351
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Scharwies JD, Dinneny JR. Water transport, perception, and response in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:311-324. [PMID: 30747327 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient water availability in the environment is critical for plant survival. Perception of water by plants is necessary to balance water uptake and water loss and to control plant growth. Plant physiology and soil science research have contributed greatly to our understanding of how water moves through soil, is taken up by roots, and moves to leaves where it is lost to the atmosphere by transpiration. Water uptake from the soil is affected by soil texture itself and soil water content. Hydraulic resistances for water flow through soil can be a major limitation for plant water uptake. Changes in water supply and water loss affect water potential gradients inside plants. Likewise, growth creates water potential gradients. It is known that plants respond to changes in these gradients. Water flow and loss are controlled through stomata and regulation of hydraulic conductance via aquaporins. When water availability declines, water loss is limited through stomatal closure and by adjusting hydraulic conductance to maintain cell turgor. Plants also adapt to changes in water supply by growing their roots towards water and through refinements to their root system architecture. Mechanosensitive ion channels, aquaporins, proteins that sense the cell wall and cell membrane environment, and proteins that change conformation in response to osmotic or turgor changes could serve as putative sensors. Future research is required to better understand processes in the rhizosphere during soil drying and how plants respond to spatial differences in water availability. It remains to be investigated how changes in water availability and water loss affect different tissues and cells in plants and how these biophysical signals are translated into chemical signals that feed into signaling pathways like abscisic acid response or organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Daniel Scharwies
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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352
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Abstract
Plant cells divide their cytoplasmic content by forming a new membrane compartment, the cell plate, via a rerouting of the secretory pathway toward the division plane aided by a dynamic cytoskeletal apparatus known as the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast expands centrifugally and directs the cell plate to the preselected division site at the plasma membrane to fuse with the parental wall. The division site is transiently decorated by the cytoskeletal preprophase band in preprophase and prophase, whereas a number of proteins discovered over the last decade reside continuously at the division site and provide a lasting spatial reference for phragmoplast guidance. Recent studies of membrane fusion at the cell plate have revealed the contribution of functionally conserved eukaryotic proteins to distinct stages of cell plate biogenesis and emphasize the coupling of cell plate formation with phragmoplast expansion. Together with novel findings concerning preprophase band function and the setup of the division site, cytokinesis and its spatial control remain an open-ended field with outstanding and challenging questions to resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Livanos
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; ,
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353
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Olsson V, Joos L, Zhu S, Gevaert K, Butenko MA, De Smet I. Look Closely, the Beautiful May Be Small: Precursor-Derived Peptides in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:153-186. [PMID: 30525926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a flurry of research focusing on the role of peptides as short- and long-distance signaling molecules in plant cell communication has been undertaken. Here, we focus on peptides derived from nonfunctional precursors, and we address several key questions regarding peptide signaling. We provide an overview of the regulatory steps involved in producing a biologically active peptide ligand that can bind its corresponding receptor(s) and discuss how this binding and subsequent activation lead to specific cellular outputs. We discuss different experimental approaches that can be used to match peptide ligands with their receptors. Lastly, we explore how peptides evolved from basic signaling units regulating essential processes in plants to more complex signaling systems as new adaptive traits developed and how nonplant organisms exploit this signaling machinery by producing peptide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Olsson
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Lisa Joos
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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354
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Abstract
Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant-herbivore interactions and discuss how their discovery has structured the current standard model of plant-herbivore interactions. Plants perceive damage-associated and, possibly, herbivore-associated molecular patterns via receptors that activate early signaling components such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. Specific defense reprogramming proceeds via signaling networks that include phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Local and systemic regulation of toxins, defense proteins, physical barriers, and tolerance traits protect plants against herbivores. Herbivores counteract plant defenses through biochemical defense deactivation, effector-mediated suppression of defense signaling, and chemically controlled behavioral changes. The molecular basis of plant-herbivore interactions is now well established for model systems. Expanding molecular approaches to unexplored dimensions of plant-insect interactions should be a future priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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355
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Zhang L, Paasch BC, Chen J, Day B, He SY. An important role of l-fucose biosynthesis and protein fucosylation genes in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:981-994. [PMID: 30552820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants mount coordinated immune responses to defend themselves against pathogens. However, the cellular components required for plant immunity are not fully understood. The jasmonate-mimicking coronatine (COR) toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 functions to overcome plant immunity. We previously isolated eight Arabidopsis (scord) mutants that exhibit increased susceptibility to a COR-deficient mutant of PstDC3000. Among them, the scord6 mutant exhibits defects both in stomatal closure response and in restricting bacterial multiplication inside the apoplast. However, the identity of SCORD6 remained elusive. In this study, we aim to identify the SCORD6 gene. We identified SCORD6 via next-generation sequencing and found it to be MURUS1 (MUR1), which is involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-l-fucose. Discovery of SCORD6 as MUR1 led to a series of experiments that revealed a multi-faceted role of l-fucose biosynthesis in stomatal and apoplastic defenses as well as in pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, including glycosylation of pattern-recognition receptors. Furthermore, compromised stomatal and/or apoplastic defenses were observed in mutants of several fucosyltransferases with specific substrates (e.g. O-glycan, N-glycan or the DELLA transcriptional repressors). Collectively, these results uncover a novel and broad role of l-fucose and protein fucosylation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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356
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Ge Z, Cheung AY, Qu LJ. Pollen tube integrity regulation in flowering plants: insights from molecular assemblies on the pollen tube surface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:687-693. [PMID: 30556141 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 687 I. Introduction 687 II. Pollen tube membrane-localized receptors coordinate cell integrity and sperm release 689 III. RALF peptides mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling 689 IV. ROS and ion channel signaling mediate intracellular response 690 V. Involvements from pollen tube cell wall components 690 VI. Concluding remarks 691 Acknowledgements 692 Author contributions 692 References 692 SUMMARY: Unlike in animals, sperm in flowering plants are immotile and they are embraced as passive cargoes by a pollen tube which embarks on a long journey in the pistil to deliver them to the female gametophyte for fertilization. How the pollen tube switches from a rapid polarized growth towards its target to an abrupt disintegration for sperm cell release inside the female gametophyte is puzzling. Recent studies have shown that members of the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) receptor kinase family and their ligands, 5-kDa cysteine-rich peptide rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs), engage in an intricate balancing act involving autocrine and paracrine signaling to maintain pollen tube growth and induce timely tube rupture at the spatially confined pollen tube-female gametophyte interface. Here, we review recent progress related to pollen tube integrity control, mainly focusing on the molecular understanding of signaling as well as intracellular signaling nodes in Arabidopsis. Some missing links and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China
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357
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Dünser K, Gupta S, Herger A, Feraru MI, Ringli C, Kleine-Vehn J. Extracellular matrix sensing by FERONIA and Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensins controls vacuolar expansion during cellular elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100353. [PMID: 30850388 PMCID: PMC6443208 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular elongation requires the defined coordination of intra- and extracellular processes, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The vacuole is the biggest plant organelle, and its dimensions play a role in defining plant cell expansion rates. Here, we show that the increase in vacuolar occupancy enables cellular elongation with relatively little enlargement of the cytosol in Arabidopsis thaliana We demonstrate that cell wall properties are sensed and impact on the intracellular expansion of the vacuole. Using vacuolar morphology as a quantitative read-out for intracellular growth processes, we reveal that the underlying cell wall sensing mechanism requires interaction of extracellular leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRXs) with the receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER). Our data suggest that LRXs link plasma membrane-localised FER with the cell wall, allowing this module to jointly sense and convey extracellular signals to the cell. This mechanism coordinates the onset of cell wall acidification and loosening with the increase in vacuolar size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Shibu Gupta
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Herger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mugurel I Feraru
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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358
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RBOH-Dependent ROS Synthesis and ROS Scavenging by Plant Specialized Metabolites To Modulate Plant Development and Stress Responses. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:370-396. [PMID: 30781949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate plant growth and development. ROS are kept at low levels in cells to prevent oxidative damage, allowing them to be effective signaling molecules upon increased synthesis. In plants and animals, NADPH oxidase/respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) proteins provide localized ROS bursts to regulate growth, developmental processes, and stress responses. This review details ROS production via RBOH enzymes in the context of plant development and stress responses and defines the locations and tissues in which members of this family function in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To ensure that these ROS signals do not reach damaging levels, plants use an array of antioxidant strategies. In addition to antioxidant machineries similar to those found in animals, plants also have a variety of specialized metabolites that scavenge ROS. These plant specialized metabolites exhibit immense structural diversity and have highly localized accumulation. This makes them important players in plant developmental processes and stress responses that use ROS-dependent signaling mechanisms. This review summarizes the unique properties of plant specialized metabolites, including carotenoids, ascorbate, tocochromanols (vitamin E), and flavonoids, in modulating ROS homeostasis. Flavonols, a subclass of flavonoids with potent antioxidant activity, are induced during stress and development, suggesting that they have a role in maintaining ROS homeostasis. Recent results using genetic approaches have shown how flavonols regulate development and stress responses through their action as antioxidants.
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359
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Yu J, Niu L, Yu J, Liao W, Xie J, Lv J, Feng Z, Hu L, Dawuda MM. The Involvement of Ethylene in Calcium-Induced Adventitious Root Formation in Cucumber under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1047. [PMID: 30823363 PMCID: PMC6429442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium and ethylene are essential in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the effects of calcium and ethylene on adventitious root formation in cucumber explants under salt stress. The results revealed that 10 μM calcium chloride (CaCl₂) or 0.1 μM ethrel (ethylene donor) treatment have a maximum biological effect on promoting the adventitious rooting in cucumber under salt stress. Meanwhile, we investigated that removal of ethylene suppressed calcium ion (Ca2+)-induced the formation of adventitious root under salt stress indicated that ethylene participates in this process. Moreover, the application of Ca2+ promoted the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO), as well as the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ethylene under salt stress. Furthermore, we discovered that Ca2+ greatly up-regulated the expression level of CsACS3, CsACO1 and CsACO2 under salt stress. Meanwhile, Ca2+ significantly down-regulated CsETR1, CsETR2, CsERS, and CsCTR1, but positively up-regulated the expression of CsEIN2 and CsEIN3 under salt stress; however, the application of Ca2+ chelators or channel inhibitors could obviously reverse the effects of Ca2+ on the expression of the above genes. These results indicated that Ca2+ played a vital role in promoting the adventitious root development in cucumber under salt stress through regulating endogenous ethylene synthesis and activating the ethylene signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Lijuan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhi Feng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Horticulture Department, FoA University For Development Studies, Box TL 1350 Tamale, Ghana.
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360
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Verger S, Liu M, Hamant O. Mechanical Conflicts in Twisting Growth Revealed by Cell-Cell Adhesion Defects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:173. [PMID: 30858857 PMCID: PMC6397936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many plants grow organs and tissues with twisted shapes. Arabidopsis mutants with impaired microtubule dynamics exhibit such a phenotype constitutively. Although the activity of the corresponding microtubule regulators is better understood at the molecular level, how large-scale twisting can emerge in the mutants remains largely unknown. Classically, oblique cortical microtubules would constrain the deposition of cellulose microfibrils in cells, and such conflicts at the cell level would be relaxed at the tissue scale by supracellular torsion. This model implicitly assumes that cell-cell adhesion is a key step to transpose local mechanical conflicts into a macroscopic twisting phenotype. Here we tested this prediction using the quasimodo1 mutant, which displays cell-cell adhesion defects. Using the spriral2/tortifolia1 mutant with hypocotyl helical growth, we found that qua1-induced cell-cell adhesion defects restore straight growth in qua1-1 spr2-2. Detached cells in qua1-1 spr2-2 displayed helical growth, confirming that straight growth results from the lack of mechanical coupling between cells rather than a restoration of SPR2 activity in the qua1 mutant. Because adhesion defects in qua1 depend on tension in the outer wall, we also showed that hypocotyl twisting in qua1-1 spr2-2 could be restored when decreasing the matrix potential of the growth medium, i.e., by reducing the magnitude of the pulling force between adjacent cells, in the double mutant. Interestingly, the induction of straight growth in qua1-1 spr2-2 could be achieved beyond hypocotyls, as leaves also displayed a flat phenotype in the double mutant. Altogether, these results provide formal experimental support for a scenario in which twisted growth in spr2 mutant would result from the relaxation of local mechanical conflicts between adjacent cells via global organ torsion.
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361
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Polko JK, Kieber JJ. The Regulation of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:282-296. [PMID: 30647077 PMCID: PMC6447023 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls define the shape of plant cells, controlling the extent and orientation of cell elongation, and hence organ growth. The main load-bearing component of plant cell walls is cellulose, and how plants regulate its biosynthesis during development and in response to various environmental perturbations is a central question in plant biology. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) that are assembled in the Golgi apparatus and then delivered to the plasma membrane (PM), where they actively synthesize cellulose. CSCs travel along cortical microtubule paths that define the orientation of synthesis of the cellulose microfibrils. CSCs recycle between the PM and various intracellular compartments, and this trafficking plays an important role in determining the level of cellulose synthesized. In this review, we summarize recent findings in CESA complex organization, CESA posttranslational modifications and trafficking, and other components that interact with CESAs. We also discuss cell wall integrity maintenance, with a focus on how this impacts cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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362
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Wang GL, Ren XQ, Liu JX, Yang F, Wang YP, Xiong AS. Transcript profiling reveals an important role of cell wall remodeling and hormone signaling under salt stress in garlic. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:87-98. [PMID: 30529171 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the environmental factors that evidently limit plant growth and yield. Despite the fact that understanding plant response to salt stress is important to agricultural practice, the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in garlic remain unclear. In this study, garlic seedlings were exposed to 200 mM NaCl stress for 0, 1, 4, and 12 h, respectively. RNA-seq was applied to analyze the transcriptional response under salinity conditions. A total of 13,114 out of 25,530 differentially expressed unigenes were identified to have pathway annotation, which were mainly involved in purine metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and circadian rhythm. In addition, 272 and 295 differentially expressed genes were identified to be cell wall and hormone signaling-related, respectively, and their interactions under salinity stress were extensively discussed. The results from the current work would provide new resources for the breeding aimed at improving salt tolerance in garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Long Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China.
| | - Xu-Qin Ren
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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363
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Zhou K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis and One of Their Common Roles in Signaling Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31555307 PMCID: PMC6726743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteins are found modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at their carboxyl terminus in eukaryotes, which allows them to associate with membrane lipid bilayers and anchor on the external surface of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play crucial roles in various processes, and more and more GPI-APs have been identified and studied. In this review, previous genomic and proteomic predictions of GPI-APs in Arabidopsis have been updated, which reveal their high abundance and complexity. From studies of individual GPI-APs in Arabidopsis, certain GPI-APs have been found associated with partner receptor-like kinases (RLKs), targeting RLKs to their subcellular localization and helping to recognize extracellular signaling polypeptide ligands. Interestingly, the association might also be involved in ligand selection. The analyses suggest that GPI-APs are essential and widely involved in signal transduction through association with RLKs.
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364
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Thor K. Calcium-Nutrient and Messenger. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:440. [PMID: 31073302 PMCID: PMC6495005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is an essential element needed for growth and development of plants under both non-stressed and stress conditions. It thereby fulfills a dual function, being not only an important factor for cell wall and membrane stability, but also serving as a second messenger in many developmental and physiological processes, including the response of plants to biotic stress. The perception of non-self hereby induces an influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol, which is decoded into downstream responses ultimately leading to defense. Maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for the ability to generate this signal. This review will describe the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in uptake and transport of calcium as well as cellular homeostasis and signal generation, describing known genes involved and discussing possible implications the plant's nutritional status with regard to calcium might have on immunity.
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365
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Traas J. Organogenesis at the Shoot Apical Meristem. PLANTS 2018; 8:plants8010006. [PMID: 30597849 PMCID: PMC6358984 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lateral organ initiation at the shoot apical meristem involves complex changes in growth rates and directions, ultimately leading to the formation of leaves, stems and flowers. Extensive molecular analysis identifies auxin and downstream transcriptional regulation as major elements in this process. This molecular regulatory network must somehow interfere with the structural elements of the cell, in particular the cell wall, to induce specific morphogenetic events. The cell wall is composed of a network of rigid cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix composed of water, polysaccharides such as pectins and hemicelluloses, proteins, and ions. I will discuss here current views on how auxin dependent pathways modulate wall structure to set particular growth rates and growth directions. This involves complex feedbacks with both the cytoskeleton and the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon CEDEX O7, France.
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366
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Zhou LZ, Dresselhaus T. Friend or foe: Signaling mechanisms during double fertilization in flowering seed plants. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 131:453-496. [PMID: 30612627 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of double fertilization 120 years ago, the processes of pollen tube growth and guidance, sperm cell release inside the receptive synergid cell, as well as fusion of two sperm cells to the female gametes (egg and central cell) have been well documented in many flowering plants. Especially microscopic techniques, including live cell imaging, were used to visualize these processes. Molecular as well as genetic methods were applied to identify key players involved. However, compared to the first 11 decades since its discovery, the past decade has seen a tremendous advancement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating angiosperm fertilization. Whole signaling networks were elucidated including secreted ligands, corresponding receptors, intracellular interaction partners, and further downstream signaling events involved in the cross-talk between pollen tubes and their cargo with female reproductive cells. Biochemical and structural biological approaches are now increasingly contributing to our understanding of the different signaling processes required to distinguish between compatible and incompatible interaction partners. Here, we review the current knowledge about signaling mechanisms during above processes with a focus on the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays (maize). The analogy that many of the identified "reproductive signaling mechanisms" also act partly or fully in defense responses and/or cell death is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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367
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Dong Q, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Tao LZ, Liu H. FERONIA regulates auxin-mediated lateral root development and primary root gravitropism. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:97-106. [PMID: 30417333 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase is a key hub of cell signaling networks mediating various hormone, stress, and immune responses. Previous studies have shown that FER functions correlate with auxin responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the primary root of the fer-4 mutant displays increased lateral root branching and a delayed gravitropic response, which are associated with polar auxin transport (PAT). Our data suggest that aberrant PIN2 polarity is responsible for the delayed gravitropic response in fer-4. Furthermore, the diminished F-actin cytoskeleton in fer-4 implies that FER modulates F-actin-mediated PIN2 polar localization. Our findings provide new insights into the function of FER in PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingKun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiWei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - YuTing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HuiLi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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368
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Leucine-rich repeat extensin proteins regulate plant salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:13123-13128. [PMID: 30514814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816991115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception and relay of cell-wall signals are critical for plants to regulate growth and stress responses, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We found that the cell-wall leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRX) 3/4/5 are critical for plant salt tolerance in Arabidopsis The LRXs physically associate with the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides RALF22/23, which in turn interact with the plasma membrane-localized receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA (FER). The lrx345 triple mutant as well as fer mutant plants display retarded growth and salt hypersensitivity, which are mimicked by overexpression of RALF22/23 Salt stress promotes S1P protease-dependent release of mature RALF22 peptides. Treatment of roots with mature RALF22/23 peptides or salt stress causes the internalization of FER. Our results suggest that the LRXs, RALFs, and FER function as a module to transduce cell-wall signals to regulate plant growth and salt stress tolerance.
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369
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Sechet J, Htwe S, Urbanowicz B, Agyeman A, Feng W, Ishikawa T, Colomes M, Kumar KS, Kawai‐Yamada M, Dinneny JR, O'Neill MA, Mortimer JC. Suppression of Arabidopsis GGLT1 affects growth by reducing the L-galactose content and borate cross-linking of rhamnogalacturonan-II. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:1036-1050. [PMID: 30203879 PMCID: PMC6263843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Boron is a micronutrient that is required for the normal growth and development of vascular plants, but its precise functions remain a subject of debate. One established role for boron is in the cell wall where it forms a diester cross-link between two monomers of the low-abundance pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II). The inability of RG-II to properly assemble into a dimer results in the formation of cell walls with abnormal biochemical and biomechanical properties and has a severe impact on plant productivity. Here we describe the effects on RG-II structure and cross-linking and on the growth of plants in which the expression of a GDP-sugar transporter (GONST3/GGLT1) has been reduced. In the GGLT1-silenced plants the amount of L-galactose in side-chain A of RG-II is reduced by up to 50%. This leads to a reduction in the extent of RG-II cross-linking in the cell walls as well as a reduction in the stability of the dimer in the presence of calcium chelators. The silenced plants have a dwarf phenotype, which is rescued by growth in the presence of increased amounts of boric acid. Similar to the mur1 mutant, which also disrupts RG-II cross-linking, GGLT1-silenced plants display a loss of cell wall integrity under salt stress. We conclude that GGLT1 is probably the primary Golgi GDP-L-galactose transporter, and provides GDP-L-galactose for RG-II biosynthesis. We propose that the L-galactose residue is critical for RG-II dimerization and for the stability of the borate cross-link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Sechet
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Present address:
INRAVersailles78000France
| | - Soe Htwe
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Abigail Agyeman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
- Present address:
School of PharmacySouth UniversitySavannahGA31406USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institute for ScienceStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - Marianne Colomes
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
- Present address:
NutribioParis75440France
| | - Kavitha Satish Kumar
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Maki Kawai‐Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institute for ScienceStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Malcolm A. O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterThe University of GeorgiaAthensGA30602USA
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy InstituteEmeryvilleCA94608USA
- Biosciences AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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370
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G protein subunit phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism in heterotrimeric G protein signaling in mammals, yeast, and plants. Biochem J 2018; 475:3331-3357. [PMID: 30413679 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins composed of Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits are vital eukaryotic signaling elements that convey information from ligand-regulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cellular effectors. Heterotrimeric G protein-based signaling pathways are fundamental to human health [Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (2007) 1768, 994-1005] and are the target of >30% of pharmaceuticals in clinical use [Biotechnology Advances (2013) 31, 1676-1694; Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2017) 16, 829-842]. This review focuses on phosphorylation of G protein subunits as a regulatory mechanism in mammals, budding yeast, and plants. This is a re-emerging field, as evidence for phosphoregulation of mammalian G protein subunits from biochemical studies in the early 1990s can now be complemented with contemporary phosphoproteomics and genetic approaches applied to a diversity of model systems. In addition, new evidence implicates a family of plant kinases, the receptor-like kinases, which are monophyletic with the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase/Pelle kinases of metazoans, as possible GPCRs that signal via subunit phosphorylation. We describe early and modern observations on G protein subunit phosphorylation and its functional consequences in these three classes of organisms, and suggest future research directions.
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371
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Hitting the Wall-Sensing and Signaling Pathways Involved in Plant Cell Wall Remodeling in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040089. [PMID: 30360552 PMCID: PMC6313904 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by highly dynamic cell walls that play important roles regulating aspects of plant development. Recent advances in visualization and measurement of cell wall properties have enabled accumulation of new data about wall architecture and biomechanics. This has resulted in greater understanding of the dynamics of cell wall deposition and remodeling. The cell wall is the first line of defense against different adverse abiotic and biotic environmental influences. Different abiotic stress conditions such as salinity, drought, and frost trigger production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which act as important signaling molecules in stress activated cellular responses. Detection of ROS by still-elusive receptors triggers numerous signaling events that result in production of different protective compounds or even cell death, but most notably in stress-induced cell wall remodeling. This is mediated by different plant hormones, of which the most studied are jasmonic acid and brassinosteroids. In this review we highlight key factors involved in sensing, signal transduction, and response(s) to abiotic stress and how these mechanisms are related to cell wall-associated stress acclimatization. ROS, plant hormones, cell wall remodeling enzymes and different wall mechanosensors act coordinately during abiotic stress, resulting in abiotic stress wall acclimatization, enabling plants to survive adverse environmental conditions.
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372
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Li C, Liu X, Qiang X, Li X, Li X, Zhu S, Wang L, Wang Y, Liao H, Luan S, Yu F. EBP1 nuclear accumulation negatively feeds back on FERONIA-mediated RALF1 signaling. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006340. [PMID: 30339663 PMCID: PMC6195255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FERONIA (FER), a plasma membrane receptor-like kinase, is a central regulator of cell growth that integrates environmental and endogenous signals. A peptide ligand rapid alkalinization factor 1 (RALF1) binds to FER and triggers a series of downstream events, including inhibition of Arabidopsis H+-ATPase 2 activity at the cell surface and regulation of gene expression in the nucleus. We report here that, upon RALF1 binding, FER first promotes ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) mRNA translation and then interacts with and phosphorylates the EBP1 protein, leading to EBP1 accumulation in the nucleus. There, EBP1 associates with the promoters of previously identified RALF1-regulated genes, such as CML38, and regulates gene transcription in response to RALF1 signaling. EBP1 appears to inhibit the RALF1 peptide response, thus forming a transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) similar to that found in circadian rhythm control. The plant RALF1-FER-EBP1 axis is reminiscent of animal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, in which EGF peptide induces EGFR to interact with and phosphorylate EBP1, promoting EBP1 nuclear accumulation to control cell growth. Thus, we suggest that in response to peptide signals, plant FER and animal EGFR use the conserved key regulator EBP1 to control cell growth in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hongdong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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373
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Yu Y, Assmann SM. Inter-relationships between the heterotrimeric Gβ subunit AGB1, the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, and RALF1 in salinity response. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2475-2489. [PMID: 29907954 PMCID: PMC6150805 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant heterotrimeric G proteins modulate numerous developmental stress responses. Recently, receptor-like kinases (RLKs) have been implicated as functioning with G proteins and may serve as plant G-protein-coupled-receptors. The RLK FERONIA (FER), in the Catharantus roseus RLK1-like subfamily, is activated by a family of polypeptides called rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs). We previously showed that the Arabidopsis G protein β subunit, AGB1, physically interacts with FER, and that RALF1 regulation of stomatal movement through FER requires AGB1. Here, we investigated genetic interactions of AGB1 and FER in plant salinity response by comparing salt responses in the single and double mutants of agb1 and fer. We show that AGB1 and FER act additively or synergistically depending on the conditions of the NaCl treatments. We further show that the synergism likely occurs through salt-induced ROS production. In addition, we show that RALF1 enhances salt toxicity through increasing Na+ accumulation and decreasing K+ accumulation rather than by inducing ROS production, and that the RALF1 effect on salt response occurs in an AGB1-independent manner. Our results indicate that RLK epistatic relationships are not fixed, as AGB1 and FER display different genetic relationships to RALF1 in stomatal versus salinity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M. Assmann
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , tel. 814-863-9579, fax. 814-865-9131
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374
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Chakravorty D, Yu Y, Assmann SM. A kinase-dead version of FERONIA receptor-like kinase has dose-dependent impacts on rosette morphology and RALF1-mediated stomatal movements. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3429-3437. [PMID: 30207378 PMCID: PMC6205910 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) pleiotropically affects plant reproduction, development, and stress tolerance. We recently showed that the FER ligand RALF1 promotes stomatal closure and inhibits stomatal opening in a G-protein-dependent manner. FER responses have been designated as kinase-dependent or kinase-independent, based largely on fer complementation assays employing a kinase-dead FERK565R. Our quantification of FERK565R-GFP transcript and FERK565R-GFP protein in fer complementation lines reveal that, even within individual complementation lines, different levels of FERK565R expression prevail. FERK565R-GFP expression comparable to that of FER in Col-0 plants fail to elicit complementation of either fer rosette phenotypes or RALF1-elicited stomatal movements, whereas overexpression levels of FERK565R-GFP result in complementation. These results suggest possible alternative interpretations of previous conclusions regarding kinase-independent FER signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chakravorty
- Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Biology Department, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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375
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Guo H, Nolan TM, Song G, Liu S, Xie Z, Chen J, Schnable PS, Walley JW, Yin Y. FERONIA Receptor Kinase Contributes to Plant Immunity by Suppressing Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3316-3324.e6. [PMID: 30270181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use effectors and phytotoxins to facilitate infection of host plants. Coronatine (COR) is one of the phytotoxins produced in bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (pst DC3000). COR structurally and functionally mimics the active form of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and can hijack the host JA-signaling pathway to achieve host disease susceptibility [1]. COR utilizes the transcription factor MYC2, a master regulator of JA signaling, to activate NAC transcription factors, which functions to inhibit accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and thus compromise host immunity [2]. It has been demonstrated that SA can antagonize JA signaling through NONEXPRESSOR of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 (NPR1) [3] and downstream transcription factors TGAs [4] and WRKYs [5, 6]. However, the detailed mechanism by which host plants counteract COR-mediated susceptibility is largely unknown. Here, we show that the receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) functions to inhibit JA and COR signaling by phosphorylating and destabilizing MYC2, thereby positively regulating immunity. Conversely, the peptide ligand RALF23 acts through FER to stabilize MYC2 and elevate JA signaling, negatively contributing to plant immunity. Our results establish the RALF23-FER-MYC2 signaling module and provide a previously unknown mechanism by which host plants utilize FER signaling to counteract COR-mediated host disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Guo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Trevor M Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Data2Bio, Ames, IA 50011-3650, USA
| | - Zhouli Xie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jiani Chen
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick S Schnable
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Data2Bio, Ames, IA 50011-3650, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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376
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Hamann T. Outside-in control - does plant cell wall integrity regulate cell cycle progression? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:82-94. [PMID: 29652097 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During recent years it has become accepted that plant cell walls are not inert objects surrounding all plant cells but are instead highly dynamic, plastic structures. They are involved in a large number of cell biological processes and contribute actively to plant growth, development and interaction with environment. Therefore, it is not surprising that cellular processes can control plant cell wall integrity (CWI) while, simultaneously, CWI can influence cellular processes. In yeast and animal cells such a bidirectional relationship also exists between the yeast/animal extracellular matrices and the cell cycle. In yeast, the CWI maintenance mechanism and a dedicated plasma membrane integrity checkpoint are mediating this relationship. Recent research has yielded insights into the mechanism controlling plant cell wall metabolism during cytokinesis. However, the knowledge regarding putative regulatory pathways controlling adaptive modifications in plant cell cycle activity in response to changes in the state of the plant cell wall are not yet identified. In this review, we summarize similarities and differences in regulatory mechanisms coordinating extracellular matrices and cell cycle activity in animal and yeast cells, discuss the available evidence supporting the existence of such a mechanism in plants and suggest that the plant CWI maintenance mechanism might also control cell cycle activity in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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377
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Liu P, Haruta M, Minkoff BB, Sussman MR. Probing a Plant Plasma Membrane Receptor Kinase’s Three-Dimensional Structure Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Footprinting. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5159-5168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Miyoshi Haruta
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Minkoff
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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378
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Richter J, Watson JM, Stasnik P, Borowska M, Neuhold J, Berger M, Stolt-Bergner P, Schoft V, Hauser MT. Multiplex mutagenesis of four clustered CrRLK1L with CRISPR/Cas9 exposes their growth regulatory roles in response to metal ions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12182. [PMID: 30111865 PMCID: PMC6093868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving functions of closely linked genes is challenging or nearly impossible with classical genetic tools. Four members of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) family are clustered on Arabidopsis chromosome five. To resolve the potentially redundant functions of this subclass of CrRLK1Ls named MEDOS1 to 4 (MDS1 to 4), we generated a single CRISPR/Cas9 transformation vector using a Golden Gate based cloning system to target all four genes simultaneously. We introduce single mutations within and deletions between MDS genes as well as knock-outs of the whole 11 kb gene cluster. The large MDS cluster deletion was inherited in up to 25% of plants lacking the CRISPR/Cas9 construct in the T2 generation. In contrast to described phenotypes of already characterized CrRLK1L mutants, quadruple mds knock-outs were fully fertile, developed normal root hairs and trichomes and responded to pharmacological inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis similar to wildtype. Recently, we demonstrated the role of four CrRLK1L in growth adaptation to metal ion stress. Here we show the involvement of MDS genes in response to Ni2+ during hypocotyl elongation and to Cd2+ and Zn2+ during root growth. Our finding supports the model of an organ specific network of positively and negatively acting CrRLK1Ls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Richter
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Matthew Watson
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Stasnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Borowska
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Neuhold
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Berger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peggy Stolt-Bergner
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Schoft
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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379
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Zhao F, Chen W, Traas J. Mechanical signaling in plant morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 51:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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380
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Doblas VG, Gonneau M, Höfte H. Cell wall integrity signaling in plants: Malectin-domain kinases and lessons from other kingdoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:1-11. [PMID: 32743130 PMCID: PMC7389452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- Animals
- CWI sensing, cell wall integrity sensing
- Cell wall
- Cell wall rheology
- CrRLK1L
- CrRLK1L, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GPI-AP, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein
- Immunity
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- Mechanosensing
- PME, pectin methylesterases
- PTI, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity
- Plant growth
- RALF, rapid alkalinisation factor
- RK, receptor kinase
- RLCK, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase
- ROP, Rho-GTPase of plants
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Signaling
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- Yeast
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Doblas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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381
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Gonneau M, Desprez T, Martin M, Doblas VG, Bacete L, Miart F, Sormani R, Hématy K, Renou J, Landrein B, Murphy E, Van De Cotte B, Vernhettes S, De Smet I, Höfte H. Receptor Kinase THESEUS1 Is a Rapid Alkalinization Factor 34 Receptor in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2452-2458.e4. [PMID: 30057301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth of plants, like that of other walled organisms, depends on the ability of the cell wall to yield without losing its integrity. In this context, plant cells can sense the perturbation of their walls and trigger adaptive modifications in cell wall polymer interactions. Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) THESEUS1 (THE1) was previously shown in Arabidopsis to trigger growth inhibition and defense responses upon perturbation of the cell wall, but so far, neither the ligand nor the role of the receptor in normal development was known. Here, we report that THE1 is a receptor for the peptide rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) 34 and that this signaling module has a role in the fine-tuning of lateral root initiation. We also show that RALF34-THE1 signaling depends, at least for some responses, on FERONIA (FER), another RALF receptor involved in a variety of processes, including immune signaling, mechanosensing, and reproduction [1]. Together, the results show that RALF34 and THE1 are part of a signaling network that integrates information on the integrity of the cell wall with the coordination of normal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Thierry Desprez
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Verónica G Doblas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Fabien Miart
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Kian Hématy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Julien Renou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Evan Murphy
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Brigitte Van De Cotte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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382
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University Tai‐An China
| | - Alice Y. Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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383
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Ke M, Gao Z, Chen J, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Auxin controls circadian flower opening and closure in the waterlily. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:143. [PMID: 29996787 PMCID: PMC6042438 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowers open at sunrise and close at sunset, establishing a circadian floral movement rhythm to facilitate pollination as part of reproduction. By the coordination of endogenous factors and environmental stimuli, such as circadian clock, photoperiod, light and temperature, an appropriate floral movement rhythm has been established; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS In our study, we use waterlily as a model which represents an early-diverging grade of flowering plants, and we aim to reveal the general mechanism of flower actions. We found that the intermediate segment of petal cells of waterlily are highly flexible, followed by a circadian cell expansion upon photoperiod stimuli. Auxin causes constitutively flower opening while auxin inhibitor suppresses opening event. Subsequent transcriptome profiles generated from waterlily's intermediate segment of petals at different day-time points showed that auxin is a crucial phytohormone required for floral movement rhythm via the coordination of YUCCA-controlled auxin synthesis, GH3-mediated auxin homeostasis, PIN and ABCB-dependent auxin efflux as well as TIR/AFB-AUX/IAA- and SAUR-triggered auxin signaling. Genes involved in cell wall organization were downstream of auxin events, resulting in the output phenotypes of rapid cell expansion during flower opening and cell shrinkage at flower closure stage. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate a central regulatory role of auxin in floral movement rhythm and provide a global understanding of flower action in waterlily, which could be a conserved feature of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Ke
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhen Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jianqing Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yuting Qiu
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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384
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Speicher TL, Li PZ, Wallace IS. Phosphoregulation of the Plant Cellulose Synthase Complex and Cellulose Synthase-Like Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29966291 PMCID: PMC6161211 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, is synthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Cellulose is the primary load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and enables cell walls to maintain cellular shape and rigidity. The CSC is comprised of functionally distinct cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing cellulose, and additional accessory proteins. Moreover, CESA-like (CSL) proteins are proposed to synthesize other essential non-cellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. The deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli, and post-translational phosphorylation has been proposed as one mechanism to mediate this dynamic regulation. In this review, we discuss CSC composition, the dynamics of CSCs in vivo, critical studies that highlight the post-translational control of CESAs and CSLs, and the receptor kinases implicated in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging importance of post-translational phosphorylation-based regulation of CSCs on the basis of current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Patrick Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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385
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Engelsdorf T, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Veerabagu M, McKenna JF, Vaahtera L, Augstein F, Van der Does D, Zipfel C, Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance and immune signaling systems cooperate to control stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/536/eaao3070. [PMID: 29945884 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell walls surround all plant cells, and their composition and structure are modified in a tightly controlled, adaptive manner to meet sometimes opposing functional requirements during growth and development. The plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism controls these functional modifications, as well as responses to cell wall damage (CWD). We investigated how the CWI system mediates responses to CWD in Arabidopsis thaliana CWD induced by cell wall-degrading enzymes or an inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis elicited similar, turgor-sensitive stress responses. Phenotypic clustering with 27 genotypes identified a core group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and ion channels required for the activation of CWD responses. A genetic analysis showed that the RLK FEI2 and the plasma membrane-localized mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel MCA1 functioned downstream of the RLK THE1 in CWD perception. In contrast, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling components, including the receptors for plant elicitor peptides (AtPeps) PEPR1 and PEPR2, repressed responses to CWD. CWD induced the expression of PROPEP1 and PROPEP3, which encode the precursors of AtPep1 and AtPep3, and the release of PROPEP3 into the growth medium. Application of AtPep1 and AtPep3 repressed CWD-induced phytohormone accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that AtPep-mediated signaling suppresses CWD-induced defense responses controlled by the CWI mechanism. This suppression was alleviated when PTI signaling downstream of PEPR1 and PEPR2 was impaired. Defense responses controlled by the CWI maintenance mechanism might thus compensate to some extent for the loss of PTI signaling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manikandan Veerabagu
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joseph F McKenna
- Department of Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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386
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Julkowska MM. Adjusting Boron Transport by Two-Step Tuning of Levels of the Efflux Transporter BOR1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:439-440. [PMID: 29899052 PMCID: PMC6001326 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Julkowska
- KAUST, Biological and Environmental
- Science and Engineering
- Thuwal, Mekkah
- Saudi Arabia
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387
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Manishankar P, Wang N, Köster P, Alatar AA, Kudla J. Calcium Signaling during Salt Stress and in the Regulation of Ion Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5003005. [PMID: 29800460 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil composition largely defines the living conditions of plants and represents one of their most relevant, dynamic and complex environmental cues. The effective concentrations of many either tolerated or essential ions and compounds in the soil usually differ from the optimum that would be most suitable for plants. In this regard, salinity - caused by excess of NaCl - represents a widespread adverse growth condition but also shortage of ions like K+, NO3- and Fe2+ restrains plant growth. During the past years many components and mechanisms that function in the sensing and establishment of ion homeostasis have been identified and characterized. Here, we reflect on recent insights that extended our understanding of components and mechanisms, which govern and fine-tune plant salt stress tolerance and ion homeostasis. We put special emphasis on mechanisms that allow for interconnection of the salt overly sensitivity pathway with plant development and discuss newly emerging functions of Ca2+ signaling in salinity tolerance. Moreover, we review and discuss accumulating evidence for a central and unifying role of Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+ dependent protein phosphorylation in regulating sensing, uptake, transport and storage processes of various ions. Finally, based on this cross-field inventory, we deduce emerging concepts and arising questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manishankar
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - N Wang
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Köster
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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388
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Marzol E, Borassi C, Bringas M, Sede A, Rodríguez Garcia DR, Capece L, Estevez JM. Filling the Gaps to Solve the Extensin Puzzle. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:645-658. [PMID: 29530817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs) are highly repetitive plant O-glycoproteins that require several post-translational modifications (PTMs) to become functional in plant cell walls. First, they are hydroxylated on contiguous proline residues; then they are O-glycosylated on hydroxyproline and serine. After secretion into the apoplast, O-glycosylated EXTs form a tridimensional network organized by inter- and intra-Tyr linkages. Recent studies have made significant progress in the identification of the enzymatic machinery required to process EXTs, which includes prolyl 4-hydroxylases, glycosyltransferases, papain-type cysteine endopeptidases, and peroxidases. EXTs are abundant in plant tissues and are particularly important in rapidly expanding root hairs and pollen tubes, which grow in a polar manner. Small changes in EXT PTMs affect fast-growing cells, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are unknown. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of EXT modifications throughout the secretory pathway, EXT assembly in cell walls, and possible sensing mechanisms involving the Catharanthus roseus cell surface sensor receptor-like kinases located at the interface between the apoplast and the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mauro Bringas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires, CP C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ana Sede
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Diana Rosa Rodríguez Garcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires, CP C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Jose M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina.
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389
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Strnad M, Vaahtera L, Khan GA, Jamoune A, Alipanah L, Novák O, Persson S, Hejatko J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity modulates Arabidopsis thaliana cell cycle gene expression in a cytokinin- and nitrate reductase-dependent manner. Development 2018; 145:dev.166678. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.166678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During plant growth and defense, cell cycle activity needs to be coordinated with cell wall integrity. Little is known about how coordination is achieved. Here we investigated coordination in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by studying the impact of cell wall damage (CWD, caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibition) on cytokinin homeostasis, cell cycle gene expression and shape in root tips. CWD inhibited cell cycle gene expression and increased transition zone cell width in an osmo-sensitive manner. These results were correlated with CWD-induced, osmo-sensitive changes in cytokinin homeostasis. Expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE2 and 3 (CKX2, CKX3), encoding cytokinin-degrading enzymes was induced by CWD and reduced by osmoticum treatment. In nitrate reductase1 nitrate reductase2 (nia1 nia2) seedlings, neither CKX2 and CKX3 transcript levels were increased nor cell cycle gene expression repressed by CWD. Moreover, established CWD-induced responses like jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and lignin production, were also absent, implying a central role of NIA1- and NIA2-mediated processes in regulation of CWD responses. These results suggest that CWD enhances cytokinin degradation rates through a NIA1 and NIA2-mediated process, subsequently attenuating cell cycle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Amel Jamoune
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leila Alipanah
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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