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Ecsedi M, Lengline É, Knol-Bout C, Bosman P, Eikema DJ, Afanasyev B, Maschan A, Dreger P, Halkes CJM, Drexler B, Cortelezzi A, Drénou B, Patriarca A, Bruno B, Onofrillo D, Lanino E, Pulanic D, Serventi-Seiwerth R, Garnier A, Ljungman P, Bonifazi F, Giammarco S, Tournilhac O, Pioltelli P, Rovó A, Risitano AM, de Latour RP, Dufour C, Passweg J. Use of eltrombopag in aplastic anemia in Europe. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:1341-1350. [PMID: 30915499 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eltrombopag (ELT), an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist, has recently emerged as a promising new drug for the treatment of aplastic anemia (AA). How ELT is used outside of clinical trials in the real-world setting and results of this treatment are not known. We conducted therefore a retrospective survey on the use of ELT in AA among EBMT member centers. We analyzed the 134 patients reported in our survey together with 46 patients recently published by Lengline et al. The median follow-up from start of ELT treatment was 15.3 months, with 85.6% patients alive at last follow-up. Importantly, only 28.9% of our patients received ELT according to the FDA/EMA label as monotherapy in the relapsed/refractory setting, whereas 16.7% received ELT upfront. The overall response rate in our cohort was 62%, very similar to the results of the pivotal ELT trial. In multivariate analysis, combination therapy with ELT/cyclosporine/ATG and response to previous therapy were associated with response. Overall survival was favorable with a 1-year survival from ELT start of 87.4%. We identified age, AA severity before ELT start and response to ELT as variables significantly associated with OS. Two patients transformed to MDS; other adverse events were mostly benign. In sum, ELT is used widely in Europe to treat AA patients, mostly in the relapsed/refractory setting. Response to ELT is similar to the clinical trial data across different age groups, treatment lines, and treatment combinations and results in favorable survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Ecsedi
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Boris Afanasyev
- First State Pavlov Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei Maschan
- Dimitri Rogachev Federal Research Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Beatrice Drexler
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agostino Cortelezzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Patriarca
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Drazen Pulanic
- University Hospital Center and Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Per Ljungman
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Alicia Rovó
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonio M Risitano
- Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Jakob Passweg
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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302
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Bacigalupo A, Giammarco S. Haploidentical donor transplants for severe aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol 2019; 56:190-193. [PMID: 31202429 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (HAPLO) is being increasingly used, and significant progress has been made both with ex vivo T-cell depleted grafts as well as with unmanipulated marrow or peripheral blood grafts. We here review the current status of HAPLO grafts in patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia. Several transplant platforms have been tested, to overcome graft severe rejection and graft vs host disease (GvHD): these include differences in the conditioning regimen, in graft source and graft manipulation, and in GvHD prophylaxis. The latter include ex vivo T-cell depletion and/or antithymocyte globulin and/or high dose post-transplant cyclophosphamide. Some programs also include the use of marrow or cord blood mesenchymal stem cells, infused at the time of transplantation. Extremely encouraging results are being reported especially in the pediatric population, but also in young adults: we will review reports on 375 patients, with an average rejection rate of 6%, grade II-IV GvHD of 23% and 1-year survival of 80%. Finally we will discuss the place of HAPLO transplants in the context of alternative donor grafts for acquired aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacigalupo
- Department of Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Giammarco
- Department of Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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303
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Cheng H, Wang X, Zhou D, Cao J, Larochelle A, Xu KL. Eltrombopag combined with cyclosporine may have an effect on very severe aplastic anemia. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:2009-2011. [PMID: 30891613 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Dian Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Andre Larochelle
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai-Lin Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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304
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Fattizzo B, Kulasekararaj AG, Hill A, Benson-Quarm N, Griffin M, Munir T, Arnold L, Riley K, Ireland R, De Lavallade H, Potter V, Consonni D, Hillmen P, Mufti GJ, Barcellini W, Marsh JCW. Clinical and morphological predictors of outcome in older aplastic anemia patients treated with eltrombopag. Haematologica 2019; 104:e494-e496. [PMID: 30890599 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.216374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fattizzo
- Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anita Hill
- Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Morag Griffin
- Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Talha Munir
- Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Arnold
- Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Kathryn Riley
- Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Hillmen
- Haematology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Wilma Barcellini
- Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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305
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Fattizzo B, Pasquale R, Carpenedo M, Cantoni S, Auteri G, Gramegna D, D'Adda M, Napolitano M, Consonni D, Ruggeri M, Siragusa S, Rossi G, Vianelli N, Barcellini W. Bone marrow characteristics predict outcome in a multicenter cohort of primary immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with thrombopoietin analogs. Haematologica 2019; 104:e470-e473. [PMID: 30846501 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.216804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fattizzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, UOC Ematologia, Milano
| | - Raffaella Pasquale
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, UOC Ematologia, Milano
| | - Monica Carpenedo
- Ematologia e Trapianto, ASST Ospedale San Gerardo di Monza, Monza
| | - Silvia Cantoni
- Division of Hematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Niguarda Hospital, Milan
| | - Giuseppe Auteri
- Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna
| | - Doriana Gramegna
- Ematologia e Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica, A.O. Spedali Civili, Brescia
| | - Mariella D'Adda
- Ematologia e Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica, A.O. Spedali Civili, Brescia
| | - Mariasanta Napolitano
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Palermo
| | - Dario Consonni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milano and UOC Epidemiologia, Milano
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Sergio Siragusa
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Palermo
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Ematologia e Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica, A.O. Spedali Civili, Brescia
| | - Nicola Vianelli
- Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna
| | - Wilma Barcellini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, UOC Ematologia, Milano
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306
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Evaluation of eltrombopag in patients with aplastic anemia in real-world experience. Leuk Res Rep 2019; 11:11-13. [PMID: 30911464 PMCID: PMC6416522 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although eltrombopag has recently been approved for treating AA, the effects of its clinical use remain unknown. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 11 patients with AA, who had been treated with eltrombopag from August 2017 to May 2018. Results Overall response rate was 55%. There was tri-lineage recovery in four patients and platelet recovery in two. The reactive time was within 8 weeks after treatment initiation. Stage at the initial assessment, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet counts were significantly different between the responders and non-responders. Conclusion Eltrombopag is a promising agent for treating patients with any degree of AA.
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307
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Abstract
"Bone marrow failure" encompass all the conditions and syndromes in which there are qualitative or quantitative disorders of one or more lineages (erythroid, myelomonocytic, and/or megakaryocytic). A few years ago, the pathophysiology of these syndromes was completely unknown. Today we have better knowledge for these diseases, allowing the development of new treatment options and the improvement of patients' outcome. Acquired bone marrow failure syndromes include myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, idiopathic neutropenia and large granular leukemia. All these syndromes share some common features and pathophysiology. The most important feature is the possibility of clonal evolution and progression into acute myelogenous leukemia, and open questions still remain on how to prevent evolution in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E. Solomou
- Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine-Hematology, University of Patras Medical School, Rion 26500, Greece
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308
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Oved JH, Wang Y, Barrett DM, Levy EM, Huang Y, Monos DS, Grupp SA, Bunin NJ, Olson TS. CD3 +/CD19 + Depleted Matched and Mismatched Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant with Targeted T Cell Addback Is Associated with Excellent Outcomes in Pediatric Patients with Nonmalignant Hematologic Disorders. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:549-555. [PMID: 30312755 PMCID: PMC7122955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is increasingly being used to cure nonmalignant hematologic diseases (NMHD) in patients who lack HLA matched related donors. Both graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remain major barriers to safe and effective transplant for these patients requiring unrelated donors. Partial T cell depletion combined with peripheral stem cell transplantation (pTCD-PSCT) has the potential advantages of providing a high stem cell dose to facilitate rapid engraftment, maintaining cells that may facilitate engraftment, and decreasing GVHD risk compared with T cell-replete HSCT. Here, we report a single-institution, retrospective experience of unrelated donor pTCD-PSCT for pediatric patients with NMHD. From 2014 to 2017, 12 pediatric patients with transfusion-dependent NMHD underwent matched unrelated donor (MUD) or mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD) pTCD HSCT in our center using disease-specific conditioning. Donor PSCs underwent CD3+ T cell and CD19+ B cell depletion using CliniMACS, followed by a targeted addback of 1 × 105 CD3+ T cells/kg to the graft before infusion. All 12 patients demonstrated rapid trilinear engraftment. At a median follow-up of 740days (range, 279 to 1466), all patients were alive with over 92% total peripheral blood donor chimerism and without transfusion dependence or recurrence of their underlying hematologic disease. Immune reconstitution was rapid and comparable with T cell-replete HSCT. No patients developed severe acute GVHD (grades III to IV) or chronic extensive GVHD, and all patients had discontinued systemic immune suppression. Viral reactivations were common, but no patient developed symptoms of life-threatening infectious disease. Our data indicate that MUD and MMUD pTCD-PSCTs are safe and effective approaches that enable rapid engraftment and immune reconstitution, prevent severe GVHD, and expand availability of HSCT to any patients with NMHD who have closely MUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Oved
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongping Wang
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Barrett
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen M Levy
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dimitrios S Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy J Bunin
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy S Olson
- Cellular Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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309
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Dong X, Han Y, Abeysekera IR, Shao Z, Wang H. GDF11 is increased in patients with aplastic anemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:331-336. [PMID: 30727851 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1574386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT To explore the critical role of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) in the pathobiology of aplastic anemia (AA). METHODS We have examined the serum GDF11 levels for 79 AA patients and 30 healthy controls. A total of 79 AA patients, which included 29 new diagnosed (untreated) cases, 14 cases with no response, 21 partial remission (PR) cases and 15 complete remission (CR) cases after immunosuppressive therapy (IST). GDF11 serum levels were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GDF11 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMNC) was detected through real time polymerase chain reaction. The correlation between GDF11 expression and erythropoietic function was evaluated. RESULTS The serum GDF11 levels in untreated AA patients were higher than that of the control group. The serum GDF11 levels of PR patients or CR patients after IST was decreased, compared with untreated patients, but did not recover back to the normal levels. GDF11 levels had a negative correlation with hemoglobin (Hb) levels and reticulocyte counts in AA patients. GDF11 levels did not correlate with age, sex and severity of in AA patients. CONCLUSION Serum GDF11 levels were increased and negatively correlated with Hb levels and reticulocyte counts in AA patients. This suggests an impaired GDF11 response contributing to anemia in AA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Dong
- a Department of Hematology, General Hospital , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- b Department of Hematology , Huaihe Hospital of Henan University , Kaifeng , People's Republic of China
| | - Iruni Roshanie Abeysekera
- c Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- a Department of Hematology, General Hospital , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Huaquan Wang
- a Department of Hematology, General Hospital , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
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310
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Eltrombopag maintains human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells under inflammatory conditions mediated by IFN-γ. Blood 2019; 133:2043-2055. [PMID: 30803992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-884486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) has been implicated in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) depletion in immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes. We show that IFN-γ specifically prevents full engagement of thrombopoietin (TPO), a primary positive regulator of HSPC survival, to its receptor (c-MPL) via steric occlusion of the low-affinity binding site, contributing to perturbation of TPO-induced signaling pathways and decreased survival of human HSPCs. Eltrombopag, a synthetic small molecule mimetic of TPO that interacts with c-MPL at a position distinct from the extracellular binding site of TPO, bypasses this inhibition, providing an explanation for its clinical activity in bone marrow failure, despite already elevated endogenous TPO levels. Thus, IFN-γ-mediated perturbation of TPO:c-MPL complex formation and the resulting inhibition of a critical pathway of growth factor cell signaling may represent a general mechanism by which IFN-γ impairs the function of human HSPCs. This understanding could have broad therapeutic implications for various disorders of chronic inflammation.
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311
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Olson TS. Translating HSC Niche Biology for Clinical Applications. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-019-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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312
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Swaminathan M, Borthakur G, Kadia TM, Ferrajoli A, Alvarado Y, Pemmaraju N, Bodden K, Yearby B, Konopleva M, Khoury J, Bueso-Ramos C, Garcia-Manero G, DiNardo CD. A phase 2 clinical trial of eltrombopag for treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes after hypomethylating-agent failure. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2207-2213. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1576873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Swaminathan
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tapan M. Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristy Bodden
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brittany Yearby
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Khoury
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Courtney D. DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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313
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Eltrombopag for use in children with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv 2019; 2:454-461. [PMID: 29487060 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eltrombopag is currently the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved thrombopoietin receptor agonist for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children. This oral, once-per-day therapy has shown favorable efficacy and adverse effect profiles in children. Two multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trials (PETIT [Efficacy and Safety Study of Eltrombopag in Pediatric Patients With Thrombocytopenia From Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)] and PETIT2 [Study of a New Medication for Childhood Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP), a Blood Disorder of Low Platelet Counts That Can Lead to Bruising Easily, Bleeding Gums, and/or Bleeding Inside the Body]) demonstrated efficacy in raising platelet counts, reducing bleeding, and reducing the need for concomitant ITP therapies with relatively few adverse effects. The most commonly reported drug-related adverse effects include headache, nausea, and hepatobiliary laboratory abnormalities. Long-term safety data in children are limited, and studies in adults have not revealed a clinically significant increased incidence of thrombosis, marrow fibrosis, or cataract formation. Eltrombopag has also been approved for treating refractory severe aplastic anemia (AA) and has potential for expanded use in ITP and severe AA as well as in other conditions associated with thrombocytopenia.
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314
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Bullock T, Hazell M, McCullagh J. Advances in Transfusion Medicine RCPath, November 2018. Transfus Med 2019; 29:4-15. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Hazell
- NHS Blood and Transplant; Bristol UK
| | - J. McCullagh
- Whipps Cross University Hospital; Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
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315
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Eltrombopag for post-transplant cytopenias due to poor graft function. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:1346-1353. [PMID: 30679824 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Persistent cytopenia due to poor graft function (PoGF) is a relatively common complication which may affect up to 20% of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Treatment options for PoGF remain limited, and reinfusion of additional HSC is often the only way to rescue hematopoiesis. Here we describe a retrospective single-center experience with the thrombopoietin-mimetic agent eltrombopag for the treatment of PoGF. Thirteen patients have received eltrombopag for either PoGF (n = 12) or primary graft failure (n = 1). In the 12 PoGF patients eltrombopag was started at the median time of 79 days after HSCT, due to persistent thrombocytopenia, with concomitant anemia and neutropenia in 7 and 3 patients, respectively. The treatment was started at the dose of 50 mg per day, and eventually increased up to 150 mg in case of lack of response. Hematological response was seen in 7 patients, with 6 complete responses. Hematological responses were seen both in patients with evidence of immune-mediated pathophysiology, and with possible infectious/iatrogenic causes. In responding patients, eltrombopag was discontinued in 6/7 patients without further relapse. These results suggest that eltrombopag is safe and possibly effective in the setting of the treatment of PoGF, and pave the way for future prospective studies.
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316
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Zhao LP, Sicre De Fontbrune F, Contejean A, Abraham J, Terriou L, Chabrot C, Charbonnier A, Lengline E, Socié G, Peffault de Latour R. Nationwide survey in France on the use of romiplostim in patients with refractory severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:1161-1163. [PMID: 30670823 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Pierre Zhao
- Centre de Référence Aplasie Médullaire, Service d'Hématologie Greffe, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Flore Sicre De Fontbrune
- Centre de Référence Aplasie Médullaire, Service d'Hématologie Greffe, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Contejean
- Service d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Julie Abraham
- Service d'Hématologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Louis Terriou
- Service des Maladies du Sang, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Chabrot
- Service d'Hématologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Etienne Lengline
- Centre de Référence Aplasie Médullaire, Service d'Hématologie Greffe, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Socié
- Centre de Référence Aplasie Médullaire, Service d'Hématologie Greffe, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1160, Paris, France
| | - Régis Peffault de Latour
- Centre de Référence Aplasie Médullaire, Service d'Hématologie Greffe, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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317
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Immunosuppressive therapy versus haploidentical transplantation in adults with acquired severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:1319-1326. [PMID: 30670825 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our study aimed to compare treatment outcomes between hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from haploidentical donors (HID) and immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in adults with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The medical records of 113 SAA adults who received IST, including rabbit ATG and cyclosporin (N = 37), or HID HSCT (N = 76) within 6 months of diagnosis at two institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Estimated 8-year overall survival (OS) was comparable between the IST and HID HSCT groups (75.6 vs. 83.7%, respectively, P = 0.328), but failure free survival (FFS) was significantly lower in IST group than HID HSCT group (38.5 vs. 83.7%, respectively, P = 0.001). Furthermore, a significant improvement in FFS was observed with HSCT over IST in patients under 40 years old. At the last follow-up, patients in HSCT group achieved better Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) than those in IST group (100 [20-100] vs. 90 [20-100], P = 0.002). In terms of blood count, 83.1% (54/65) of patients in HSCT group showed complete recovery compared to only 38.2% (13/34) in IST group (P < 0.001). These data suggest that HID HSCT could be an effective alternative treatment option for SAA adults, and additional prospective studies are necessary.
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318
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Georges GE. Consider Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation for Older, FitPatients with Aplastic Anemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:e69-e70. [PMID: 30641134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George E Georges
- Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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319
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Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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320
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Shah SJ, Etzl MM. Eltrombopag in long-term management of pediatric thrombocytopenia. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:196-201. [PMID: 30656041 PMCID: PMC6333124 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eltrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist that may be effective in a broad range of thrombocytopenias of distinct etiology. We have observed rapid, robust, and sustained responses to eltrombopag in two young patients with refractory thrombocytopenia, one with primary immune thrombocytopenia and the other with Evans syndrome.
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321
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Methimazole-Induced Aplastic Anemia with Concomitant Hepatitis in a Young Filipina with Graves' Disease. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2019; 34:99-102. [PMID: 33442144 PMCID: PMC7784141 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.034.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 34-year-old female Filipino with Graves' disease on methimazole came in due to fever, sore throat and jaundice. She was initially diagnosed with methimazole-induced agranulocytosis and drug-induced liver injury. She was treated with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. On day 4 of admission, she developed pancytopenia and was managed as methimazole-induced aplastic anemia. She was started on steroid therapy and received 1 unit of packed red blood cell. The jaundice also increased, hence, she was given ursodeoxycholic acid. On day 9 of admission, with the consideration of "lineage steal phenomenon," biopsy was done and eltrombopag was started. Patient was discharged stable at 12th hospital day. This case presents 3 rare life-threatening complications of methimazole namely: agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia and hepatitis.
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322
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Delanoy N, Michot JM, Comont T, Kramkimel N, Lazarovici J, Dupont R, Champiat S, Chahine C, Robert C, Herbaux C, Besse B, Guillemin A, Mateus C, Pautier P, Saïag P, Madonna E, Maerevoet M, Bout JC, Leduc C, Biscay P, Quere G, Nardin C, Ebbo M, Albigès L, Marret G, Levrat V, Dujon C, Vargaftig J, Laghouati S, Croisille L, Voisin AL, Godeau B, Massard C, Ribrag V, Marabelle A, Michel M, Lambotte O. Haematological immune-related adverse events induced by anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy: a descriptive observational study. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2018; 6:e48-e57. [PMID: 30528137 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(18)30175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies are novel immunotherapies for cancer that can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These adverse events can involve all organs, including the haemopoietic system. Thus far, haematological irAEs (haem-irAEs) have not been extensively characterised. This study aims to provide a comprehensive report of the haem-irAEs induced by anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1. METHODS In this descriptive observational study, we included consecutive patients aged at least 18 years with grade 2 or worse haem-irAEs induced by anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy registered in three French pharmacovigilance databases: the Registre des Effets Indésirables Sévères des Anticorps Monoclonaux Immunomodulateurs en Cancérologie (REISAMIC; a prospective registry of patients treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 at a single centre), the ImmunoTOX committee of Gustave Roussy (a national referral database of suspected irAEs in patients treated with immunotherapy), and the registry of the Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-Immunes de l'Adulte (CeReCAI; a national database of autoimmune cytopenias). Cases were reviewed by a central committee; adverse events had to be classed as certainly or probably related to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy, and their severity was assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03). The primary endpoint was clinical description of haem-irAEs, as reported in all databases, and their frequency, as reported in the prospective REISAMIC registry. FINDINGS We screened 948 patients registered in the three databases from June 27, 2014, to June 29, 2018 (745 from REISAMIC, 190 from the ImmunoTOX committee, and 13 from CeReCAI). 35 patients (21 men and 14 women) with haem-irAEs related to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 were included in the study. Of 745 patients in the REISAMIC registry treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1, four had haem-irAEs, giving a frequency of 0·5%. Median age in the 35 patients was 65 years (IQR 51-75), and the most common tumour types were melanoma (15 [43%] patients), non-small-cell lung cancer (12 [34%] patients), and lymphoma (four [11%] patients). 20 (57%) patients received nivolumab, 14 (40%) received pembrolizumab, and one (3%) received atezolizumab. Among the 35 patients, neutropenia, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and immune thrombocytopenia were the most common types of haem-irAE (each in nine patients [26%]), followed by pancytopenia or aplastic anaemia (five patients [14%]), bicytopenia (one patients with thrombocytopenia plus anaemia and one patient with neutropenia plus anaemia [6%]), and pure red cell aplasia (one patient [3%]). The maximum grade of severity was grade 2 in three (9%) patients, grade 3 in five (14%) patients, and grade 4 in 25 (71%) patients; two (6%) patients died from febrile neutropenia during haem-irAE related to anti-PD-1. Haem-irAEs resolved in 21 (60%) of the 35 patients. INTERPRETATION Haem-irAEs induced by PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors are rare but potentially life-threatening events. The most common clinical presentations are neutropenia, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and aplastic anaemia. Investigations into earlier detection and better management are warranted. FUNDING Gustave Roussy and Gustave Roussy Immunotherapy Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delanoy
- Département des Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Marie Michot
- Département des Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Service de Médecine Interne and Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Thibault Comont
- Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunopathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Nora Kramkimel
- Service de Dermatologie et Vénérologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lazarovici
- Département d'Hématologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Romain Dupont
- Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunopathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Champiat
- Département des Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Chahine
- Département d'Hématologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Robert
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Charles Herbaux
- Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Aude Guillemin
- Service d'Oncologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Christine Mateus
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Patricia Pautier
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Saïag
- Service des Cancers Cutanés, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Emanuela Madonna
- Département d'Hématologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Maerevoet
- Department of Haematology, Institute Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Charlotte Leduc
- Service d'Oncologie Thoracique, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Biscay
- Service de Médecine Interne, Clinique Mutualiste de Pessac, Pessac, France
| | - Gilles Quere
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Morvan Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Charlée Nardin
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France
| | - Mikael Ebbo
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Albigès
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Grégoire Marret
- Service d'Oncologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Levrat
- Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Cécile Dujon
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital André Mignot, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Jacques Vargaftig
- Service d'Hématologie, René Huguenin Hospital-Curie Institute, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Salim Laghouati
- Unité de Pharmacovigilance, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Laure Croisille
- Laboratoire HLA-ILP, Etablissement Français du Sang, Créteil, France
| | - Anne-Laure Voisin
- Unité de Pharmacovigilance, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Bertrand Godeau
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-Immunes de l'Adulte, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Massard
- Département des Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Ribrag
- Département des Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Département des Innovations Thérapeutiques et Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Marc Michel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Cytopénies Auto-Immunes de l'Adulte, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Service de Médecine Interne and Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université Paris Sud, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie des Infections Virales et des Maladies Auto-Immunes, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Division d'Immunovirologie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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323
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Babushok DV. A brief, but comprehensive, guide to clonal evolution in aplastic anemia. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:457-466. [PMID: 30504346 PMCID: PMC6245980 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is an immune-mediated bone marrow aplasia that is strongly associated with clonal hematopoiesis upon marrow recovery. More than 70% of AA patients develop somatic mutations in their hematopoietic cells. In contrast to other conditions linked to clonal hematopoiesis, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential in the elderly, the top alterations in AA are closely related to its immune pathogenesis. Nearly 40% of AA patients carry somatic mutations in the PIGA gene manifested as clonal populations of cells with the paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria phenotype, and 17% of AA patients have loss of HLA class I alleles. It is estimated that between 20% and 35% of AA patients have somatic mutations associated with hematologic malignancies, most characteristically in the ASXL1, BCOR, and BCORL1 genes. Risk factors for evolution to MDS in AA include the duration of disease, acquisition of high-risk somatic mutations, and age at AA onset. Emerging data suggest that several HLA class I alleles not only predispose to the development of AA but may also predispose to clonal evolution in AA patients. Long-term prospective studies are needed to determine the true prognostic implications of clonal hematopoiesis in AA. This article provides a brief, but comprehensive, review of our current understanding of clonal evolution in AA and concludes with 3 cases that illustrate a practical approach for integrating results of next-generation molecular studies into the clinical care of AA patients in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Babushok
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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324
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Bacigalupo A. Alternative donor transplants for severe aplastic anemia. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:467-473. [PMID: 30504347 PMCID: PMC6245994 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation remains the only curative treatment for patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). When a matched sibling is not available, one can search for a matched unrelated donor or a cord blood unit (CB) in the international registries or, more recently, for an HLA haploidentical (HAPLO) family member. International guidelines call for a course of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine before a patient with SAA receives a transplant from a donor other than an HLA identical sibling, but whether this is necessary for patients age <20 years is less clear. Here I will examine the rapid increase in HAPLO transplantations for SAA, showing encouraging early results both in children and young adults. Graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis remains of primary importance in patients with SAA, and in vivo T-cell depletion with either ATG or alemtuzumab offers a significant survival advantage. Finally, I will discuss the strong age effect, which is particularly evident at >40 and 50 years of age for reasons not entirely clear and which should be taken into account when designing a treatment strategy for a given patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bacigalupo
- Department of Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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325
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Scheinberg P. Activity of eltrombopag in severe aplastic anemia. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:450-456. [PMID: 30504345 PMCID: PMC6245975 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the approval of horse antithymocyte globulin (ATG) decades ago, there was a long hiatus in therapies with activity in severe aplastic anemia (SAA). This scenario changed in 2014 when eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, was approved for SAA after an insufficient response to initial immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The basis for this approval was the observation of single-agent activity of eltrombopag in this patient population, where 40% to 50% recovered blood counts at times involving >1 lineage. The achievement of transfusion independence confirmed the clinical benefit of this approach. Increase in marrow cellularity and CD34+ cells suggested a recovery to a more functioning bone marrow. Further in its development, eltrombopag was associated with standard horse ATG plus cyclosporine in first line, producing increases in overall (at about 90%) and complete response rates (at about 40%) and leading to transfusion independence and excellent survival. Interestingly, best results were observed when all drugs were started simultaneously. The cumulative incidence of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities to date has compared favorably with the vast experience with IST alone in SAA. Longer follow-up will help in define these long-term risks. In this review, the development of eltrombopag in SAA will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Scheinberg
- Division of Hematology, Hospital A Beneficência Portuguesa, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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326
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Hong Y, Li X, Wan B, Li N, Chen Y. Efficacy and Safety of Eltrombopag for Aplastic Anemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Drug Investig 2018; 39:141-156. [PMID: 30406906 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-018-0725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Eltrombopag seems to be effective in treating patients with aplastic anemia in several clinical trials. This paper aims to perform the first meta-analysis analyzing the efficacy and safety of eltrombopag for aplastic anemia. METHODS Literatures were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Web of Science, Cochrane, Wanfang, http://clinicaltrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform search portal from establishment to July 2018. Using Stata statistical software version 12.0, subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS The overall hematologic response rate is 88% (95% CI 83-94%) for patients treated with eltrombopag plus immunosuppressive therapy, and 47% (95% CI 38-56%) for patients with refractory aplastic anemia using eltrombopag alone. Karyotype abnormality rates include an overall rate of 10% (95% CI 7-14%), a subtotal rate of 8% (95% CI 3-13%) for patients who are treated with eltrombopag plus immunosuppressive therapy without using antithymocyte globulin before, and a subtotal rate of 17% (95% CI 10-24%) for patients with refractory aplastic anemia treated with eltrombopag alone. CONCLUSIONS With different treatments and in different conditions eltrombopag showed a distinctive effect for aplastic anemia. However, clone evolution and adverse events were associated with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xuefubei Street, Fuzhou, 350108, Minhou County, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China. .,INSERM U1160, Hopital Saint Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75007, Paris, France.
| | - Bo Wan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Nainong Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yuanzhong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Street, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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327
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Young
- From the Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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328
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Chen T, Zhang T, Liu C, Wang C, Ding S, Shao Z, Fu R. NK cells suppress CD8 + T cell immunity via NKG2D in severe aplastic anemia. Cell Immunol 2018; 335:6-14. [PMID: 30471872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The roles of natural killer (NK) cells in shaping the immune system had raised wide interests. Here we intended to explore the regulatory functions of NK cells on CD8+ T cells in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) using human participants and lymphocyte infusion-induced bone marrow failure (BMF) mouse model. In SAA patients, NK cells had over-expressions of NKG2D and NKp46, under-expression of NKG2A and enhanced cytotoxicity. NK cells limited autologous CD8+ T cell immunity in an effector/target ratio manner. The suppression was dependent on the existence of NKG2D. We also observed upregulated MICA expression on activated CD8+ T cells, which were susceptible to NK cell mediated lysis in SAA. Animal model concurred with the data from patients. Infusion of NK cells suppressed the proliferation of CD8+ T cells and decreased IFN-γ production. In conclusion, NK cells served NKG2D-dependent immunoregulatory roles by attenuating autologous CD8+ T cell response in SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - ChaoMeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Shaoxue Ding
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - ZongHong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China.
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Assi R, Garcia-Manero G, Ravandi F, Borthakur G, Daver NG, Jabbour E, Burger J, Estrov Z, Dinardo CD, Alvarado Y, Hendrickson S, Ferrajoli A, Wierda W, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, Kadia TM. Addition of eltrombopag to immunosuppressive therapy in patients with newly diagnosed aplastic anemia. Cancer 2018; 124:4192-4201. [PMID: 30307606 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells is implicated in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia (AA). Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) using antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine is successful in this setting. Eltrombopag is active in patients with refractory AA, presumably by increasing the bone marrow progenitors. METHODS This phase 2 trial initially was designed to evaluate standard IST in newly diagnosed patients with severe AA and later was amended to add eltrombopag to simultaneously address immune destruction and stem cell depletion. The primary outcome was the overall response rate (ORR) at 3 months and 6 months. RESULTS A total of 38 patients were enrolled: 17 (45%) received IST alone and 21 (55%) received additional eltrombopag. The ORR was 74%. Patients receiving IST plus eltrombopag had a similar ORR (76% vs 71%; P = .72), complete remission rate (38% vs 29%; P = .73), and median time to response (84 days vs 57 days; P = .30) compared with those receiving IST alone. The 2-year overall survival rate in the IST group was 91% compared with 82% for those patients treated with IST plus eltrombopag (P = .82). No cumulative toxicities were noted after the addition of eltrombopag. CONCLUSIONS The addition of eltrombopag to standard IST was well tolerated and resulted in similar responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Assi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naval G Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney D Dinardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephany Hendrickson
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tapan M Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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330
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Deeg HJ. More than one angle to target aplastic anemia? Cancer 2018; 124:4165-4167. [PMID: 30307607 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Joachim Deeg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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331
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Shallis RM, Ahmad R, Zeidan AM. Aplastic anemia: Etiology, molecular pathogenesis, and emerging concepts. Eur J Haematol 2018; 101:711-720. [PMID: 30055055 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is rare disorder of bone marrow failure which if severe and not appropriately treated is highly fatal. AA is characterized by morphologic marrow features, namely hypocellularity, and resultant peripheral cytopenias. The molecular pathogenesis of AA is not fully understood, and a uniform process may not be the culprit across all cases. An antigen-driven and likely autoimmune dysregulated T-cell homeostasis is implicated in the hematopoietic stem cell injury which ultimately founds the pathologic features of the disease. Defective telomerase function and repair may also play a role in some cases as evidenced by recurring mutations in related telomerase complex genes such as TERT and TERC. In addition, recurring mutations in BCOR/BCORL, PIGA, DNMT3A, and ASXL1 as well as cytogenetic abnormalities, namely monosomy 7, trisomy 8, and uniparental disomy of the 6p arm seem to be intimately related to AA pathogenesis. The increased incidence of late clonal disease has also provided clues to accurately describe plausible predispositions to the development of AA. The emergence of newer genomic sequencing and other techniques is incrementally improving the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of AA, the detection of the disease, and ultimately offers the potential to improve patient outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunobiology, molecular pathogenesis, and future directions of such for AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Shallis
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rami Ahmad
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amer M Zeidan
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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332
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Rotz SJ, Ware RE, Kumar A. Diagnosis and management of chronic and refractory immune cytopenias in children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27260. [PMID: 29856527 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Children, adolescents, and young adults with chronic refractory autoimmune cytopenias represent a rare but challenging group of patients, who are managed frequently by pediatric hematologists. Novel diagnostic tests and genomic discoveries are refining historical diagnoses of Evans syndrome and common variable immunodeficiency, while also elucidating the cellular and molecular basis for these disorders. Genetic characterization of chronic and refractory autoimmune cytopenias has led to targeted therapies with improved clinical outcomes and fewer off-target toxicities. In this review, we focus on the appropriate diagnostic workup, expanded genetic testing, and novel treatment opportunities that are available for these challenging patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Rotz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Russell E Ware
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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333
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Padilha PH, Borges G, Santana BA, Medeiros LA, Nabhan SK, Pasquini R, Donaires FS, Calado RT. THPO gene variants in patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2018. [PMCID: PMC6738484 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Padilha
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Amélia Santana
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Flavia Sacilotto Donaires
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Tocantins Calado
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da USP, Laboratório de Hematologia, bloco G, subsolo, HCRP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14049-900, Brazil.
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334
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Geng W, Kearney S, Nelson S. Upfront eltrombopag monotherapy induces stable hematologic remission in pediatric patients with nonsevere idiopathic aplastic anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27290. [PMID: 29932285 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by multilineage cytopenias and bone marrow hypocellularity. Severe AA can be treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and/or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The thrombopoietin agonist eltrombopag has been shown to induce hematopoietic recovery and transfusion independence in adults with refractory and relapsed AA. Recently, upfront eltrombopag therapy in patients with AA in combination with IST has shown efficacy. Data for its use without concurrent IST in pediatric patients with AA remain sparse. Here we report two pediatric patients with AA not meeting severe criteria who achieved hematologic response with upfront eltrombopag monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Geng
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Children's Hospital, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Susan Kearney
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Minnesota Hematology Oncology, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Nelson
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Minnesota Hematology Oncology, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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335
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Gómez-Almaguer D. Eltrombopag-based combination treatment for immune thrombocytopenia. Ther Adv Hematol 2018; 9:309-317. [PMID: 30344993 PMCID: PMC6187430 DOI: 10.1177/2040620718798798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a bleeding disorder caused by a decrease in platelet count resulting from increased destruction and insufficient production of platelets. Although impaired regulatory T-lymphocyte activity plays a critical role in platelet destruction, many other immunologic abnormalities are also likely to be involved. Importantly, patients with ITP appear to have defects in a thrombopoietin-mediated physiological mechanism that compensates for a decrease in platelet count by increasing platelet production. Thus, simultaneous treatment of multiple pathogenic pathways involved in ITP could potentially result in synergistic efficacy. While conventional treatments for ITP suppress or modulate the immune system to reduce platelet destruction, a unique class of ITP therapy, namely thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), improves platelet production by activating the thrombopoietin pathway. As hypothesized, preliminary studies show that combinations of eltrombopag, an oral TPO-RA, with conventional treatments improve outcomes in both newly diagnosed and refractory patients. In this review, the clinical experience with eltrombopag-based combinations in patients with ITP is summarized and the implications of the available data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez-Almaguer
- Hematology Service, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Francisco I. Madero and José E. González, 64460 Monterrey, Mexico
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336
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Balcerek J, Jiang J, Li Y, Jiang Q, Holdreith N, Singh B, Chandra V, Lv K, Ren JG, Rozenova K, Li W, Greenberg RA, Tong W. Lnk/Sh2b3 deficiency restores hematopoietic stem cell function and genome integrity in Fancd2 deficient Fanconi anemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3915. [PMID: 30254368 PMCID: PMC6156422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a bone marrow failure (BMF) syndrome that arises from mutations in a network of FA genes essential for DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and replication stress tolerance. While allogeneic stem cell transplantation can replace defective HSCs, interventions to mitigate HSC defects in FA do not exist. Remarkably, we reveal here that Lnk (Sh2b3) deficiency restores HSC function in Fancd2−/− mice. Lnk deficiency does not impact ICL repair, but instead stabilizes stalled replication forks in a manner, in part, dependent upon alleviating blocks to cytokine−mediated JAK2 signaling. Lnk deficiency restores proliferation and survival of Fancd2−/− HSCs, while reducing replication stress and genomic instability. Furthermore, deletion of LNK in human FA-like HSCs promotes clonogenic growth. These findings highlight a new role for cytokine/JAK signaling in promoting replication fork stability, illuminate replication stress as a major underlying origin of BMF in FA, and have strong therapeutic implications. Loss of Fancd2 leads to replication stress intolerance and Fanconi Anemia, where haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function is compromised. Here, the authors show that Lnk/Sh2b3 loss restores HSC proliferation and survival in Fancd2 knockout mice and ameliorates replication stress in a cytokine/JAK2 signaling dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Balcerek
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Research Institute and Basser Center for BRCA, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Holdreith
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brijendra Singh
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vemika Chandra
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kaosheng Lv
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jian-Gang Ren
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Krasimira Rozenova
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Research Institute and Basser Center for BRCA, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Cancer Research Institute and Basser Center for BRCA, and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei Tong
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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337
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Kao YR, Chen J, Narayanagari SR, Todorova TI, Aivalioti MM, Ferreira M, Ramos-Marques P, Pallaud C, Mantzaris I, Shastri A, Bussel JB, Verma A, Steidl U, Will B. Thrombopoietin receptor-independent stimulation of hematopoietic stem cells by eltrombopag. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/458/eaas9563. [PMID: 30209246 PMCID: PMC9899005 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aas9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eltrombopag (EP), a small-molecule thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonist and potent intracellular iron chelator, has shown remarkable efficacy in stimulating sustained multilineage hematopoiesis in patients with bone marrow failure syndromes, suggesting an effect at the most immature hematopoietic stem and multipotent progenitor level. Although the functional and molecular effects of EP on megakaryopoiesis have been studied in the past, mechanistic insights into its effects on the earliest stages of hematopoiesis have been limited. We investigated the effects of EP treatment on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function using purified primary HSCs in separation-of-function mouse models, including a TPO-R-deficient strain, and stem cells isolated from patients undergoing TPO-R agonist treatment. Our mechanistic studies showed a stimulatory effect on stem cell self-renewal independently of TPO-R. Human and mouse HSCs responded to acute EP treatment with metabolic and gene expression alterations consistent with a reduction of intracellular labile iron pools that are essential for stem cell maintenance. Iron preloading prevented the stem cell stimulatory effects of EP. Moreover, comparative analysis of stem cells in the bone marrow of patients receiving EP showed a marked increase in the number of functional stem cells compared to patients undergoing therapy with romiplostim, another TPO-R agonist lacking an iron-chelating ability. Together, our study demonstrates that EP stimulates hematopoiesis at the stem cell level through iron chelation-mediated molecular reprogramming and indicates that labile iron pool-regulated pathways can modulate HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ruei Kao
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Tihomira I. Todorova
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Maria M. Aivalioti
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | | | - Ioannis Mantzaris
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Aditi Shastri
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - James B. Bussel
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College, Bronx, NY 10461,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College, Bronx, NY 10461,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,Corresponding authors: Britta Will or Ulrich Steidl
| | - Britta Will
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College, Bronx, NY 10461,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461,Corresponding authors: Britta Will or Ulrich Steidl
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338
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Incidence and treatment outcome of aplastic anemia in Taiwan-real-world data from single-institute experience and a nationwide population-based database. Ann Hematol 2018; 98:29-39. [PMID: 30178191 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare disease characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow failure. The incidence of AA tends to be higher in Asia than in the West, but real-world data about AA in Asia remain limited. We aimed to describe the basic data, treatment, and outcome of AA patients from our institute and evaluate the incidence of AA in Taiwan with a nationwide population-based cohort from National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). We identified patients older than 2 years with AA in the Registry of Catastrophic Illness of NHIRD between 2001 and 2010 and excluded patients with any diagnosis suggestive of congenital or secondary bone marrow failure. With a total of 1270 patients, the overall incidence was 5.67 per million people per year, and there was a biphasic age distribution of incidence rate, highest in ≥ 70 years (19.83 per million people per year) and another peak at age 2-9 years (5.26 per million people per year). Overall, the 5-year survival was 60.0%. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and anti-thymocyte globulin-based immunosuppressive therapy (IST) were the major first-line treatments in patients younger than 40 years and were linked with good survival. In contrast, the majority of patients older than 60 years were treated with androgen, and the survival was poor. In multivariate analysis, "severe AA," "very severe AA," and "treatment other than HSCT, IST, or androgen" were independent risk factors for inferior survival. In conclusion, the incidence of AA in Taiwan is consistent with nearby Asian countries and is higher than in the West. Advanced age is associated with higher incidence and poorer outcome.
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339
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Aslanis V, Zhang J, Lomeli B, Grosch K, Ouatas T. Effect of cyclosporine coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of eltrombopag in healthy volunteers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:847-855. [PMID: 30171280 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eltrombopag is indicated in patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) refractory to prior immunosuppressive therapy. The combination of eltrombopag and immunosuppressive therapy (such as cyclosporine) is currently being evaluated in patients with treatment-naive SAA. Cyclosporine is a human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor, and can potentially alter plasma exposure to eltrombopag, a BCRP substrate. This phase 1, open-label, randomized, 3-period, crossover study evaluated the effect of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of eltrombopag in healthy adults. METHODS Thirty-nine subjects were randomized to either single dose of eltrombopag 50 mg, cyclosporine 200 mg + eltrombopag 50 mg or cyclosporine 600 mg + eltrombopag 50 mg treatment groups. Eltrombopag pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, tmax, AUClast, AUCinf, %AUCex, t1/2, and CL/F) were determined using noncompartmental methods. RESULTS Geometric mean AUCinf, AUClast, and Cmax, were decreased by 18, 20, and 25%, respectively, for cyclosporine 200 mg + eltrombopag and by 24, 22, and 39%, respectively, for cyclosporine 600 mg + eltrombopag groups compared to the eltrombopag alone group. The median tmax was prolonged by ~ 1 h in both coadministration treatments. The geometric mean t1/2 was ≈ 21, ≈ 24, and ≈ 26 h, respectively, in cyclosporine 200 mg + eltrombopag, cyclosporine 600 mg + eltrombopag and eltrombopag alone groups. All the treatments were safe and well-tolerated. No serious adverse event or death was reported during the study. CONCLUSION These changes in exposure were not considered clinically meaningful as the dose of eltrombopag is adjusted using within-patient dose titration based on platelet counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Aslanis
- Oncology Clinical Pharmacology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Kai Grosch
- Oncology Clinical Pharmacology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taoufik Ouatas
- Oncology Clinical Pharmacology, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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340
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Rodeghiero F, Pecci A, Balduini CL. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists in hereditary thrombocytopenias. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1700-1710. [PMID: 29956472 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary thrombocytopenias (HTPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a reduction in platelet count and a potential bleeding risk. As a result of advances in diagnostic methods, HTPs are increasingly being identified, and appear to be less rare than previously thought. Most HTPs do not have effective treatments, except for platelet transfusion when bleeding occurs and in preparation for procedures associated with a risk of bleeding. Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) with an established use in the treatment of certain acquired thrombocytopenias are well tolerated and provide clinical benefits in patients with some forms of HTP. These drugs may therefore be considered for the treatment of HTPs in clinical practice. However, caution and close monitoring are recommended, owing to the absence of long-term safety data and the potential risks posed by prolonged bone marrow stimulation in certain HTPs. In this review, we summarize the available clinical data on TPO-RAs in the treatment of HTPs, and discuss their use in patients with these disorders. We believe that TPO-RAs will play a major role in the treatment of HTPs, particularly myosin heavy chain 9-related disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked thrombocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia caused by THPO mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodeghiero
- Hematology Project Foundation, Affiliated to the Department of Haematology, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - A Pecci
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C L Balduini
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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341
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Tang C, Chen F, Kong D, Ma Q, Dai H, Yin J, Li Z, Chen J, Zhu X, Mao X, Wu D, Tang X. Successful treatment of secondary poor graft function post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with eltrombopag. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:103. [PMID: 30115080 PMCID: PMC6097332 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor graft function (PGF) is a life-threatening complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Current treatment strategies include the use of growth factors, CD34+-selected stem cell boost, mesenchymal stem cell transfusion, and second allo-HSCT, but these treatments are not effective in all patients. Eltrombopag, an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist, which showed promising results in severe aplasia anemia, may be an alternative choice for PGF patients. Therefore, we treated 12 patients who responded poorly to standard treatments for secondary PGF after allo-HSCT with eltrombopag. The median duration was 116 (35–1000) days from transplantation to PGF diagnosis and 59 (30–180) days from PGF diagnosis to eltrombopag treatment. Eltrombopag was started at a dose of 25 mg/d for 3 days and then increased to 50 or 75 mg/d. Median treatment duration was 8 (2–23) weeks. Ten patients (83.3%) responded to the treatment: 8 achieved complete response (CR), and the remaining 2 achieved partial response. In the 10 responding subjects, median platelet count was 18 (5–27) × 109/L vs 74 (30–117) × 109/L prior to and after treatment. Neutrophil count was 0.51 (0.28–0.69) × 109/L vs 1.84 (0.78–4.90) × 109/L. Hemoglobin was 88 (63–123) vs 101 (78–134) g/L. In the 8 patients who achieved CR, the time from eltrombopag initiation to achieving CR was 29 (10–49) days; the response lasted until the last follow-up in all 8 CR subjects (10–18 months). The 12-month overall survival rate was 83.3%. There was no treatment-related mortality and no evidence of cataract, thrombosis, or any other grade 3/4 toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Danqing Kong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinfen Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiping Dai
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaming Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China. .,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China. .,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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342
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Eltrombopag Improves Refractory Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Case Rep Rheumatol 2018; 2018:6305356. [PMID: 30186656 PMCID: PMC6114068 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6305356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of severe thrombocytopenia. She was treated with steroids, intravenous cyclophosphamide, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange, but her thrombocytopenia did not improve. Renal biopsy showed class IV-S(C) + V lupus nephritis, according to the classification of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society. The PA-IgG and serum thrombopoietin (TPO) levels were elevated. Her thrombocytopenia responded to off-label administration of eltrombopag, which was discontinued after 42 months. At 18 months after stopping eltrombopag, the platelet count was 19.3 × 104/μL. Eltrombopag may be a therapeutic option for SLE patients with severe thrombocytopenia refractory to conventional therapy.
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343
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Abstract
Platelets are anuclear blood cells required for haemostasis and are implicated in other processes including inflammation and metastasis. Platelets are produced by megakaryocytes, specialized cells that are themselves generated by a process of controlled differentiation and maturation of bone-marrow stem and progenitor cells. This process of megakaryopoiesis involves the coordinated interplay of transcription factor-controlled cellular programming with extra-cellular cues produced locally in supporting niches or as circulating factors. This review focuses on these external cues, the cytokines and chemokines, that drive production of megakaryocytes and support the terminal process of platelet release. Emphasis is given to thrombopoietin (Tpo), the major cytokine regulator of steady-state megakaryopoiesis, and its specific cell surface receptor, the Mpl protein, including normal and pathological roles as well as clinical application. The potential for alternative or supplementary regulatory mechanisms for platelet production, particularly in times of acute need, or in states of infection or inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behrens
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia
- b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- a The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville , Australia
- b Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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344
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Clesham K, Dowse R, Samarasinghe S. Upfront Matched Unrelated Donor Transplantation in Aplastic Anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2018; 32:619-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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345
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346
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Busca A, Dellacasa C, Giaccone L, Manetta S, Biale L, Godio L, Aydin S, Festuccia M, Brunello L, Bruno B. Eltrombopag for the Treatment of Refractory Pure RBC Aplasia after Major ABO Incompatible Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:1765-1770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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347
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Schoettler ML, Nathan DG. The Pathophysiology of Acquired Aplastic Anemia: Current Concepts Revisited. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2018; 32:581-594. [PMID: 30047412 PMCID: PMC6538304 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic acquired aplastic anemia is a rare, life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by cytopenias and hypocellular bone marrow. The pathophysiology is unknown; the most favored model is of a dysregulated immune system leading to autoreactive T-cell destruction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a genetically susceptible host. The authors review the literature and propose that the major driver of acquired aplastic anemia is a combination of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells intrinsic defects and an inappropriately activated immune response in the setting of a viral infection. Alterations in bone marrow microenvironment may also contribute to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Schoettler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David G Nathan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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348
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DeZern AE, Jones RJ, Brodsky RA. Eculizumab Bridging before Bone Marrow Transplant for Marrow Failure Disorders Is Safe and Does Not Limit Engraftment. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:e26-e30. [PMID: 30055352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) often develops secondary to other bone marrow failure (BMF) disorders, especially aplastic anemia (AA). Patients with the AA/PNH syndrome may require treatment with both eculizumab to reduce intravascular hemolysis and the risk of thrombosis and allogeneic stem cell transplant for the severe BMF. There has been concern that eculizumab could adversely affect the outcomes for transplant in these patients. This is a retrospective, single-center study of severe AA (SAA)/PNH patients treated with eculizumab immediately before the start of conditioning for transplant. Metrics of engraftment and infectious outcomes are described. Eight patients with SAA/PNH and PNH-related symptoms were treated with eculizumab and then proceeded to transplant. All were successfully transplanted without adverse events related to C5 blockage before conditioning. All were also cured of their both PNH and SAA. Eculizumab is safe and efficacious in patients with PNH clones who require transplant. This is sometimes required to "bridge" patients before bone marrow transplantation and does not appear to adversely impact outcomes even when using HLA matched unrelated or haploidentical donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E DeZern
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore Maryland; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Richard J Jones
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore Maryland; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore Maryland; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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349
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Luzzatto L, Risitano AM. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of acquired aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:758-776. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Luzzatto
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania
| | - Antonio M. Risitano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery; Federico II University; Naples Italy
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350
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Rabbit antithymocyte globulin dose does not affect response or survival as first-line therapy for acquired aplastic anemia: a multicenter retrospective study. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:2039-2046. [PMID: 29978284 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective randomized study, treatment for aplastic anemia (AA) with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG) and cyclosporine showed inferior hematological response and survival in comparison to horse antithymocyte globulin (h-ATG) and cyclosporine. However, h-ATG was discontinued in most Asian, South American, and European countries, where r-ATG became the only ATG formulation available. We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients with acquired AA who received either rabbit (n = 170) or horse (n = 85) ATG and cyclosporine for first-line treatment from 1992 to 2014 in seven referral centers in Brazil and Argentina. Overall response at 3 months was 17% (95%CI, 11-23%) for r-ATG and 44% (95%CI, 33-55%) for h-ATG (p < 0.001). At 6 months, it was 31% (95%CI, 34-39%) for r-ATG and 59% (95%CI, 48-69%) for h-ATG (p < 0.001). Overall survival at 5 years was 57% (95%CI, 47-65%) for r-ATG and 80% (95%CI, 69-87%) for h-ATG (log-rank = 0.001). Relapse was significantly higher in patients receiving h-ATG (28%; 95%CI, 17-43%) as compared to r-ATG (9.4%; 95%CI, 4-21%; log-rank, p = 0.01). The type of ATG was the only factor associated with both response and survival. The r-ATG dose varied from 1 to 5 mg/kg/day, but it did not correlate with outcomes. In summary, this is the largest multicenter study comparing the two ATG formulations in AA. Our results indicate that the dose of r-ATG does not influence hematologic response or survival in first-line therapy for acquired AA. Considering the toxicity and costs of r-ATG, our findings challenge its aggregate benefit to cyclosporine therapy and further strengthen that h-ATG should remain standard therapy in AA.
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