301
|
Yang X, Bi D, Czajkowski M, Merkel M, Manning ML, Marchetti MC. Correlating cell shape and cellular stress in motile confluent tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12663-12668. [PMID: 29138312 PMCID: PMC5715741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705921114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly regulated process involved in wound healing, cancer metastasis, and morphogenesis. Mechanical interactions among cells provide an important regulatory mechanism to coordinate such collective motion. Using a self-propelled Voronoi (SPV) model that links cell mechanics to cell shape and cell motility, we formulate a generalized mechanical inference method to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of cellular stresses from measured traction forces in motile tissues and show that such traction-based stresses match those calculated from instantaneous cell shapes. We additionally use stress information to characterize the rheological properties of the tissue. We identify a motility-induced swim stress that adds to the interaction stress to determine the global contractility or extensibility of epithelia. We further show that the temporal correlation of the interaction shear stress determines an effective viscosity of the tissue that diverges at the liquid-solid transition, suggesting the possibility of extracting rheological information directly from traction data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | - M Lisa Manning
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | | |
Collapse
|
302
|
Chiou K, Collins EMS. Why we need mechanics to understand animal regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 433:155-165. [PMID: 29179947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are an important contributor to cell fate specification and cell migration during embryonic development in animals. Similarities between embryogenesis and regeneration, particularly with regards to pattern formation and large-scale tissue movements, suggest similarly important roles for physical forces during regeneration. While the influence of the mechanical environment on stem cell differentiation in vitro is being actively exploited in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, comparatively little is known about the role of stresses and strains acting during animal regeneration. In this review, we summarize published work on the role of physical principles and mechanical forces in animal regeneration. Novel experimental techniques aimed at addressing the role of mechanics in embryogenesis have greatly enhanced our understanding at scales from the subcellular to the macroscopic - we believe the time is ripe for the field of regeneration to similarly leverage the tools of the mechanobiological research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Physics Department, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell&Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Filament rigidity and connectivity tune the deformation modes of active biopolymer networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10037-E10045. [PMID: 29114058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708625114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors embedded within collections of actin and microtubule filaments underlie the dynamics of cytoskeletal assemblies. Understanding the physics of such motor-filament materials is critical to developing a physical model of the cytoskeleton and designing biomimetic active materials. Here, we demonstrate through experiments and simulations that the rigidity and connectivity of filaments in active biopolymer networks regulates the anisotropy and the length scale of the underlying deformations, yielding materials with variable contractility. We find that semiflexible filaments can be compressed and bent by motor stresses, yielding materials that undergo predominantly biaxial deformations. By contrast, rigid filament bundles slide without bending under motor stress, yielding materials that undergo predominantly uniaxial deformations. Networks dominated by biaxial deformations are robustly contractile over a wide range of connectivities, while networks dominated by uniaxial deformations can be tuned from extensile to contractile through cross-linking. These results identify physical parameters that control the forces generated within motor-filament arrays and provide insight into the self-organization and mechanics of cytoskeletal assemblies.
Collapse
|
304
|
Spira F, Cuylen-Haering S, Mehta S, Samwer M, Reversat A, Verma A, Oldenbourg R, Sixt M, Gerlich DW. Cytokinesis in vertebrate cells initiates by contraction of an equatorial actomyosin network composed of randomly oriented filaments. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29106370 PMCID: PMC5673306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin ring generates force to ingress the cytokinetic cleavage furrow in animal cells, yet its filament organization and the mechanism of contractility is not well understood. We quantified actin filament order in human cells using fluorescence polarization microscopy and found that cleavage furrow ingression initiates by contraction of an equatorial actin network with randomly oriented filaments. The network subsequently gradually reoriented actin filaments along the cell equator. This strictly depended on myosin II activity, suggesting local network reorganization by mechanical forces. Cortical laser microsurgery revealed that during cytokinesis progression, mechanical tension increased substantially along the direction of the cell equator, while the network contracted laterally along the pole-to-pole axis without a detectable increase in tension. Our data suggest that an asymmetric increase in cortical tension promotes filament reorientation along the cytokinetic cleavage furrow, which might have implications for diverse other biological processes involving actomyosin rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Spira
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Cuylen-Haering
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shalin Mehta
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
| | - Matthias Samwer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Reversat
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Amitabh Verma
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Li Q, Sun L, Zhang L, Xu Z, Kang Y, Xue P. Polydopamine-collagen complex to enhance the biocompatibility of polydimethylsiloxane substrates for sustaining long-term culture of L929 fibroblasts and tendon stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:408-418. [PMID: 28971550 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a commercialized polymer extensively used in the fabrication of versatile microfluidic microdevices for studies in cell biology and tissue engineering. However, the inherent surface hydrophobicity of PDMS is not optimal for cell culture and thus restrains its applications for investigation of long-term behaviors of fibroblasts and stem cells. To improve the surface biocompatibility of PDMS, a facile technique was developed by modifying the PDMS surface with polydopamine-collagen (COL/PDA) complex. The successful synthesis of COL/PDA was verified through proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared to surface coating solely with COL or PDA, the surface wettability was significantly improved on COL/PDA-modified PDMS substrates based on water contact angle characterizations. The modified PDMS surface remarkably enhanced the initial adhesion and long-term proliferation of L929 fibroblasts and tendon stem cells (TSCs). Additionally, the effects of COL/PDA coating on cell viability and apoptosis were further investigated under prolonged incubation. We found that the COL/PDA coating on PDMS resulted in a substantial increase of cell viability compared to native PDMS, and the cell apoptosis was considerably impeded on the modified PDMS. This study demonstrated that COL/PDA coating can effectively enhance the surface biocompatibility of PDMS as verified by the enhanced adhesion and long-term proliferation of L929 fibroblasts and TSCs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 408-418, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lihong Sun
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuejun Kang
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Chongqing, 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
306
|
Actomyosin polarisation through PLC-PKC triggers symmetry breaking of the mouse embryo. Nat Commun 2017; 8:921. [PMID: 29030553 PMCID: PMC5640629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of cell polarity in the mammalian embryo is fundamental for the first cell fate decision that sets aside progenitor cells for both the new organism and the placenta. Yet the sequence of events and molecular mechanism that trigger this process remain unknown. Here, we show that de novo polarisation of the mouse embryo occurs in two distinct phases at the 8-cell stage. In the first phase, an apical actomyosin network is formed. This is a pre-requisite for the second phase, in which the Par complex localises to the apical domain, excluding actomyosin and forming a mature apical cap. Using a variety of approaches, we also show that phospholipase C-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis is necessary and sufficient to trigger the polarisation of actomyosin through the Rho-mediated recruitment of myosin II to the apical cortex. Together, these results reveal the molecular framework that triggers de novo polarisation of the mouse embryo. The molecular trigger that establishes cell polarity in the mammalian embryo is unclear. Here, the authors show that de novo polarisation of the mouse embryo at the 8-cell stage is directed by Phospholipase C and Protein kinase C and occurs in two phases: polarisation of actomyosin followed by the Par complex.
Collapse
|
307
|
Belmonte JM, Leptin M, Nédélec F. A theory that predicts behaviors of disordered cytoskeletal networks. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:941. [PMID: 28954810 PMCID: PMC5615920 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis in animal tissues is largely driven by actomyosin networks, through tensions generated by an active contractile process. Although the network components and their properties are known, and networks can be reconstituted in vitro, the requirements for contractility are still poorly understood. Here, we describe a theory that predicts whether an isotropic network will contract, expand, or conserve its dimensions. This analytical theory correctly predicts the behavior of simulated networks, consisting of filaments with varying combinations of connectors, and reveals conditions under which networks of rigid filaments are either contractile or expansile. Our results suggest that pulsatility is an intrinsic behavior of contractile networks if the filaments are not stable but turn over. The theory offers a unifying framework to think about mechanisms of contractions or expansion. It provides the foundation for studying a broad range of processes involving cytoskeletal networks and a basis for designing synthetic networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Belmonte
- Directors's Research/Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors's Research/Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Nédélec
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
Rajakylä K, Krishnan R, Tojkander S. Analysis of Contractility and Invasion Potential of Two Canine Mammary Tumor Cell Lines. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:149. [PMID: 28955712 PMCID: PMC5600937 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are surrounded by a mechanically and biochemically distinct microenvironment that undergoes dynamic changes throughout the neoplastic progression. During this progression, some cancer cells acquire abnormal characteristics that potentiate their escape from the primary tumor site, to establish secondary tumors in distant organs. Recent studies with several human cancer cell lines have shown that the altered physical properties of tumor cells, such as their ability to apply high traction forces to the surroundings, are directly linked with their potential to invade and metastasize. To test the hypothetical interconnection between actomyosin-mediated traction forces and invasion potential within 3D-microenvironment, we utilized two canine mammary tumor cell lines with different contractile properties. These cell lines, canine mammary tumor (CMT)-U27 and CMT-U309, were found to have distinct expression patterns of lineage-specific markers and organization of actin-based structures. In particular, CMT-U309 carcinoma cells were typified by thick contractile actomyosin bundles that exerted high forces to their environment, as measured by traction force microscopy. These high contractile forces also correlated with the prominent invasiveness of the CMT-U309 cell line. Furthermore, we found high contractility and 3D-invasion potential to be dependent on the activity of 5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as blocking AMPK signaling was found to reverse both of these features. Taken together, our findings implicate that actomyosin forces correlate with the invasion potential of the studied cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rajakylä
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Section of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Section of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
Glazier R, Salaita K. Supported lipid bilayer platforms to probe cell mechanobiology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1465-1482. [PMID: 28502789 PMCID: PMC5531615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian and bacterial cells sense and exert mechanical forces through the process of mechanotransduction, which interconverts biochemical and physical signals. This is especially important in contact-dependent signaling, where ligand-receptor binding occurs at cell-cell or cell-ECM junctions. By virtue of occurring within these specialized junctions, receptors engaged in contact-dependent signaling undergo oligomerization and coupling with the cytoskeleton as part of their signaling mechanisms. While our ability to measure and map biochemical signaling within cell junctions has advanced over the past decades, physical cues remain difficult to map in space and time. Recently, supported lipid bilayer (SLB) technologies have emerged as a flexible platform to mimic and perturb cell-cell and cell-ECM junctions, allowing one to study membrane receptor mechanotransduction. Changing the lipid composition and underlying substrate tunes bilayer fluidity, and lipid and ligand micro- and nano-patterning spatially control positioning and clustering of receptors. Patterning metal gridlines within SLBs confines lipid mobility and introduces mechanical resistance. Here we review fundamental SLB mechanics and how SLBs can be engineered as tunable cell substrates for mechanotransduction studies. Finally, we highlight the impact of this work in understanding the biophysical mechanisms of cell adhesion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interactions between membrane receptors in cellular membranes edited by Kalina Hristova.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Glazier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States..
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin networks are central to cell shape change, rearrangements, and migration during animal tissue morphogenesis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Coravos and Martin (2016) report that the actin network is radially polarized in apically constricting cells, suggesting a constriction model similar to the contraction mechanism in muscle sarcomeres.
Collapse
|
311
|
Fukuda SP, Matsui TS, Ichikawa T, Furukawa T, Kioka N, Fukushima S, Deguchi S. Cellular force assay detects altered contractility caused by a nephritis-associated mutation in nonmuscle myosin IIA. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:423-433. [PMID: 28714588 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in understanding the essential roles of mechanical forces in regulating various cellular processes expands the field of biology to one where interdisciplinary approaches with engineering techniques become indispensable. Contractile forces or contractility-inherently present in proliferative cells due to the activity of ubiquitous nonmuscle myosin II (NMII)-are one of such mechano-regulators, but because NMII works downstream of diverse signaling pathways, it is often difficult to predict how the inherent cellular forces change upon perturbations to particular molecules. Here, we determine whether the contractility of individual cells is upregulated or downregulated based on an assay analyzing specific deformations of silicone gel substrates. We focus on the effect of mutations in the human MYH9 gene that encodes NMIIA, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including nephritis. Our assay equipped with a high-throughput data analysis capability reveals that a point mutation of E1841K but not I1816V significantly reduces the magnitude of the endogenous forces of human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Given the increasingly recognized roles of the endogenous forces as a critical mechano-regulator as well as that no apparent morphological changes were induced to cells even by introducing the mutations, our findings suggest a possibility that the detected reduction in the force magnitude at the individual cellular level may underlie the pathogenesis of the kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota P Fukuda
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tsubasa S Matsui
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taichi Furukawa
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Institute for NanoScience Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531
| | - Noriyuki Kioka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Fukushima
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
312
|
|
313
|
Chew TG, Huang J, Palani S, Sommese R, Kamnev A, Hatano T, Gu Y, Oliferenko S, Sivaramakrishnan S, Balasubramanian MK. Actin turnover maintains actin filament homeostasis during cytokinetic ring contraction. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2657-2667. [PMID: 28655757 PMCID: PMC5584170 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cytokinetic actomyosin ring components undergo dynamic turnover, but its function is unclear. Chew et al. show that continuous actin polymerization ensures crucial F-actin homeostasis during ring contraction, without which ring proteins organize into noncontractile clusters. Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes involves a tension-generating actomyosin-based contractile ring. Many components of actomyosin rings turn over during contraction, although the significance of this turnover has remained enigmatic. Here, using Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, we investigate the role of turnover of actin and myosin II in its contraction. Actomyosin ring components self-organize into ∼1-µm-spaced clusters instead of undergoing full-ring contraction in the absence of continuous actin polymerization. This effect is reversed when actin filaments are stabilized. We tested the idea that the function of turnover is to ensure actin filament homeostasis in a synthetic system, in which we abolished turnover by fixing rings in cell ghosts with formaldehyde. We found that these rings contracted fully upon exogenous addition of a vertebrate myosin. We conclude that actin turnover is required to maintain actin filament homeostasis during ring contraction and that the requirement for turnover can be bypassed if homeostasis is achieved artificially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gang Chew
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Junqi Huang
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK .,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ruth Sommese
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Ying Gu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
314
|
Hunter MV, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Coordinating cell movements in vivo: junctional and cytoskeletal dynamics lead the way. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28622576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell movements drive embryonic development and tissue repair, and can cause disease. However, the mechanisms that coordinate the migration of groups of cells in vivo are unclear. Cells generate, transmit and sense mechanical forces to align their movements. Therefore, the machinery used by cells to generate force (cytoskeleton) and to transmit and sense mechanical signals (cell-cell adhesion) is critical for collective movement. Here, we review the components and organization of the cytoskeletal and cell-cell adhesive machineries, and how they are organized to promote collective cell movements in living animals. We discuss the signals that orchestrate molecular rearrangements necessary for coordinated cell motility, and we provide specific examples of movements both in the plane of the tissue (wound healing) and perpendicular to that plane (apical constriction).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda V Hunter
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Oakes PW, Wagner E, Brand CA, Probst D, Linke M, Schwarz US, Glotzer M, Gardel ML. Optogenetic control of RhoA reveals zyxin-mediated elasticity of stress fibres. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15817. [PMID: 28604737 PMCID: PMC5477492 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal mechanics regulates cell morphodynamics and many physiological processes. While contractility is known to be largely RhoA-dependent, the process by which localized biochemical signals are translated into cell-level responses is poorly understood. Here we combine optogenetic control of RhoA, live-cell imaging and traction force microscopy to investigate the dynamics of actomyosin-based force generation. Local activation of RhoA not only stimulates local recruitment of actin and myosin but also increased traction forces that rapidly propagate across the cell via stress fibres and drive increased actin flow. Surprisingly, this flow reverses direction when local RhoA activation stops. We identify zyxin as a regulator of stress fibre mechanics, as stress fibres are fluid-like without flow reversal in its absence. Using a physical model, we demonstrate that stress fibres behave elastic-like, even at timescales exceeding turnover of constituent proteins. Such molecular control of actin mechanics likely plays critical roles in regulating morphodynamic events. Cellular contractility is regulated by the GTPase RhoA, but how local signals are translated to a cell-level response is not known. Here the authors show that targeted RhoA activation results in propagation of force along stress fibres and actin flow, and identify zyxin as a regulator of stress fibre mechanics and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Oakes
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,Department of Physics &Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christoph A Brand
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dimitri Probst
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marco Linke
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
Stretch-induced actomyosin contraction in epithelial tubes: Mechanotransduction pathways for tubular homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:146-152. [PMID: 28610943 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many tissues in our body have a tubular shape and are constantly exposed to various stresses. Luminal pressure imposes tension on the epithelial and myoepithelial or smooth muscle cells surrounding the lumen of the tubes. Contractile forces generated by actomyosin assemblies within these cells oppose the luminal pressure and must be calibrated to maintain tube diameter homeostasis and tissue integrity. In this review, we discuss mechanotransduction pathways that can lead from sensation of cell stretch to activation of actomyosin contractility, providing rapid mechanochemical feedback for proper tubular tissue function.
Collapse
|
317
|
Fritzsche M, Fernandes RA, Chang VT, Colin-York H, Clausen MP, Felce JH, Galiani S, Erlenkämper C, Santos AM, Heddleston JM, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Waithe D, de la Serna JB, Lagerholm BC, Liu TL, Chew TL, Betzig E, Davis SJ, Eggeling C. Cytoskeletal actin dynamics shape a ramifying actin network underpinning immunological synapse formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603032. [PMID: 28691087 PMCID: PMC5479650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and especially trafficking of T cell receptor microclusters during immunological synapse formation are widely thought to rely on cytoskeletal remodeling. However, important details on the involvement of actin in the latter transport processes are missing. Using a suite of advanced optical microscopes to analyze resting and activated T cells, we show that, following contact formation with activating surfaces, these cells sequentially rearrange their cortical actin across the entire cell, creating a previously unreported ramifying actin network above the immunological synapse. This network shows all the characteristics of an inward-growing transportation network and its dynamics correlating with T cell receptor rearrangements. This actin reorganization is accompanied by an increase in the nanoscale actin meshwork size and the dynamic adjustment of the turnover times and filament lengths of two differently sized filamentous actin populations, wherein formin-mediated long actin filaments support a very flat and stiff contact at the immunological synapse interface. The initiation of immunological synapse formation, as highlighted by calcium release, requires markedly little contact with activating surfaces and no cytoskeletal rearrangements. Our work suggests that incipient signaling in T cells initiates global cytoskeletal rearrangements across the whole cell, including a stiffening process for possibly mechanically supporting contact formation at the immunological synapse interface as well as a central ramified transportation network apparently directed at the consolidation of the contact and the delivery of effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica T. Chang
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mathias P. Clausen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - James H. Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Ana M. Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell-Oxford Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - B. Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tsung-li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Simon J. Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
318
|
Liu AP, Chaudhuri O, Parekh SH. New advances in probing cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:383-405. [PMID: 28352896 PMCID: PMC5708530 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural and biochemical support to cells within tissues. An emerging body of evidence has established that the ECM plays a key role in cell mechanotransduction - the study of coupling between mechanical inputs and cellular phenotype - through either mediating transmission of forces to the cells, or presenting mechanical cues that guide cellular behaviors. Recent progress in cell mechanotransduction research has been facilitated by advances of experimental tools, particularly microtechnologies, engineered biomaterials, and imaging and analytical methods. Microtechnologies have enabled the design and fabrication of controlled physical microenvironments for the study and measurement of cell-ECM interactions. Advances in engineered biomaterials have allowed researchers to develop synthetic ECMs that mimic tissue microenvironments and investigate the impact of altered physicochemical properties on various cellular processes. Finally, advanced imaging and spectroscopy techniques have facilitated the visualization of the complex interaction between cells and ECM in vitro and in living tissues. This review will highlight the application of recent innovations in these areas to probing cell-ECM interactions. We believe cross-disciplinary approaches, combining aspects of the different technologies reviewed here, will inspire innovative ideas to further elucidate the secrets of ECM-mediated cell control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
- Biophysics Program , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Sapun H. Parekh
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy , Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Mainz 55128 , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
319
|
Li J, Biel T, Lomada P, Yu Q, Kim T. Buckling-induced F-actin fragmentation modulates the contraction of active cytoskeletal networks. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3213-3220. [PMID: 28398452 PMCID: PMC5524573 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility originating from interactions between F-actin and myosin facilitates various structural reorganizations of the actin cytoskeleton. Cross-linked actomyosin networks show a tendency to contract to single or multiple foci, which has been investigated extensively in numerous studies. Recently, it was suggested that suppression of F-actin buckling via an increase in bending rigidity significantly reduces network contraction. In this study, we demonstrate that networks may show the largest contraction at intermediate bending rigidity, not at the lowest rigidity, if filaments are severed by buckling arising from myosin activity as demonstrated in recent experiments; if filaments are very flexible, frequent severing events can severely deteriorate network connectivity, leading to the formation of multiple small foci and low network contraction. By contrast, if filaments are too stiff, the networks exhibit minimal contraction due to the inhibition of filament buckling. This study reveals that buckling-induced filament severing can modulate the contraction of active cytoskeletal networks, which has been neglected to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
320
|
Gasparski AN, Ozarkar S, Beningo KA. Transient mechanical strain promotes the maturation of invadopodia and enhances cancer cell invasion in vitro. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1965-1978. [PMID: 28446539 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion is influenced by various biomechanical forces found within the microenvironment. We have previously found that invasion is enhanced in fibrosarcoma cells when transient mechanical stimulation is applied within an in vitro mechano-invasion assay. This enhancement of invasion is dependent on cofilin (CFL1), a known regulator of invadopodia maturation. Invadopodia are actin-rich structures present in invasive cancer cells that are enzymatically active and degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix to facilitate invasion. In this study, we examine changes in gene expression in response to tugging on matrix fibers. Interestingly, we find that integrin β3 expression is downregulated and leads to an increase in cofilin activity, as evidenced by a reduction in its Ser3 phosphorylation levels. As a result, invadopodia lengthen and have increased enzymatic activity, indicating that transient mechanical stimulation promotes the maturation of invadopodia leading to increased levels of cell invasion. Our results are unique in defining an invasive mechanism specific to the invasive process of cancer cells that is triggered by tugging forces in the microenvironment, as opposed to rigidity, compression or stretch forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Gasparski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3917, USA
| | - Snehal Ozarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3917, USA
| | - Karen A Beningo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3917, USA
| |
Collapse
|
321
|
Coravos JS, Mason FM, Martin AC. Actomyosin Pulsing in Tissue Integrity Maintenance during Morphogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:276-283. [PMID: 27989655 PMCID: PMC5367975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The actomyosin cytoskeleton is responsible for many changes in cell and tissue shape. For a long time, the actomyosin cytoskeleton has been known to exhibit dynamic contractile behavior. Recently, discrete actomyosin assembly/disassembly cycles have also been observed in cells. These so-called actomyosin pulses have been observed in a variety of contexts, including cell polarization and division, and in epithelia, where they occur during tissue contraction, folding, and extension. In epithelia, evidence suggests that actomyosin pulsing, and more generally, actomyosin turnover, is required to maintain tissue integrity during contractile processes. This review explores possible functions for pulsing in the many instances during which pulsing has been observed, and also highlights proposed molecular mechanisms that drive pulsing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Coravos
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Frank M Mason
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Matsuda S, Kawamoto K, Miyamoto K, Tsuji A, Yuasa K. PCTK3/CDK18 regulates cell migration and adhesion by negatively modulating FAK activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45545. [PMID: 28361970 PMCID: PMC5374530 DOI: 10.1038/srep45545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PCTAIRE kinase 3 (PCTK3) is a member of the cyclin dependent kinase family, but its physiological function remains unknown. We previously reported that PCTK3-knockdown HEK293T cells showed actin accumulation at the leading edge, suggesting that PCTK3 is involved in the regulation of actin reorganization. In this study, we investigated the physiological function and downstream signal transduction molecules of PCTK3. PCTK3 knockdown in HEK293T cells increased cell motility and RhoA/Rho-associated kinase activity as compared with control cells. We also found that phosphorylation at residue Tyr-397 in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was increased in PCTK3-knockdown cells. FAK phosphorylation at Tyr-397 was increased in response to fibronectin stimulation, whereas its phosphorylation was suppressed by PCTK3. In addition, excessive expression of PCTK3 led to the formation of filopodia during the early stages of cell adhesion in HeLa cells. These results indicate that PCTK3 controls actin cytoskeleton dynamics by negatively regulating the FAK/Rho signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Matsuda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Keizo Yuasa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University Graduate School, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
Acharya BR, Wu SK, Lieu ZZ, Parton RG, Grill SW, Bershadsky AD, Gomez GA, Yap AS. Mammalian Diaphanous 1 Mediates a Pathway for E-cadherin to Stabilize Epithelial Barriers through Junctional Contractility. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2854-2867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
324
|
Tao J, Li Y, Vig DK, Sun SX. Cell mechanics: a dialogue. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:036601. [PMID: 28129208 PMCID: PMC5518794 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Under the microscope, eukaryotic animal cells can adopt a variety of different shapes and sizes. These cells also move and deform, and the physical mechanisms driving these movements and shape changes are important in fundamental cell biology, tissue mechanics, as well as disease biology. This article reviews some of the basic mechanical concepts in cells, emphasizing continuum mechanics description of cytoskeletal networks and hydrodynamic flows across the cell membrane. We discuss how cells can generate movement and shape changes by controlling mass fluxes at the cell boundary. These mass fluxes can come from polymerization/depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton, as well as osmotic and hydraulic pressure-driven flow of water across the cell membrane. By combining hydraulic pressure control with force balance conditions at the cell surface, we discuss a quantitative mechanism of cell shape and volume control. The broad consequences of this model on cell mechanosensation and tissue mechanics are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Tao
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Yizeng Li
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Dhruv K Vig
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Sean X Sun
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Physical Sciences in Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Lenz M. [When the cell skeleton produces forces]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:121-123. [PMID: 28240198 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lenz
- LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15, rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Geometry and network connectivity govern the mechanics of stress fibers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2622-2627. [PMID: 28213499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606649114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin stress fibers (SFs) play key roles in driving polarized motility and generating traction forces, yet little is known about how tension borne by an individual SF is governed by SF geometry and its connectivity to other cytoskeletal elements. We now address this question by combining single-cell micropatterning with subcellular laser ablation to probe the mechanics of single, geometrically defined SFs. The retraction length of geometrically isolated SFs after cutting depends strongly on SF length, demonstrating that longer SFs dissipate more energy upon incision. Furthermore, when cell geometry and adhesive spacing are fixed, cell-to-cell heterogeneities in SF dissipated elastic energy can be predicted from varying degrees of physical integration with the surrounding network. We apply genetic, pharmacological, and computational approaches to demonstrate a causal and quantitative relationship between SF connectivity and mechanics for patterned cells and show that similar relationships hold for nonpatterned cells allowed to form cell-cell contacts in monolayer culture. Remarkably, dissipation of a single SF within a monolayer induces cytoskeletal rearrangements in cells long distances away. Finally, stimulation of cell migration leads to characteristic changes in network connectivity that promote SF bundling at the cell rear. Our findings demonstrate that SFs influence and are influenced by the networks in which they reside. Such higher order network interactions contribute in unexpected ways to cell mechanics and motility.
Collapse
|
327
|
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a critical regulator of cytoplasmic architecture and mechanics, essential in a myriad of physiological processes. Here we demonstrate a liquid phase of actin filaments in the presence of the physiological cross-linker, filamin. Filamin condenses short actin filaments into spindle-shaped droplets, or tactoids, with shape dynamics consistent with a continuum model of anisotropic liquids. We find that cross-linker density controls the droplet shape and deformation timescales, consistent with a variable interfacial tension and viscosity. Near the liquid-solid transition, cross-linked actin bundles show behaviors reminiscent of fluid threads, including capillary instabilities and contraction. These data reveal a liquid droplet phase of actin, demixed from the surrounding solution and dominated by interfacial tension. These results suggest a mechanism to control organization, morphology, and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
|
328
|
Valon L, Marín-Llauradó A, Wyatt T, Charras G, Trepat X. Optogenetic control of cellular forces and mechanotransduction. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14396. [PMID: 28186127 PMCID: PMC5309899 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractile forces are the end effectors of cell migration, division, morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer invasion. Here we report optogenetic tools to upregulate and downregulate such forces with high spatiotemporal accuracy. The technology relies on controlling the subcellular activation of RhoA using the CRY2/CIBN light-gated dimerizer system. We fused the catalytic domain (DHPH domain) of the RhoA activator ARHGEF11 to CRY2-mCherry (optoGEF-RhoA) and engineered its binding partner CIBN to bind either to the plasma membrane or to the mitochondrial membrane. Translocation of optoGEF-RhoA to the plasma membrane causes a rapid and local increase in cellular traction, intercellular tension and tissue compaction. By contrast, translocation of optoGEF-RhoA to mitochondria results in opposite changes in these physical properties. Cellular changes in contractility are paralleled by modifications in the nuclear localization of the transcriptional regulator YAP, thus showing the ability of our approach to control mechanotransductory signalling pathways in time and space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Valon
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Wyatt
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
329
|
Shen YH, LeMaire SA. Molecular pathogenesis of genetic and sporadic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Curr Probl Surg 2017; 54:95-155. [PMID: 28521856 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
330
|
Salomon J, Gaston C, Magescas J, Duvauchelle B, Canioni D, Sengmanivong L, Mayeux A, Michaux G, Campeotto F, Lemale J, Viala J, Poirier F, Minc N, Schmitz J, Brousse N, Ladoux B, Goulet O, Delacour D. Contractile forces at tricellular contacts modulate epithelial organization and monolayer integrity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13998. [PMID: 28084299 PMCID: PMC5241865 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolayered epithelia are composed of tight cell assemblies that ensure polarized exchanges. EpCAM, an unconventional epithelial-specific cell adhesion molecule, is assumed to modulate epithelial morphogenesis in animal models, but little is known regarding its cellular functions. Inspired by the characterization of cellular defects in a rare EpCAM-related human intestinal disease, we find that the absence of EpCAM in enterocytes results in an aberrant apical domain. In the course of this pathological state, apical translocation towards tricellular contacts (TCs) occurs with striking tight junction belt displacement. These unusual cell organization and intestinal tissue defects are driven by the loss of actomyosin network homoeostasis and contractile activity clustering at TCs, yet is reversed by myosin-II inhibitor treatment. This study reveals that adequate distribution of cortical tension is crucial for individual cell organization, but also for epithelial monolayer maintenance. Our data suggest that EpCAM modulation protects against epithelial dysplasia and stabilizes human tissue architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Salomon
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gaston
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Magescas
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Boris Duvauchelle
- Morphogenesis, Homoeostasis and Pathologies, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Danielle Canioni
- Department of Paediatric Anatomo-Pathology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Sengmanivong
- Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mayeux
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS UMR6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Florence Campeotto
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie EA 4065, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Lemale
- Department of Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pierre et Marie Curie University, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Viala
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR843, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Morphogenesis, Homoeostasis and Pathologies, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Cellular Spatial Organization, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Schmitz
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Brousse
- Department of Paediatric Anatomo-Pathology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Olivier Goulet
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, 75205 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
331
|
Abstract
The radius of curvature affects cell body characteristics on microfabricated concave microgrooves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoce Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience and Nanotechnology
- City University of Hong Kong
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute
- Shenzhen
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience and Nanotechnology
- City University of Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Garcia KE, Okamoto RJ, Bayly PV, Taber LA. Contraction and stress-dependent growth shape the forebrain of the early chicken embryo. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 65:383-397. [PMID: 27639481 PMCID: PMC5260613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During early vertebrate development, local constrictions, or sulci, form to divide the forebrain into the diencephalon, telencephalon, and optic vesicles. These partitions are maintained and exaggerated as the brain tube inflates, grows, and bends. Combining quantitative experiments on chick embryos with computational modeling, we investigated the biophysical mechanisms that drive these changes in brain shape. Chemical perturbations of contractility indicated that actomyosin contraction plays a major role in the creation of initial constrictions (Hamburger-Hamilton stages HH11-12), and fluorescent staining revealed that F-actin is circumferentially aligned at all constrictions. A finite element model based on these findings shows that the observed shape changes are consistent with circumferential contraction in these regions. To explain why sulci continue to deepen as the forebrain expands (HH12-20), we speculate that growth depends on wall stress. This idea was examined by including stress-dependent growth in a model with cerebrospinal fluid pressure and bending (cephalic flexure). The results given by the model agree with observed morphological changes that occur in the brain tube under normal and reduced eCSF pressure, quantitative measurements of relative sulcal depth versus time, and previously published patterns of cell proliferation. Taken together, our results support a biphasic mechanism for forebrain morphogenesis consisting of differential contractility (early) and stress-dependent growth (late).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Ruth J Okamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Philip V Bayly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Larry A Taber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
333
|
Mascharak S, Benitez PL, Proctor AC, Madl CM, Hu KH, Dewi RE, Butte MJ, Heilshorn SC. YAP-dependent mechanotransduction is required for proliferation and migration on native-like substrate topography. Biomaterials 2017; 115:155-166. [PMID: 27889666 PMCID: PMC5572766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Native vascular extracellular matrices (vECM) consist of elastic fibers that impart varied topographical properties, yet most in vitro models designed to study the effects of topography on cell behavior are not representative of native architecture. Here, we engineer an electrospun elastin-like protein (ELP) system with independently tunable, vECM-mimetic topography and demonstrate that increasing topographical variation causes loss of endothelial cell-cell junction organization. This loss of VE-cadherin signaling and increased cytoskeletal contractility on more topographically varied ELP substrates in turn promote YAP activation and nuclear translocation, resulting in significantly increased endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Our findings identify YAP as a required signaling factor through which fibrous substrate topography influences cell behavior and highlights topography as a key design parameter for engineered biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Mascharak
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Patrick L Benitez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amy C Proctor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christopher M Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kenneth H Hu
- Biophysics Graduate Group, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruby E Dewi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
334
|
Milanini J, Fayad R, Partisani M, Lecine P, Borg JP, Franco M, Luton F. EFA6 regulates lumen formation through alpha-actinin 1. J Cell Sci 2017; 131:jcs.209361. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step of epithelial morphogenesis is the creation of the lumen. Luminogenesis by hollowing proceeds through the fusion of apical vesicles at cell-cell contact. The small nascent lumens grow through extension, coalescence and enlargement coordinated with cell division to give rise to a single central lumen. Here, using MDCK cells grown in 3D-culture, we show that EFA6A participates in luminogenesis. EFA6A recruits α-actinin 1 (ACTN1) through direct binding. In polarized cells, ACTN1 was found to be enriched at the tight junction where it acts as a primary effector of EFA6A for normal luminogenesis. Both proteins are essential for the lumen extension and enlargement, where they mediate their effect by regulating the cortical acto-myosin contractility. Finally, ACTN1 was also found to act as an effector for the isoform EFA6B in the human mammary tumoral MCF7 cell line. EFA6B restored the glandular morphology of this tumoral cell line in an ACTN1-dependent manner. Thus, we identified new regulators of cyst luminogenesis essential for the proper maturation of a newly-formed lumen into a single central lumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Milanini
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Racha Fayad
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Mariagrazia Partisani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Patrick Lecine
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), "Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling and Cancer", Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM105, Marseille, F-13284, France
- present address: BIOASTER, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), "Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling and Cancer", Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1068, Marseille, F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM105, Marseille, F-13284, France
| | - Michel Franco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Luton
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| |
Collapse
|
335
|
Bidone TC, Jung W, Maruri D, Borau C, Kamm RD, Kim T. Morphological Transformation and Force Generation of Active Cytoskeletal Networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005277. [PMID: 28114384 PMCID: PMC5256887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells assemble numerous types of actomyosin bundles that generate contractile forces for biological processes, such as cytokinesis and cell migration. One example of contractile bundles is a transverse arc that forms via actomyosin-driven condensation of actin filaments in the lamellipodia of migrating cells and exerts significant forces on the surrounding environments. Structural reorganization of a network into a bundle facilitated by actomyosin contractility is a physiologically relevant and biophysically interesting process. Nevertheless, it remains elusive how actin filaments are reoriented, buckled, and bundled as well as undergo tension buildup during the structural reorganization. In this study, using an agent-based computational model, we demonstrated how the interplay between the density of myosin motors and cross-linking proteins and the rigidity, initial orientation, and turnover of actin filaments regulates the morphological transformation of a cross-linked actomyosin network into a bundle and the buildup of tension occurring during the transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Carla Bidone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel Maruri
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carlos Borau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
336
|
Nishikawa M, Naganathan SR, Jülicher F, Grill SW. Controlling contractile instabilities in the actomyosin cortex. eLife 2017; 6:e19595. [PMID: 28117665 PMCID: PMC5354522 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin cell cortex is an active contractile material for driving cell- and tissue morphogenesis. The cortex has a tendency to form a pattern of myosin foci, which is a signature of potentially unstable behavior. How a system that is prone to such instabilities can rveliably drive morphogenesis remains an outstanding question. Here, we report that in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, feedback between active RhoA and myosin induces a contractile instability in the cortex. We discover that an independent RhoA pacemaking oscillator controls this instability, generating a pulsatory pattern of myosin foci and preventing the collapse of cortical material into a few dynamic contracting regions. Our work reveals how contractile instabilities that are natural to occur in mechanically active media can be biochemically controlled to robustly drive morphogenetic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nishikawa
- Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sundar Ram Naganathan
- Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
337
|
Milloud R, Destaing O, de Mets R, Bourrin-Reynard I, Oddou C, Delon A, Wang I, Albigès-Rizo C, Balland M. αvβ3 integrins negatively regulate cellular forces by phosphorylation of its distal NPXY site. Biol Cell 2016; 109:127-137. [PMID: 27990663 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Integrins are key receptors that allow cells to sense and respond to their mechanical environment. Although they bind the same ligand, β1 and β3 integrins have distinct and cooperative roles in mechanotransduction. RESULTS Using traction force microscopy on unconstrained cells, we show that deleting β3 causes traction forces to increase, whereas the deletion of β1 integrin results in a strong decrease of contractile forces. Consistently, loss of β3 integrin also induces an increase in β1 integrin activation. Using a genetic approach, we identified the phosphorylation of the distal NPXY domain as an essential process for β3 integrin to be able to modulate traction forces. Loss of β3 integrins also impacted cell shape and the spatial distribution of traction forces, by causing forces to be generated closer to the cell edge, and the cell shape. CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasize the role of β3 integrin in spatial distribution of cellular forces. We speculate that, by modulating its affinity with kindlin, β3 integrins may be able to locate near the cell edge where it can control β1 integrin activation and clustering. SIGNIFICANCE Tensional homeostasis at the single cell level is performed by the ability of β3 adhesions to negatively regulate the activation degree and spatial localization of β1 integrins. By combining genetic approaches and new tools to analyze traction distribution and cell morphology on a population of cells we were able to identify the molecular partners involved in cellular forces regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Milloud
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR CNRS 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Institut Albert Bonniot, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, Dynamique de l'adhérence cellulaire et de la différenciation, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Richard de Mets
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR CNRS 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Ingrid Bourrin-Reynard
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Institut Albert Bonniot, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, Dynamique de l'adhérence cellulaire et de la différenciation, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Oddou
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Institut Albert Bonniot, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, Dynamique de l'adhérence cellulaire et de la différenciation, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Antoine Delon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR CNRS 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Irène Wang
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR CNRS 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Institut Albert Bonniot, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, Dynamique de l'adhérence cellulaire et de la différenciation, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Balland
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR CNRS 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
338
|
Pandya P, Orgaz JL, Sanz-Moreno V. Modes of invasion during tumour dissemination. Mol Oncol 2016; 11:5-27. [PMID: 28085224 PMCID: PMC5423224 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell migration and invasion underlie metastatic dissemination, one of the major problems in cancer. Tumour cells exhibit a striking variety of invasion strategies. Importantly, cancer cells can switch between invasion modes in order to cope with challenging environments. This ability to switch migratory modes or plasticity highlights the challenges behind antimetastasis therapy design. In this Review, we present current knowledge on different tumour invasion strategies, the determinants controlling plasticity and arising therapeutic opportunities. We propose that targeting master regulators controlling plasticity is needed to hinder tumour dissemination and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pahini Pandya
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Jose L Orgaz
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Team, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Abstract
Cells dynamically assemble and organize into complex tissues during development, and the resulting three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in turn feeds back to regulate cell and tissue function. Recent advances in engineered cultures of cells to model 3D tissues or organoids have begun to capture this dynamic reciprocity between form and function. Here, we describe the underlying principles that have advanced the field, focusing in particular on recent progress in using mechanical constraints to recapitulate the structure and function of musculoskeletal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Eyckmans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Kim TH, Gill NK, Nyberg KD, Nguyen AV, Hohlbauch SV, Geisse NA, Nowell CJ, Sloan EK, Rowat AC. Cancer cells become less deformable and more invasive with activation of β-adrenergic signaling. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4563-4575. [PMID: 27875276 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion by cancer cells is a crucial step in metastasis. An oversimplified view in the literature is that cancer cells become more deformable as they become more invasive. β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling drives invasion and metastasis, but the effects on cell deformability are not known. Here, we show that activation of β-adrenergic signaling by βAR agonists reduces the deformability of highly metastatic human breast cancer cells, and that these stiffer cells are more invasive in vitro We find that βAR activation also reduces the deformability of ovarian, prostate, melanoma and leukemia cells. Mechanistically, we show that βAR-mediated cell stiffening depends on the actin cytoskeleton and myosin II activity. These changes in cell deformability can be prevented by pharmacological β-blockade or genetic knockout of the β2-adrenergic receptor. Our results identify a β2-adrenergic-Ca2+-actin axis as a new regulator of cell deformability, and suggest that the relationship between cell mechanical properties and invasion might be dependent on context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Navjot Kaur Gill
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Angelyn V Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Sophia V Hohlbauch
- Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Nicholas A Geisse
- Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.,Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
341
|
Erdmann T, Bartelheimer K, Schwarz US. Sensitivity of small myosin II ensembles from different isoforms to mechanical load and ATP concentration. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:052403. [PMID: 27967122 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.052403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Based on a detailed crossbridge model for individual myosin II motors, we systematically study the influence of mechanical load and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration on small myosin II ensembles made from different isoforms. For skeletal and smooth muscle myosin II, which are often used in actomyosin gels that reconstitute cell contractility, fast forward movement is restricted to a small region of phase space with low mechanical load and high ATP concentration, which is also characterized by frequent ensemble detachment. At high load, these ensembles are stalled or move backwards, but forward motion can be restored by decreasing ATP concentration. In contrast, small ensembles of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms, which are found in the cytoskeleton of nonmuscle cells, are hardly affected by ATP concentration due to the slow kinetics of the bound states. For all isoforms, the thermodynamic efficiency of ensemble movement increases with decreasing ATP concentration, but this effect is weaker for the nonmuscle myosin II isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Erdmann
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bartelheimer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
342
|
Coravos JS, Martin AC. Apical Sarcomere-like Actomyosin Contracts Nonmuscle Drosophila Epithelial Cells. Dev Cell 2016; 39:346-358. [PMID: 27773487 PMCID: PMC5102765 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Actomyosin networks generate contractile force that changes cell and tissue shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments and myosin II appear in a polarized structure called a sarcomere, in which myosin II is localized in the center. Nonmuscle cortical actomyosin networks are thought to contract when nonmuscle myosin II (myosin) is activated throughout a mixed-polarity actin network. Here, we identified a mutant version of the myosin-activating kinase, ROCK, that localizes diffusely, rather than centrally, in epithelial cell apices. Surprisingly, this mutant inhibits constriction, suggesting that centrally localized apical ROCK/myosin activity promotes contraction. We determined actin cytoskeletal polarity by developing a barbed end incorporation assay for Drosophila embryos, which revealed barbed end enrichment at junctions. Our results demonstrate that epithelial cells contract with a spatially organized apical actomyosin cortex, involving a polarized actin cytoskeleton and centrally positioned myosin, with cell-scale order that resembles a muscle sarcomere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Coravos
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
343
|
Abstract
Migratory polarity and epithelial polarity share many common regulatory mechanisms. Rho GTPases play a key role in modulating cell polarity, which in migrating cells has been conventionally studied along the solitary front-rear axis. In recent work, we discovered that Prickle1 (Pk1), a core com-ponent of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, mediates a novel lateral signaling pathway that coordinates multi-axial protrusive activities from the lateral cortex of migrating cancer cells. We identified that Arhgap21 and 23 are essential effectors of Pk1, and that lateral signaling regulates RhoA, actomyosin and focal adhesion dynamics. Interestingly, we showed that lateral signaling coordinates shape dynamics that are critical during cell migration and function orthogonally to front-rear directional polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- a Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- a Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
344
|
Abstract
Cells set up contractile actin arrays to drive various shape changes and to exert forces to their environment. To understand their assembly process, we present here a reconstituted contractile system, comprising F-actin and myosin II filaments, where we can control the local activation of myosin by light. By stimulating different symmetries, we show that the force balancing at the boundaries determine the shape changes as well as the dynamics of the global contraction. Spatially anisotropic attachment of initially isotropic networks leads to a self-organization of highly aligned contractile fibres, being reminiscent of the order formation in muscles or stress fibres. The observed shape changes and dynamics are fully recovered by a minimal physical model.
Collapse
|
345
|
Huang J, Chew TG, Gu Y, Palani S, Kamnev A, Martin DS, Carter NJ, Cross RA, Oliferenko S, Balasubramanian MK. Curvature-induced expulsion of actomyosin bundles during cytokinetic ring contraction. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27734801 PMCID: PMC5077295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotes assemble a ring-shaped actomyosin network that contracts to drive cytokinesis. Unlike actomyosin in sarcomeres, which cycles through contraction and relaxation, the cytokinetic ring disassembles during contraction through an unknown mechanism. Here we find in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus and Schizosaccharomyces pombe that, during actomyosin ring contraction, actin filaments associated with actomyosin rings are expelled as micron-scale bundles containing multiple actomyosin ring proteins. Using functional isolated actomyosin rings we show that expulsion of actin bundles does not require continuous presence of cytoplasm. Strikingly, mechanical compression of actomyosin rings results in expulsion of bundles predominantly at regions of high curvature. Our work unprecedentedly reveals that the increased curvature of the ring itself promotes its disassembly. It is likely that such a curvature-induced mechanism may operate in disassembly of other contractile networks. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21383.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Huang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ting Gang Chew
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Gu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas S Martin
- Department of Physics, Lawrence University, Appleton, United States
| | - Nicholas J Carter
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Anthony Cross
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
346
|
Ufer F, Vargas P, Engler JB, Tintelnot J, Schattling B, Winkler H, Bauer S, Kursawe N, Willing A, Keminer O, Ohana O, Salinas-Riester G, Pless O, Kuhl D, Friese MA. Arc/Arg3.1 governs inflammatory dendritic cell migration from the skin and thereby controls T cell activation. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaaf8665. [PMID: 28783680 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin-migratory dendritic cells (migDCs) are pivotal antigen-presenting cells that continuously transport antigens to draining lymph nodes and regulate immune responses. However, identification of migDCs is complicated by the lack of distinguishing markers, and it remains unclear which molecules determine their migratory capacity during inflammation. We show that, in the skin, the neuronal plasticity molecule activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein/activity-regulated gene 3.1 (Arc/Arg3.1) was strictly confined to migDCs. Mechanistically, Arc/Arg3.1 was required for accelerated DC migration during inflammation because it regulated actin dynamics through nonmuscle myosin II. Accordingly, Arc/Arg3.1-dependent DC migration was critical for mounting T cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Thus, Arc/Arg3.1 was restricted to migDCs in the skin and drove fast DC migration by exclusively coordinating cytoskeletal changes in response to inflammatory challenges. These findings commend Arc/Arg3.1 as a universal switch in migDCs that may be exploited to selectively modify immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ufer
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joseph Tintelnot
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schattling
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hana Winkler
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Bauer
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kursawe
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Willing
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Keminer
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, ScreeningPort, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ora Ohana
- Institut für Molekulare und Zelluläre Kognition, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie IME, ScreeningPort, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuhl
- Institut für Molekulare und Zelluläre Kognition, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
347
|
Schuster SL, Segerer FJ, Gegenfurtner FA, Kick K, Schreiber C, Albert M, Vollmar AM, Rädler JO, Zahler S. Contractility as a global regulator of cellular morphology, velocity, and directionality in low-adhesive fibrillary micro-environments. Biomaterials 2016; 102:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
348
|
Foolen J, Shiu JY, Mitsi M, Zhang Y, Chen CS, Vogel V. Full-Length Fibronectin Drives Fibroblast Accumulation at the Surface of Collagen Microtissues during Cell-Induced Tissue Morphogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160369. [PMID: 27564551 PMCID: PMC5001707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating and maintaining gradients of cell density and extracellular matrix (ECM) components is a prerequisite for the development of functionality of healthy tissue. Therefore, gaining insights into the drivers of spatial organization of cells and the role of ECM during tissue morphogenesis is vital. In a 3D model system of tissue morphogenesis, a fibronectin-FRET sensor recently revealed the existence of two separate fibronectin populations with different conformations in microtissues, i.e. 'compact and adsorbed to collagen' versus 'extended and fibrillar' fibronectin that does not colocalize with the collagen scaffold. Here we asked how the presence of fibronectin might drive this cell-induced tissue morphogenesis, more specifically the formation of gradients in cell density and ECM composition. Microtissues were engineered in a high-throughput model system containing rectangular microarrays of 12 posts, which constrained fibroblast-populated collagen gels, remodeled by the contractile cells into trampoline-shaped microtissues. Fibronectin's contribution during the tissue maturation process was assessed using fibronectin-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Fn-/- MEFs) and floxed equivalents (Fnf/f MEFs), in fibronectin-depleted growth medium with and without exogenously added plasma fibronectin (full-length, or various fragments). In the absence of full-length fibronectin, Fn-/- MEFs remained homogenously distributed throughout the cell-contracted collagen gels. In contrast, in the presence of full-length fibronectin, both cell types produced shell-like tissues with a predominantly cell-free compacted collagen core and a peripheral surface layer rich in cells. Single cell assays then revealed that Fn-/- MEFs applied lower total strain energy on nanopillar arrays coated with either fibronectin or vitronectin when compared to Fnf/f MEFs, but that the presence of exogenously added plasma fibronectin rescued their contractility. While collagen decoration of single fibronectin fibers enhanced the non-persistent migration of both Fnf/f and Fn-/- MEFs, the migration speed was increased for Fn-/- MEFs on plasma fibronectin fibers compared to Fnf/f MEFs. In contrast, the average speed was the same for all cells on collagen-coated Fn fibers. A Fn-FRET sensor revealed that fibronectin on average was more extended on the microtissue surface compared to fibronectin in the core. Gradients of collagen-to-fibronectin ratios and of the fraction of collagen-adsorbed to stretched fibrillar fibronectin conformations might thereby provide critical cell migration cues. This study highlights a dominant role for fibronectin in tissue morphogenesis and the development of tissue heterogeneities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Foolen
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jau-Ye Shiu
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Mitsi
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher S. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
349
|
Linsmeier I, Banerjee S, Oakes PW, Jung W, Kim T, Murrell MP. Disordered actomyosin networks are sufficient to produce cooperative and telescopic contractility. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12615. [PMID: 27558758 PMCID: PMC5007339 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the molecular interactions between individual myosin motors and F-actin are well established, the relationship between F-actin organization and actomyosin forces remains poorly understood. Here we explore the accumulation of myosin-induced stresses within a two-dimensional biomimetic model of the disordered actomyosin cytoskeleton, where myosin activity is controlled spatiotemporally using light. By controlling the geometry and the duration of myosin activation, we show that contraction of disordered actin networks is highly cooperative, telescopic with the activation size, and capable of generating non-uniform patterns of mechanical stress. We quantitatively reproduce these collective biomimetic properties using an isotropic active gel model of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, and explore the physical origins of telescopic contractility in disordered networks using agent-based simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Linsmeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | | | - Patrick W. Oakes
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael P. Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
350
|
Liu W, Bao Y, Lam ML, Xu T, Xie K, Man HS, Chan EY, Zhu N, Lam RHW, Chen TH. Nanowire Magnetoscope Reveals a Cellular Torque with Left-Right Bias. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7409-7417. [PMID: 27389867 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular force regulates many types of cell mechanics and the associated physiological behaviors. Recent evidence suggested that cell motion with left-right (LR) bias may be the origin of LR asymmetry in tissue architecture. As actomyosin activity was found essential in the process, it predicts a type of cellular force that coordinates the development of LR asymmetry in tissue formation. However, due to the lack of appropriate platform, cellular force with LR bias has not yet been found. Here we report a nanowire magnetoscope that reveals a rotating force-torque-exerted by cells. Ferromagnetic nanowires were deposited and internalized by micropatterned cells. Within a uniform, horizontal magnetic field, the nanowires that initially aligned with the magnetic field were subsequently rotated due to the cellular torque. We found that the torque is LR-biased depending on cell types. While NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human vascular endothelial cells exhibited counterclockwise torque, C2C12 myoblasts showed torque with slight clockwise bias. Moreover, an actin ring composed of transverse arcs and radial fibers was identified as a major factor determining the LR bias of cellular torque, since the disruption of actin ring by biochemical inhibitors or elongated cell shape abrogated the counterclockwise bias of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Our finding reveals a LR-biased torque of single cells and a fundamental origin of cytoskeletal chirality. More broadly, we anticipate that our method will provide a different perspective on mechanics-related cell physiology and force transmission necessary for LR propagation in tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miu Ling Lam
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|