301
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Nickels SL, Modamio J, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Monzel AS, Betsou F, Schwamborn JC. Reproducible generation of human midbrain organoids for in vitro modeling of Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res 2020; 46:101870. [PMID: 32534166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human midbrain development and midbrain related diseases, like Parkinson's disease (PD), is limited by deficiencies in the currently available and validated laboratory models. Three dimensional midbrain organoids represent an innovative strategy to recapitulate some aspects of the complexity and physiology of the human midbrain. Nevertheless, also these novel organoid models exhibit some inherent weaknesses, including the presence of a necrotic core and batch-to-batch variability. Here we describe an optimized approach for the standardized generation of midbrain organoids that addresses these limitations, while maintaining key features of midbrain development like dopaminergic neuron and astrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we have established a novel time-efficient, fit for purpose analysis pipeline and provided proof of concept for its usage by investigating toxin induced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Louise Nickels
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg (IBBL), Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Jennifer Modamio
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Anna Sophia Monzel
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Fay Betsou
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg (IBBL), Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Jens Christian Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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302
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Dynamic Characterization of Structural, Molecular, and Electrophysiological Phenotypes of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids, and Comparison with Fetal and Adult Gene Profiles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051301. [PMID: 32456176 PMCID: PMC7291286 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of 3D cerebral organoid technology using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides a promising platform to study how brain diseases are appropriately modeled and treated. So far, understanding of the characteristics of organoids is still in its infancy. The current study profiled, for the first time, the electrophysiological properties of organoids at molecular and cellular levels and dissected the potential age equivalency of 2-month-old organoids to human ones by a comparison of gene expression profiles among cerebral organoids, human fetal and adult brains. RESULTS Cerebral organoids exhibit heterogeneous gene and protein markers of various brain cells, such as neurons, astrocytes, and vascular cells (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) at 2 months, and increases in neural, glial, vascular, and channel-related gene expression over a 2-month differentiation course. Two-month organoids exhibited action potentials, multiple channel activities, and functional electrophysiological responses to the anesthetic agent propofol. A bioinformatics analysis of 20,723 gene expression profiles showed the similar distance of gene profiles in cerebral organoids to fetal and adult brain tissues. The subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of select canonical pathways related to neural development, network formation, and electrophysiological signaling, revealed that only calcium signaling, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling in neurons, glutamate receptor signaling, and synaptogenesis signaling were predicted to be downregulated in cerebral organoids relative to fetal samples. Nearly all cerebral organoid and fetal pathway phenotypes were predicted to be downregulated compared with adult tissue. CONCLUSIONS This novel study highlights dynamic development, cellular heterogeneity and electrophysiological activity. In particular, for the first time, electrophysiological drug response recapitulates what occurs in vivo, and neural characteristics are predicted to be highly similar to the human brain, further supporting the promising application of the cerebral organoid system for the modeling of the human brain in health and disease. Additionally, the studies from these characterizations of cerebral organoids in multiple levels and the findings from gene comparisons between cerebral organoids and humans (fetuses and adults) help us better understand this cerebral organoid-based cutting-edge platform and its wide uses in modeling human brain in terms of health and disease, development, and testing drug efficacy and toxicity.
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303
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Zhang X, Jiang T, Chen D, Wang Q, Zhang LW. Three-dimensional liver models: state of the art and their application for hepatotoxicity evaluation. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:279-309. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1756219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tianyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Leshuai W. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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304
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Qian X, Su Y, Adam CD, Deutschmann AU, Pather SR, Goldberg EM, Su K, Li S, Lu L, Jacob F, Nguyen PTT, Huh S, Hoke A, Swinford-Jackson SE, Wen Z, Gu X, Pierce RC, Wu H, Briand LA, Chen HI, Wolf JA, Song H, Ming GL. Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Modeling Distinct Cortical Layer Formation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:766-781.e9. [PMID: 32142682 PMCID: PMC7366517 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human brain organoids provide unique platforms for modeling development and diseases by recapitulating the architecture of the embryonic brain. However, current organoid methods are limited by interior hypoxia and cell death due to insufficient surface diffusion, preventing generation of architecture resembling late developmental stages. Here, we report the sliced neocortical organoid (SNO) system, which bypasses the diffusion limit to prevent cell death over long-term cultures. This method leads to sustained neurogenesis and formation of an expanded cortical plate that establishes distinct upper and deep cortical layers for neurons and astrocytes, resembling the third trimester embryonic human neocortex. Using the SNO system, we further identify a critical role of WNT/β-catenin signaling in regulating human cortical neuron subtype fate specification, which is disrupted by a psychiatric-disorder-associated genetic mutation in patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived SNOs. These results demonstrate the utility of SNOs for investigating previously inaccessible human-specific, late-stage cortical development and disease-relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yijing Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher D Adam
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sarshan R Pather
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenong Su
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Phuong T T Nguyen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sooyoung Huh
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - R Christopher Pierce
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John A Wolf
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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305
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Jeong HJ, Jimenez Z, Mukhambetiyar K, Seo M, Choi JW, Park TE. Engineering Human Brain Organoids: From Basic Research to Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:747-757. [PMID: 32329023 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain organoids are self-organized from human pluripotent stem cells and developed into various brain region following the developmental process of brain. Brain organoids provide promising approach for studying brain development process and neurological diseases and for tissue regeneration. METHODS In this review, we summarized the development of brain organoids technology, potential applications focusing on disease modeling for regeneration medicine, and multidisciplinary approaches to overcome current limitations of the technology. RESULTS Generations of brain organoids are categorized into two major classes by depending on the patterning method. In order to guide the differentiation into specific brain region, the extrinsic factors such as growth factors, small molecules, and biomaterials are actively studied. For better modelling of diseases with brain organoids and clinical application for tissue regeneration, improvement of the brain organoid maturation is one of the most important steps. CONCLUSION Brain organoids have potential to develop into an innovative platform for pharmacological studies and tissue engineering. However, they are not identical replicas of their in vivo counterpart and there are still a lot of limitations to move forward to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Jeong
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zuly Jimenez
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Karakoz Mukhambetiyar
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Seo
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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306
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Murtaza N, Uy J, Singh KK. Emerging proteomic approaches to identify the underlying pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Autism 2020; 11:27. [PMID: 32317014 PMCID: PMC7171839 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics is the large-scale study of the total protein content and their overall function within a cell through multiple facets of research. Advancements in proteomic methods have moved past the simple quantification of proteins to the identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs) and the ability to probe interactions between these proteins, spatially and temporally. Increased sensitivity and resolution of mass spectrometers and sample preparation protocols have drastically reduced the large amount of cells required and the experimental variability that had previously hindered its use in studying human neurological disorders. Proteomics offers a new perspective to study the altered molecular pathways and networks that are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The differences between the transcriptome and proteome, combined with the various types of post-translation modifications that regulate protein function and localization, highlight a novel level of research that has not been appropriately investigated. In this review, we will discuss strategies using proteomics to study ASD and other neurological disorders, with a focus on how these approaches can be combined with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) studies. Proteomic analysis of iPSC-derived neurons have already been used to measure changes in the proteome caused by patient mutations, analyze changes in PTMs that resulted in altered biological pathways, and identify potential biomarkers. Further advancements in both proteomic techniques and human iPSC differentiation protocols will continue to push the field towards better understanding ASD disease pathophysiology. Proteomics using iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with ASD offers a window for observing the altered proteome, which is necessary in the future development of therapeutics against specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Murtaza
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jarryll Uy
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Karun K Singh
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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307
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Kathuria A, Lopez-Lengowski K, Vater M, McPhie D, Cohen BM, Karmacharya R. Transcriptome analysis and functional characterization of cerebral organoids in bipolar disorder. Genome Med 2020; 12:34. [PMID: 32306996 PMCID: PMC7168850 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reprogramming human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells and generating three-dimensional brain organoids from these iPSCs provide access to live human neuronal tissue with disease-specific genetic backgrounds. Methods Cerebral organoids were generated from iPSCs of eight bipolar disorder (BPI) patients and eight healthy control individuals. RNA-seq experiments were undertaken using RNA isolated from the cerebral organoids. Functional activity in the cerebral organoids was studied using microelectrode arrays. Results RNA-seq data comparing gene expression profiles in the cerebral organoids showed downregulation of pathways involved in cell adhesion, neurodevelopment, and synaptic biology in bipolar disorder along with upregulation of genes involved in immune signaling. The central hub in the network analysis was neurocan (NCAN), which is located in a locus with evidence for genome-wide significant association in BPI. Gene ontology analyses suggested deficits related to endoplasmic reticulum biology in BPI, which was supported by cellular characterization of ER–mitochondria interactions. Functional studies with microelectrode arrays revealed specific deficits in response to stimulation and depolarization in BPI cerebral organoids. Conclusions Our studies in cerebral organoids from bipolar disorder showed dysregulation in genes involved in cell adhesion, immune signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum biology; implicated a central role for the GWAS hit NCAN in the biology of BPI; and showed evidence of deficits in neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kathuria
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kara Lopez-Lengowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Magdalena Vater
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna McPhie
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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308
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Azzarelli R. Organoid Models of Glioblastoma to Study Brain Tumor Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:220. [PMID: 32373607 PMCID: PMC7176979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma represents an aggressive form of brain cancer characterized by poor prognosis and a 5-year survival rate of only 3–7%. Despite remarkable advances in brain tumor research in the past decades, very little has changed for patients, due in part to the recurrent nature of the disease and to the lack of suitable models to perform genotype-phenotype association studies and personalized drug screening. In vitro culture of cancer cells derived from patient biopsies has been fundamental in understanding tumor biology and for testing the effect of various drugs. These cultures emphasize the role of in vitro cancer stem cells (CSCs), which fuel tumor growth and are thought to be the cause of relapse after treatment. However, it has become clear over the years that a 2D monolayer culture of these CSCs has certain disadvantages, including the lack of heterogeneous cell-cell and cell-environment interactions, which can now be partially overcome by the introduction of 3D organoid cultures. This is a novel and expanding field of research and in this review, I describe the emerging 3D models of glioblastoma. I also discuss their potential to advance our knowledge of tumor biology and CSC heterogeneity, while debating their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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309
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Bai J, Wang C. Organoids and Microphysiological Systems: New Tools for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:407. [PMID: 32317971 PMCID: PMC7147294 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are adept at preserving the inherent complexity of a given cellular environment and when integrated with engineered micro-physiological systems (MPS) present distinct advantages for simulating a precisely controlled geometrical, physical, and biochemical micro-environment. This then allows for real-time monitoring of cell-cell interactions. As a result, the two aforementioned technologies hold significant promise and potential in studying ocular physiology and diseases by replicating specific eye tissue microstructures in vitro. This miniaturized review begins with defining the science behind organoids/MPS and subsequently introducing methods for generating organoids and engineering MPS. Furthermore, we will discuss the current state of organoids and MPS models in retina, cornea surrogates, and other ocular tissue, in regards to physiological/disease conditions. Finally, future prospective on organoid/MPS will be covered here. Organoids and MPS technologies closely recapture the in vivo microenvironment and thusly will continue to provide new understandings in organ functions and novel approaches to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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310
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Papaspyropoulos A, Tsolaki M, Foroglou N, Pantazaki AA. Modeling and Targeting Alzheimer's Disease With Organoids. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:396. [PMID: 32300301 PMCID: PMC7145390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are not easily modeled in vitro due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue and the level of complexity required by existing cell culture systems. Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid systems generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have demonstrated considerable potential in recapitulating key features of AD pathophysiology, such as amyloid plaque- and neurofibrillary tangle-like structures. A number of AD brain organoid models have also been used as platforms to assess the efficacy of pharmacological agents in disease progression. However, despite the fact that stem cell-derived brain organoids mimic early aspects of brain development, they fail to model complex cell-cell interactions pertaining to different regions of the human brain and aspects of natural processes such as cell differentiation and aging. Here, we review current advances and limitations accompanying several hPSC-derived organoid methodologies, as well as recent attempts to utilize them as therapeutic platforms. We additionally discuss comparative benefits and disadvantages of the various hPSC-derived organoid generation protocols and differentiation strategies. Lastly, we provide a comparison of hPSC-derived organoids to primary tissue-derived organoids, examining the future potential and advantages of both systems in modeling neurodegenerative disorders, especially AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magdalini Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicolas Foroglou
- Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia A Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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311
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Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H. Microglia/Brain Macrophages as Central Drivers of Brain Tumor Pathobiology. Neuron 2020; 104:442-449. [PMID: 31697921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common brain tumors in children and adults is glioma or astrocytoma. There are few effective therapies for these cancers, and patients with malignant glioma fare poorly, even after aggressive surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Over the past decade, it is now appreciated that these tumors are composed of numerous distinct neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell populations, which could each influence overall tumor biology and response to therapy. Among these noncancerous cell types, monocytes (microglia and macrophages) predominate. In this Review, we discuss the complex interactions involving microglia and macrophages relevant to glioma formation, progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.
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312
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Unprecedented Potential for Neural Drug Discovery Based on Self-Organizing hiPSC Platforms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051150. [PMID: 32143423 PMCID: PMC7179160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have transformed conventional drug discovery pathways in recent years. In particular, recent advances in hiPSC biology, including organoid technologies, have highlighted a new potential for neural drug discovery with clear advantages over the use of primary tissues. This is important considering the financial and social burden of neurological health care worldwide, directly impacting the life expectancy of many populations. Patient-derived iPSCs-neurons are invaluable tools for novel drug-screening and precision medicine approaches directly aimed at reducing the burden imposed by the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders in an aging population. 3-Dimensional self-assembled or so-called ‘organoid’ hiPSCs cultures offer key advantages over traditional 2D ones and may well be gamechangers in the drug-discovery quest for neurological disorders in the coming years.
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313
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Robertson GL, Romero-Morales AI, Lippmann ES, Gama V. Uncovering cell biology in the third dimension. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:319-323. [PMID: 32105584 PMCID: PMC7183789 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental biology has long benefited from studies of classic model organisms. These model systems have provided the fundamental understanding of general principles of development, as well as insight into genes and signaling pathways that control unique aspects of cell fate specification and tissue morphogenesis. Because human brain development cannot be studied in vivo, scientists have relied on these model systems to study basic principles underlying the development of this complex organ as many of these genes and signaling pathways play conserved roles in human development. However, recent studies have shown species-specific signatures in neurodevelopment such as the transcriptome of outer-radial glia, suggesting use of a human-derived model remains imperative. Over the past decade, human stem cell-derived brain organoids have emerged as a biologically relevant model system to study normal human brain development and neurological diseases. Here, we provide a historical perspective of this emerging model system, discuss current systems and limitations, and propose that new mechanistic insight into cell biology can be revealed using these three-dimensional brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ethan S. Lippmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, and
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, and
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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314
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Wang Q, Dong X, Lu J, Hu T, Pei G. Constitutive activity of a G protein-coupled receptor, DRD1, contributes to human cerebral organoid formation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:653-665. [PMID: 32052915 PMCID: PMC7384186 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intricate balance of neural stem cell (NSC) amplification and neurogenesis is central to nervous system development. Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) is a typical G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) mainly expressed in neurogenic area, with high constitutive activity. The receptor appears in the embryonic period before the formation of mature synaptic contacts, which indicates that dopamine receptor and its constitutive activity play crucial roles in the embryonic brain development. Here, we found that DRD1 was enriched in human NSCs. Inhibition of the receptor activity by its inverse agonists promoted human NSCs proliferation and impeded its differentiation. These results were also mimicked by genetic knockdown of DRD1, which also blocked the effects of inverse agonists, suggesting a receptor‐dependent manner. More interestingly, knock‐in A229T mutant with reduced DRD1 constitutive activity by CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing technology resulted into increased endogenous human NSCs proliferation. These results were well reproduced in human cerebral organoids, and inhibition of the DRD1 constitutive activity by its inverse agonists induced the expansion and folding of human cerebral organoids. The anatomic analysis uncovered that decreasing the constitutive activity of DRD1 by its inverse agonists promoted the NSCs proliferation and maintenance that led to hindered cortical neurogenesis. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the PKC‐CBP pathway was involved in the regulation by DRD1. Thus, our findings indicate that the constitutive activity of DRD1 and possibly other GPCRs plays an important role in the development of human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchCollaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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315
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Xue X, Wang RP, Fu J. Modeling of human neurulation using bioengineered pluripotent stem cell culture. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:127-133. [PMID: 32328535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leveraging the developmental potential and self-organizing property of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells, researchers have developed tractable models of human embryonic development. Owing to their compatibility to live imaging, genome editing, mechanical perturbation and measurement, these models offer promising quantitative experimental platforms to advance human embryology and regenerative medicine. Herein, we provide a review of recent progress in using hPS cells to generate models of early human neural development or neurulation, including neural induction and regional patterning of the neural tube. These models, even in their nascent developmental stages, have already revealed intricate cell-cell signaling and mechanoregulation mechanisms likely involved in tissue patterning during early neural development. We also discuss future opportunities in modeling early neural development by incorporating bioengineering tools to control precisely neural tissue morphology and architecture, morphogen dynamics, intracellular signaling events, and cell-cell interactions to further the development of this emerging field and expand its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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316
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Immune cell regulation of glia during CNS injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:139-152. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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317
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Zilocchi M, Moutaoufik MT, Jessulat M, Phanse S, Aly KA, Babu M. Misconnecting the dots: altered mitochondrial protein-protein interactions and their role in neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:119-136. [PMID: 31986926 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1723419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mitochondria (mt) are protein-protein interaction (PPI) hubs in the cell where mt-localized and associated proteins interact in a fashion critical for cell fitness. Altered mtPPIs are linked to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) and drivers of pathological associations to mediate ND progression. Mapping altered mtPPIs will reveal how mt dysfunction is linked to NDs.Areas covered: This review discusses how database sources reflect on the number of mt protein or interaction predictions, and serves as an update on mtPPIs in mt dynamics and homeostasis. Emphasis is given to mRNA expression profiles for mt proteins in human tissues, cellular models relevant to NDs, and altered mtPPIs in NDs such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Expert opinion: We highlight the scarcity of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy and tracking of ND progression, obstacles in recapitulating NDs using human cellular models to underpin the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease, and the shortage of mt protein interactome reference database(s) of neuronal cells. These bottlenecks are addressed by improvements in induced pluripotent stem cell creation and culturing, patient-derived 3D brain organoids to recapitulate structural arrangements of the brain, and cell sorting to elucidate mt proteome disparities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Khaled A Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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318
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Chhibber T, Bagchi S, Lahooti B, Verma A, Al-Ahmad A, Paul MK, Pendyala G, Jayant RD. CNS organoids: an innovative tool for neurological disease modeling and drug neurotoxicity screening. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:456-465. [PMID: 31783130 PMCID: PMC7039749 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm of central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery has mostly relied on traditional approaches of rodent models or cell-based in vitro models. Owing to the issues of species differences between humans and rodents, it is difficult to correlate the robustness of data for neurodevelopmental studies. With advances in the stem-cell field, 3D CNS organoids have been developed and explored owing to their resemblance to the human brain architecture and functions. Further, CNS organoids provide a unique opportunity to mimic the human brain physiology and serve as a modeling tool to study the normal versus pathological brain or the elucidation of mechanisms of neurological disorders. Here, we discuss the recent application of a CNS organoid explored for neurodevelopment disease or a screening tool for CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chhibber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sounak Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Angela Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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319
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Sterlini B, Fruscione F, Baldassari S, Benfenati F, Zara F, Corradi A. Progress of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technologies to Understand Genetic Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020482. [PMID: 31940887 PMCID: PMC7013950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the pathomechanisms by which gene mutations lead to neurological diseases has benefit from several cellular and animal models. Recently, induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) technologies have made possible the access to human neurons to study nervous system disease-related mechanisms, and are at the forefront of the research into neurological diseases. In this review, we will focalize upon genetic epilepsy, and summarize the most recent studies in which iPSC-based technologies were used to gain insight on the molecular bases of epilepsies. Moreover, we discuss the latest advancements in epilepsy cell modeling. At the two dimensional (2D) level, single-cell models of iPSC-derived neurons lead to a mature neuronal phenotype, and now allow a reliable investigation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. In addition, functional characterization of cerebral organoids enlightens neuronal network dynamics in a three-dimensional (3D) structure. Finally, we discuss the use of iPSCs as the cutting-edge technology for cell therapy in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sterlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Largo P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unità Operativa Complessa Genetica Medica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Giannina Gaslini, Genova Italy, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Largo P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Unità Operativa Complessa Genetica Medica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Giannina Gaslini, Genova Italy, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (A.C.)
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320
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Freel BA, Sheets JN, Francis KR. iPSC modeling of rare pediatric disorders. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 332:108533. [PMID: 31811832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Discerning the underlying pathological mechanisms and the identification of therapeutic strategies to treat individuals affected with rare neurological diseases has proven challenging due to a host of factors. For instance, rare diseases affecting the nervous system are inherently lacking in appropriate patient sample availability compared to more common diseases, while animal models often do not accurately recapitulate specific disease phenotypes. These challenges impede research that may otherwise illuminate aspects of disease initiation and progression, leading to the ultimate identification of potential therapeutics. The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a human cellular model with defined genetics has provided the unique opportunity to study rare diseases within a controlled environment. iPSC models enable researchers to define mutational effects on specific cell types and signaling pathways within increasingly complex systems. Among rare diseases, pediatric diseases affecting neurodevelopment and neurological function highlight the critical need for iPSC-based disease modeling due to the inherent difficulty associated with collecting human neural tissue and the complexity of the mammalian nervous system. Rare neurodevelopmental disorders are therefore ideal candidates for utilization of iPSC-based in vitro studies. In this review, we address both the state of the iPSC field in the context of their utility and limitations for neurodevelopmental studies, as well as speculating about the future applications and unmet uses for iPSCs in rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Freel
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jordan N Sheets
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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321
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Ojeda J, Ávila A. Early Actions of Neurotransmitters During Cortex Development and Maturation of Reprogrammed Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:33. [PMID: 31824293 PMCID: PMC6881277 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the brain is shaped by a myriad of factors among which neurotransmitters play remarkable roles before and during the formation and maturation of synaptic circuits. Cellular processes such as neurogenesis, morphological development, synaptogenesis and maturation of synapses are temporary and spatially regulated by the local or distal influence of neurotransmitters in the developing cortex. Thus, research on this area has contributed to the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of brain development and to shed light on the etiology of various human neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and Rett syndrome (RTT), among others. Recently, the field of neuroscience has been shaken by an explosive advance of experimental approaches linked to the use of induced pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed neurons. This new technology has allowed researchers for the first time to model in the lab the unique events that take place during early human brain development and to explore the mechanisms that cause synaptopathies. In this context, the role of neurotransmitters during early stages of cortex development is beginning to be re-evaluated and a revision of the state of the art has become necessary in a time when new protocols are being worked out to differentiate stem cells into functional neurons. New perspectives on reconsidering the function of neurotransmitters include opportunities for methodological advances, a better understanding of the origin of mental disorders and the potential for development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ojeda
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Ávila
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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322
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Groveman BR, Carmody AB, Speranza EE, Martens CA, Best SM, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Neuronal maturation reduces the type I IFN response to orthobunyavirus infection and leads to increased apoptosis of human neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:229. [PMID: 31739796 PMCID: PMC6862864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA. LACV encephalitis can result in learning and memory deficits, which may be due to infection and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. Despite neurons being the primary cell infected in the brain by LACV, little is known about neuronal responses to infection. METHODS Human cerebral organoids (COs), which contain a spectrum of developing neurons, were used to examine neuronal responses to LACV. Plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) PCR were used to determine the susceptibility of COs to LACV infection. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell transcriptomics were used to determine specific neuronal subpopulation responses to the virus. RESULTS Overall, LACV readily infected COs causing reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. However, it was determined that neurons at different stages of development had distinct responses to LACV. Both neural progenitors and committed neurons were infected with LACV, however, committed neurons underwent apoptosis at a higher rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that committed neurons expressed fewer interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved IFN signaling in response to infection compared to neural progenitors. Furthermore, induction of interferon signaling in LACV-infected COs by application of recombinant IFN enhanced cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that neuronal maturation increases the susceptibility of neurons to LACV-induced apoptosis. This susceptibility is likely due, at least in part, to mature neurons being less responsive to virus-induced IFN as evidenced by their poor ISG response to LACV. Furthermore, exogenous administration of recombinant IFN to LACV COs rescued cellular viability suggesting that increased IFN signaling is overall protective in this complex neural tissue. Together these findings indicate that induction of IFN signaling in developing neurons is an important deciding factor in virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Emily E Speranza
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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323
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Verheijen BM. Modeling Brain Somatic Mosaicism With Cerebral Organoids, Including a Note on Mutant Microglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:277. [PMID: 31798412 PMCID: PMC6868038 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a genomic mosaic. Cell-to-cell genomic differences, which are the result of somatic mutations during development and aging, contribute to cellular diversity in the nervous system. This genomic diversity has important implications for nervous system development, function, and disease. Brain somatic mosaicism might contribute to individualized behavioral phenotypes and has been associated with several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the causes and consequences of somatic mosaicism in neural circuits is of great interest. Recent advances in 3D cell culture technology have provided new means to study human organ development and various human pathologies in vitro. Cerebral organoids ("mini-brains") are pluripotent stem cell-derived 3D culture systems that recapitulate, to some extent, the developmental processes and organization of the developing human brain. Here, I discuss the application of these neural organoids for modeling brain somatic mosaicism in a lab dish. Special emphasis is given to the potential role of microglial mutations in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert M. Verheijen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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324
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Oxidative DNA Damage Signalling in Neural Stem Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2149812. [PMID: 31814869 PMCID: PMC6877938 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2149812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The main pathological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are β-amyloid (Aβ) lesions and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Unfortunately, existing symptomatic therapies targeting Aβ and tau remain ineffective. In addition to these pathogenic factors, oxidative DNA damage is one of the major threats to newborn neurons. It is necessary to consider in detail what causes neurons to be extremely susceptible to oxidative damage, especially in the early stages of development. Accordingly, the regulation of redox status is crucial for the functioning of neural stem cells (NSCs). The redox-dependent balance, of NSC proliferation and differentiation and thus the neurogenesis process, is controlled by a series of signalling pathways. One of the most important signalling pathways activated after oxidative stress is the DNA damage response (DDR). Unfortunately, our understanding of adult neurogenesis in AD is still limited due to the research material used (animal models or post-mortem tissue), providing inconsistent data. Now, thanks to the advances in cellular reprogramming providing patient NSCs, it is possible to fill this gap, which becomes urgent in the light of the potential of their therapeutic use. Therefore, a decent review of redox signalling in NSCs under physiological and pathological conditions is required. At this moment, we attempt to integrate knowledge on the influence of oxidative stress and DDR signalling in NSCs on adult neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease.
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325
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Chen HI, Wolf JA, Blue R, Song MM, Moreno JD, Ming GL, Song H. Transplantation of Human Brain Organoids: Revisiting the Science and Ethics of Brain Chimeras. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:462-472. [PMID: 31585092 PMCID: PMC7180006 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of human brain organoid transplantation in rodents have accentuated ethical concerns associated with these entities, especially as they relate to potential "humanization" of host animals. Consideration of established scientific principles can help define the realistic range of expected outcomes in such transplantation studies. This practical approach suggests that augmentation of discrete brain functions in transplant hosts is a more relevant ethical question in the near term than the possibility of "conscious" chimeric animals. We hope that this framework contributes to a balanced approach for proceeding with studies involving brain organoid transplantation and other forms of human-animal brain chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isaac Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John A Wolf
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel Blue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyan Maggie Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Moreno
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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326
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Koo B, Choi B, Park H, Yoon KJ. Past, Present, and Future of Brain Organoid Technology. Mol Cells 2019; 42:617-627. [PMID: 31564073 PMCID: PMC6776157 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are an exciting new technology with the potential to significantly change our understanding of the development and disorders of the human brain. With step-by-step differentiation protocols, three-dimensional neural tissues are self-organized from pluripotent stem cells, and recapitulate the major millstones of human brain development in vitro. Recent studies have shown that brain organoids can mimic the spatiotemporal dynamicity of neurogenesis, the formation of regional neural circuitry, and the integration of glial cells into a neural network. This suggests that brain organoids could serve as a representative model system to study the human brain. In this review, we will overview the development of brain organoid technology, its current progress and applications, and future prospects of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsang Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Baekgyu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Hoewon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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327
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Nanogroove-Enhanced Hydrogel Scaffolds for 3D Neuronal Cell Culture: An Easy Access Brain-on-Chip Model. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100638. [PMID: 31548503 PMCID: PMC6843116 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the brain and brain diseases, in vitro human brain models need to include not only a chemically and physically relevant microenvironment, but also structural network complexity. This complexity reflects the hierarchical architecture in brain tissue. Here, a method has been developed that adds complexity to a 3D cell culture by means of nanogrooved substrates. SH-SY5Y cells were grown on these nanogrooved substrates and covered with Matrigel, a hydrogel. To quantitatively analyze network behavior in 2D neuronal cell cultures, we previously developed an automated image-based screening method. We first investigated if this method was applicable to 3D primary rat brain cortical (CTX) cell cultures. Since the method was successfully applied to these pilot data, a proof of principle in a reductionist human brain cell model was attempted, using the SH-SY5Y cell line. The results showed that these cells also create an aligned network in the 3D microenvironment by maintaining a certain degree of guidance by the nanogrooved topography in the z-direction. These results indicate that nanogrooves enhance the structural complexity of 3D neuronal cell cultures for both CTX and human SH-SY5Y cultures, providing a basis for further development of an easy access brain-on-chip model.
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328
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Duan J, Sanders AR, Gejman PV. From Schizophrenia Genetics to Disease Biology: Harnessing New Concepts and Technologies. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2019; 4:e190014. [PMID: 31555746 PMCID: PMC6760308 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disorder afflicting around 1% of the population. It is highly heritable but with complex genetics. Recent research has unraveled a plethora of risk loci for SZ. Accordingly, our conceptual understanding of SZ genetics has been rapidly evolving, from oligogenic models towards polygenic or even omnigenic models. A pressing challenge to the field, however, is the translation of the many genetic findings of SZ into disease biology insights leading to more effective treatments. Bridging this gap requires the integration of genetic findings and functional genomics using appropriate cellular models. Harnessing new technologies, such as the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and the CRISPR/Cas-based genome/epigenome editing approach are expected to change our understanding of SZ disease biology to a fundamentally higher level. Here, we discuss some new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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329
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Evaluating Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Perinatal Exposure to Antiretroviral Drugs: Current Challenges and New Approaches. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 16:113-129. [PMID: 31512167 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As antiretroviral therapy (ART) becomes increasingly affordable and accessible to women of childbearing age across the globe, the number of children who are exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) but remain uninfected is on the rise, almost all of whom were also exposed to ART perinatally. Although ART has successfully aided in the decline of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV, the long-term effects of in utero exposure to ART on fetal and postnatal neurodevelopment remain unclear. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs for pregnant women is a challenge due to the historic limitations on their inclusion in clinical trials and the dynamic physiological states during pregnancy that can alter the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism and fetal drug exposure. Thus, much of our data on the potential consequences of ART drugs on the developing nervous system comes from preclinical animal models and clinical observational studies. In this review, we will discuss the current state of knowledge and existing approaches to investigate whether ART affects fetal brain development, and describe novel human stem cell-based strategies that may provide additional information to better predict the impact of specific drugs on the human central nervous system. Graphical Abstract Approaches to evaluate the impact of drugs on the developing brain. Dysregulation of the developing nervous system can lead to long-lasting changes. Integration of data from animal models, clinical observations, and cell culture studies is needed to predict the safety of therapeutic antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy. New approaches include human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based 2D and 3D models of neuronal networks and brain regions, as well as single cell profiling in response to drug exposure.
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330
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Bayir E, Sendemir A, Missirlis YF. Mechanobiology of cells and cell systems, such as organoids. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:721-728. [PMID: 31502190 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro 3D self-organizing tissues that mimic embryogenesis. Organoid research is advancing at a tremendous pace, since it offers great opportunities for disease modeling, drug development and screening, personalized medicine, as well as understanding organogenesis. Mechanobiology of organoids is an unexplored area, which can shed light to several unexplained aspects of self-organization behavior in organogenesis. It is becoming evident that collective cell behavior is distinctly different from individual cells' conduct against certain stimulants. Inherently consisting of higher number of degrees of freedom for cell motility and more complex cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix behavior, understanding mechanotransduction in organoids is even more challenging compared with cell communities in 2D culture conditions. Yet, deciphering mechanobiology of organoids can help us understand effects of mechanical cues in health and disease, and translate findings of basic research toward clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Bayir
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sendemir
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yannis F Missirlis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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331
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Marshall JJ, Mason JO. Mouse vs man: Organoid models of brain development & disease. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146427. [PMID: 31473222 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids have rapidly become established as promising tools for studying both the normal embryonic development of the brain and the mechanistic roots of neurodevelopmental disorders. Most recent studies are based on brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), as these are likely to be the best way to understand normal human development and disease. However, brain organoids grown from mouse cells still have a role to play. We discuss recent work showing how mice and mouse organoids can be employed to complement studies using human organoids. Mouse stem cell-derived organoids are useful for the development of improved protocols to generate organoids, including brain region-specific organoids. Importantly, the wealth of existing in vivo data on mouse brain development together with detailed descriptions of mutant phenotypes provide invaluable points of comparison to validate organoids as tools to study the genetics of brain development. Further, organoids have significant potential to replace or reduce the numbers of animals used in studies of normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonothon J Marshall
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - John O Mason
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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332
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Guo Y, Wang P, Ma JH, Cui Z, Yu Q, Liu S, Xue Y, Zhu D, Cao J, Li Z, Tang S, Chen J. Modeling Retinitis Pigmentosa: Retinal Organoids Generated From the iPSCs of a Patient With the USH2A Mutation Show Early Developmental Abnormalities. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:361. [PMID: 31481876 PMCID: PMC6709881 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) represents a group of inherited retinopathies with early-onset nyctalopia followed by progressive photoreceptor degeneration causing irreversible vision loss. Mutations in USH2A are the most common cause of non-syndromic RP. Here, we reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a RP patient with a mutation in USH2A (c.8559-2A > G/c.9127_9129delTCC). Then, multilayer retinal organoids including neural retina (NR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were generated by three-step “induction-reversal culture.” The early retinal organoids derived from the RP patient with the USH2A mutation exhibited significant defects in terms of morphology, immunofluorescence staining and transcriptional profiling. To the best of our knowledge, the pathogenic mutation (c.9127_9129delTCC) in USH2A has not been reported previously among RP patients. Notably, the expression of laminin in the USH2A mutation organoids was significantly lower than in the iPSCs derived from healthy, age- and sex-matched controls during the retinal organogenesis. We also observed that abnormal retinal neuroepithelium differentiation and polarization caused defective retinal progenitor cell development and retinal layer formation, disordered organization of NRs in the presence of the USH2A mutation. Furthermore, the USH2A mutation bearing RPE cells presented abnormal morphology, lacking pigmented foci and showing an apoptotic trend and reduced expression of specific makers, such as MITF, PEDF, and RPE65. In addition, the USH2A mutation organoids had lower expression of cilium-associated (especially CFAP43, PIFO) and dopaminergic synapse-related genes (including DLGAP1, GRIK1, SLC17A7, and SLC17A8), while there was higher expression of neuron apoptotic process-related genes (especially HIF1A, ADARB1, and CASP3). This study may provide essential assistance in the molecular diagnosis and screening of RP. This work recapitulates the pathogenesis of USH2A using patient-specific organoids and demonstrated that alterations in USH2A function due to mutations may lead to cellular and molecular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Guo
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jacey Hongjie Ma
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zekai Cui
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Centric Laboratory, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixing Cao
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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