Schuit F, De Bosscher K, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Adrenal hormones mediate disease tolerance in malaria. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4525. [PMID: 30375380 PMCID: PMC6207723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria reduces host fitness and survival by pathogen-mediated damage and inflammation. Disease tolerance mechanisms counter these negative effects without decreasing pathogen load. Here, we demonstrate that in four different mouse models of malaria, adrenal hormones confer disease tolerance and protect against early death, independently of parasitemia. Surprisingly, adrenalectomy differentially affects malaria-induced inflammation by increasing circulating cytokines and inflammation in the brain but not in the liver or lung. Furthermore, without affecting the transcription of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes, adrenalectomy causes exhaustion of hepatic glycogen and insulin-independent lethal hypoglycemia upon infection. This hypoglycemia is not prevented by glucose administration or TNF-α neutralization. In contrast, treatment with a synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) prevents the hypoglycemia, lowers cerebral cytokine expression and increases survival rates. Overall, we conclude that in malaria, adrenal hormones do not protect against lung and liver inflammation. Instead, they prevent excessive systemic and brain inflammation and severe hypoglycemia, thereby contributing to tolerance. Disease tolerance mechanisms counter the negative effects of infection without decreasing the pathogen load. Here, the authors show that in mouse models of malaria, such disease tolerance can be conferred by adrenal hormones, by preventing excessive inflammation and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Vandermosten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Geest
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van der Molen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Verma
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Chapman
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Nuclear Receptor Lab, Receptor Research Laboratories, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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316
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Wang A, Huen SC, Luan HH, Baker K, Rinder H, Booth CJ, Medzhitov R. Glucose metabolism mediates disease tolerance in cerebral malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11042-11047. [PMID: 30291189 PMCID: PMC6205430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806376115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behaviors are a conserved set of stereotypic responses to inflammatory diseases. We recently demonstrated that interfering with inflammation-induced anorexia led to metabolic changes that had profound effects on survival of acute inflammatory conditions. We found that different inflammatory states needed to be coordinated with corresponding metabolic programs to actuate tissue-protective mechanisms. Survival of viral inflammation required intact glucose utilization pathways, whereas survival of bacterial inflammation required alternative fuel substrates and ketogenic programs. We thus hypothesized that organismal metabolism would be important in other classes of infectious inflammation and sought to understand its role in the prototypic parasitic disease malaria. Utilizing the cerebral malaria model, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in C57BL/6J male mice, we unexpectedly found that inhibition of glycolysis using 2-deoxy glucose (2DG) conferred protection from cerebral malaria. Unlike vehicle-treated animals, 2DG-treated animals did not develop cerebral malaria and survived until ultimately succumbing to fatal anemia. We did not find any differences in parasitemia or pathogen load in affected tissues. There were no differences in the kinetics of anemia. We also did not detect differences in immune infiltration in the brain or in blood-brain barrier permeability. Rather, on pathological analyses performed on the entire brain, we found that 2DG prevented the formation of thrombi and thrombotic complications. Using thromboelastography (TEG), we found that 2DG-treated animals formed clots that were significantly less strong and stable. Together, these data suggest that glucose metabolism is involved in inflammation-induced hemostasis and provide a potential therapeutic target in treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wang
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Harding H Luan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kelly Baker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Henry Rinder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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317
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Hay WW. Nutritional Support Strategies for the Preterm Infant in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2018; 21:234-247. [PMID: 30345236 PMCID: PMC6182475 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2018.21.4.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of nutrition of the preterm infant is to "provide nutrients to approximate the rate of growth and composition of weight gain for a normal fetus of the same postmenstrual age and to maintain normal concentrations of blood and tissue nutrients" (American Academy of Pediatrics 2014). Failure to provide the necessary amounts of all of the essential nutrients to preterm infants has produced not only growth failure, but also increased morbidity and less than optimal neurodevelopment. This continues to be true despite many efforts to increase nutrition of the preterm infants. In contrast, enhanced nutrition of very preterm infants, both intravenous and enteral, beginning right after birth, promotes positive energy and protein balance and improves longer term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The benefits are long lasting too, particularly for prevention of later life chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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318
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Lissner MM, Schneider DS. The physiological basis of disease tolerance in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:133-136. [PMID: 30551820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunology textbooks teach us about the ways hosts can recognize and kill microbes but leave out something important: the mechanisms used to survive infections. Survival depends on more than simply detecting and eliminating microbes; it requires that we prevent and repair the damage caused by pathogens and the immune response. Recent work in insects is helping to build our understanding of this aspect of pathology, called disease tolerance. Here we discuss papers that explore disease tolerance using theoretical, population genetics, and mechanistic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Lissner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - David S Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Jabaley CS, Groff RF, Stentz MJ, Moll V, Lynde GC, Blum JM, O'Reilly-Shah VN. Highly visible sepsis publications from 2012 to 2017: Analysis and comparison of altmetrics and bibliometrics. J Crit Care 2018; 48:357-371. [PMID: 30296750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to delineate highly visible publications related to sepsis. Within these subsets, elements of altmetrics performance, including mentions on Twitter, and the correlation between altmetrics and conventional citation counts were ascertained. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three subsets of sepsis publications from 2012 to 2017 were synthesized by the overall Altmetric.com attention score, number of mentions by unique Twitter users, and conventional citation counts. For these subsets, geolocated Twitter activity was plotted on a choropleth, the lag between publication date and altmetrics mentions was characterized, and correlations were examined between altmetrics performance and normalized conventional citation counts. RESULTS Of 57,152 PubMed query results, Altmetric.com data was available for 28,344 (49.6%). The top 50 publications by Altmetric.com attention score and Twitter attention represented a mix of original research and other types of work, garnering attention from Twitter users in 143 countries that was highly contemporaneous with publication. Altmetrics performance and conventional citation counts were poorly correlated. CONCLUSIONS While unreliable to gauge impact or future citation potential, altmetrics may be valuable for parties who wish to detect and drive public awareness of research findings and may enable researchers to dynamically explore the reach of their work in novel dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Jabaley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Anesthesiology Service Line, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
| | - Robert F Groff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Anesthesiology Service Line, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
| | - Michael J Stentz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Vanessa Moll
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Grant C Lynde
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - James M Blum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Anesthesiology Service Line, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Bowman Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Vikas N O'Reilly-Shah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 1750 Gambrell Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Abstract
Like humans, insects face the threat of viral infection. Despite having repercussions on human health and disease, knowledge gaps exist for how insects cope with viral pathogens. Drosophila melanogaster serves as an ideal insect model due to its genetic tractability. When encountering a pathogen, two major approaches to fight disease are resistance strategies and tolerance strategies. Disease resistance strategies promote the health of the infected host by reducing pathogen load. Multiple disease resistance mechanisms have been identified in Drosophila: RNA interference, Jak/STAT signaling, Toll signaling, IMD signaling, and autophagy. Disease tolerance mechanisms, in contrast, do not reduce pathogen load directly, but rather mitigate the stress and damage incurred by infection. The main benefit of tolerance mechanisms may therefore be to provide the host with time to engage antiviral resistance mechanisms that eliminate the threat. In this review, antiviral resistance mechanisms used by Drosophila will be described and compared to mammalian antiviral mechanisms. Disease tolerance will then be explained in a broader context as this is a burgeoning field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chow
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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321
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Harbeson D, Francis F, Bao W, Amenyogbe NA, Kollmann TR. Energy Demands of Early Life Drive a Disease Tolerant Phenotype and Dictate Outcome in Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1918. [PMID: 30190719 PMCID: PMC6115499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in newborns. In the face of growing antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to understand the pathology behind the disease in order to develop effective interventions. Neonatal susceptibility to sepsis can no longer be attributed to simple immune immaturity in the face of mounting evidence that the neonatal immune system is tightly regulated and well controlled. The neonatal immune response is consistent with a "disease tolerance" defense strategy (minimizing harm from immunopathology) whereas adults tend toward a "disease resistance" strategy (minimizing harm from pathogens). One major advantage of disease tolerance is that is less energetically demanding than disease resistance, consistent with the energetic limitations of early life. Immune effector cells enacting disease resistance responses switch to aerobic glycolysis upon TLR stimulation and require steady glycolytic flux to maintain the inflammatory phenotype. Rapid and intense upregulation of glucose uptake by immune cells necessitates an increased reliance on fatty acid metabolism to (a) fuel vital tissue function and (b) produce immunoregulatory intermediates which help control the magnitude of inflammation. Increasing disease resistance requires more energy: while adults have fat and protein stores to catabolize, neonates must reallocate resources away from critical growth and development. This understanding of sepsis pathology helps to explain many of the differences between neonatal and adult immune responses. Taking into account the central role of metabolism in the host response to infection and the severe metabolic demands of early life, it emerges that the striking clinical susceptibility to bacterial infection of the newborn is at its core a problem of metabolism. The evidence supporting this novel hypothesis, which has profound implications for interventions, is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Harbeson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Freddy Francis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Winnie Bao
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nelly A. Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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322
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Xu C, Liu X, Zha H, Fan S, Zhang D, Li S, Xiao W. A pathogen-derived effector modulates host glucose metabolism by arginine GlcNAcylation of HIF-1α protein. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007259. [PMID: 30125331 PMCID: PMC6117090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of pathogens in host metabolism is widely recognized, yet the mechanisms by which they affect host physiology remain to be fully defined. Here, we found that NleB, an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) type III secretion system effector known to possess N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase activity, GlcNAcylates HIF-1α, a master regulator of cellular O2 homeostasis. We determined that NleB-mediated GlcNAcylation at a conserved arginine 18 (Arg18) at the N-terminus of HIF-1α enhanced HIF-1α transcriptional activity, thereby inducing HIF-1α downstream gene expression to alter host glucose metabolism. The arginine transferase activity of NleB was required for its enhancement of HIF-1α transactivity and the subsequent effect on glucose metabolism in a mouse model of EPEC infection. In addition, HIF-1α acted as a mediator to transact NleB-mediated induction of glucose metabolism-associated gene expression under hypoxia. Thus, our results further show a causal link between pathogen infection and host glucose metabolism, and we propose a new mechanism by which this occurs. Accumulating evidence shows that pathogens can affect host metabolism, resulting in human diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, how pathogens influence their hosts is still not clear, and this results in a lack of effective and specific clinical treatments. Further investigations into the causes of pathogen disturbance of host metabolism are urgently needed. In this study, we show that a protein molecule, NleB, secreted by enteropathogenic bacteria (EPEC) can get into host cells and modify the function of a master regulator of cellular O2 homeostasis, HIF-1α, thereby altering host glucose metabolism. We show that HIF-1α acts as a mediator to transact NleB-mediated induction of glucose metabolism-associated gene expression under hypoxia. Our results reveal a causal link between pathogen infection and host glucose metabolism, which may provide a new explanation for the causes of human diseases related to metabolic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Huangyuan Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P. R. China
- Biomedical Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
- The Key laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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323
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Van Wyngene L, Vandewalle J, Libert C. Reprogramming of basic metabolic pathways in microbial sepsis: therapeutic targets at last? EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8712. [PMID: 29976786 PMCID: PMC6079534 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly lethal and urgent unmet medical need. It is the result of a complex interplay of several pathways, including inflammation, immune activation, hypoxia, and metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, the regulation and the impact of the latter have become better understood in which the highly catabolic status during sepsis and its similarity with starvation responses appear to be essential in the poor prognosis in sepsis. It seems logical that new interventions based on the recognition of new therapeutic targets in the key metabolic pathways should be developed and may have a good chance to penetrate to the bedside. In this review, we concentrate on the pathological changes in metabolism, observed during sepsis, and the presumed underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the level of the organism and the interplay between different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Van Wyngene
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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324
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Sack MN. Mitochondrial fidelity and metabolic agility control immune cell fate and function. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3651-3661. [PMID: 30059015 DOI: 10.1172/jci120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of mitochondrial metabolism plays an important role in regulating immune cell fate, proliferation, and activity. Furthermore, given their bacterial ancestry, disruption in mitochondrial fidelity leading to extravasation of their content initiates and amplifies innate immune surveillance with a myriad of physiologic and pathologic consequences. Investigations into the role of mitochondria in the immune system have come to the fore, and appreciation of mitochondrial function and quality control in immune regulation has enhanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis and identified new targets for immune modulation. This mitochondria-centered Review focuses on the role of mitochondrial metabolism and fidelity, as well as the role of the mitochondria as a structural platform, for the control of immune cell polarity, activation, and signaling. Mitochondria-linked disease and mitochondrially targeted therapeutic strategies to manage these conditions are also discussed.
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325
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Han K, Nguyen A, Traba J, Yao X, Kaler M, Huffstutler RD, Levine SJ, Sack MN. A Pilot Study To Investigate the Immune-Modulatory Effects of Fasting in Steroid-Naive Mild Asthmatics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1382-1388. [PMID: 30021766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A fasting mimetic diet blunts inflammation, and intermittent fasting has shown ameliorative effects in obese asthmatics. To examine whether canonical inflammatory pathways linked with asthma are modulated by fasting, we designed a pilot study in mild asthmatic subjects to assess the effect of fasting on the NLRP3 inflammasome, Th2 cell activation, and airway epithelial cell cytokine production. Subjects with documented reversible airway obstruction and stable mild asthma were recruited into this study in which pulmonary function testing (PFT) and PBMCextraction was performed 24 h after fasting, with repeated PFT testing and blood draw 2.5 h after refeeding. PFTs were not changed by a prolonged fast. However, steroid-naive mild asthmatics showed fasting-dependent blunting of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, PBMCs from these fasted asthmatics cocultured with human epithelial cells resulted in blunting of house dust mite-induced epithelial cell cytokine production and reduced CD4+ T cell Th2 activation compared with refed samples. This pilot study shows that prolonged fasting blunts the NLRP3 inflammasome and Th2 cell activation in steroid-naive asthmatics as well as diminishes airway epithelial cell cytokine production. This identifies a potential role for nutrient level-dependent regulation of inflammation in asthma. Our findings support the evaluation of this concept in a larger study as well as the potential development of caloric restriction interventions for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Han
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - An Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Javier Traba
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Xianglan Yao
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Maryann Kaler
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rebecca D Huffstutler
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael N Sack
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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326
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Gaber T, Chen Y, Krauß PL, Buttgereit F. Metabolism of T Lymphocytes in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:95-148. [PMID: 30635095 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses that occur in infection, cancer, and autoimmune as well as allergic diseases involve the participation of T cells. T cells travel throughout the body searching for antigens, which are recognized via the major histocompatibility complexes. In the healthy organism, these T cells maintain metabolic quiescence until they encounter a potentially cognate antigen. Once activated, e.g., during an infection or tissue damage, T cells switch their metabolic program to gain energy and building blocks to maintain cellular homeostasis and to fulfill their specific immune functions involving clonal expansion and/or differentiation into effector and memory T cells to ultimately ensure host survival. Thus, differences in metabolism in healthy and pathogenic T cells provide an explanation for dysfunctionality of T-cell responses in metabolic disorders, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on T-cell metabolism during the maintenance of homeostasis, activation, and differentiation as well as over the course of time that memory is generated in health and in diseased states such as autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gaber
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuling Chen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Krauß
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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327
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Šestan M, Marinović S, Kavazović I, Cekinović Đ, Wueest S, Turk Wensveen T, Brizić I, Jonjić S, Konrad D, Wensveen FM, Polić B. Virus-Induced Interferon-γ Causes Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle and Derails Glycemic Control in Obesity. Immunity 2018; 49:164-177.e6. [PMID: 29958802 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines of a T helper-1-signature are known to promote insulin resistance (IR) in obesity, but the physiological role of this mechanism is unclear. It is also unknown whether and how viral infection induces loss of glycemic control in subjects at risk for developing diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). We have found in mice and humans that viral infection caused short-term systemic IR. Virally-induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) directly targeted skeletal muscle to downregulate the insulin receptor but did not cause loss of glycemic control because of a compensatory increase of insulin production. Hyperinsulinemia enhanced antiviral immunity through direct stimulation of CD8+ effector T cell function. In pre-diabetic mice with hepatic IR caused by diet-induced obesity, infection resulted in loss of glycemic control. Thus, upon pathogen encounter, the immune system transiently reduces insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle to induce hyperinsulinemia and promote antiviral immunity, which derails to glucose intolerance in pre-diabetic obese subjects. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sonja Marinović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Inga Kavazović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Đurđica Cekinović
- Department of Infectology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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328
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Cumnock K, Gupta AS, Lissner M, Chevee V, Davis NM, Schneider DS. Host Energy Source Is Important for Disease Tolerance to Malaria. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1635-1642.e3. [PMID: 29754902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic infections are accompanied by a collection of short-term behavioral perturbations collectively termed sickness behaviors [1, 2]. These include changes in body temperature, reduced eating and drinking, and lethargy and mimic behaviors of animals in torpor and hibernation [1, 3-6]. Sickness behaviors are important, pathogen-specific components of the host response to infection [1, 3, 7-9]. In particular, host anorexia has been shown to be beneficial or detrimental depending on the infection [7, 8]. While these studies have illuminated the effects of anorexia on infection, they consider this behavior in isolation from other behaviors and from its effects on host metabolism and energy. Here, we explored the temporal dynamics of multiple sickness behaviors and their effect on host energy and metabolism throughout infection. We used the Plasmodium chabaudi AJ murine model of malaria as it causes severe pathology from which most animals recover. We found that infected animals did become anorexic, skewing their metabolism toward fatty acid oxidation and ketosis. Metabolism of fats requires oxygen for the production of ATP. In this model, animals also suffer severe anemia, limiting their ability to carry oxygen concurrent with their switch toward fatty acid metabolism. We reasoned that the combination of anorexia and anemia would increase pressure on glycolysis as a critical energy pathway because it does not require oxygen. Treating infected mice when anorexic with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) reduced survival; treating animals with glucose improved survival. Peak parasite loads were unchanged, demonstrating changes in disease tolerance. Parasite clearance was reduced with 2DG treatment, suggesting altered resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Cumnock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Avni S Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Lissner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victoria Chevee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David S Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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329
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da Silva KLC, Camacho AP, Mittestainer FC, Carvalho BM, Santos A, Guadagnini D, Oliveira AG, Saad MJA. Atorvastatin and diacerein reduce insulin resistance and increase disease tolerance in rats with sepsis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2018; 15:8. [PMID: 29760586 PMCID: PMC5944072 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients. At the onset of this condition, there is an over-production of pro-inflammatory mediators that contribute to organ failure and death. The excess production of pro-inflammatory mediators also impairs insulin signaling, which may be a pathophysiological tissue marker of proinflammatory cytokine action before organ failure. Statins and diacerein have pleiotropic effects, such as the blockage of inflammatory signaling pathways, suggesting that these drugs may be an attractive therapeutic or prophylactic strategy against sepsis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a statin or diacerein can improve insulin signaling, disease tolerance and survival in sepsis by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. Methods We investigated the effect of these drugs on survival, tissue insulin signaling and inflammatory pathways in the liver and muscle of rats with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Results The results showed that administration of medications, with anti-inflammatory ability, to septic animals increased survival and improved disease tolerance and insulin resistance in the liver and muscle. The treatment also attenuated ER stress, NF-κB, JNK activation and restored glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) levels in the liver. Conclusions Our results indicate that atorvastatin and diacerein treatment can modulate inflammatory pathways and, in parallel, attenuate insulin resistance in sepsis. Since these two drugs have safety profiles and minimal side effects, we suggest that these drugs may be alternative therapies for the prevention or therapies for the treatment of insulin resistance in sepsis, which could potentially reduce mortality in patients with sepsis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12950-018-0184-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L C da Silva
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - A P Camacho
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - F C Mittestainer
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - B M Carvalho
- 2Department of Biology Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - A Santos
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil.,Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM-UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-887 Brazil
| | - D Guadagnini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - A G Oliveira
- 3Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bioscience Institute, Rio Claro, SP Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil.,Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM-UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP 13083-887 Brazil
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330
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Tucey TM, Verma J, Harrison PF, Snelgrove SL, Lo TL, Scherer AK, Barugahare AA, Powell DR, Wheeler RT, Hickey MJ, Beilharz TH, Naderer T, Traven A. Glucose Homeostasis Is Important for Immune Cell Viability during Candida Challenge and Host Survival of Systemic Fungal Infection. Cell Metab 2018; 27:988-1006.e7. [PMID: 29719235 PMCID: PMC6709535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To fight infections, macrophages undergo a metabolic shift whereby increased glycolysis fuels antimicrobial inflammation and killing of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the pathogen Candida albicans turns this metabolic reprogramming into an Achilles' heel for macrophages. During Candida-macrophage interactions intertwined metabolic shifts occur, with concomitant upregulation of glycolysis in both host and pathogen setting up glucose competition. Candida thrives on multiple carbon sources, but infected macrophages are metabolically trapped in glycolysis and depend on glucose for viability: Candida exploits this limitation by depleting glucose, triggering rapid macrophage death. Using pharmacological or genetic means to modulate glucose metabolism of host and/or pathogen, we show that Candida infection perturbs host glucose homeostasis in the murine candidemia model and demonstrate that glucose supplementation improves host outcomes. Our results support the importance of maintaining glucose homeostasis for immune cell survival during Candida challenge and for host survival in systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Tucey
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiyoti Verma
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul F Harrison
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Tricia L Lo
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison K Scherer
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Adele A Barugahare
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Traude H Beilharz
- Development and Stem Cells Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
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331
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Extracellular adenosine modulates host-pathogen interactions through regulation of systemic metabolism during immune response in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007022. [PMID: 29702691 PMCID: PMC5942856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by hemocytes, Drosophila macrophages, is essential for resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae in adult flies. Activated macrophages require an increased supply of energy and we show here that a systemic metabolic switch, involving the release of glucose from glycogen, is required for effective resistance to S. pneumoniae. This metabolic switch is mediated by extracellular adenosine, as evidenced by the fact that blocking adenosine signaling in the adoR mutant suppresses the systemic metabolic switch and decreases resistance to infection, while enhancing adenosine effects by lowering adenosine deaminase ADGF-A increases resistance to S. pneumoniae. Further, that ADGF-A is later expressed by immune cells during infection to regulate these effects of adenosine on the systemic metabolism and immune response. Such regulation proved to be important during chronic infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Lowering ADGF-A specifically in immune cells prolonged the systemic metabolic effects, leading to lower glycogen stores, and increased the intracellular load of L. monocytogenes, possibly by feeding the bacteria. An adenosine-mediated systemic metabolic switch is thus essential for effective resistance but must be regulated by ADGF-A expression from immune cells to prevent the loss of energy reserves and possibly to avoid the exploitation of energy by the pathogen. The immune response is an energy-demanding process and a sufficient energy supply is important for resistance to pathogens. However, the systemic metabolism must be tightly regulated during an immune response since nutrients may also be exploited by the pathogen and host energy reserves are limited. Here we present how host-pathogen interaction can be influenced by extracellular adenosine. We show that adenosine regulates the allocation of energy during bacterial infections in flies and that its signal is crucial for host immunity. Furthermore, enhancing its effect may even boost host immunity during the acute phase. However, the removal of adenosine by adenosine deaminase and thus down-regulation of its effect on the energy metabolism might prevent unintended feeding of the pathogen at the expense of host energy reserves. Therefore, our work demonstrates on the one hand that immune cells usurp energy from the rest of the organism, which is crucial for the effectivity of the immune response but, on the other hand, that immune cells also regulate adenosine to prevent the negative consequences of the excessive release of energy.
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332
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Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K, Chan V, Fearon DF, Merad M, Coussens LM, Gabrilovich DI, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Hedrick CC, Vonderheide RH, Pittet MJ, Jain RK, Zou W, Howcroft TK, Woodhouse EC, Weinberg RA, Krummel MF. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy. Nat Med 2018; 24:541-550. [PMID: 29686425 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3235] [Impact Index Per Article: 539.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical successes in immunotherapy have been both astounding and at the same time unsatisfactory. Countless patients with varied tumor types have seen pronounced clinical response with immunotherapeutic intervention; however, many more patients have experienced minimal or no clinical benefit when provided the same treatment. As technology has advanced, so has the understanding of the complexity and diversity of the immune context of the tumor microenvironment and its influence on response to therapy. It has been possible to identify different subclasses of immune environment that have an influence on tumor initiation and response and therapy; by parsing the unique classes and subclasses of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) that exist within a patient's tumor, the ability to predict and guide immunotherapeutic responsiveness will improve, and new therapeutic targets will be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Binnewies
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward W Roberts
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Kersten
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Chan
- UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,UCSF Immunoprofiler Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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333
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Thaiss CA, Levy M, Grosheva I, Zheng D, Soffer E, Blacher E, Braverman S, Tengeler AC, Barak O, Elazar M, Ben-Zeev R, Lehavi-Regev D, Katz MN, Pevsner-Fischer M, Gertler A, Halpern Z, Harmelin A, Aamar S, Serradas P, Grosfeld A, Shapiro H, Geiger B, Elinav E. Hyperglycemia drives intestinal barrier dysfunction and risk for enteric infection. Science 2018. [PMID: 29519916 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, and related manifestations are associated with an enhanced, but poorly understood, risk for mucosal infection and systemic inflammation. Here, we show in mouse models of obesity and diabetes that hyperglycemia drives intestinal barrier permeability, through GLUT2-dependent transcriptional reprogramming of intestinal epithelial cells and alteration of tight and adherence junction integrity. Consequently, hyperglycemia-mediated barrier disruption leads to systemic influx of microbial products and enhanced dissemination of enteric infection. Treatment of hyperglycemia, intestinal epithelial-specific GLUT2 deletion, or inhibition of glucose metabolism restores barrier function and bacterial containment. In humans, systemic influx of intestinal microbiome products correlates with individualized glycemic control, indicated by glycated hemoglobin levels. Together, our results mechanistically link hyperglycemia and intestinal barrier function with systemic infectious and inflammatory consequences of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maayan Levy
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Grosheva
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Danping Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eliran Soffer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Blacher
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sofia Braverman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anouk C Tengeler
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, affiliated with the Hebrew University and Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Elazar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben-Zeev
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana Lehavi-Regev
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meirav N Katz
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Arieh Gertler
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zamir Halpern
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Digestive Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Suhail Aamar
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Patricia Serradas
- INSERM Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ. Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Grosfeld
- INSERM Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ. Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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334
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Ren W, Rajendran R, Zhao Y, Tan B, Wu G, Bazer FW, Zhu G, Peng Y, Huang X, Deng J, Yin Y. Amino Acids As Mediators of Metabolic Cross Talk between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535717 PMCID: PMC5835074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host and pathogen decidedly shapes the outcome of an infection, thus understanding this interaction is critical to the treatment of a pathogen-induced infection. Although research in this area of cell biology has yielded surprising findings regarding interactions between host and pathogen, understanding of the metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen is limited. At the site of infection, host and pathogen share similar or identical nutritional substrates and generate common metabolic products, thus metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen could profoundly affect the pathogenesis of an infection. In this review, we present results of a recent discovery of a metabolic interaction between host and pathogen from an amino acid (AA) metabolism-centric point of view. The host depends on AA metabolism to support defensive responses against pathogens, while the pathogens modulate AA metabolism for its own advantage. Some AA, such as arginine, asparagine, and tryptophan, are central points of competition between the host and pathogen. Thus, a better understanding of AA-mediated metabolic cross talk between host and pathogen will provide insight into fruitful therapeutic approaches to manipulate and prevent progression of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivorce, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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335
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McMillan LE, Miller DW, Adamo SA. Eating when ill is risky: immune defense impairs food detoxification in the caterpillar Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.173336. [PMID: 29217626 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mounting an immune response consumes resources, which should lead to increased feeding. However, activating the immune system reduces feeding (i.e. illness-induced anorexia) in both vertebrates and invertebrates, suggesting that it may be beneficial. We suggest that illness-induced anorexia may be an adaptive response to conflicts between immune defense and food detoxification. We found that activating an immune response in the caterpillar Manduca sexta increased its susceptibility to the toxin permethrin. Conversely, a sublethal dose of permethrin reduced resistance to the bacterium Serratia marcescens, demonstrating a negative interaction between detoxification and immune defense. Immune system activation and toxin challenge each depleted the amount of glutathione in the hemolymph. Increasing glutathione concentration in the hemolymph increased survival for both toxin- and immune+toxin-challenged groups. The results of this rescue experiment suggest that decreased glutathione availability, such as occurs during an immune response, impairs detoxification. We also found that the expression of some detoxification genes were not upregulated during a combined immune-toxin challenge, although they were when animals received a toxin challenge alone. These results suggest that immune defense reduces food detoxification capacity. Illness-induced anorexia may protect animals by decreasing exposure to food toxins when detoxification is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McMillan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H4R2
| | - Dylan W Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H4R2
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H4R2
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336
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Reverendo M, Mendes A, Argüello RJ, Gatti E, Pierre P. At the crossway of ER-stress and proinflammatory responses. FEBS J 2018; 286:297-310. [PMID: 29360216 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells detect specific microbes or damage to tissue integrity in order to initiate efficient immune responses. Abnormal accumulation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be seen as a sign of cellular malfunction and stress that triggers a collection of conserved emergency rescue programs. These different signaling cascades, which favor ER proteostasis and promote cell survival, are collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). In recent years, a synergy between the UPR and inflammatory cytokine production has been unraveled, with different branches of the UPR entering in a cross-talk with specialized microbe sensing pathways, which turns on or amplify inflammatory cytokines production. Complementary to this synergetic activity, UPR induction alone, can itself be seen as a danger signal, and triggers directly or indirectly inflammation in different cellular and pathological models, this independently of the presence of pathogens. Here, we discuss recent advances on the nature of these cross-talks and how innate immunity, metabolism dysregulation, and ER-signaling pathways intersect in specialized immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), and contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Reverendo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Andreia Mendes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille cedex 9, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'Mistra', Marseille cedex 9, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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337
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Varanasi SK, Rouse BT. How host metabolism impacts on virus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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338
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McCarville JL, Ayres JS. Disease tolerance: concept and mechanisms. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 50:88-93. [PMID: 29253642 PMCID: PMC5884632 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct defense strategies provide a host with survival to infectious diseases: resistance and tolerance. Resistance is dependent on the ability of the host to kill pathogens. Tolerance promotes host health while having a neutral to positive impact of pathogen fitness. Immune responses are almost inevitably defined in terms of pathogen resistance. Recent evidence has shown, however, that several effects attributed to activation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, cannot be readily explained with the paradigm of immunity as effectors of microbial destruction. This review focuses on integrating the concept of disease tolerance into recent studies of immune system function related to the regulation and resolution of tissue damage, T cell exhaustion, and tolerance to innocuous antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L McCarville
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J S Ayres
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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339
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Overcoming the Warburg Effect: Is it the key to survival in sepsis? J Crit Care 2018; 43:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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340
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Mullineaux-Sanders C, Suez J, Elinav E, Frankel G. Sieving through gut models of colonization resistance. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:132-140. [PMID: 29358683 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative high-throughput genomics and metabolomics technologies has considerably expanded our understanding of the commensal microorganisms residing within the human body, collectively termed the microbiota. In recent years, the microbiota has been reported to have important roles in multiple aspects of human health, pathology and host-pathogen interactions. One function of commensals that has attracted particular interest is their role in protection against pathogens and pathobionts, a concept known as colonization resistance. However, pathogens are also able to sense and exploit the microbiota during infection. Therefore, obtaining a holistic understanding of colonization resistance mechanisms is essential for the development of microbiome-based and microbiome-targeting therapies for humans and animals. Achieving this is dependent on utilizing physiologically relevant animal models. In this Perspective, we discuss the colonization resistance functions of the gut microbiota and sieve through the advantages and limitations of murine models commonly used to study such mechanisms within the context of enteric bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mullineaux-Sanders
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jotham Suez
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
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341
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Nutrition and infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:8-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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342
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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343
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Kirkland LL, Shaughnessy E. Recognition and Prevention of Nosocomial Malnutrition: A Review and A Call to Action! Am J Med 2017; 130:1345-1350. [PMID: 28843651 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial malnutrition in hospitalized adults is a morbid, costly, and potentially preventable and treatable problem. Although recognized as contributing to many serious complications of hospitalization, malnutrition is often missed when present on admission and rarely diagnosed if it occurs during hospital stay. Many routine clinical practices such as holding nutrition for testing or failing to address poor intake, when added to acute inflammatory disease states, cause rapid deterioration in nutritional status in up to 70% of inpatients. Malnutrition during hospitalization is associated with increased mortality for years after discharge. In addition, unrecognized (and under-coded) malnutrition is associated with potential lost revenues for hospital systems. Low-cost interventions of recognizing at-risk patients and providing adequate nutrition have the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce health care costs. Physicians must champion implementation of these interventions, using guidance from national organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Kirkland
- Department of Critical Care, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minn; Division of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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344
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Goldberg EL, Asher JL, Molony RD, Shaw AC, Zeiss CJ, Wang C, Morozova-Roche LA, Herzog RI, Iwasaki A, Dixit VD. β-Hydroxybutyrate Deactivates Neutrophil NLRP3 Inflammasome to Relieve Gout Flares. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2077-2087. [PMID: 28249154 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and lipotoxicity are two major risk factors for gout that are linked by the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Neutrophil-mediated production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) drives gouty flares that cause joint destruction, intense pain, and fever. However, metabolites that impact neutrophil inflammasome remain unknown. Here, we identified that ketogenic diet (KD) increases β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and alleviates urate crystal-induced gout without impairing immune defense against bacterial infection. BHB inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome in S100A9 fibril-primed and urate crystal-activated macrophages, which serve to recruit inflammatory neutrophils in joints. Consistent with reduced gouty flares in rats fed a ketogenic diet, BHB blocked IL-1β in neutrophils in a NLRP3-dependent manner in mice and humans irrespective of age. Mechanistically, BHB inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils by reducing priming and assembly steps. Collectively, our studies show that BHB, a known alternate metabolic fuel, is also an anti-inflammatory molecule that may serve as a treatment for gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Goldberg
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer L Asher
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ryan D Molony
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Albert C Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Raimund I Herzog
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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345
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Wickersham M, Wachtel S, Wong Fok Lung T, Soong G, Jacquet R, Richardson A, Parker D, Prince A. Metabolic Stress Drives Keratinocyte Defenses against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2742-2751. [PMID: 28297676 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is commonly colonized and infected by Staphylococcus aureus. Exactly how these organisms are sensed by keratinocytes has not been clearly delineated. Using a combination of metabolic and transcriptomic methodologies, we found that S. aureus infection is sensed as a metabolic stress by the hypoxic keratinocytes. This induces HIF1α signaling, which promotes IL-1β production and stimulates aerobic glycolysis to meet the metabolic requirements of infection. We demonstrate that staphylococci capable of glycolysis, including WT and agr mutants, readily induce HIF1α responses. In contrast, Δpyk glycolytic mutants fail to compete with keratinocytes for their metabolic needs. Suppression of glycolysis using 2-DG blocked keratinocyte production of IL-1β in vitro and significantly exacerbated the S. aureus cutaneous infection in a murine model. Our data suggest that S. aureus impose a metabolic stress on keratinocytes that initiates signaling necessary to promote both glycolysis and the proinflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wickersham
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Wachtel
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Grace Soong
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rudy Jacquet
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alice Prince
- Deparment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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346
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Yang H, Hultmark D. Drosophila muscles regulate the immune response against wasp infection via carbohydrate metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15713. [PMID: 29146985 PMCID: PMC5691183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently found that JAK/STAT signaling in skeletal muscles is important for the immune response of Drosophila larvae against wasp infection, but it was not clear how muscles could affect the immune response. Here we show that insulin signaling is required in muscles, but not in fat body or hemocytes, during larval development for an efficient encapsulation response and for the formation of lamellocytes. This effect requires TOR signaling. We show that muscle tissue affects the immune response by acting as a master regulator of carbohydrate metabolism in the infected animal, via JAK/STAT and insulin signaling in the muscles, and that there is indirect positive feedback between JAK/STAT and insulin signaling in the muscles. Specifically, stimulation of JAK/STAT signaling in the muscles can rescue the deficient immune response when insulin signaling is suppressed. Our results shed new light on the interaction between metabolism, immunity, and tissue communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairu Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.
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347
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Flatow EA, Komegae EN, Fonseca MT, Brito CF, Musteata FM, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Steiner AA. Elucidating the role of leptin in systemic inflammation: a study targeting physiological leptin levels in rats and their macrophages. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R572-R582. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00171.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of leptin in acute systemic inflammation, we investigated how its infusion at low, physiologically relevant doses affects the responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats subjected to 24 h of food deprivation. Leptin was infused subcutaneously (0–20 μg·kg−1·h−1) or intracerebroventricularly (0–1 μg·kg−1·h−1). Using hypothermia and hypotension as biomarkers of systemic inflammation, we identified the phase extending from 90 to 240 min post-LPS as the most susceptible to modulation by leptin. In this phase, leptin suppressed the rise in plasma TNF-α and accelerated the recoveries from hypothermia and hypotension. Suppression of TNF-α was not accompanied by changes in other cytokines or prostaglandins. Leptin suppressed TNF-α when infused peripherally but not when infused into the brain. Importantly, the leptin dose that suppressed TNF-α corresponded to the lowest dose that limited food consumption; this dose elevated plasma leptin within the physiological range (to 5.9 ng/ml). We then conducted in vitro experiments to investigate whether an action of leptin on macrophages could parallel our in vivo observations. The results revealed that, when sensitized by food deprivation, LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages can be inhibited by leptin at concentrations that are lower than those reported to promote cytokine release. It is concluded that physiological levels of leptin do not exert a proinflammatory effect but rather an anti-inflammatory effect involving selective suppression of TNF-α via an action outside the brain. The mechanism of this effect might involve a previously unrecognized, suppressive action of leptin on macrophage subpopulations sensitized by food deprivation, but future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Flatow
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evilin N. Komegae
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique T. Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila F. Brito
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Florin M. Musteata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York; and
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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348
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Carlos AR, Weis S, Soares MP. Cross-Regulation of Iron and Glucose Metabolism in Response to Infection. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5713-5714. [PMID: 29052977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany
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349
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Yong CS, Abba Moussa D, Cretenet G, Kinet S, Dardalhon V, Taylor N. Metabolic orchestration of T lineage differentiation and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3104-3118. [PMID: 28901530 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells are stimulated by the engagement of antigen, cytokine, pathogen, and hormone receptors. While research performed over many years has focused on deciphering the molecular components of these pathways, recent data underscore the importance of the metabolic environment in conditioning responses to receptor engagement. The ability of T cells to undergo a massive proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to receptor signals requires alterations to their bioenergetic homeostasis, allowing them to meet new energetic and biosynthetic demands. The metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells is regulated not only by changes in intracellular nutrient uptake and utilization but also by nutrient and oxygen concentrations in the extracellular environment. Notably, the extracellular environment can be profoundly altered by pathological conditions such as infections and tumors, thereby perturbing the metabolism and function of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. This review highlights the interplay between diverse metabolic networks and the transcriptional/epigenetic states that condition T-cell differentiation, comparing the metabolic features of T lymphocytes with other immune cells. We further address recent discoveries in the metabolic pathways that govern T-cell function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Yong
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Naomi Taylor
- IGMM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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350
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Non-homeostatic body weight regulation through a brainstem-restricted receptor for GDF15. Nature 2017; 550:255-259. [PMID: 28953886 DOI: 10.1038/nature24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, animals use well-defined hypothalamic neural circuits to help maintain stable body weight, by integrating metabolic and hormonal signals from the periphery to balance food consumption and energy expenditure. In stressed or disease conditions, however, animals use alternative neuronal pathways to adapt to the metabolic challenges of altered energy demand. Recent studies have identified brain areas outside the hypothalamus that are activated under these 'non-homeostatic' conditions, but the molecular nature of the peripheral signals and brain-localized receptors that activate these circuits remains elusive. Here we identify glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as a brainstem-restricted receptor for growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). GDF15 regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses; we show that Gfral knockout mice are hyperphagic under stressed conditions and are resistant to chemotherapy-induced anorexia and body weight loss. GDF15 activates GFRAL-expressing neurons localized exclusively in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the mouse brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitute part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. GDF15 levels increase in response to tissue stress and injury, and elevated levels are associated with body weight loss in numerous chronic human diseases. By isolating GFRAL as the receptor for GDF15-induced anorexia and weight loss, we identify a mechanistic basis for the non-homeostatic regulation of neural circuitry by a peripheral signal associated with tissue damage and stress. These findings provide opportunities to develop therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders with altered energy demand.
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