301
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Sarkar DJ, Das Sarkar S, Das BK, Manna RK, Behera BK, Samanta S. Spatial distribution of meso and microplastics in the sediments of river Ganga at eastern India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133712. [PMID: 31400677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Small plastic debris is one of the most significant emerging pollutants, due to their extreme durability and synthetic nature, possessing a tremendous threat to the aquatic environment. In the present study, sediments of river Ganga at a lower stretch were analyzed for distribution of meso and microplastics at seven different locations viz. Buxar, Patna, Bhagalpur, Nabadwip, Barrackpore, Godakhali and Fraserganj. All the sediments were found to contain mesoplastics (>5 mm) and microplastics (<5 mm) particles with varying degree of the mass fraction (11.48 to 63.79 ng/g sediments), numerical abundance (99.27-409.86 items/kg) and morphotypes. Analysis of the mesoplastics with FT-IR revealed polyethylene terepthalate (39%) as the major contributing plastic debris in the sediments followed by polyethylene (30%). Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between microplastics abundance and the pollution traits, BOD and available phosphate, of water and sediment, respectively. This study exhibits the spatial distribution of meso and microplastics in the highly populated locations along the river Ganga emphasizing the attention to be given to this emerging pollutant in the inland river system underlining their role as a transporter of plastic fragments finally to the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soma Das Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, 700120, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, 700120, India.
| | - Ranjan Kumar Manna
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, 700120, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, 700120, India
| | - Srikanta Samanta
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, 700120, India
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302
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Kinjo A, Mizukawa K, Takada H, Inoue K. Size-dependent elimination of ingested microplastics in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110512. [PMID: 31442867 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Filter feeding organisms have been reported to ingest microplastics (MP) in marine environments. However, information regarding how long the ingested MPs are retained in their digestive tracts remains limited. Here, we report the gut retention time (GRT90) and the long-term egestion time of three different sized polystyrene microspheres (1, 10, and 90 μm) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. We found significant differences in GRT90 with respect to MP size. With respect to the long-term egestion of MPs, most of the smaller MPs were excreted immediately, although some were detected intermittently until day 40. In comparison, larger MPs were slowly excreted in bulk, after which they were not detected. The results indicate that different sized MPs are retained differently in the digestive tract of mussels. The size-dependent effects of MPs should thus be considered when evaluating the effects of MPs in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kinjo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8564, Japan.
| | - Kaoruko Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Koji Inoue
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8564, Japan.
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303
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Trifuoggi M, Pagano G, Oral R, Pavičić-Hamer D, Burić P, Kovačić I, Siciliano A, Toscanesi M, Thomas PJ, Paduano L, Guida M, Lyons DM. Microplastic-induced damage in early embryonal development of sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108815. [PMID: 31629182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two microplastic sets, polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), were tested for adverse effects on early life stages of Sphaerechinus granularis sea urchins. Microparticulate PS (10, 80 and 230 μm diameter) and PMMA (10 and 50 μm diameter) were tested on developing S. granularis embryos from 10 min post-fertilisation (p-f) to the pluteus larval stage (72 h p-f), at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg L-1. Both PS and PMMA exposures resulted in significant concentration-related increase of developmental defects and of microplastic uptake in plutei. Moreover, embryo exposures to PS and PMMA (5 and 50 mg L-1) from 10 min to 5 h p-f resulted in a significant increase of cytogenetic abnormalities, expressed as significantly increased mitotic aberrations, while mitotoxicity (as % embryos lacking active mitoses) was observed in embryos exposed to PS, though not to PMMA. When S. granularis sperm suspensions were exposed for 10 min to PS or to PMMA (0.1-5 mg L-1), a significant decrease of fertilisation success was observed following sperm exposure to 0.1 mg L-1 PS, though not to higher PS concentrations nor to PMMA. Sperm pretreatment, however, resulted in significant offspring damage, as excess developmental defects in plutei, both following sperm exposure to PS and PMMA, thus suggesting transmissible damage from sperm pronuclei to the offspring. The overall results point to relevant developmental, cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of PS and PMMA microplastics to S. granularis early life stages, warranting further investigations of other microplastics and other target biota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rahime Oral
- Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, TR-35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Petra Burić
- Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100, Pula, Croatia
| | - Ines Kovačić
- Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100, Pula, Croatia
| | | | | | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Center - Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Federico II Naples University, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Federico II Naples University, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel M Lyons
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-52210, Rovinj, Croatia.
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304
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Sadler DE, Brunner FS, Plaistow SJ. Temperature and clone-dependent effects of microplastics on immunity and life history in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113178. [PMID: 31520904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is potentially a major threat to many aquatic organisms. Yet we currently know very little about the mechanisms responsible for the effects of small MPs on phenotypes, and the extent to which effects of MPs are modified by genetic and environmental factors. Using a multivariate approach, we studied the effects of 500 nm polystyrene microspheres on the life history and immunity of eight clones of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna reared at two temperatures (18 °C/24 °C). MP exposure altered multivariate phenotypes in half of the clones we studied but had no effect on others. In the clones that were affected, individuals exposed to MPs had smaller offspring at both temperatures, and more offspring at high temperature. Differences in response to MP exposure were unrelated to differences in particle uptake, but were instead linked to an upregulation of haemocytes, particularly at high temperature. The clone-specific, context-dependent nature of our results demonstrates the importance of incorporating genetic variation and environmental context into assessments of the impact of plastic particle exposure. Our results identify immunity as an important mechanism underpinning genetically variable responses to MP pollution and may have major implications for predicting consequences of MP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sadler
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska S Brunner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Stewart J Plaistow
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
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305
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Naik RK, Naik MM, D'Costa PM, Shaikh F. Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110525. [PMID: 31470206 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in marine waters around the globe is increasing exponentially. This is the first comprehensive review which focuses on microplastics as a source and vector for metals, antibiotics, toxic chemicals, pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae), and Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellates across the continents through ballast water. Microplastics in ballast waters serve as 'hotspots' for the development and spread of multiple drug-resistant human pathogens through co-selection mechanisms. Microplastic inoculation at distant countries through ballast water may pose a serious threat to human health due to higher incidences of bacterial disease outbreaks and HABs. The 2017 ballast water management convention lacks a provision for on-board treatment of microplastic-contaminated ballast water. We conclude that there is a pressing need to include microplastics in the ballast water management convention as a hazardous material. Efficient on-board ballast water treatment strategies and effective limits for microplastics in ballast waters need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravidas Krishna Naik
- ESSO - National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India.
| | - Milind Mohan Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India.
| | | | - Fauzia Shaikh
- Department of Biotechnology, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts and Science, Margao, Goa, 403601, India
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306
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Fang S, Yu W, Li C, Liu Y, Qiu J, Kong F. Adsorption behavior of three triazole fungicides on polystyrene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1119-1126. [PMID: 31466193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) and pesticides has become a global challenge, and increasing evidence shows that MPs can adsorb organic pollutants which may affect their distribution and bioavailability. As widely used pesticides, triazole fungicides with potential environmental and human safety risks often coexist with MPs in the environment. Understanding the adsorption behavior is the basis of risk assessment of co-exposure of MPs and triazole fungicides. In this study, the adsorption behavior of three commonly used triazole fungicides on polystyrene (PS) was studied using adsorption test. The influences of PS particle size and environmental factors on adsorption capacity were evaluated, and the adsorption mechanisms were discussed. Results suggested that the adsorption kinetics and isotherm conformed to the Pseudo-second-order and Freundlich model, respectively. The order of adsorption and desorption capacity was hexaconazole (HEX) > myclobutanil (MYC) > triadimenol (TRI), which was positively correlated with LogKow of pesticides. To a certain extent, the decrease in PS particle size and change in solution pH value and increase in salt ion strength all contribute to increasing adsorption capacity. The main mechanisms of adsorption were hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. MPs can adsorb and may become the source and sink of triazole fungicides in aqueous environments. Our results demonstrate that more attention should be given to the combined water pollution risk of MPs and triazoles fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Fang
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Weisong Yu
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuedong Liu
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Fanyu Kong
- Laboratory of Tobacco and Aromatic Plants Quality and Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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307
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Gouin T, Becker RA, Collot A, Davis JW, Howard B, Inawaka K, Lampi M, Ramon BS, Shi J, Hopp PW. Toward the Development and Application of an Environmental Risk Assessment Framework for Microplastic. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2087-2100. [PMID: 31233238 PMCID: PMC6852392 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of plastic waste to the environment and the subsequent degradation into microplastic particles that have the potential to interact with biological organisms represent a concern for global society. Current understanding of the potential impacts on aquatic and terrestrial population stability and ecosystem structure and function associated with emissions of microplastic particles is limited and insufficient to fully assess environmental risks. Multistakeholder discussions can provide an important element in helping to identify and prioritize key knowledge gaps in assessing potential risks. In the present review, we summarize multistakeholder discussions from a 1-d International Council of Chemical Associations-sponsored symposium, which involved 39 scientists from 8 countries with representatives from academia, industry, and government. Participants were asked to consider the following: discuss the scientific merits and limitations of applying a proposed conceptual environmental risk assessment (ERA) framework for microplastic particles and identify and prioritize major research needs in applying ERA tools for microplastic particles. Multistakeholder consensus was obtained with respect to the interpretation of the current state of the science related to effects and exposure to microplastic particles, which implies that it is unlikely that the presence of microplastic in the environment currently represents a risk. However, the quality and quantity of existing data require substantial improvement before conclusions regarding the potential risks and impacts of microplastic particles can be fully assessed. Research that directly addresses the development and application of methods that strengthen the quality of data should thus be given the highest priority. Activities aimed at supporting the development of and access to standardized reference material were identified as a key research need. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2087-2100. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, SharnbrookUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Lampi
- ExxonMobil Biomedical SciencesAnnandaleNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Jay Shi
- Procter & Gamble, CincinnatiOhioUSA
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308
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Agamuthu P, Mehran SB, Norkhairah A, Norkhairiyah A. Marine debris: A review of impacts and global initiatives. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:987-1002. [PMID: 31084415 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19845041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine debris, defined as any persistent manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment, has been highlighted as a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. The five main categories of marine debris comprise of plastic, paper, metal, textile, glass and rubber. Plastics is recognised as the major constituent of marine debris, representing between 50% and 90% of the total marine debris found globally. Between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tonnes of consumer plastics end up in the world oceans annually, resulting in the presence of more than 100 million particles of macroplastics in only 12 regional seas worldwide, and with 51 trillion particles of microplastic floating on the ocean surface globally. The impacts of marine debris can be branched out into three categories; injury to or death of marine organisms, harm to marine environment and effects on human health and economy. Marine mammals often accidentally ingest marine debris because of its appearance that can easily be mistaken as food. Moreover, floating plastics may act as vehicles for chemicals and/or environmental contaminants, which may be absorbed on to their surface during their use and permanence into the environment. Additionally, floating plastics is a potential vector for the introduction of invasive species that get attached to it, into the marine environment. In addition, human beings are not excluded from the impact of marine debris as they become exposed to microplastics through seafood consumption. Moreover, landscape degradation owing to debris accumulation is an eyesore and aesthetically unpleasant, thus resulting in decreased tourism and subsequent income loss. There are a wide range of initiatives that have been taken to tackle the issue of marine debris. They may involve manual removal of marine debris from coastal and aquatic environment in form of programmes and projects organised, such as beach clean-ups by scientific communities, non-governmental organizations and the removal of marine litter from Europe's four regional seas, respectively. Other initiatives focus on assessment, reduction, prevention and management of marine debris under the umbrella of international (the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan, the Oslo/Paris Convention) and regional organisations - that is, the Helsinki Commission. There are also a number of international conventions and national regulations that encourage mitigation and management of marine debris. However, it is argued that these initiatives are short-term unsustainable solutions and the long-term sustainable solution would be adoption of circular economy. Similarly, four of the sustainable developmental goals have targets that promote mitigation of marine debris by efficient waste management and practice of 3R. As evident by the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Marine Litter and Microplastics meeting, tackling the marine debris crisis is not a straightforward, one-size-fits-all solution, but rather an integrated and continuous effort required at local, regional and global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Agamuthu
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Research in Waste Management, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S B Mehran
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Norkhairah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Norkhairiyah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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309
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Ryan MG, Watkins L, Walter MT. Hudson River juvenile Blueback herring avoid ingesting microplastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:935-939. [PMID: 31426240 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics in aquatic environments, and specifically their effects on the health of organisms, are of growing concern worldwide. Of particular concern are microplastics in a similar size range to zooplankton, as they have been found in the digestive tracks of organisms, such as fish, who typically seek zooplankton as a food source. It is unclear, however, to what degree, if any, fish select for or against microplastic particles when feeding. It is also unclear whether ingestion of microplastics affects fish condition. To answer these questions, the estimated physical condition and degree of selective feeding on microplastics were determined for juvenile fish collected from the Hudson River. Considering only particles 0.335-5.0 mm, microplastics made up 12% of fish diets but 21% of particles found in the surrounding water column. Relying on Jacob's Modified Electivity (JME) to quantify selectivity in feeding, our results reveal selective feeding on zooplankton and avoidance of microplastics. There was no correlation between condition and degree of selectivity toward any particular food types, including microplastics. Future work needs to consider fish with different feeding strategies and potential bioaccumulation of microplastics in the food web. Fish selectivity of ingestion in regards to microplastics should additionally be tested on wider spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gray Ryan
- Soil and Water Lab, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lisa Watkins
- Soil and Water Lab, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - M Todd Walter
- Soil and Water Lab, Dept. of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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310
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Jeong J, Choi J. Adverse outcome pathways potentially related to hazard identification of microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:249-255. [PMID: 31129406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern over microplastics has recently brought increased attention to studies on microplastic toxicity. Here, we conduct a systematic review on toxicity of microplastics that focuses on identifying data gaps in the mechanisms of microplastic toxicity. We observe that microplastic toxicology research thus far has focused on ecotoxicity using apical endpoints and only a few studies deal with toxicity mechanisms. Based on this review, we propose putative Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) applicable to microplastic management to understand microplastic toxicity. We matched toxicity mechanisms and apical endpoints to a key event (KE) and adverse outcome (AO) information from the AOP Wiki. Overall, our results suggest that the molecular initiating event (MIE) was reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and the AO was increased mortality, decreased growth and feeding, and reproduction failure. However, there are a limited number of studies on toxicity mechanisms of microplastics and, therefore, evidence concerning the relationship between KEs is not sufficient. Clearly, more studies on toxicity mechanisms are required to fill these gaps in data. This study also suggests that the AOP framework is a suitable tool to integrate existing data from various literature sources and can identify data gaps in microplastic toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
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311
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Miranda T, Vieira LR, Guilhermino L. Neurotoxicity, Behavior, and Lethal Effects of Cadmium, Microplastics, and Their Mixtures on Pomatoschistus microps Juveniles from Two Wild Populations Exposed under Laboratory Conditions-Implications to Environmental and Human Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2857. [PMID: 31405089 PMCID: PMC6720622 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) were found to modulate the toxicity of other pollutants but the knowledge on the topic is still limited. The goals of this study were to investigate the short-term toxicity of cadmium (Cd) to wild Pomatochistus microps juveniles, the potential modulation of acute Cd toxicity by 1-5 µm polyethylene MPs in this species, and possible differences of sensitivity to Cd and MPs-Cd mixtures between juveniles from two distinct wild populations. Juveniles were collected in the estuaries of Minho (M-est) and Lima (L-est) Rivers (NW Portugal). One 96 h bioassay with M-est juveniles and another one with L-est juveniles were carried out in laboratory conditions. Each bioassay had 12 treatments: control, 5 Cd concentrations, 1 MPs concentration, and 5 MPs-Cd mixtures. No significant differences in Cd-induced mortality between juveniles from distinct estuaries or between juveniles exposed to Cd alone and those exposed to MPs-Cd mixtures were found. The total 96h LC10 and LC50 of Cd alone were 2 mg/L (95% CI: 0-4 mg/L) and 8 mg/L (95% CI: 2-17 mg/L), respectively. Cd alone significantly decreased the post-exposure predatory performance (PEPP) of M-est (≥6 mg/L) and L-est juveniles (≥3 mg/L), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of M-est juveniles (13 mg/L). MPs alone (0.14 mg/L) significantly reduced the PEPP and AChE activity of L-est juveniles but not of M-est juveniles. MPs-Cd mixtures (3-13 mg/L of Cd + 0.14 mg/L of MPs) significantly inhibited the PEPP of juveniles from both estuaries and AChE of L-est estuary juveniles but not of M-est juveniles. Evidences of toxicological interactions, namely antagonism, between MPs and Cd were found. Overall, the results indicate that MPs modulated the sub-lethal toxic effects of Cd in wild P. microps juveniles, especially neurotoxicity. Moreover, the environmental conditions of the natural habitats to which juveniles were exposed during pre-developmental phases influence the sub-lethal toxicity of Cd, MPs, and their mixtures. The implications to environmental and human risk assessment are discussed and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Miranda
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Research Team of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luis R Vieira
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Research Team of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Research Team of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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312
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Ward JE, Zhao S, Holohan BA, Mladinich KM, Griffin TW, Wozniak J, Shumway SE. Selective Ingestion and Egestion of Plastic Particles by the Blue Mussel ( Mytilus edulis) and Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica): Implications for Using Bivalves as Bioindicators of Microplastic Pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8776-8784. [PMID: 31305074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP; 1 μm to 1 mm) of various shapes and compositions are ingested by numerous marine animals. Recently, proposals have been made to adopt bivalve molluscs as bioindicators of MP pollution. To serve as indicators of MP pollution, however, the proposed organisms should ingest, without bias, the majority of plastic particles to which they are exposed. To test this premise, eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, were offered variously sized polystyrene microspheres (diameters 19-1000 μm) and nylon microfibers (lengths 75-1075 × diameter 30 μm), and the proportion of each rejected in pseudofeces and egested in feces was determined. For both species, the proportion of microspheres rejected increased from ca. 10-30% for the smallest spheres to 98% for the largest spheres. A higher proportion of the largest microsphere was rejected compared with the longest microfiber, but similar proportions of microfibers were ingested regardless of length. Differential egestion of MP also occurred. As a result of particle selection, the number and types of MP found in the bivalve gut will depend upon the physical characteristics of the particles. Thus, bivalves will be poor bioindicators of MP pollution in the environment, and it is advised that other marine species be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Evan Ward
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Shiye Zhao
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute , Florida Atlantic University , Fort Pierce , Florida 34946 , United States
| | - Bridget A Holohan
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Kayla M Mladinich
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Tyler W Griffin
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Jennifer Wozniak
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Sandra E Shumway
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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313
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Tang BL. On Some Possible Ramifications of the "Microplastics in Fish" Case. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2019; 25:1303-1310. [PMID: 30182214 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cases of research misconduct in the ecological and environmental sciences appear to be relatively rare. A controversial paper published in Science in 2016 documenting the effects of microplastics on the feeding and innate behaviours of fish larvae has recently been retracted, with the authors found guilty of scientific misconduct. In addition to the expected fallout, such as individual and institutional reputational damage from a research misconduct finding, this case has two possibly wider-ranging ramifications. Firstly, there may be a presumptive notion that a strong negative effect could be more successfully published than a neutral effect. This presumption would belie the true stringency and rigor of research adopted by workers in the field. Secondly, the case may have a negative impact on the public's perception of and trust in legitimate and good science that addresses critical environmental issues, such as anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
- Research Compliance and Integrity Office, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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314
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Costa LL, Arueira VF, da Costa MF, Di Beneditto APM, Zalmon IR. Can the Atlantic ghost crab be a potential biomonitor of microplastic pollution of sandy beaches sediment? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:5-13. [PMID: 31590817 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to test whether the Atlantic ghost crab Ocypode quadrata is a reliable biomonitor of microplastic (MP) pollution of beach sediments. To test the hypothesis (H1) that the sediment is the main source of MP ingestion, the proportion of MP types (hard plastic, microfibers, pellet, soft plastic, and extruded polystyrene foam) in the gut content was compared with that on the strandline. The types of MPs in the gut content and sediment had similar proportions; black (~49%) and blue (~45%) microfibers were responsible for this similarity (55%), hence confirming H1. However, the second hypothesis (H2) that prevalence of MP in the gut content is related to its density on beach with distinct urbanization degree was not accepted. These results indicate that high trophic plasticity of the ghost crab and, consequently, multiple-sources of contamination may interfere with its use as a biomonitor of MP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lopes Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CEP 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Figueira Arueira
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CEP 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Ferreira da Costa
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Gerenciamento de Ecossistemas Costeiros e Estuarinos, CEP 50740-550 Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Madeira Di Beneditto
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CEP 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilana Rosental Zalmon
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CEP 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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315
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Cong Y, Jin F, Tian M, Wang J, Shi H, Wang Y, Mu J. Ingestion, egestion and post-exposure effects of polystyrene microspheres on marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:93-100. [PMID: 31026634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are of environmental concern due to their bioavailability and potential impacts on a wide range of marine biota. In this study, we investigated the ingestion, bioaccumulation and egestion of fluorescent polystyrene (PS) micospheres (10 μm) in both larvae and adults of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), with or without food supply. The post-exposure effects of non-fluorescent PS (10 μm) on the survival, growth and reproduction of medaka larvae were also explored. Results showed that the PS microspheres could be ingested by both larvae and adults during the 48 h-exposure. Notably, feeding status was found to significantly affect the ingestion in medaka adults, which was not observed in the larvae. The egestion process of PS was rapid during the first recovery day but there was still certain percent of particles retained in digestive tracts at the end of 7 d recovery for either larvae or adults. After a 14 d pre-exposure with the non-fluorescent PS microspheres, the subsequent survival, growth and reproduction of medaka larvae were all significantly affected at the end of 120 d of experiment without PS. Overall, these results indicate that fishes might ingest or retain more MPs if the environmental abundance of MPs continues to increase while the available food decreases. Medaka fishes in larval stage have no capacity to select natural food sources like the adults. The chronic and "legacy effect" of MPs might also be a problem worthy paid more attention in future research instead of acute and immediate effect studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cong
- Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miao Tian
- Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Heishijiao 52, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Juying Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingli Mu
- Department of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China; Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Xiyuangong Road 200, Minhou District, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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316
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Carrasco A, Pulgar J, Quintanilla-Ahumada D, Perez-Venegas D, Quijón PA, Duarte C. The influence of microplastics pollution on the feeding behavior of a prominent sandy beach amphipod, Orchestoidea tuberculata (Nicolet, 1849). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:23-27. [PMID: 31590781 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by microplastics has become a global threat affecting coastal habitats such as sandy beaches and their resident macrofauna. The goal of this study was to assess the influence of microplastics on the feeding behavior and growth rate of a widespread sandy beach amphipod, Orchestoidea tuberculata. These organisms were exposed to artificial food prepared with Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) microspheres (8 μm particle size) at 3 different concentrations (0%, 5% and 10%). The amphipods consumed significantly more food when the concentration of microplastics was 0% and significantly less when the concentration was 10%, both in trials in which they had a choice (preference experiments) and those in which they did not have a food choice. In contrast to this, the amphipod's absorption efficiency and estimated growth rates were not significantly affected by the concentration of microplastics. Combined, these results indicate that high microplastics concentrations (e.g. 10%) cause a reduction in the amphipod's consumption rates and, indirectly, may affect the role of this species as a main consumer of stranded seaweeds in sandy beaches ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Carrasco
- Departamento de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Quintanilla-Ahumada
- Departamento de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Perez-Venegas
- Departamento de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología & Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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317
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Peixoto D, Amorim J, Pinheiro C, Oliva-Teles L, Varó I, de Medeiros Rocha R, Vieira MN. Uptake and effects of different concentrations of spherical polymer microparticles on Artemia franciscana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:211-218. [PMID: 30933895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemia cysts have a huge economic importance for the aquaculture sector due to the fact that they are used as live feed for larviculture. Microplastics (MPs) are common and emergent pollutants in the aquatic environments, with unknown and potential long-term effects on planktonic species such as Artemia spp. When used as live feed, Artemia could transfer contaminants to fish along the food chain, with possible adverse effects on human health through their consumption. This study aims to assess the uptake of different concentrations of spherical polymer microparticles (FRM) (1-5 μm diameter) and their associated chronic effects on feeding, growth, mortality, and reproductive success from juvenile to adult stage of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Individuals were exposed for 44 days to 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg.L-1 of FRM. No significant detrimental effects on growth, ingestion and mortality rates of A. franciscana were observed in all tested conditions. However, reproductive success was strongly affected by the increase of MP concentrations. The results of the present study showed that A. franciscana juveniles and adults were able to survive different experimental MP concentrations, but their reproductive success and progeny were significantly impacted by exposure to FRM particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Peixoto
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - João Amorim
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Pinheiro
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Luís Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4 2.47, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inmaculada Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, 12595, Spain.
| | - Renato de Medeiros Rocha
- Department of Geography, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus de Caicó, Rua Joaquim Gregório, s/n, Penedo, CEP 59300-000, Caicó, RN, Brazil.
| | - Maria Natividade Vieira
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4 2.47, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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318
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Watkins L, Sullivan PJ, Walter MT. A case study investigating temporal factors that influence microplastic concentration in streams under different treatment regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21797-21807. [PMID: 31134548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics, particles less than 5 mm in size, are an emerging contaminant in waterways worldwide. Most microplastic studies focus on spatial trends in concentration, but in systems as dynamic as rivers, to draw conclusions from existing spatial studies, we must first examine how microplastic concentrations may change with time and flow conditions. In this study, we investigate how microplastic concentrations change over a 24-h period and between seasonally high and low flows. We do this in two streams, controlling for wastewater treatment strategy: one stream in a watershed where waste is treated with septic systems and the other receiving wastewater treatment plant effluent. We hypothesized that a stream with wastewater treatment plant effluent would exhibit higher and more variable microplastic concentrations than a stream in a watershed with septic systems. Results indicate, however, that there is no significant difference between the two streams despite their differing treatment strategies. Additionally, no significant variation in concentrations was measured over two 24-h sampling campaigns. There was, however, significantly higher concentrations measured in summer low flow conditions relative to spring high flow conditions across both sampled streams (p value <0.001), indicating that increases in stream discharge unrelated to storm events dilute and decrease measured microplastic concentrations. From this, we learn that pairing measured concentrations with a description of flow conditions at sampling time is a requisite for a robust microplastic literature that allows for comparisons between existing spatial studies and extrapolations to global loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Watkins
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
| | - Patrick J Sullivan
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - M Todd Walter
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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319
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Rodgers EM, Poletto JB, Gomez Isaza DF, Van Eenennaam JP, Connon RE, Todgham AE, Seesholtz A, Heublein JC, Cech JJ, Kelly JT, Fangue NA. Integrating physiological data with the conservation and management of fishes: a meta-analytical review using the threatened green sturgeon ( Acipenser medirostris). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz035. [PMID: 31281658 PMCID: PMC6601218 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversing global declines in the abundance and diversity of fishes is dependent on science-based conservation solutions. A wealth of data exist on the ecophysiological constraints of many fishes, but much of this information is underutilized in recovery plans due to a lack of synthesis. Here, we used the imperiled green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) as an example of how a quantitative synthesis of physiological data can inform conservation plans, identify knowledge gaps and direct future research actions. We reviewed and extracted metadata from peer-reviewed papers on green sturgeon. A total of 105 publications were identified, spanning multiple disciplines, with the primary focus being conservation physiology (23.8%). A meta-analytical approach was chosen to summarize the mean effects of prominent stressors (elevated temperatures, salinity, low food availability and contaminants) on several physiological traits (growth, thermal tolerance, swimming performance and heat shock protein expression). All examined stressors significantly impaired green sturgeon growth, and additional stressor-specific costs were documented. These findings were then used to suggest several management actions, such as mitigating salt intrusion in nursery habitats and maintaining water temperatures within optimal ranges during peak spawning periods. Key data gaps were also identified; research efforts have been biased towards juvenile (38.1%) and adult (35.2%) life-history stages, and less data are available for early life-history stages (embryonic, 11.4%; yolk-sac larvae, 12.4%; and post yolk-sac larvae, 16.2%). Similarly, most data were collected from single-stressor studies (91.4%) and there is an urgent need to understand interactions among stressors as anthropogenic change is multi-variate and dynamic. Collectively, these findings provide an example of how meta-analytic reviews are a powerful tool to inform management actions, with the end goal of maximizing conservation gains from research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essie M Rodgers
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamilynn B Poletto
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 3310 Holdrege St., Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Daniel F Gomez Isaza
- School of Biological Sciences, The University Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel P Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Seesholtz
- California Department of Water Resources, Industrial Blvd., West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Joe C Heublein
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Program, West Coast Region, Capital Mall, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Cech
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
| | - John T Kelly
- Fisheries Branch, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, USA
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320
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Covernton GA, Pearce CM, Gurney-Smith HJ, Chastain SG, Ross PS, Dower JF, Dudas SE. Size and shape matter: A preliminary analysis of microplastic sampling technique in seawater studies with implications for ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:124-132. [PMID: 30826673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles (MPs) are widely distributed in seawater. Fibrous MPs (microfibres) are often reported as the most commonly encountered shape of particle. To estimate MP concentrations in seawater, samples are often collected using towed nets (generally 300-350-μm mesh) and may underestimate the amount of microfibres present, which may pass through the mesh due to their narrow width. We compared the potential microplastic particle (PMP) concentration estimates provided by two different seawater sampling methods conducted at three commercial shellfish farms and three unfarmed sites in Baynes Sound, British Columbia, Canada. The methods were: 10-L bucket samples sieved through 63-μm mesh in situ and subsequently filtered through an 8-μm polycarbonate membrane; and 1-L bulk samples collected in jars and subsequently filtered to 8 μm. The jar samples yielded PMP concentrations averaging approximately 8.5 times higher than the bucket samples per L of water (at the site level), largely driven by differences in the number of microfibres. There was no significant difference in PNP concentration between shellfish farms and unfarmed sites. An analysis of MP concentrations and mesh sizes reported in the literature suggests that using a 300-350-μm mesh may underestimate total MP concentrations by one to four orders of magnitude compared with samples that are filtered through much smaller mesh sizes (e.g. <100 μm), despite the effect of sample volume. Particles <300 μm in diameter make up a large component of MPs commonly found in fish and invertebrates. As such, common sampling practices fail to adequately measure a biologically relevant class of MPs, thereby undermining the ability to quantify ecological risk. We suggest that seawater sampling methods be designed to filter to <10 μm (the approximate width of many microfibres), either using pressurized pumps for large-volume samples, or by using sufficient replication of small-volume discrete samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth A Covernton
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada,.
| | - Christopher M Pearce
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada,; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Helen J Gurney-Smith
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada,; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 0E4, Canada
| | - Stephen G Chastain
- Coastal Ocean Research Institute, Ocean Wise Conservation Association, Vancouver, British Columbia V7V 1H2, Canada
| | - Peter S Ross
- Coastal Ocean Research Institute, Ocean Wise Conservation Association, Vancouver, British Columbia V7V 1H2, Canada
| | - John F Dower
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Dudas
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada,; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
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321
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Prata JC, da Costa JP, Lopes I, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. Effects of microplastics on microalgae populations: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:400-405. [PMID: 30772570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are persistent contaminants accumulating in the environment. Aquatic ecosystems have been studied worldwide, revealing ubiquitous contamination with microplastics. Microalgae, one of the most important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, could suffer from microplastic contamination, leading to larger impacts on aquatic food webs. Nonetheless, little is known about the toxic effects of microplastics on microalgae populations. Thus, the objective of this review was to identify these effects and the impacts of microplastics on microalgae populations based on currently available literature, also identifying knowledge gaps. Even though microplastics seem to have limited effects on parameters such as growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), current environmental concentrations are not expected to induce toxicity. Even so, microplastics could disrupt population regulation mechanisms, by reducing the availability or absorption of nutrients (bottom-up) or reducing the population of predator species (top-down). Microplastics' properties can also influence the effects on microalgae, with smaller sizes and positive surface charges having higher toxicity. Therefore, more research is needed to better understand the effects of microplastics on microalgae, such as adaptation strategies, effects on population dynamics and microplastics properties influencing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Correia Prata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João P da Costa
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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322
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Franzellitti S, Canesi L, Auguste M, Wathsala RHGR, Fabbri E. Microplastic exposure and effects in aquatic organisms: A physiological perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 68:37-51. [PMID: 30870694 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of microplastics (MPs) on aquatic life, given their ubiquitous presence in the water compartment, represents a growing concern. Consistently, scientific knowledge is advancing rapidly, although evidence on actual adverse effects is still highly fragmented. This paper summarizes the recent literature on MP impacts on aquatic organisms in an attempt to link routes of uptake, possible alterations of physiological processes, and outcomes at different levels of biological organization. Animal feeding strategies and MP biodistribution is discussed, alongside with relevant effects at molecular, cellular, and systemic level. Pathways from animal exposure to apical physiological responses are examined to define the relevance of MPs for animal health, and to point out open questions and research gaps. Emphasis is given to emerging threats posed by leaching of plastic additives, many of which have endocrine disruption potential. The potential role of MPs as substrates for microorganism growth and vehicle for pathogen spreading is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Rajapaksha H G R Wathsala
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BIGEA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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Franzellitti S, Capolupo M, Wathsala RHGR, Valbonesi P, Fabbri E. The Multixenobiotic resistance system as a possible protective response triggered by microplastic ingestion in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Larvae and adult stages. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 219:50-58. [PMID: 30772527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emerging paradigm on plastic pollution in marine environments is that microsize particles (MPs) have far more subtle effects than bigger fragments, given their size range overlapping with that of particles ingested by filter-feeders. The impacts include gut blockage, altered feeding and energy allocation, with knock-on effects on widespread physiological processes. This study investigated whether ingestion of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) triggers protective processes in marine mussels. The Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) system is a cytoprotective mechanism acting as an active barrier against harmful xenobiotics and a route of metabolite detoxification. Both larvae and adults were employed in laboratory experiments with different concentrations of 3-μm PS-MPs (larvae), and 3-μm and 45-μm PS-MPs (adults) matching size range of planktonic food through the mussel lifecycle. Embryos grown in the presence of 3-μm PS-MPs showed significant reduction of MXR activity and down-regulation of ABCB and ABCC transcripts encoding the two main MXR-related transporters P-glycoprotein and the Multidrug resistance-related protein, respectively. In adults, effects of PS-MPs were assessed in haemocytes and gills, which showed different modulation of MXR activity and ABCB/ABCC expression according to MP size (haemocyte and gills) or particle concentration (haemocyte). These data showed that modulation of MXR activity is part of a generalized response triggered by particle ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Marco Capolupo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Rajapaksha H G R Wathsala
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paola Valbonesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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324
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Wang MH, He Y, Sen B. Research and management of plastic pollution in coastal environments of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:898-905. [PMID: 30856505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic waste has become an ever-increasing environmental threat in the world's ocean largely due to their unique properties and ubiquitous occurrence. They include diverse forms of land- and ocean-based sources of plastics and are estimated to account for up to 85% of marine debris worldwide. As secondary pollutants, marine microplastic particles (<5 mm) are derived from pellet loss and degradation of macroplastics. Up to now, several reports have proposed negative impacts of both macro-sized and micro-sized plastics on marine biota. As one of the rapidly growing economies, China is the topmost contributor of plastic waste in the world. China's massive impact on the plastic levels of the ocean are a definite cause of concern and is developing multiple economic, environmental and biological complications. The research of plastics impact on coastal environments in China is only incipient. Here we review the available information on plastic waste, their impacts on marine biota and human health, and Chinese government policies and management initiatives. Although Chinese coastal environments (surface water, coastal sediments, water column) are affected by microplastics pollution, both from land-based and sea-based activities, their impacts on marine biota remain to be elucidated. Though national-level policies are modern and well suited for minimizing the impacts of plastic pollution, there is hardly any legislation for containment of microplastic pollution. Our objective is to review and summarize the information about the occurrence, impacts, and management of plastic pollution in the Chinese coastal environments in order to comprehend their widespread repercussions. MAIN FINDING: Microplastics are increasingly being detected and quantified in Chinese coastal environments and legislation for containment of such pollution is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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325
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Rochman CM, Brookson C, Bikker J, Djuric N, Earn A, Bucci K, Athey S, Huntington A, McIlwraith H, Munno K, De Frond H, Kolomijeca A, Erdle L, Grbic J, Bayoumi M, Borrelle SB, Wu T, Santoro S, Werbowski LM, Zhu X, Giles RK, Hamilton BM, Thaysen C, Kaura A, Klasios N, Ead L, Kim J, Sherlock C, Ho A, Hung C. Rethinking microplastics as a diverse contaminant suite. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:703-711. [PMID: 30909321 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cole Brookson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Bikker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Djuric
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arielle Earn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kennedy Bucci
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Athey
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimee Huntington
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley McIlwraith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keenan Munno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah De Frond
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Kolomijeca
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Erdle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jelena Grbic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malak Bayoumi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie B Borrelle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- David H. Smith Conservation Research Program, Society for Conservation Biology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tina Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Santoro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa M Werbowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel K Giles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bonnie M Hamilton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clara Thaysen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashima Kaura
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Klasios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Ead
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel Kim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra Sherlock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annissa Ho
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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326
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Windsor FM, Durance I, Horton AA, Thompson RC, Tyler CR, Ormerod SJ. A catchment-scale perspective of plastic pollution. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1207-1221. [PMID: 30663840 PMCID: PMC6850656 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is distributed across the globe, but compared with marine environments, there is only rudimentary understanding of the distribution and effects of plastics in other ecosystems. Here, we review the transport and effects of plastics across terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. We focus on hydrological catchments as well-defined landscape units that provide an integrating scale at which plastic pollution can be investigated and managed. Diverse processes are responsible for the observed ubiquity of plastic pollution, but sources, fluxes and sinks in river catchments are poorly quantified. Early indications are that rivers are hotspots of plastic pollution, supporting some of the highest recorded concentrations. River systems are also likely pivotal conduits for plastic transport among the terrestrial, floodplain, riparian, benthic and transitional ecosystems with which they connect. Although ecological effects of micro- and nanoplastics might arise through a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms, consensus and understanding of their nature, severity and scale are restricted. Furthermore, while individual-level effects are often graphically represented in public media, knowledge of the extent and severity of the impacts of plastic at population, community and ecosystem levels is limited. Given the potential social, ecological and economic consequences, we call for more comprehensive investigations of plastic pollution in ecosystems to guide effective management action and risk assessment. This is reliant on (a) expanding research to quantify sources, sinks, fluxes and fates of plastics in catchments and transitional waters both independently as a major transport routes to marine ecosystems, (b) improving environmentally relevant dose-response relationships for different organisms and effect pathways, (c) scaling up from studies on individual organisms to populations and ecosystems, where individual effects are shown to cause harm and; (d) improving biomonitoring through developing ecologically relevant metrics based on contemporary plastic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric M. Windsor
- School of BiosciencesWater Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Isabelle Durance
- School of BiosciencesWater Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Steve J. Ormerod
- School of BiosciencesWater Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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327
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Birnstiel S, Soares-Gomes A, da Gama BAP. Depuration reduces microplastic content in wild and farmed mussels. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 140:241-247. [PMID: 30803639 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a pervasive problem to marine life. This study aimed (1) to investigate levels of microplastic in wild and farmed mussels (Perna perna), and (2) to assess the effectiveness of depuration in reducing microplastics. Wild and farmed mussels were sampled from Guanabara Bay (Southwestern Atlantic). Four treatments were compared (N = 10 mussels/treatment): wild non-depurated mussels, wild depurated mussels, farmed non-depurated mussels, and farmed depurated mussels. Up to 31.2 ± 17.8 microplastics/mussel (≥0.45 μm) were detected (means ± SD), and microplastics were present in all 40 individuals analyzed. Nylon fibers were more abundant than polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) fragments. Blue, transparent, and red nylon fibers were more abundant in both wild and farmed mussels. Although 93 h-depuration significantly reduced microplastics (ANOVA, p = 0.02) in both wild (46.79%) and farmed mussels (28.95%), differences between farmed and wild mussels were not significant (p > 0.05). Depuration was more effective in removing blue fibers. Our results highlight the importance of depuration in reducing microplastic pollution in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Birnstiel
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, C.P. 100.644, CEP 24001-970 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Abilio Soares-Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, C.P. 100.644, CEP 24001-970 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A P da Gama
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, C.P. 100.644, CEP 24001-970 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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328
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Henry B, Laitala K, Klepp IG. Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:483-494. [PMID: 30368178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Textiles release fibres to the environment during production, use, and at end-of-life disposal. Approximately two-thirds of all textile items are now synthetic, dominated by petroleum-based organic polymers such as polyester, polyamide and acrylic. Plastic microfibres (<5 mm) and nanofibres (<100 nm) have been identified in ecosystems in all regions of the globe and have been estimated to comprise up to 35% of primary microplastics in marine environments, a major proportion of microplastics on coastal shorelines and to persist for decades in soils treated with sludge from waste water treatment plants. In this paper we present a critical review of factors affecting the release from fabrics of microfibres, and of the risks for impacts on ecological systems and potentially on human health. This review is used as a basis for exploring the potential to include a metric for microplastic pollution in tools that have been developed to quantify the environmental performance of apparel and home textiles. We conclude that the simple metric of mass or number of microfibres released combined with data on their persistence in the environment, could provide a useful interim mid-point indicator in sustainability assessment tools to support monitoring and mitigation strategies for microplastic pollution. Identified priority research areas include: (1) Standardised analytical methods for textile microfibres and nanofibres; (2) Ecotoxicological studies using environmentally realistic concentrations; (3) Studies tracking the fate of microplastics in complex food webs; and (4) Refined indicators for microfibre impacts in apparel and home textile sustainability assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Henry
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Kirsi Laitala
- Consumption Research Norway (SIFO), Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingun Grimstad Klepp
- Consumption Research Norway (SIFO), Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
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329
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Microplastics in the environment: A review of analytical methods, distribution, and biological effects. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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330
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Duncan EM, Broderick AC, Fuller WJ, Galloway TS, Godfrey MH, Hamann M, Limpus CJ, Lindeque PK, Mayes AG, Omeyer LCM, Santillo D, Snape RTE, Godley BJ. Microplastic ingestion ubiquitous in marine turtles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:744-752. [PMID: 30513551 PMCID: PMC6849705 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite concerns regarding the environmental impacts of microplastics, knowledge of the incidence and levels of synthetic particles in large marine vertebrates is lacking. Here, we utilize an optimized enzymatic digestion methodology, previously developed for zooplankton, to explore whether synthetic particles could be isolated from marine turtle ingesta. We report the presence of synthetic particles in every turtle subjected to investigation (n = 102) which included individuals from all seven species of marine turtle, sampled from three ocean basins (Atlantic [ATL]: n = 30, four species; Mediterranean (MED): n = 56, two species; Pacific (PAC): n = 16, five species). Most particles (n = 811) were fibres (ATL: 77.1% MED: 85.3% PAC: 64.8%) with blue and black being the dominant colours. In lesser quantities were fragments (ATL: 22.9%: MED: 14.7% PAC: 20.2%) and microbeads (4.8%; PAC only; to our knowledge the first isolation of microbeads from marine megavertebrates). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of a subsample of particles (n = 169) showed a range of synthetic materials such as elastomers (MED: 61.2%; PAC: 3.4%), thermoplastics (ATL: 36.8%: MED: 20.7% PAC: 27.7%) and synthetic regenerated cellulosic fibres (SRCF; ATL: 63.2%: MED: 5.8% PAC: 68.9%). Synthetic particles being isolated from species occupying different trophic levels suggest the possibility of multiple ingestion pathways. These include exposure from polluted seawater and sediments and/or additional trophic transfer from contaminated prey/forage items. We assess the likelihood that microplastic ingestion presents a significant conservation problem at current levels compared to other anthropogenic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Duncan
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Marine Ecology and BiodiversityPlymouth Marine LaboratoryPlymouthUK
| | - Annette C. Broderick
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Wayne J. Fuller
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineNear East UniversityNicosiaNorth CyprusTurkey
- Society for Protection of TurtlesKyreniaNorth CyprusTurkey
| | - Tamara S. Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Mark Hamann
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLDAustralia
| | - Colin J. Limpus
- Department of Environment and ScienceThreatened Species UnitBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | - Andrew G. Mayes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Lucy C. M. Omeyer
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - David Santillo
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, School of Biosciences, Innovation Centre Phase 2University of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Robin T. E. Snape
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Society for Protection of TurtlesKyreniaNorth CyprusTurkey
| | - Brendan J. Godley
- Marine Turtle Research Group, Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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331
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Windsor FM, Tilley RM, Tyler CR, Ormerod SJ. Microplastic ingestion by riverine macroinvertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:68-74. [PMID: 30048870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although microplastics are a recognised pollutant in marine environments, less attention has been directed towards freshwater ecosystems despite their greater proximity to possible plastic sources. Here, we quantify the presence of microplastic particles (MPs) in river organisms upstream and downstream of five UK Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTWs). MPs were identified in approximately 50% of macroinvertebrate samples collected (Baetidae, Heptageniidae and Hydropsychidae) at concentrations up to 0.14 MP mg tissue-1 and they occurred at all sites. MP abundance was associated with macroinvertebrate biomass and taxonomic family, but MPs occurred independently of feeding guild and biological traits such as habitat affinity and ecological niche. There was no increase in plastic ingestion downstream of WwTW discharges averaged across sites, but MP abundance in macroinvertebrates marginally increased where effluent discharges contributed more to total runoff and declined with increasing river discharge. The ubiquity of microplastics within macroinvertebrates in this case study reveals a potential risk from MPs entering riverine food webs through at least two pathways, involving detritivory and filter-feeding, and we recommend closer attention to freshwater ecosystems in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric M Windsor
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evan Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK.
| | - Rosie M Tilley
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evan Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evan Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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332
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Biodegradation of Microplastic Derived from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with Bacterial Whole-Cell Biocatalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10121326. [PMID: 30961251 PMCID: PMC6401706 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the pollution of microplastic directly threatens ecology, food safety and even human health. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most common of microplastics. In this study, the micro-size PET particles were employed as analog of microplastic. The engineered strain, which can growth with PET as sole carbon source, was used as biocatalyst for biodegradation of PET particles. A combinatorial processing based on whole-cell biocatalysts was constructed for biodegradation of PET. Compared with enzymes, the products can be used by strain growth and do not accumulated in culture solution. Thus, feedback inhibition of products can be avoided. When PET was treated with the alkaline strain under high pH conditions, the product concentration was higher and the size of PET particles decreased dramatically than that of the biocatalyst under neutral conditions. This shows that the method of combined processing of alkali and organisms is more efficient for biodegradation of PET. The novel approach of combinatorial processing of PET based on whole-cell biocatalysis provides an attractive avenue for the biodegradation of micplastics.
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333
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Sun X, Chen B, Li Q, Liu N, Xia B, Zhu L, Qu K. Toxicities of polystyrene nano- and microplastics toward marine bacterium Halomonas alkaliphila. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1378-1385. [PMID: 30045518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microplastics have been shown to cause negative effects on marine organisms. However, the toxicities of nano- and microplastics toward marine bacteria are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of polystyrene nano- and microplastics on the marine bacterium Halomonas alkaliphila by determining growth inhibition, chemical composition, inorganic nitrogen conversion efficiencies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The results showed that both nano- and microplastics inhibited the growth of H. alkaliphila in high concentrations, while nanoplastics rather than microplastics influenced the growth inhibition, chemical composition and ammonia conversion efficiencies of H. alkaliphila at concentration of 80 mg/L. The ROS generation indicated oxidative stress induced by nano- but not microplastics, and the oxidative stress induced by nanoplastics may provide a significant effect on bacteria. Furthermore, the positively charged nanoplastics (amine-modified 50 nm) induced higher oxidative stress toward bacteria than that induced by negatively charged nanoplastics (non-modified 55 nm). The increased extracellular polymeric substances as evidenced by transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation suggested the possible bacterial protective mechanisms. The present study illustrates for the first time the impact of plastics debris on the inorganic nitrogen conversion efficiencies of marine bacteria. Our findings highlight the effects of microplastics on the ecological function of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bijuan Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiufen Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Keming Qu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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334
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Malinich TD, Chou N, Sepúlveda MS, Höök TO. No evidence of microplastic impacts on consumption or growth of larval Pimephales promelas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2912-2918. [PMID: 30125981 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are an abundant pollutant in aquatic systems, but little is known regarding their effects on larval fish. We conducted foraging and growth experiments to observe how increasing densities of microplastics (polyethylene microspheres) impact the foraging and growth of Pimephales promelas larvae. We found minimal impacts on larval consumption of Artemia nauplii in the consumption study, as well as little impact on total length after 30 d of the growth experiment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2912-2918. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Malinich
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan Chou
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tomas O Höök
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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335
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Grigorakis S, Drouillard KG. Effect of Microplastic Amendment to Food on Diet Assimilation Efficiencies of PCBs by Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10796-10802. [PMID: 30113827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diet assimilation efficiencies (AEs) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) absorbed to microplastics and food were determined in goldfish ( Carassius auratus). Microplastics were spiked with 14 environmentally rare PCBs and incorporated into fish pellets previously spiked with a technical PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254). Five diet treatments were created having microplastic contents of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% and fed to fish within 24 h of the diet creation. Fish from each treatment were fed a microplastic amended food pellet and PCB AEs were determined by mass balance. Microplastic-associated PCBs had lower AEs (geomean 13.36%) compared to food matrix-associated PCBs (geomean 51.64%). There were interactions between PCB AEs and the microplastic content of the diet. PCBs affiliated with microplastics became more bioavailable with increasing microplastic content of food while food matrix-associated PCB bioavailability declined when microplastic contents exceeded 5%. Despite controlling for microplastic-food contact time, there was some evidence for redistribution of lower KOW food matrix-associated PCBs onto microplastics causing a decrease in their AE relative to nonplastic and low plastic containing diets. The low bioavailability of microplastic-associated PCBs observed in the present study provides further support to indicate that microplastics are unlikely to increase POPs bioaccumulation by fish in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grigorakis
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Ave. , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Ken G Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Ave. , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
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336
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Barboza LGA, Dick Vethaak A, Lavorante BRBO, Lundebye AK, Guilhermino L. Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:336-348. [PMID: 30041323 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the negative impacts of microplastics on wildlife. Therefore, the presence of microplastics in marine species for human consumption and the high intake of seafood (fish and shellfish) in some countries cause concern about the potential effects of microplastics on human health. In this brief review, the evidence of seafood contamination by microplastics is reviewed, and the potential consequences of the presence of microplastics in the marine environment for human food security, food safety and health are discussed. Furthermore, challenges and gaps in knowledge are identified. The knowledge on the adverse effects on human health due to the consumption of marine organisms containing microplastics is very limited, difficult to assess and still controversial. Thus, assessment of the risk posed to humans is challenging. Research is urgently needed, especially regarding the potential exposure and associated health risk to micro- and nano-sized plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gabriel Antão Barboza
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-020 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - A Dick Vethaak
- Deltares, Marine and Coastal Systems, PO Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Beatriz R B O Lavorante
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | | | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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