301
|
Lack of liver steatosis in germ-free mice following hypercaloric diets. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1933-1945. [PMID: 29926176 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental liver steatosis induced by overfeeding is associated with enhanced gut permeability and endotoxin translocation to the liver. We examined the role of the gut microbiota for steatosis formation by performing the feeding experiments in mice raised under conventional and germ-free (GF) housing. METHODS Adult wild-type and GF mice were fed a Western-style diet (WSD) or a control diet (CD), the latter combined with liquid fructose supplementation (F) or not, for 8 weeks. Markers of liver steatosis and gut permeability were measured after intervention. RESULTS Mice fed a WSD increased body weight compared to those fed a CD (p < 0.01) under conventional, but not under GF conditions. Increased liver weight, liver-to-body-weight ratio and hepatic triglycerides observed in both the WSD and the CD + F groups, when compared with the CD group, were not apparent under GF conditions, whereas elevated plasma triglycerides were visible (p < 0.05). Wild-type mice fed a WSD or a CD + F, respectively, had thinner adherent mucus layer compared to those fed a CD (p < 0.01), whereas GF mice had always a thin mucus layer independently of the diet. GF mice fed a CD showed increased plasma levels of FITC-dextran 4000 (1.9-fold, p < 0.05) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein-2 (2.4-fold, p < 0.05) compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS GF housing results in an impaired weight gain and a lack of steatosis following a WSD. Also the fructose-induced steatosis, which is unrelated to body weight changes, is absent in GF mice. Thus, diet-induced experimental liver steatosis depends in multiple ways on intestinal bacteria.
Collapse
|
302
|
Wilson CH, Kumar S. Caspases in metabolic disease and their therapeutic potential. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1010-1024. [PMID: 29743560 PMCID: PMC5988802 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases, are central to the maintenance of cellular and organismal homoeostasis by functioning as key mediators of the inflammatory response and/or apoptosis. Both metabolic inflammation and apoptosis play a central role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease such as obesity and the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatisis (NASH) to more severe liver disease. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the leading global health challenges associated with the development of numerous comorbidities including insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and early mortality. Despite the high prevalence, current treatment strategies including lifestyle, dietary, pharmaceutical and surgical interventions, are often limited in their efficacy to manage or treat obesity, and there are currently no clinical therapies for NAFLD/NASH. As mediators of inflammation and cell death, caspases are attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of these metabolic diseases. As such, pan-caspase inhibitors that act by blocking apoptosis have reached phase I/II clinical trials in severe liver disease. However, there is still a lack of knowledge of the specific and differential functions of individual caspases. In addition, cross-talk between alternate cell death pathways is a growing concern for long-term caspase inhibition. Evidence is emerging of the important cell-death-independent, non-apoptotic functions of caspases in metabolic homoeostasis that may be of therapeutic value. Here, we review the current evidence for roles of caspases in metabolic disease and discuss their potential targeting as a therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Cabrera D, Cabello-Verrugio C, Solís N, San Martín D, Cofré C, Pizarro M, Arab JP, Abrigo J, Campos F, Irigoyen B, Carrasco-Avino G, Bezares K, Riquelme V, Riquelme A, Arrese M, Barrera F. Somatotropic Axis Dysfunction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Beneficial Hepatic and Systemic Effects of Hormone Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051339. [PMID: 29724029 PMCID: PMC5983806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Somatotropic axis dysfunction associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has potential multisystemic detrimental effects. Here, we analysed the effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) supplementation on liver histology, adipokine profile and muscle function in an NAFLD model. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and were separated into three groups treated for 4 weeks with: (1) High fat diet (HFD) (n = 10); (2) HFD + GH 9 μg/g/d (n = 10); (3) HFD + IGF-1 0.02 µg/g/d (n = 9). A control group fed a chow diet was included (n = 6). Liver histology, liver triglycerides content, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, adiponectin and leptin serum levels, in vivo muscle strength, tetanic force and muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured. Results: HFD + GH and HFD + IGF-1 groups showed significantly lower ALT activity compared to HFD (p < 0.01). Liver triglyceride content in HFD + GH was decreased compared to HFD (p < 0.01). Histologic steatosis score was increased in HFD and HFD + GH group (p < 0.01), whereas HFD + IGF-1 presented no difference compared to the chow group (p = 0.3). HFD + GH group presented lower serum leptin and adiponectin levels compared to HFD. GH and IGF-1 supplementation therapy reverted HFD-induced reduction in muscle strength and CSA (sarcopenia). Conclusions: GH and IGF-1 supplementation induced significant improvement in liver steatosis, aminotransferases and sarcopenia in a diet-induced NAFLD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cabrera
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | | | - Nancy Solís
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Diego San Martín
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Catalina Cofré
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Margarita Pizarro
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Johanna Abrigo
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Fabián Campos
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Betzabé Irigoyen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Departament of Pathotology, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Katiuska Bezares
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Juan de Dios, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Valentina Riquelme
- Faculty of Arts, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Arnoldo Riquelme
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Francisco Barrera
- Departament of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
304
|
Lu FB, Hu ED, Xu LM, Chen L, Wu JL, Li H, Chen DZ, Chen YP. The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:491-502. [PMID: 29609501 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1460202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of researches have explored the association between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) liver function, histopathology, complications, genetic factors and prognosis, but the results were conflicting and inconclusive. Areas covered: In this meta-analysis, the liver function, histopathology, metabolic complications, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) genetic polymorphism and prognosis were compared between non-obese and obese NAFLD. Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane databases were searched to identify eligible studies. The odds ratio (OR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models. Expert commentary: This meta-analysis indicated that for NAFLD patients, obesity (according to ethnic-specific BMI cut-off points to define obesity) could predict a worse long-term prognosis. However, obesity may not be an independent factor for the development of NASH or advanced fibrosis in NAFLD patients and NAFLD should be considered as potential population for pharmacologic treatment regardless of obesity. In addition, PNPLA3 rs738409 may be more relevant to the progression of non-obese NAFLD when compared to obese NAFLD. Importantly, large-sample, long-term follow-up cohort studies based on liver biopsy are highly needed due to limited liver pathology and long-term follow-up data at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Bin Lu
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| | - En-De Hu
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| | - Lan-Man Xu
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| | - Lu Chen
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| | - Jin-Lu Wu
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| | - Hui Li
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| | - Da-Zhi Chen
- b State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases , Medicine School of Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology , Wenzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
305
|
Kurinami N, Sugiyama S, Morita A, Yoshida A, Hieshima K, Miyamoto F, Kajiwara K, Jinnouch K, Jinnouchi T, Jinnouchi H. Ratio of muscle mass to fat mass assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis is significantly correlated with liver fat accumulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 139:122-130. [PMID: 29448005 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity and ectopic fat accumulation are important conditions of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our aim was to determine whether bioelectrical impedance body composition analysis combined with blood test results could estimate liver ectopic fat accumulation in patients with treatment-naïve T2DM. METHODS Subjects were 119 untreated T2DM patients. Computed tomography scans were performed to calculate the liver to spleen attenuation ratio (L/S ratio) as a measure of liver fat accumulation, with excess liver fat accumulation defined as an L/S ratio <1.0. Elementary body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis using InBody770. RESULTS The Nagelkerke R2 test showed that the muscle mass/fat mass ratio (muscle/fat ratio) was the most suitable variable among anthropometric factors and body component indexes for estimating liver fat accumulation. The muscle/fat ratio was significantly correlated with the L/S ratio (ρ = 0.4386, P < 0.0001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the muscle/fat ratio (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.22-0.73, P < 0.01) and alanine aminotransferase (odds ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.10, P < 0.01) were independently and significantly associated with liver fat accumulation. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff value of the muscle/fat ratio for excess liver fat accumulation was 2.34. CONCLUSION In patients with treatment-naïve T2DM, the muscle/fat ratio and ALT are useful for estimating the presence of excess liver fat accumulation in daily clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seigo Sugiyama
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ayami Morita
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshida
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kunio Hieshima
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Miyamoto
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Kajiwara
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
306
|
Predictive Value of Adiposity Level, Metabolic Syndrome, and Insulin Resistance for the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosis in Obese Children. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:9465784. [PMID: 29854716 PMCID: PMC5944281 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9465784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in obese children. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for curing or slowing down the disease progression. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of NAFLD in this population and to identify anthropometrical and metabolic risk factors for NAFLD prediction and its development. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 108 obese children. Anthropometric measurements, NAFLD diagnosis (based on ALT level and/or liver ultrasound), and metabolic syndrome (MS) components were assessed in all patients. Patients were divided into groups with and without NAFLD. RESULTS NAFLD was diagnosed in 49 (45%) patients with similar prevalence in boys (27; 55.10%) and girls [22 (44.9%), p = 0.089]. NAFLD patients had significantly greater waist circumference, WHR, and WHtR and significantly higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin concentrations as well as higher glucose and insulin concentrations in 120 minutes of OGTT and higher HOMA-IR levels compared to group of patients without NAFLD. In NAFLD patients, MS was significantly more likely to be diagnosed than in group without NAFLD (40.82% versus 22.81%, p = 0.04), but among the MS components only hypertriglyceridemia was significantly more frequently diagnosed in the group with NAFLD (p = 0.002). Among analysed parameters the best independent risk factor for NAFLD was fasting insulin concentration with the cut-off point = 18,9 uIU/ml (AUC = 0.829). CONCLUSIONS NAFLD is a very common disease in obese children. NAFLD predictive risk factors include increased waist circumference, elevated WHR and WHtR, and elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting insulin as well as elevated glucose and insulin concentration in the OGTT and HOMA-IR index. NAFLD increases the risk of potential cardiovascular complications expressed by diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The best independent predictive risk factor for diagnosing NAFLD in obese children is fasting insulin > 18.9 uIU/ml.
Collapse
|
307
|
Chen YT, Lin YC, Lin JS, Yang NS, Chen MJ. Sugary Kefir StrainLactobacillus maliAPS1 Ameliorated Hepatic Steatosis by Regulation of SIRT-1/Nrf-2 and Gut Microbiota in Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700903. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsung Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Livestock Research Institute; Council of Agriculture; Executive Yuan Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Ning-Sun Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
Wang S, Yan ZZ, Yang X, An S, Zhang K, Qi Y, Zheng J, Ji YX, Wang PX, Fang C, Zhu XY, Shen LJ, Yan FJ, Bao R, Tian S, She ZG, Tang YD. Hepatocyte DUSP14 maintains metabolic homeostasis and suppresses inflammation in the liver. Hepatology 2018; 67:1320-1338. [PMID: 29077210 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and complex disease that confers a high risk of severe liver disorders. Despite such public and clinical health importance, very few effective therapies are currently available for NAFLD. We report a protective function and the underlying mechanism of dual-specificity phosphatase 14 (DUSP14) in NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. Insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, and concomitant inflammatory responses, key pathological processes involved in NAFLD development, were significantly ameliorated by hepatocyte-specific DUSP14 overexpression (DUSP14-HTG) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced or genetically obese mouse models. By contrast, specific DUSP14 deficiency in hepatocytes (DUSP14-HKO) aggravated these pathological alterations. We provided mechanistic evidence that DUSP14 directly binds to and dephosphorylates transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), resulting in the reduced activation of TAK1 and its downstream signaling molecules c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK), p38, and nuclear factor kappa B NF-κB. This effect was further evidenced by the finding that inhibiting TAK1 activity effectively attenuated the deterioration of glucolipid metabolic phenotype in DUSP14-HKO mice challenged by HFD administration. Furthermore, we identified that both the binding domain and the phosphatase activity of DUSP14 are required for its protective role against hepatic steatosis, because interruption of the DUSP14-TAK1 interaction abolished the mitigative effects of DUSP14. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte DUSP14 is required for maintaining hepatic metabolic homeostasis and for suppressing inflammation, a novel function that relies on constraining TAK1 hyperactivation. (Hepatology 2018;67:1320-1338).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Yang
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shimin An
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jilin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Fang
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Jun Shen
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng-Juan Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Bao
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
Leey J, Cusi K. Editorial: diabetes, obesity and clinical inertia-the recipe for advanced NASH. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1220-1221. [PMID: 29574870 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Leey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Florida and the Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - K Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Florida and the Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Bischoff SC. [The intestinal microbiome and metabolic diseases : From obesity to diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis]. Internist (Berl) 2018; 58:441-448. [PMID: 28432400 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-017-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbiome consists of about 10 million genes, many of which encode digestive enzymes. This explains why animal and human experiments revealed that the intestinal microbiome adapts to food intake and optimizes energy harvest from food. This function is considered beneficial in states of lack of food, but following overnutrition, it might support the development of obesity. OBJECTIVES The relevance of the intestinal microbiome for the pathogenesis of obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and for the clinical management of such diseases shall be discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recent literature related to the topic has been selected, presented, and discussed with regard to the objectives. RESULTS The intestinal microbiome plays a role in the pathogenesis of both obesity (by increasing the energy absorption from food) and fatty liver disease as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (via induction of low-grade inflammation following translocation of lipopolysaccharides from the gut and dysregulation of metabolic pathways). CONCLUSIONS The findings might have consequences for diagnosis (identification of risk groups) and therapy (usage of known and novel probiotics or bacterial metabolites) of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Bischoff
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
Zhao N, Li X, Feng Y, Han J, Feng Z, Li X, Wen Y. The Nuclear Orphan Receptor Nur77 Alleviates Palmitate-induced Fat Accumulation by Down-regulating G0S2 in HepG2 Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4809. [PMID: 29556076 PMCID: PMC5859288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes is the hallmark of obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Elevated levels of the saturated free fatty acid palmitate in obesity are a major contributor to excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. The nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 is a transcriptional regulator and a lipotoxicity sensor. Using human HepG2 hepatoma cells, this study aimed to investigate the functional role of Nur77 in palmitate-induced hepatic steatosis. The results revealed that palmitate significantly induced lipid accumulation and suppressed lipolysis in hepatocytes. In addition, palmitate significantly suppressed Nur77 expression and stimulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its target genes. Nur77 overexpression significantly reduced palmitate-induced expression of PPARγ and its target genes. Moreover, Nur77 overexpression attenuated lipid accumulation and augmented lipolysis in palmitate-treated hepatocytes. Importantly, G0S2 knockdown significantly attenuated lipid accumulation and augmented lipolysis in palmitate-treated hepatocytes, whereas G0S2 knockdown had no effect on the palmitate-induced expression of Nur77, PPARγ, or PPARγ target genes. In summary, palmitate suppresses Nur77 expression in HepG2 cells, and Nur77 overexpression alleviates palmitate-induced hepatic fat accumulation by down-regulating G0S2. These results display a novel molecular mechanism linking Nur77-regulated G0S2 expression to palmitate-induced hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiqian Zhao
- Department of Gerontology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, 85 Shuncheng Street, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gerontology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Department of Gerontology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ziling Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, 85 Shuncheng Street, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, 85 Shuncheng Street, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanfang Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, 85 Shuncheng Street, Jinzhong, 030600, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
312
|
Zhou X, Ren L, Yu Z, Huang X, Li Y, Wang C. The antipsychotics sulpiride induces fatty liver in rats via phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at Serine 307-mediated adipose tissue insulin resistance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 345:66-74. [PMID: 29551354 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has suggested that many antipsychotics cause metabolic abnormalities. Adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) contributes to the development and progress of metabolic abnormalities including fatty liver by inducing excessive free fatty acid release from adipose tissue. Sulpiride is an old antipsychotic still frequently used in many developing countries. However, its adverse metabolic effects remain poorly understood. Here, chronic administration of sulpiride (80 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily for 6 weeks) elevated fasting insulin concentration and the index of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in rats. More importantly, sulpiride increased hepatic triglyceride accumulation and Oil Red O-stained area, indicating the induction of fatty liver by sulpiride. Sulpiride also increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations at the baseline and during an oral glucose tolerance test, the Adipo-IR index, and adipocyte size. Adipose gene expression profile revealed that sulpiride decreased mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, but not IRS-2. Furthermore, sulpiride increased phosphorylation of both Ser307 in IRS-1 and Ser473 in Akt at baseline. Co-treatment with bromocriptine (a dopamine D2 receptor agonist) attenuated sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia, but it was without effect on insulin resistance and fatty liver. Therefore, the present results suggest that sulpiride induces fatty liver in rats via phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser307-mediated adipose tissue insulin resistance, in which dopamine D2 receptor is possibly not involved. Our findings may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the steatotic effect of the old antipsychotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liying Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Torres-Rovira L, Gonzalez J, Porrini E, Gonzalez-Colaço M, Isabel B, Astiz S, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Characterization of Ageing- and Diet-Related Swine Models of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534532 PMCID: PMC5877684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity are currently considered major global threats for health and well-being. However, there is a lack of adequate preclinical models for their study. The present trial evaluated the suitability of aged swine by determining changes in adiposity, fatty acids composition, antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation, development of metabolic disturbances and structural changes in tissues and organs. Iberian sows with clinical evidence of aging-related sarcopenia were fed a standard diet fulfilling their maintenance requirements or an obesogenic diet for 100 days. Aging and sarcopenia were related to increased lipid accumulation and cellular dysfunction at both adipose tissue and non-adipose ectopic tissues (liver and pancreas). Obesity concomitant to sarcopenia aggravates the condition by increasing visceral adiposity and causing dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues. These results support that the Iberian swine model represents certain features of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in humans, paving the way for future research on physiopathology of these conditions and possible therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Vazquez-Gomez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jorge Gonzalez
- Micros Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, 24007 Leon, Spain.
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Institute of Biomedical Technology (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Magali Gonzalez-Colaço
- Central Unit of Clinical Research and Clinical Assays (UCICEC), Universitary Hospital of Canary Island, 28010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Astiz
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Comparative Physiology Group, SGIT-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
Liu Y, Zhang W, Wu X, Gong J. Foxo3a-dependent Bim transcription protects mice from a high fat diet via inhibition of activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by facilitating autophagy flux in Kupffer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34258-34267. [PMID: 28427239 PMCID: PMC5470965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of Foxo3a in the regulation of autophagy flux and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in KCs suffering from HFD conditions is unknown. Results Up-regulation of Foxo3a restored autophagy flux and dampened the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in KCs stimulated with PA and LPS. In contrast, down-regulation of Foxo3a increased blockage of autophagy flux and promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, mRNA levels of Bim were significantly changed with the alteration of Foxo3a in KCs under PA and LPS stimulation among foxo3a targeted genes. Overexpression of Bim restored autophagy influx and attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway activation. In addition, autophagy formation was restored, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was inhibited in KCs isolated from mice treated with Iturin A and fed with a HFD. Materials and methods Autophagy flux in KCs and activation levels of NLRP3 inflammasome were evaluated after altering the expression of Foxo3a in KCs before stimulation with PA and LPS. Additionally, various target genes of Foxo3a were measured in KCs pretreated with an agonist (Iturin A) or inhibitor (SC97) of Foxo3a after KCs stimulation with PA and LPS in order to hunt for targets of Foxo3a. Activation levels of NLRP3 inflammasome in isolated KCs, as well as autophagy flux, were measured after mice were treated with Iturin A and fed with a HFD for 16 weeks. Conclusions Foxo3a restores autophagy flux and attenuates the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting the transcription of Bim, suggesting a potential therapeutic target in NAFLD and other obesity-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Digestive System, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, the Fifth people's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Digestive System, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Long
- From the Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center (M.T.L.) and Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Cardiology Section (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.) and Boston Medical Center (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA.
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- From the Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center (M.T.L.) and Evans Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Cardiology Section (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; and Department of Epidemiology (E.J.B.) and Boston Medical Center (E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
|
317
|
Xu L, Nagata N, Nagashimada M, Zhuge F, Ni Y, Chen G, Kamei J, Ishikawa H, Komatsu Y, Kaneko S, Ota T. A porcine placental extract prevents steatohepatitis by suppressing activation of macrophages and stellate cells in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15047-15060. [PMID: 29599925 PMCID: PMC5871096 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. NAFLD is associated with hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced fibrosis. Placental extracts have been used to treat various chronic diseases due to their antioxidative effect. However, the effects of the extracts on the development of NASH have yet to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that supplementation with an oral porcine placental extract (PPE) attenuated lipid accumulation and peroxidation, insulin resistance, inflammatory and stress signaling, and fibrogenesis in the liver of NASH model mice fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet. The PPE reduced the number of M1-like liver macrophages, but increased the number of anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages, resulting in a predominance of M2 over M1 macrophage populations in the liver of NASH mice. Accordingly, the PPE suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization in isolated murine peritoneal macrophages, whereas it facilitated interleukin 4-induced M2 polarization. Furthermore, the PPE reduced the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation associated with the attenuated transforming growth factor-β/Smad3 signaling, both in the liver of NASH mice and in RI-T cells, a HSC line. The PPE may be a potential approach to prevent NASH by limiting lipid peroxidation, promoting M2 macrophage polarization, and attenuating HSC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagata
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nagashimada
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yinhua Ni
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Guanliang Chen
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuguhito Ota
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
318
|
Aqbi HF, Wallace M, Sappal S, Payne KK, Manjili MH. IFN-γ orchestrates tumor elimination, tumor dormancy, tumor escape, and progression. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:10.1002/JLB.5MIR0917-351R. [PMID: 29469956 PMCID: PMC6157004 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mir0917-351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunoediting consisting of three phases of elimination, equilibrium or dormancy, and escape has been supported by preclinical and clinical data. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which antitumor immune responses regulate these three phases are important for developing highly tailored immunotherapeutics that can control cancer. To this end, IFN-γ produced by Th1 cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in all three phases of tumor immunoediting, as well as during inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis processes. This essay presents a review of literature and suggests that overcoming tumor escape is feasible by driving tumor cells into a state of quiescent but not indolent dormancy in order for IFN-γ-producing tumor-specific T cells to prevent tumor relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Aqbi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Samay Sappal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Kyle K Payne
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| |
Collapse
|
319
|
Liver X Receptor Inverse Agonist SR9243 Suppresses Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Intrahepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8071093. [PMID: 29670908 PMCID: PMC5835296 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism of cholesterol may be a contributing factor in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence has shown that liver X receptor (LXR) is closely related to intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a novel liver-specific LXR inverse agonist, SR9243, on antifibrosis in NASH mice. A high-cholesterol diet was employed to induce NASH in BALB/c mice by either carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) administration or bile-duct ligation (BDL). Once NASH was induced, mice were treated with SR9243 for one month by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Liver tissues were collected to determine the degree of fibrosis and intrahepatic inflammation via pathological examination and QPCR; serum was collected to analyze the plasma lipid levels and liver function by clinical biochemistry. The mice developed hepatic steatosis, severe hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis by BDL or CCL4. Treatment with SR9243 significantly reduced the severity of hepatic inflammation and ameliorated hepatic fibrosis; simultaneously, body weight, serum glucose, and plasma lipid levels were controlled effectively. Our data demonstrate that SR9243 exerts an antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect in NASH mice; hence these findings highly suggest that LXR inverse agonist could be therapeutically important in NASH treatment.
Collapse
|
320
|
Rutkowski DT. Liver function and dysfunction - a unique window into the physiological reach of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. FEBS J 2018; 286:356-378. [PMID: 29360258 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) improves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding in order to alleviate stress. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that the UPR regulates processes well beyond those directly involved in protein folding, in some cases by mechanisms that fall outside the realm of canonical UPR signaling. These pathways are highly specific from one cell type to another, implying that ER stress signaling affects each tissue in a unique way. Perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in the liver, which-beyond being a highly secretory tissue-is a key regulator of peripheral metabolism and a uniquely proliferative organ upon damage. The liver provides a powerful model system for exploring how and why the UPR extends its reach into physiological processes that occur outside the ER, and how ER stress contributes to the many systemic diseases that involve liver dysfunction. This review will highlight the ways in which the study of ER stress in the liver has expanded the view of the UPR to a response that is a key guardian of cellular homeostasis outside of just the narrow realm of ER protein folding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Thomas Rutkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
321
|
Sacks J, Mulya A, Fealy CE, Huang H, Mosinski JD, Pagadala MR, Shimizu H, Batayyah E, Schauer PR, Brethauer SA, Kirwan JP. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on liver mitochondrial dynamics in a rat model of obesity. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13600. [PMID: 29464885 PMCID: PMC5820430 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery provides significant and durable improvements in glycemic control and hepatic steatosis, but the underlying mechanisms that drive improvements in these metabolic parameters remain to be fully elucidated. Recently, alterations in mitochondrial morphology have shown a direct link to nutrient adaptations in obesity. Here, we evaluate the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on markers of liver mitochondrial dynamics in a diet-induced obesity Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Livers were harvested from adult male SD rats 90-days after either Sham or RYGB surgery and continuous high-fat feeding. We assessed expression of mitochondrial proteins involved in fusion, fission, mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and biogenesis, as well as differences in citrate synthase activity and markers of oxidative stress. Gene expression for mitochondrial fusion genes, mitofusin 1 (Mfn1; P < 0.05), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2; P < 0.01), and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1; P < 0.05) increased following RYGB surgery. Biogenesis regulators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α; P < 0.01) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1; P < 0.05), also increased in the RYGB group, as well as mitophagy marker, BCL-2 interacting protein 3 (Bnip3; P < 0.01). Protein expression for Mfn1 (P < 0.001), PGC1α (P < 0.05), BNIP3 (P < 0.0001), and mitochondrial complexes I-V (P < 0.01) was also increased by RYGB, and Mfn1 expression negatively correlated with body weight, insulin resistance, and fasting plasma insulin. In the RYGB group, citrate synthase activity was increased (P < 0.02) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was decreased compared to the Sham control group (P < 0.05), although total antioxidant capacity was unchanged between groups. These data are the first to show an association between RYGB surgery and improved markers of liver mitochondrial dynamics. These observed improvements may be related to weight loss and reduced energetic demand on the liver, which could facilitate normalization of glucose homeostasis and protect against hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sacks
- Department of PathobiologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
- Molecular MedicineCleveland Clinic Lerner College of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of PathobiologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - Ciaran E. Fealy
- Department of PathobiologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - Hazel Huang
- Department of PathobiologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - John D. Mosinski
- Department of PathobiologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - Mangesh R. Pagadala
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDigestive Disease InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | | | - Esam Batayyah
- Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - Philip R. Schauer
- Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
- Metabolic Translational Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - Stacy A. Brethauer
- Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
- Metabolic Translational Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of PathobiologyLerner Research InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDigestive Disease InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
- Bariatric and Metabolic InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
- Metabolic Translational Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism InstituteCleveland ClinicClevelandOhio
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Zhong X, Liu H. Honokiol attenuates diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating macrophage polarization through activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:524-532. [PMID: 28670854 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may develop into hepatic cirrhosis. This study aimed to investigate whether honokiol could prevent NASH induced by high-cholesterol and high-fat (CL) diet in mice and the possible mechanism involved. METHODS Mice were fed with CL diet for 12 weeks to establish a NASH model; honokiol (0.02% w/w in diet) was added to evaluate its effect on NASH. Murine peritoneal macrophages, RAW264.7 and ANA-1 cells, were used to explore the possible mechanisms of honokiol on macrophage polarization. RESULTS Mice developed NASH after fed with CL diet for 12 weeks. Honokiol supplementation alleviated insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis induced by CL diet. Immunohistochemistry showed that honokiol induced more M2 macrophages in livers compared with CL diet alone. Honokiol decreased M1 marker genes (TNFα and MCP-1) and increased M2 marker gene (YM-1, IL-10, IL-4R and IL-13) expression in mice liver compared with CL diet. Moreover, treatment with honokiol lowered alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and preserved liver from lipid peroxidation, evidenced by lowered hepatic malondialdehyde level. Honokiol has antioxidant function, as honokiol upregulated hepatic glutathione and superoxide dismutase level and downregulated hepatic CYP2E1 protein level. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its target genes were upregulated by honokiol. Furthermore, honokiol (10 μM) treatment in mouse peritoneal cells, RAW264.7 cells and ANA-1 cells, led to M2 macrophage polarization, whereas a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, abolished this effect of honokiol. CONCLUSIONS Honokiol can attenuate CL diet-induced NASH and the mechanism in which possibly is polarizing macrophages to M2 phenotype via PPARγ activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai City, 200011, China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai City, 200011, China
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
de Bem GF, da Costa CA, da Silva Cristino Cordeiro V, Santos IB, de Carvalho LCRM, de Andrade Soares R, Ribeiro JH, de Souza MAV, da Cunha Sousa PJ, Ognibene DT, Resende AC, de Moura RS. Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) seed extract associated with exercise training reduces hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetic male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 52:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
324
|
Serino M. Molecular Paths Linking Metabolic Diseases, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Enterobacteria Infections. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:581-590. [PMID: 29374557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of both ecology and functions of gut microbiota are conspicuous traits of several inflammatory pathologies, notably metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the proliferation of enterobacteria, subdominant members of the intestinal microbial ecosystem, has been shown to be favored by Western diet, the strongest inducer of both metabolic diseases and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The inner interdependence between the host and the gut microbiota is based on a plethora of molecular mechanisms by which host and intestinal microbes modify each other. Among these mechanisms are as follows: (i) the well-known metabolic impact of short chain fatty acids, produced by microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates from plants; (ii) a mutual modulation of miRNAs expression, both on the eukaryotic (host) and prokaryotic (gut microbes) side; (iii) the production by enterobacteria of virulence factors such as the genotoxin colibactin, shown to alter the integrity of host genome and induce a senescence-like phenotype in vitro; (iv) the microbial excretion of outer-membrane vesicles, which, in addition to other functions, may act as a carrier for multiple molecules such as toxins to be delivered to target cells. In this review, I describe the major molecular mechanisms by which gut microbes exert their metabolic impact at a multi-organ level (the gut barrier being in the front line) and support the emerging triad of metabolic diseases, gut microbiota dysbiosis and enterobacteria infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Serino
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Balachander GJ, Subramanian S, Ilango K. Rosmarinic acid attenuates hepatic steatosis by modulating ER stress and autophagy in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26656-26663. [PMID: 35547559 PMCID: PMC9087887 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02849d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD) has become an emerging entity of liver disorders worldwide. Oxidative stress and deranged autophagy-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been recognized as one of the prime factors involved in the pathological mechanism underlying NAFLD and progressive non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH). Epidemiological and experimental data reveal the potency of dietary polyphenols in averting NAFLD. In this line, to analyse and address the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, in the present study, oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells were treated with rosmarinic acid (RA), a dietary polyphenol with well-established cytoprotective properties. Treatment with rosmarinic acid (20 μg) was found to potently counter the elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). Additionally, exposure of oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells to rosmarinic acid showed reduced levels of ROS and increased activity of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants. The steatotic HepG2 cells presented a pronounced increase in the expression of key ER stress markers such as p-PERK, p-IRE-1, ATF-6, p-eIF-α and CHOP, which was considerably reduced upon treatment with rosmarinic acid. Moreover, exposure to rosmarinic acid altered the deranged autophagic mechanism in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells, which was observed via the protein expression of Beclin 1, LC31, ATG5 and ATG7. This study demonstrates that rosmarinic acid abrogates NAFLD via diminishing ER stress by nullifying oxidative stress and restoring deranged autophagy and can be used as a potent adjunct in the treatment of NAFLD, thus illustrating the valuable application of polyphenols in combating NAFLD. Non-alcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD) has become an emerging entity of liver disorders worldwide.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Jayanthy Balachander
- Molecular Biology Division
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM)
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur
- India
| | | | - Kaliappan Ilango
- Molecular Biology Division
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM)
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Kattankulathur
- India
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, Harrison SA, Brunt EM, Sanyal AJ. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018; 67:328-357. [PMID: 28714183 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4386] [Impact Index Per Article: 731.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zobair Younossi
- Center for Liver Disease and Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Seghieri M, Christensen AS, Andersen A, Solini A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Future Perspectives on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and GLP-1/glucagon Receptor Co-agonists in the Treatment of NAFLD. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 30459715 PMCID: PMC6232120 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Along the obesity pandemic, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often regarded as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, increases worldwide representing now the prevalent liver disease in western countries. No pharmacotherapy is approved for the treatment of NAFLD and, currently, the cornerstone treatment is lifestyle modifications focusing on bodyweight loss, notoriously difficult to obtain and even more difficult to maintain. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches are highly demanded. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. They exert their body weight-lowering effect by reducing satiety and food intake. GLP-1RAs have also been shown to reduce liver inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, glucagon receptor agonism is being investigated for the treatment of NAFLD due to its appetite and food intake-reducing effects, as well as its ability to increase lipid oxidation and thermogenesis. Recent studies suggest that glucagon receptor signaling is disrupted in NAFLD, indicating that supra-physiological glucagon receptor agonism might represent a new NAFLD treatment target. The present review provides (1) an overview in the pathophysiology of NAFLD, including the potential involvement of GLP-1 and glucagon, (2) an introduction to the currently available GLP-1RAs and (3) outlines the potential of emerging GLP-1RAs and GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonists in the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seghieri
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander S. Christensen
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filip K. Knop
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tina Vilsbøll
| |
Collapse
|
328
|
Abstract
Adipose tissue represents a large volume of biologically active tissue that exerts substantial systemic effects in health and disease. Alcohol consumption can profoundly disturb the normal functions of adipose tissue by inducing adipocyte death and altering secretion of adipokines, pro-inflammatory mediators and free fatty acids from adipose tissue, which have important direct and indirect effects on the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Cessation of alcohol intake quickly reverses inflammatory changes in adipose tissue, and pharmacological treatment that normalizes adipose tissue function improves experimental ALD. Obesity exacerbates liver injury induced by chronic or binge alcohol consumption, and obesity and alcohol can synergize to increase risk of ALD and progression. Physicians who care for individuals with ALD should be aware of the effects of adipose tissue dysfunction on liver function, and consider strategies to manage obesity and insulin resistance. This Review examines the effect of alcohol on adiposity and adipose tissue and the relationship between alcohol, adipose tissue and the liver.
Collapse
|
329
|
Oberbach A, Schlichting N, Heinrich M, Kullnick Y, Retschlag U, Lehmann S, Khashab MA, Kalloo AN, Kumbhari V. Gastric mucosal devitalization reduces adiposity and improves lipid and glucose metabolism in obese rats. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87:288-299.e6. [PMID: 28479494 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gastric mucosa is an endocrine organ that regulates satiation pathways by expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) excludes gastric mucosa and reduces gastric volume. Our study aimed to investigate the independent effects of altering gastric mucosa on obesity and its related comorbidities. METHODS Gastric mucosa devitalization (GMD) of 70% of the stomach was achieved by argon plasma coagulation in a high-fat diet rat model and was compared with VSG and sham surgery. In an 8-week follow-up study, we quantified body weight, visceral adiposity, insulin resistance index, cholesterol profiles, and free fatty acid profiles by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, the kinetics of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, and serum and liver bile acid levels were measured. Liver lipid content was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS GMD resulted in significant reductions in body weight, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and hepatic steatosis as well as an improvement in lipid metabolism. GMD resulted in significant reductions in food intake and intestinal malabsorption of free fatty acids, both contributing to improved body composition and metabolic profile. Mechanistically, GMD resulted in a significant reduction in serum palmitate levels as well as an increase in serum and liver bile acid levels, known to alter glucose and lipid metabolism. Similar changes were noted when VSG rats were compared with sham surgery rats. CONCLUSIONS Devitalization of gastric mucosa, independent of altering gastric volume, was able to reduce obesity-related comorbidities. The gastric mucosa may be a potential target for treating obesity and its associated comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Schlichting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kullnick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Retschlag
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mouen A Khashab
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony N Kalloo
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Kumbhari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
330
|
Baicalin attenuates diet induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress via suppressing JNK signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:111-117. [PMID: 29247950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may develop into hepatic cirrhosis. The therapeutic drugs for NASH are absent. Baicalin (BC) has hepatoprotective effect, while whether BC could prevent the development of NASH is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of BC on the development of diet induced NASH and the possible mechanisms involved. Mice were fed with high fat and high cholesterol (HFC) diet to establish a NASH model, BC (0.5% w/w) was added into the diet to evaluate its effect on NASH. Mice fed an HFC diet developed NASH in 12 weeks. BC administration attenuated hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis induced by HFC diet. The NALFD activity score (NAS) was sharply decreased by BC. Mice serum ALT and AST were decreased in the BC group. BC decreased hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory genes (MCP-1, TNFα) and fibrosis genes (COL1, α-SMA, TGFβ) mRNA expression. BC has antioxidant function evidenced by upregulated hepatic GSH and SOD levels and downregulated MDA levels. BC restored some oxidative stress markers including 4-HNE, 8-OHdG in liver. Western blot analysis stated that BC suppressed pro-inflammatory COX-2 levels, pro-oxidative CYP2E1 levels and phosphorylation of JNK in mice liver. Collectively, BC can attenuate diet induced NASH and the mechanism in which possibly due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects via blockade of the activation of JNK.
Collapse
|
331
|
Issa D, Alkhouri N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: new insights on presentation and natural history. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2017; 6:401-403. [PMID: 29312975 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2017.07.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Issa
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Naim Alkhouri
- The Texas Liver Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,University of Texas (UT) Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Balakrishnan M, El-Serag HB, Nguyen T, Hilal J, Kanwal F, Thrift AP. Obesity and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Conventionally-Derived Anthropometric Measures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15. [PMID: 28642206 PMCID: PMC5693622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Balakrishnan
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Hashem B. El-Serag
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Medicine, Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Theresa Nguyen
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Hilal
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fasiha Kanwal
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Medicine, Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron P. Thrift
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
333
|
A Randomized Trial of Silymarin for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:1940-1949.e8. [PMID: 28419855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Silymarin is a complex mixture of 6 major flavonolignans and other minor polyphenolic compounds derived from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum; it has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, and may be useful in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to study the efficacy of silymarin in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-the more severe form of NAFLD. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of consecutive adults with biopsy-proven NASH and a NAFLD activity score (NAS) of 4 or more at a tertiary care hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from November 2012 through August 2014. Patients were randomly assigned to groups given silymarin (700 mg; n = 49 patients) or placebo (n = 50 patients) 3 times daily for 48 weeks. After this 48-week period, liver biopsies were repeated. The primary efficacy outcome was a decrease of 30% or more in NAS; findings from 48-week liver biopsies were compared with those from the baseline biopsy. Secondary outcomes included changes in steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, NAS and fibrosis score, and anthropometric measurements, as well as glycemic, lipid, and liver profiles and liver stiffness measurements. RESULTS The percentage of patients achieving the primary efficacy outcome did not differ significantly between the groups (32.7% in the silymarin group vs 26.0% in the placebo group; P = .467). A significantly higher proportion of patients in the silymarin group had reductions in fibrosis based on histology (reductions of 1 point or more; 22.4%) than did the placebo group (6.0%; P = .023), and based on liver stiffness measurements (decrease of 30% or more; 24.2%) than did the placebo group (2.3%; P = .002). The silymarin group also had significant reductions in mean aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (reduction of 0.14, P = .011 compared with baseline), fibrosis-4 score (reduction of 0.20, P = .041 compared with baseline), and NAFLD fibrosis score (reduction of 0.30, P < .001 compared with baseline); these changes were not observed in the placebo group (reduction of 0.07, P = .154; increase of 0.18, P = .389; and reduction of 0.05, P = .845, respectively). There was no significant difference between groups in number of adverse events; adverse events that occurred were not attributed to silymarin. CONCLUSIONS In a randomized trial of 99 patients, we found that silymarin (700 mg, given 3 times daily for 48 weeks) did not reduce NAS scores by 30% or more in a significantly larger proportion of patients with NASH than placebo. Silymarin may reduce liver fibrosis but this remains to be confirmed in a larger trial. It appears to be safe and well tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02006498.
Collapse
|
334
|
Aby E, Saab S. Nonobese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2017; 10:130-133. [PMID: 30992772 PMCID: PMC6467121 DOI: 10.1002/cld.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Aby
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCA
| | - Sammy Saab
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCA,Department of SurgeryUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCA,Pfleger Liver InstituteUCLA Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| |
Collapse
|
335
|
Sanyal A, Cusi K, Hartman ML, Zhang S, Bastyr EJ, Bue-Valleskey JM, Chang AM, Haupt A, Jacober SJ, Konrad RJ, Zhang Q, Hoogwerf BJ. Cytokeratin-18 and enhanced liver fibrosis scores in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and effects of two different insulins. J Investig Med 2017; 66:661-668. [PMID: 29167192 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Data on cytokeratin-18 (K-18) and enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score in insulin-treated diabetes patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited. This study analyzed phase III data comparing basal insulin peglispro (BIL) and insulin glargine in type 1 (T1D), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (insulin-naïve and insulin-treated). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), K-18, ELF scores and liver fat content (LFC), measured by MRI, were obtained longitudinally. Baseline K-18 (U/L) was higher in T2D (range: 207‒247) than T1D (range: 148‒183), correlated with ALT in all populations (r (range) 0.264‒0.637, p<0.05), but with LFC only in T2D (r (range) 0.474‒0.586, p<0.05). K-18 increased significantly from baseline in BIL-treated, but not glargine-treated patients. Change from baseline (CFB) K-18 was significantly correlated with CFB in ALT in BIL-treated T2D populations. Baseline ELF scores were higher in T2D (range: 9.12‒9.20) than T1D (range: 8.24‒8.36), correlated with ALT in T1D only (0.209, p<0.05), and not correlated with LFC in any population. ELF scores increased significantly from baseline in BIL-treated but not glargine-treated patients. There were no correlations between CFB in LFC and ELF score at week 52 in any treatment group/population. In all BIL-treated populations, CFB in ALT and CFB in ELF score at week 52 were positively correlated. These data characterize associations of K-18 and ELF score with ALT and LFC in insulin-treated patients with T1D and T2D. Hepatopreferential insulins may be associated with increased K-18 and ELF scores but mechanisms and clinical significance are unknown. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers are NCT01481779, NCT01435616, NCT01454284 and NCT01582451.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sanyal
- Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark L Hartman
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Edward J Bastyr
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Annette M Chang
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Axel Haupt
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Scott J Jacober
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Byron J Hoogwerf
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
336
|
Bae M, Park YK, Lee JY. Food components with antifibrotic activity and implications in prevention of liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 55:1-11. [PMID: 29268106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in parallel with the obesity epidemic has been a major public health concern. NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in the United States, ranging from fatty liver to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis in the liver. In response to chronic liver injury, fibrogenesis in the liver occurs as a protective response; however, prolonged and dysregulated fibrogenesis can lead to liver fibrosis, which can further progress to cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Interplay of hepatocytes, macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the hepatic inflammatory and oxidative milieu is critical for the development of NAFLD. In particular, HSCs play a major role in the production of extracellular matrix proteins. Studies have demonstrated that bioactive food components and natural products, including astaxanthin, curcumin, blueberry, silymarin, coffee, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, resveratrol, quercetin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, have antifibrotic effects in the liver. This review summarizes current knowledge of the mechanistic insight into the antifibrotic actions of the aforementioned bioactive food components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
337
|
Shanaki M, Moradi N, Emamgholipour S, Fadaei R, Poustchi H. Lower circulating irisin is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 1:S467-S472. [PMID: 28392354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irisin, a novel adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, is hypothesized to play a crucial role in metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma levels of irisin and adiponectin in patients with NAFLD (n=41), T2DM (n=41) and NAFLD with T2DM (NAFLD+T2DM) (n=40) in comparison with healthy subjects (n=40) and also to investigate the possible association of irisin levels with NAFLD and diabetes-related indices. The anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured in all subjects. Plasma levels of irisin and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. The levels of irisin was significantly lower in NAFLD, T2DM and NAFLD+T2DM patients, compared to the controls (p<0.001). Irisin levels were negatively correlated with BMI, WHR, visceral fat, HOMA-IR, FBG, insulin, liver stiffness and liver enzymes. We also observed a positive correlation between plasma levels of adiponectin and irisin. Based on multiple stepwise linear regression, ALT (β [SE]=0 0.056 [0.012], p<0.001) and irisin concentrations (β [SE]=-1.672 [0.414], p<0.001) were two independent predictors for liver stiffness. Moreover, increased irisin was associated with reduce the risk of T2DM, NAFLD and NAFLD+T2DM. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis for diagnostic value of irisin circulating levels to differentiate between each condition also showed that the area under the curve were 0.78 for NAFLD, 0.8 forT2DM, and 0.86 for T2DM+NAFLD. It seems that the decreased circulating levels of irisin and adiponectin might be associated with T2DM and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Shanaki
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Moradi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fadaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
338
|
Cusi K, Sanyal AJ, Zhang S, Hartman ML, Bue-Valleskey JM, Hoogwerf BJ, Haupt A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence and its metabolic associations in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1630-1634. [PMID: 28417532 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence and its metabolic associations in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and in insulin-naïve and insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Baseline data from patients who had liver fat content (LFC) evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in four phase 3 studies of basal insulin peglispro (BIL) were analysed. Associations of NAFLD with clinical characteristics, glycaemic control and diabetes therapy were evaluated. The prevalence of NAFLD (defined as LFC ≥ 6%) was low in T1D (8.8%) but high in T2D, with greater prevalence in insulin-naïve (75.6%) vs insulin-treated (61.7%) T2D patients. LFC (mean ± SD) was higher in T2D patients (insulin-naïve, 13.0% ± 8.4%; insulin-treated, 10.2% ± 7.8%) than in T1D patients (3.2% ± 3.2%). In T2D, NAFLD was associated with several markers of insulin resistance. In all three populations, there was an absence of association of HbA1c with LFC, but insulin doses were higher in patients with NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark L Hartman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Byron J Hoogwerf
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Axel Haupt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Liebig M, Hassanzada A, Kämmerling M, Genz B, Vollmar B, Abshagen K. Microcirculatory disturbances and cellular changes during progression of hepatic steatosis to liver tumors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 243:1-12. [PMID: 29065724 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217738730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely associated with metabolic syndrome and comprises a pathological spectrum of liver disease ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis and can progress to fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2013, a mouse model was described that mimics non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression from steatohepatitis to tumors in a short time span and with high incidence. As microcirculatory disturbances play a crucial role in liver disease, the suitability of the steatosis-inflammation-tumor model for microcirculatory studies was assessed. Herein, we present a comprehensive view on morphological, microvascular, cellular, and functional aspects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression in the steatosis-inflammation-tumor model using intravital microscopy, biochemical, and histological techniques. Mice develop steatohepatitis, mild fibrosis, and liver tumors at ages of 6, 12, and 20 weeks, respectively. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression was accompanied by several general aspects of disease severity like increasing liver/body weight index, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, and hepatocellular apoptosis. Intravital microscopic analysis revealed significant changes in hepatic microcirculation with increasing structural alterations, elevated leukocyte adherence, and impaired nutritive perfusion. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was further characterized by a lower sinusoidal density with a striking rise at 20 weeks. The characteristic microcirculatory changes make the model a convenient tool for analysis of microcirculation during progression from steatosis to liver tumor. Impact statement Significant alterations of microcirculation contribute to progression of NAFLD, a chronic liver disease with increasing medical and socio-economic impact. Characterization of microcirculation in a NAFLD model reflecting all relevant stages of disease progression was still missing. Thus, we evaluated microcirculatory and cellular changes in a steatosis-inflammation-tumor model using in vivo microscopy. Analyses revealed increasing structural alterations, elevated leukocyte-endothelial interaction, and impaired nutritive perfusion. Thus, this model is suitable for further studies investigating therapeutic approaches targeting these progressive microcirculatory disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Liebig
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Alireza Hassanzada
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Malte Kämmerling
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Berit Genz
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany.,2 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Kerstin Abshagen
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Zhou M, Learned RM, Rossi SJ, DePaoli AM, Tian H, Ling L. Engineered FGF19 eliminates bile acid toxicity and lipotoxicity leading to resolution of steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:1024-1042. [PMID: 29404440 PMCID: PMC5721409 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent chronic liver disease for which no approved therapies are available. Despite intensive research, the cellular mechanisms that mediate NAFLD pathogenesis and progression are poorly understood. Although obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and related metabolic syndrome, all consequences of a Western diet lifestyle, are well‐recognized risk factors for NAFLD development, dysregulated bile acid metabolism is emerging as a novel mechanism contributing to NAFLD pathogenesis. Notably, NAFLD patients exhibit a deficiency in fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), an endocrine hormone in the gut–liver axis that controls de novo bile acid synthesis, lipogenesis, and energy homeostasis. Using a mouse model that reproduces the clinical progression of human NAFLD, including the development of simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and advanced “burnt‐out” NASH with hepatocellular carcinoma, we demonstrate that FGF19 as well as an engineered nontumorigenic FGF19 analogue, M70, ameliorate bile acid toxicity and lipotoxicity to restore liver health. Mass spectrometry‐based lipidomics analysis of livers from mice treated with FGF19 or M70 revealed significant reductions in the levels of toxic lipid species (i.e., diacylglycerols, ceramides and free cholesterol) and an increase in levels of unoxidized cardiolipins, an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, treatment with FGF19 or M70 rapidly and profoundly reduced levels of liver enzymes, resolved the histologic features of NASH, and enhanced insulin sensitivity, energy homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Whereas FGF19 induced hepatocellular carcinoma formation following prolonged exposure in these mice, animals expressing M70 showed no evidence of liver tumorigenesis in this model. Conclusion: We have engineered an FGF19 hormone that is capable of regulating multiple pathways to deliver antisteatotic, anti‐inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities and that represents a potentially promising therapeutic for patients with NASH. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:1024–1042)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhou
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. South San Francisco CA
| | | | | | | | - Hui Tian
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. South San Francisco CA
| | - Lei Ling
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. South San Francisco CA
| |
Collapse
|
341
|
Pinkosky SL, Groot PHE, Lalwani ND, Steinberg GR. Targeting ATP-Citrate Lyase in Hyperlipidemia and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1047-1063. [PMID: 28993031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle promote imbalances in metabolism, often manifesting as risk factors for life-threating diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nucleocytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) has emerged as a central signaling node used to coordinate metabolic adaptations in response to a changing nutritional status. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is the enzyme primarily responsible for the production of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA and is thus strategically positioned at the intersection of nutrient catabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we discuss recent findings from preclinical studies, as well as Mendelian and clinical randomized trials, demonstrating the importance of ACL activity in metabolism, and supporting its inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to treating ASCVD, NAFLD, and other metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Pinkosky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Pieter H E Groot
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Narendra D Lalwani
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
342
|
Puigvehí M, Broquetas T, Coll S, Garcia-Retortillo M, Cañete N, Fernández R, Gimeno J, Sanchez J, Bory F, Pedro-Botet J, Solà R, Carrión JA. Impact of anthropometric features on the applicability and accuracy of FibroScan ® (M and XL) in overweight/obese patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1746-1753. [PMID: 28201854 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Transient elastography is the reference method for liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in the general population, having lower applicability in obese patients. We evaluated the applicability and diagnostic accuracy of the M and XL probes in overweight/obese patients to establish the most appropriate approach. METHODS From May 2013 to March 2015, we evaluated patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/m2 . We constructed an algorithm with variables independently related to unreliable LSM with the M probe. RESULTS A total of 1084 patients were evaluated. M and XL probe applicability was 88.8% and 98%, respectively. Waist circumference (WC) (OR; 95% CI; P) (0.97; 0.94-0.99; P < 0.001) and skin-capsule distance (SCD) (0.83; 0.79-0.87; P < 0.001) were independently related to unreliable LSM (M probe). The SCD was > 25 mm in 5.5% of individuals with a BMI ≤ 35 kg/m2 and a WC ≤ 117 cm, with LSM (M probe) applicability rising to 94.3%. In contrast, 36.9% of patients with a BMI > 35 kg/m2 and/or a WC > 117 cm presented an SCD > 25 mm, with M probe applicability being 73.1%. The diagnostic accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic) using the M probe to identify significant steatosis (0.76), fibrosis (0.89), and cirrhosis (0.96) was very high in patients with a BMI ≤ 35 kg/m2 and a WC ≤ 117 cm. CONCLUSIONS The applicability and accuracy of the FibroScan® M probe to identify fibrosis and steatosis was excellent in overweight and obesity grade I (BMI ≤ 35 kg/m2 ) with a WC ≤ 117 cm. The XL probe increased the applicability of transient elastography in obesity grade II-III (BMI > 35 kg/m2 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Puigvehí
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Broquetas
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Coll
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Retortillo
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cañete
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gimeno
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchez
- Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Bory
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain.,Endocrinology Department, Lipid Unit, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Solà
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Carrión
- Liver Section, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
343
|
Suárez M, Boqué N, Del Bas JM, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Arola L, Caimari A. Mediterranean Diet and Multi-Ingredient-Based Interventions for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1052. [PMID: 28937599 PMCID: PMC5691669 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a wide spectrum of hepatic disorders, from simple steatosis to hepatic necro-inflammation leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although the prevalence of these multifactorial pathologies is continuously increasing in the population, there is still not an established methodology for their treatment other than weight loss and a change in lifestyle habits, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise. In this framework, there is increasing evidence that several food bioactives and dietary patterns are effective for reversing and preventing the onset of these pathologies. Some studies have claimed that better responses are obtained when treatments are performed under a multifaceted approach, using different bioactive compounds that act against complementary targets. Thus, in this work, current strategies for treating NAFLD and NASH based on multi-ingredient-based supplements or the Mediterranean diet, a dietary pattern rich in bioactive compounds, are reviewed. Furthermore, the usefulness of omics techniques to design effective multi-ingredient nutritional interventions and to predict and monitor their response against these disorders is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Noemí Boqué
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
344
|
Dhir G, Cusi K. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel therapeutic option. J Investig Med 2017; 66:7-10. [PMID: 28918389 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and is associated with a cluster of metabolic factors that lead to poor cardiovascular outcomes. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fat (triglyceride) accumulation closely mirrors adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance in obesity and T2DM. It is now recognized as the most common chronic liver disease in Westernized societies, often progressing to more severe forms of the disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, NAFLD remains largely overlooked by healthcare providers although it affects about two-thirds of patients with obesity and it promotes the development of T2DM. NAFLD mirrors adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, the liver being a 'barometer' of metabolic health. Although pioglitazone is emerging as the treatment of choice for NASH in patients with insulin-resistance, or those with T2DM, many other options are being tested. Due to their overall safety and efficacy, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are becoming one of the cornerstones for the management of both obesity and T2DM, and a novel alternative for the treatment of NAFLD. In this review, we will briefly summarize the status of GLP-1RA for the treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Dhir
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
345
|
Lepreux S, Villeneuve J, Dewitte A, Bérard AM, Desmoulière A, Ripoche J. CD40 signaling and hepatic steatosis: Unanticipated links. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:357-369. [PMID: 27989689 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity predisposes to an increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hepatic steatosis is the key pathological feature of NAFLD and has emerged as a metabolic disorder in which innate and adaptive arms of the immune response play a central role in disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed unexpected relationships between CD40 signaling and hepatic steatosis in high fat diet rodent models. CD154, the ligand of CD40, is a mediator of inflammation and controls several critical events of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the light of these reports, we discuss potential links between CD40 signaling and hepatic steatosis in NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoine Dewitte
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation II, CHU de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Annie M Bérard
- Service de Biochimie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jean Ripoche
- INSERM U1026, Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
346
|
Armstrong MJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: From bench to bedside. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2017; 10:32-35. [PMID: 30992756 PMCID: PMC6467104 DOI: 10.1002/cld.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Armstrong
- Specialist Registrar in Hepatology, Liver Transplant UnitQueen Elizabeth University Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
347
|
Fujiwara R, Mitsugi R, Uemura A, Itoh T, Tukey RH. Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Model Mice Can Be Reversed With Zinc Protoporphyrin. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:792-802. [PMID: 29399656 PMCID: PMC5678921 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic bilirubin is solely conjugated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1. Due to an inadequate function of UGT1A1, human neonates develop mild to severe physiological hyperbilirubinemia. Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain leads to the onset of irreversible brain damage called kernicterus. Breastfeeding is one of the most significant factors that increase the risk of developing kernicterus in infants. Why does the most natural way of feeding increase the risk of brain damage or even death? This question leads to the hypothesis that breast milk-induced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia might bring certain benefits to the body. One of the barriers to answering the above question is the lack of animal models that display mild to severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. A mouse model that develops neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was previously developed by a knockout of the Ugt1 locus. Deletion of Ugt1a1 results in neonatal lethality from bilirubin neurotoxicity. Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism in which heme oxygenase-I is largely involved. When zinc protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase I, was administered to newborn Ugt1-/- mice, serum bilirubin levels dropped dramatically, rescuing the mice from bilirubin-induced neonatal lethality. Zinc protoporphyrin-treated Ugt1-/- mice developed normally as adults capable of reproducing, but their newborns showed even more severe hyperbilirubinemia. Microarray analysis of the hyperbilirubinemic livers indicated that a number of genes associated with nucleotide, transport, and immune response were significantly down-regulated in a serum bilirubin level-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our study provides an opportunity to advance the development of effective therapeutics to effectively and rapidly prevent bilirubin-induced toxicity. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has various impacts on the body that could be driven by the antioxidant property of bilirubin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Mitsugi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Uemura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
348
|
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of multiple metabolic pathways and may have therapeutic importance for treating obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given the ubiquitous expression of AMPK, it has been a challenge to evaluate which tissue types may be most beneficially poised for mediating the positive metabolic effects of AMPK-centered treatments. In this review we evaluate the metabolic phenotypes of transgenic mouse models in which AMPK expression and function have been manipulated, and the impact this has on controlling lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. This information may be useful for guiding the development of AMPK-targeted therapeutics to treat chronic metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Day
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
349
|
Bischoff SC, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Chourdakis M, Cuerda C, Delzenne NM, Deutz NE, Fouque D, Genton L, Gil C, Koletzko B, Leon-Sanz M, Shamir R, Singer J, Singer P, Stroebele-Benschop N, Thorell A, Weimann A, Barazzoni R. Towards a multidisciplinary approach to understand and manage obesity and related diseases. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:917-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
350
|
Munsterman ID, Smits MM, Andriessen R, van Nieuwkerk CMJ, Bloemena E, Mulder CJJ, Tjwa ETTL, van Geenen EJM. Smoking is associated with severity of liver fibrosis but not with histological severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Results from a cross-sectional study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:881-885. [PMID: 28446050 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1315169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of smoking on histological disease severity and fibrosis in real-world NAFLD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Consecutive NAFLD patients were identified with liver biopsies performed between 2008 and 2015. Characteristics such as smoking status and total number of pack years were collected. Biopsies were revised and BRUNT fibrosis and NAFLD activity score (NAS) determined. Patients with a high NAS (≥5) were compared to patients with a low NAS (<5) and with advanced fibrosis (stage 3-4) to patients with no-early fibrosis (stage 0-2). Patients with a history of smoking (current or past smoker) were defined ever smokers. RESULTS Fifty-six patients were included (mean age 49 ± 14.3, 68.9% males and 39.3% history of smoking). Ever smokers had a higher fibrosis score than never smokers; two (IQR 0-3) versus one (IQR 1-1.5) (p = .040). Patients with advanced fibrosis smoked significantly more pack years than patients with no-early fibrosis; 10.6 (IQR 0-25.8) versus 0 (IQR 0-7) (p = .011). There is a weak to moderate correlation between fibrosis stage and number of pack years (Spearman's Rho = 0.341, p = .012). There was no difference in NAS between never and ever smokers; 2.8 ± 1.5 versus 3.3 ± 1.4 (p = .205). Patients with NAS <5 had a median number of pack years of 0 (IQR 0-9) versus a median of 10.3 pack years (IQR 0-24) in patients with NAS ≥5 (p = .127). CONCLUSION Smoking is associated with severity of NAFLD-related liver fibrosis but not with histological disease severity. This supports the recommendation to cease smoking for NAFLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle D Munsterman
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Mark M Smits
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Internal Medicine , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Rene Andriessen
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Carin M J van Nieuwkerk
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- d Department of Pathology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Eric T T L Tjwa
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Erwin J M van Geenen
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|