351
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Shoffstall AJ, Capadona JR. Bioinspired materials and systems for neural interfacing. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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352
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Putatunda R, Bethea JR, Hu WH. Potential immunotherapies for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:125-136. [PMID: 29759918 PMCID: PMC6033730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) including brain and spinal cord remains a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Delineating the mechanisms underlying the secondary and persistent injury versus the primary and transient injury has been drawing extensive attention for study during the past few decades. The sterile neuroinflammation during the secondary phase of injury has been frequently identified substrate underlying CNS injury, but as of now, no conclusive studies have determined whether this is a beneficial or detrimental role in the context of repair. Recent pioneering studies have demonstrated the key roles for the innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and CNS repair. Some promising immunotherapeutic strategies have been recently developed for the treatment of CNS injury. This review updates the recent progress on elucidating the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of CNS injury, the development and characterization of potential immunotherapeutics, as well as outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author.
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353
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Barington L, Wanke F, Niss Arfelt K, Holst PJ, Kurschus FC, Rosenkilde MM. EBI2 in splenic and local immune responses and in autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:313-322. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2vmr1217-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Barington
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Wanke
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - K. Niss Arfelt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. J. Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. C. Kurschus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - M. M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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354
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Santangelo R, Cecchetti G, Bernasconi MP, Cardamone R, Barbieri A, Pinto P, Passerini G, Scomazzoni F, Comi G, Magnani G. Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β 42, Total Tau and Phosphorylated Tau are Low in Patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Analogies and Differences with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:183-200. [PMID: 28826180 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Co-existence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a frequent finding, thus a common pathophysiological basis between AD and NPH has been postulated. We measured CSF amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) concentrations in a sample of 294 patients with different types of dementia and 32 subjects without dementia. We then compared scores on neuropsychological tests of NPH patients with pathological and normal CSF Aβ42 values. Aβ42 levels were significantly lower in NPH than in control patients, with no significant differences between AD and NPH. On the contrary, t-tau and p-tau levels were significantly lower in NPH than in AD, with no differences between NPH and controls. NPH patients with pathological Aβ42 levels did not perform worse than NPH patients with normal Aβ42 levels in any cognitive domains. Our data seem to support the hypothesis of amyloid accumulation in brains of NPH patients. Nevertheless, amyloid does not seem to play a pathogenetic role in the development of cognitive deficits in NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Santangelo
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giordano Cecchetti
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Bernasconi
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Cardamone
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barbieri
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pinto
- Department of Neurology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Scomazzoni
- Department of Neuroradiology, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Department of Neurology, INSPE, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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355
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Smith KE, Johnson RC, Papas KK. Update on cellular encapsulation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12399. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ USA
- Department of Surgery; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ USA
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356
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Kesarwani P, Prabhu A, Kant S, Kumar P, Graham SF, Buelow KL, Wilson GD, Miller CR, Chinnaiyan P. Tryptophan Metabolism Contributes to Radiation-Induced Immune Checkpoint Reactivation in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3632-3643. [PMID: 29691296 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitors designed to revert tumor-induced immunosuppression have emerged as potent anticancer therapies. Tryptophan metabolism represents an immune checkpoint, and targeting this pathway's rate-limiting enzyme IDO1 is actively being investigated clinically. Here, we studied the intermediary metabolism of tryptophan metabolism in glioblastoma and evaluated the activity of the IDO1 inhibitor GDC-0919, both alone and in combination with radiation (RT).Experimental Design: LC/GC-MS and expression profiling was performed for metabolomic and genomic analyses of patient-derived glioma. Immunocompetent mice were injected orthotopically with genetically engineered murine glioma cells and treated with GDC-0919 alone or combined with RT. Flow cytometry was performed on isolated tumors to determine immune consequences of individual treatments.Results: Integrated cross-platform analyses coupling global metabolomic and gene expression profiling identified aberrant tryptophan metabolism as a metabolic node specific to the mesenchymal and classical subtypes of glioblastoma. GDC-0919 demonstrated potent inhibition of this node and effectively crossed the blood-brain barrier. Although GDC-0919 as a single agent did not demonstrate antitumor activity, it had a strong potential for enhancing RT response in glioblastoma, which was further augmented with a hypofractionated regimen. RT response in glioblastoma involves immune stimulation, reflected by increases in activated and cytotoxic T cells, which was balanced by immune checkpoint reactivation, reflected by an increase in IDO1 expression and regulatory T cells (Treg). GDC-0919 mitigated RT-induced Tregs and enhanced T-cell activation.Conclusions: Tryptophan metabolism represents a metabolic node in glioblastoma, and combining RT with IDO1 inhibition enhances therapeutic response by mitigating RT-induced immunosuppression. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3632-43. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kesarwani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Antony Prabhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Shiva Kant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Metabolomics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Stewart F Graham
- Metabolomics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Katie L Buelow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, & Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Prakash Chinnaiyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan. .,Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan
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357
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Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy Induces Systemic Differences in Peripheral Blood Immunophenotype Dependent on Irradiated Site. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 101:1259-1270. [PMID: 29891204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the strong interest in combining stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SAR) with immunotherapy, limited data characterizing the systemic immune response after SAR are available. We hypothesized that the systemic immune response to SAR would differ by irradiated site owing to inherent differences in the microenvironment of various organs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients receiving SAR to any organ underwent prospective blood banking before and 1 to 2 weeks after SAR. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were isolated. PBMCs were stained with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies against T and natural killer (NK) cell markers. Cells were interrogated by flow cytometry, and the results were analyzed using FlowJo software. Serum cytokine and chemokine levels were measured using Luminex. We analyzed the changes from before to after therapy using paired t tests or 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni's post-test. RESULTS A total of 31 patients had evaluable PBMCs for flow cytometry and 37 had evaluable serum samples for Luminex analysis. The total number of NK cells and cytotoxic (CD56dimCD16+) NK cells decreased (P = .02) and T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing molecule-3-positive (TIM3+) NK cells increased (P = .04) after SAR to parenchymal sites (lung and liver) but not to bone or brain. The total memory CD4+ T cells, activated inducible co-stimulator-positive and CD25+CD4+ memory T cells, and activated CD25+CD8+ memory T cells increased after SAR to parenchymal sites but not bone or brain. The circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (P = .04) and multiple chemokines, including RANTES (P = .04), decreased after SAR to parenchymal sites but not bone or brain. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest SAR to parenchymal sites induces systemic immune changes, including a decrease in total and cytotoxic NK cells, an increase in TIM3+ NK cells, and an increase in activated memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. SAR to nonparenchymal sites did not induce these changes. By comparing the immune response after radiation to different organs, our data suggest SAR induces systemic immunologic changes that are dependent on the irradiated site.
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358
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Dave RS, Jain P, Byrareddy SN. Follicular Dendritic Cells of Lymph Nodes as Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoirs and Insights on Cervical Lymph Node. Front Immunol 2018; 9:805. [PMID: 29725333 PMCID: PMC5916958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark feature of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) within the lymph nodes (LNs) is their ability to retain antigens and virions for a prolonged duration. FDCs in the cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) are particularly relevant in elucidating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) draining LNs of the central nervous system. The FDC viral reservoir in both peripheral LN and CLN, like the other HIV reservoirs, contribute to both low-level viremia and viral resurgence upon cessation or failure of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Besides prolonged virion retention on FDCs in LNs and CLNs, the suboptimal penetration of cART at these anatomical sites is another factor contributing to establishing and maintaining this viral reservoir. Unlike the FDCs within the peripheral LNs, the CLN FDCs have only recently garnered attention. This interest in CLN FDCs has been driven by detailed characterization of the meningeal lymphatic system. As the CSF drains through the meningeal lymphatics and nasal lymphatics via the cribriform plate, CLN FDCs may acquire HIV after capturing them from T cells, antigen-presenting cells, or cell-free virions. In addition, CD4+ T follicular helper cells within the CLNs are productively infected as a result of acquiring the virus from the FDCs. In this review, we outline the underlying mechanisms of viral accumulation on CLN FDCs and its potential impact on viral resurgence or achieving a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish S. Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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359
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Yan Z, Gibson SA, Buckley JA, Qin H, Benveniste EN. Role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in regulation of innate immunity in neuroinflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol 2018; 189:4-13. [PMID: 27713030 PMCID: PMC5573639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines and interferons, and is essential for the development and function of both innate and adaptive immunity. Aberrant activation of the JAK/STAT pathway is evident in neuroinflammatory diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease. Innate immunity is the front line defender of the immune system and is composed of various cell types, including microglia, macrophages and neutrophils. Innate immune responses have both pathogenic and protective roles in neuroinflammation, depending on disease context and the microenvironment in the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, how the JAK/STAT signaling pathway regulates the innate immune response, and finally, the potential for ameliorating neuroinflammation by utilization of JAK/STAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jessica A Buckley
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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360
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Aldinucci A, Bonechi E, Biagioli T, Repice AM, D'Elios MM, Emmi L, Emmi G, Silvestri E, Barilaro A, Ballerini C. CSF/serum matrix metallopeptidase-9 ratio discriminates neuro Behçet from multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:493-498. [PMID: 29687026 PMCID: PMC5899916 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuro Behçet disease with multiple sclerosis‐like features, diagnosis could be challenging. Here, we studied the cerebrospinal fluid and serum inflammatory profile of 11 neuro Behçet and 21 relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Between the soluble factors analyzed (MMP9, TNFα, IL6, CXCL13, CXCL10, CXCL8, IFNγ, IL10, IL17, IL23, and others) we found MMP9 increased in neuro Behçet serum compared to multiple sclerosis and decreased in cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, neuro Behçet analysis of circulating natural killer CD56DIM subset suggests their potential involvement in increased MMP9 production. We believe that these findings may have a translational utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aldinucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug and Child Health University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Elena Bonechi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug and Child Health University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Tiziana Biagioli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory Careggi University Hospital Florence Italy
| | - Anna M Repice
- Neurological Division II Careggi University Hospital Florence Italy
| | - Mario M D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Lorenzo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence Italy
| | | | - Clara Ballerini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug and Child Health University of Florence Florence Italy
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361
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362
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Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells have recently been implicated in depression, which adds to the list of several other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) that are already known to involve Th17 cells. In CNS diseases, it is thought that the signature cytokine produced by Th17 cells, interleukin-17A (IL-17A), mediates the detrimental effects of Th17 cells. In depression, although Th17 cells increase, the lack of a consistent correlation between depression severity and blood IL-17A levels suggests that Th17 cells promote depressive symptoms, which may not be entirely dependent on IL-17. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of Th17 cells or the source of CNS Th17 cells in depression. It is likely that Th17 cells promote neuroinflammation and activation of microglia and astrocytes, actions that may contribute to neuronal damage. A source of Th17 cells is the small intestine where they are regulated by the composition of the microbiome. It remains to be determined through what mechanisms of action Th17 cells affect depression and if Th17 cells can be considered a novel therapeutic target in depression.
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363
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Manglani M, McGavern DB. Intravital Imaging of Neuroimmune Interactions Through a Thinned Skull. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 120:24.2.1-24.2.12. [PMID: 29512146 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune interactions within the central nervous system (CNS) and surrounding meninges contribute significantly to neural homeostasis as well as a variety of different neurological disorders. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy is a deep tissue imaging technique that provides a means to image immune cell dynamics and interactions in the living CNS with high spatial and temporal resolution. Optical access to the brain and meninges can be achieved through the creation of thinned skull windows, which can be made without inducing damage and inflammation in the underlying tissue. This protocol provides guidance on how to create a thinned skull window without causing CNS injury. We also describe a highly reproducible method to induce a mild traumatic brain injury using the thinned skull approach. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Manglani
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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364
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Functional Meningeal Lymphatics and Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:123-125. [PMID: 29464588 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional meningeal lymphatic system plays a crucial role in outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. Metabolites and neurotoxins in the cerebrospinal fluid may be excreted via this system and accumulate in the cervical lymph nodes. In this letter, we highlighted the role of functional meningeal lymphatics and cerebrospinal fluid outflow.
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365
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Qin Y, Smith TG, Jackson F, Gallardo-Romero NF, Morgan CN, Olson V, Hutson CL, Wu X. Revisiting rabies virus neutralizing antibodies through infecting BALB/c mice with live rabies virus. Virus Res 2018; 248:39-43. [PMID: 29471052 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing antibody after virus infection through a mouse model. The BALB/c mice from different age groups (three, five, seven week old) were intramuscularly inoculated with live rabies virus (TX coyote 323R). Without pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), we found there is a decreased fatality with increased age of animals, the mortalities are 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. Interestingly, through assay of rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), the results showed that all the animals that succumbed to rabies challenge, except one, developed circulating neutralizing antibodies, and all the healthy animals, except two, did not generate virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA). Our animal study suggests that the induction of VNA was an indicator of infection progression in the central nervous system (CNS) and speculate that RABV neutralizing antibodies did not cross the blood-brain barrier of the CNS for those diseased animals. We hypothesize that early release of viral antigens from damaged nerve tissue might potentially be a benefit for survivors, and we also discuss several other aspects of the interaction of RABV and its neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Qin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Todd G Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Felix Jackson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nadia F Gallardo-Romero
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clint N Morgan
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina L Hutson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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366
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Slowik A, Lammerding L, Hoffmann S, Beyer C. Brain inflammasomes in stroke and depressive disorders: Regulation by oestrogen. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30. [PMID: 28477436 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a devastating pathophysiological process that results in brain damage and neuronal death. Pathogens, cell fragments and cellular dysfunction trigger inflammatory responses. Irrespective of the cause, inflammasomes are key intracellular multiprotein signalling platforms that sense neuropathological conditions. The activation of inflammasomes leads to the auto-proteolytic cleavage of caspase-1, resulting in the proteolysis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)1β and IL18 into their bioactive forms. It also initiates pyroptosis, a type of cell death. The two cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis in acute and chronic brain diseases and also play a central role in human aging and psychiatric disorders. Sex steroids, in particular oestrogens, are well-described neuroprotective agents in the central nervous system. Oestrogens improve the functional outcome after ischaemia and traumatic brain injury, reduce neuronal death in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attenuate glutamate excitotoxicity and the formation of radical oxygen species, and lessen the spread of oedema after damage. Moreover, oestrogens alleviate menopause-related depressive symptoms and have a positive influence on depressive disorders probably by influencing growth factor production and serotonergic brain circuits. Recent evidence also suggests that inflammasome signalling affects anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour and that oestrogen ameliorates depression-like behaviour through the suppression of inflammasomes. In the present review, we highlight the most recent findings demonstrating that oestrogens selectively suppress the activation of the neuroinflammatory cascade in the brain in acute and chronic brain disease models. Furthermore, we aim to describe putative regulatory signalling pathways involved in the control of inflammasomes. Finally, we consider that psychiatric disorders such as depression also contain an inflammatory component that could be modulated by oestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slowik
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - L Lammerding
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Beyer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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367
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Intracerebroventricular injections of endotoxin (ET) reduces hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 315:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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368
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Walker DJ, Spencer KA. Glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 256:80-88. [PMID: 28728884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life physiological systems strive to maintain homeostasis and these systems are susceptible to exposure to maternal or environmental perturbations, particularly during embryonic development. In some cases, these perturbations may influence genetic and physiological processes that permanently alter the functioning of these physiological systems; a process known as developmental programming. In recent years, the neuroimmune system has garnered attention for its fundamental interactions with key hormonal systems, such as the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The ultimate product of this axis, the glucocorticoid hormones, play a key role in modulating immune responses within the periphery and the CNS as part of the physiological stress response. It is well-established that elevated glucocorticoids induced by developmental stress exert profound short and long-term physiological effects, yet there is relatively little information of how these effects are manifested within the neuroimmune system. Pre and post-natal periods are prime candidates for manipulation in order to uncover the physiological mechanisms that underlie glucocorticoid programming of neuroimmune responses. Understanding the potential programming role of glucocorticoids may be key in uncovering vulnerable windows of CNS susceptibility to stressful experiences during embryonic development and improve our use of glucocorticoids as therapeutics in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Walker
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen A Spencer
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
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369
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Abstract
Systemic inflammation mediated by Plasmodium parasites is central to malaria disease and its complications. Plasmodium parasites reside in erythrocytes and can theoretically reach all host tissues via the circulation. However, actual interactions between parasitized erythrocytes and host tissues, along with the consequent damage and pathological changes, are limited locally to specific tissue sites. Such tissue specificity of the parasite can alter the outcome of malaria disease, determining whether acute or chronic complications occur. Here, we give an overview of the recent progress that has been made in understanding tissue-specific immunopathology during Plasmodium infection. As knowledge on tissue-specific host-parasite interactions accumulates, better treatment modalities and targets may emerge for intervention in malaria disease.
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370
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Tim-3 expression predicts the abnormal innate immune status and poor prognosis of glioma patients. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 476:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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371
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Reginia A, Kucharska-Mazur J, Jabłoński M, Budkowska M, Dołȩgowska B, Sagan L, Misiak B, Ratajczak MZ, Rybakowski JK, Samochowiec J. Assessment of Complement Cascade Components in Patients With Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:614. [PMID: 30538645 PMCID: PMC6277457 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The immune system is undoubtedly involved in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression. Although its role is not fully understood, it appears that this area of research can help to understand the etiology of mental illness. One of the components of the human immune system is the complement system, which forms a part of the innate immune response. Physiologically, except for its essential protective role, it is a vital element in the regeneration processes, including neurogenesis. To date, few studies have tried to clarify the role of the complement cascade in mental disorders. Materials and Methods: We evaluated concentrations of C3a, C5a, and C5b-9 complement cascade components in the peripheral blood of 30 patients suffering from bipolar disorder (BD) for at least 10 years, in euthymia, who were not treated with lithium salts. In addition, we divided our study sample into BD type I (BD-I, 22 persons), and BD type II (BD-II, 8 patients). The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, BMI, and smoking habits. Results: Compared to healthy controls, BD patients had elevated concentrations of all the investigated components. Furthermore, in patients with BD-II, we observed higher concentrations of C5b-9 as compared to patients with BD-I. However, there was a significant effect of BD diagnosis only on the levels of C3a and C5a but not on the level of C5b-9 after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Conclusions: Increased concentrations of components C3a and C5a of the complement system in the investigated group as compared to healthy controls suggest involvement of the complement cascade in the pathogenesis of BD, and provides further evidence of immune system dysregulation in BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Reginia
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Jabłoński
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołȩgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Błazej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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372
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Berghoff AS, Preusser M. Role of the blood-brain barrier in metastatic disease of the central nervous system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 149:57-66. [PMID: 29307361 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811161-1.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic therapy is an important backbone in the multimodal treatment approach of brain metastases. However, the blood-brain barrier or, more correctly, the blood-tumor barrier, as the properties of tumor-associated vessels differ from the physiologic state, potentially limits the passage of systemic drugs. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical investigations showed that the distribution of drugs is very heterogeneous within a given brain metastasis, despite the contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. Brain metastases may show lower intratumoral concentrations of some drugs as compared to extracranial tumor sites, resulting in mixed responses. Therefore, a more profound understanding of the role of the blood-brain/blood-tumor barrier is needed to effectively formulate clinical trial approaches on systemic therapy options in patients with brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Berghoff
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and CNS Tumors Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and CNS Tumors Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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373
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Abstract
Exploration of neuroimmune mechanisms is vital to the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of mental disorders. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms are increasingly understood to underpin a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, with an ever-expanding evidence base drawn from basic science to large-scale epidemiological data. Unravelling of these mechanisms should lead to biomarker discovery and potential new avenues for therapeutics that modulate immunological mechanisms. Identification of neuroimmune biomarkers is vital to improving diagnosis, stratification and treatment of mental disorders. There is an urgent clinical need for new therapeutic approaches with poor treatment response and treatment resistance a major problem for many psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia. Neurodegenerative psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's also have clear neuroimmune underpinnings and manifest an urgent clinical need for improvements in diagnosis and research towards transformative disease-modifying treatments. This chapter provides some background on the role of the neuroimmune system in mental illness, exploring the role for biomarkers, in addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge in this exciting field. We also reflect on the inherent challenges and methodological pitfalls faced by research in this field, including the complexity of conceptualising multidimensional mental disorders and the dynamic shifting sands of the immune system.
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374
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Barten DM, Cadelina GW, Weed MR. Dosing, collection, and quality control issues in cerebrospinal fluid research using animal models. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:47-64. [PMID: 29110779 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex fluid filling the ventricular system and surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Although the bulk of CSF is created by the choroid plexus, a significant fraction derives from the interstitial fluid in the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. For this reason, CSF can often be used as a source of pharmacodynamic and prognostic biomarkers to reflect biochemical changes occurring within the brain. For instance, CSF biomarkers can be used to diagnose and track progression of disease as well as understand pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships in clinical trials. To facilitate the use of these biomarkers in humans, studies in preclinical species are often valuable. This review summarizes methods for preclinical CSF collection for biomarkers from mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. In addition, dosing directly into CSF is increasingly being used to improve drug levels in the brain. Therefore, this review also summarizes the state of the art in CSF dosing in these preclinical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Barten
- Genetically Defined Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, United States
| | - Gregory W Cadelina
- Genetically Defined Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, United States
| | - Michael R Weed
- Genetically Defined Diseases, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, United States; RxGen, Inc, New Haven, CT, United States.
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375
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common pathological feature in almost all neurological diseases and is a response triggered as a consequence of the chronic activation of the innate immune response in the CNS against a variety of stimuli, including infection, traumatic brain injury, toxic metabolites, aggregated proteins, or autoimmunity. Crucial mediators of this neurinflammatory process are the intracellular protein complexes known as inflammasomes which can be triggered by pathogens as well as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, chronic inflammasome activation can eventually result in cellular death and tissue damage, leading to the release of DAMPs that can reactivate the inflammasome, thereby propagating a vicious cycle of inflammation. The primary cells involved in CNS inflammasome activation are the immunocompetent microglia and the infiltrating macrophages into the CNS. However, astrocytes and neurons also express inflammasomes, and the understanding of how they are engaged in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological diseases is crucial to develop effective therapeutic approaches for CNS pathologies that are propagated by chronic inflammasome activation. This chapter covers the activation mechanisms of relevant inflammasomes in the brain and summarizes their roles in the pathogenesis and progression of different neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Albornoz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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376
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Abstract
Advances in CNS immunity and anatomy bridge the CNS and the peripheral immune system. Region-specific antiviral responses alter BBB permeability during viral invasion. CNS barriers have anatomical specializations with tailored defenses against pathogens. Immunocytotherapies for persistent CNS infections can promote non-cytopathic viral clearance.
The central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically specialized organ where restrictive barrier structures protect the parenchyma from inflammation and infection. This protection is important in preventing damage to non-renewable resident cell populations, such as neurons, responsible for functions ranging from executive to autonomic. Despite these barriers, the CNS can be infected through several entry portals, giving rise to meningitis and encephalitis. Following infection, resident cells recruit peripherally derived immune cells to sites of viral infection. In this review, we discuss recent advances in immune recruitment and entry at barrier structures as well as current immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of persistent viral infections.
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377
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Llovera G, Benakis C, Enzmann G, Cai R, Arzberger T, Ghasemigharagoz A, Mao X, Malik R, Lazarevic I, Liebscher S, Ertürk A, Meissner L, Vivien D, Haffner C, Plesnila N, Montaner J, Engelhardt B, Liesz A. The choroid plexus is a key cerebral invasion route for T cells after stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:851-868. [PMID: 28762187 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes substantially to stroke pathophysiology. Cerebral invasion of peripheral leukocytes-particularly T cells-has been shown to be a key event promoting inflammatory tissue damage after stroke. While previous research has focused on the vascular invasion of T cells into the ischemic brain, the choroid plexus (ChP) as an alternative cerebral T-cell invasion route after stroke has not been investigated. We here report specific accumulation of T cells in the peri-infarct cortex and detection of T cells as the predominant population in the ipsilateral ChP in mice as well as in human post-stroke autopsy samples. T-cell migration from the ChP to the peri-infarct cortex was confirmed by in vivo cell tracking of photoactivated T cells. In turn, significantly less T cells invaded the ischemic brain after photothrombotic lesion of the ipsilateral ChP and in a stroke model encompassing ChP ischemia. We detected a gradient of CCR2 ligands as the potential driving force and characterized the neuroanatomical pathway for the intracerebral migration. In summary, our study demonstrates that the ChP is a key invasion route for post-stroke cerebral T-cell invasion and describes a CCR2-ligand gradient between cortex and ChP as the potential driving mechanism for this invasion route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruiyao Cai
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Alireza Ghasemigharagoz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiang Mao
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Malik
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivana Lazarevic
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshaderner Str. 9, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Lilja Meissner
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, UMR-S U919, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Team Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse-Normandie, 14074, Caen Cedex, France
| | - Christof Haffner
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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378
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Differentiation and Transmigration of CD4 T Cells in Neuroinflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1695. [PMID: 29238350 PMCID: PMC5712560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating protective immunity and autoimmunity. The activation and differentiation of myelin-reactive CD4+ T cells into effector (Th1 and Th17) and regulatory (Tregs) subsets at the peripheral tissues, and their subsequent transmigration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma are decisive events in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. How the Th1, Th17, and regulatory Tregs transmigrate across the BBB into the CNS and cause CNS inflammation is not clearly understood. Studies with transgenic and gene knockout mice have unraveled that Th1, Th17, and Tregs play a critical role in the induction and resolution of neuroinflammation. However, the plasticity of these lineages and functional dichotomy of their cytokine products makes it difficult to understand what role CD4+ T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs, endothelial BBB, and the CNS parenchyma play in the CNS autoimmune response. In this review, we describe some of the recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms behind the differentiation and transmigration of CD4+ T cells across the BBB into the CNS parenchyma and also highlight how these two processes are interconnected, which is crucial for the outcome of CNS inflammation and autoimmunity.
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379
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Lamanna JJ, Gutierrez J, Espinosa JR, Wagner J, Urquia LN, Moreton C, Victor Hurtig C, Tora M, Kirk AD, Federici T, Boulis NM. Peripheral blood detection of systemic graft-specific xeno-antibodies following transplantation of human neural progenitor cells into the porcine spinal cord. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 48:173-180. [PMID: 29089163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies have searched for therapeutic efficacy of cell-based therapeutics in diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS) with no other viable options. Allogeneic cells represent the primary source of these therapies and immunosuppressive regimens have been empirically employed based on experience with solid organ transplantation, attempting to avoid immune mediated graft rejection. In this study, we aimed to 1) characterize the host immune response to stem cells transplanted into the CNS and 2) develop a non-invasive method for detecting immune response to transplanted cell grafts. Human neural progenitor cells were transplanted into the spinal cord of 10 Göttingen minipigs, of which 5 received no immunosuppression and 5 received Tacrolimus. Peripheral blood samples were collected longitudinally for flow cytometry cross match studies. Necropsy was performed at day 21 and spinal cord tissue analysis. We observed a transient increase in xeno-reactive antibodies was detected on post-operative day 7 and 14 in pigs that did not receive immunosuppression. This response was not detected in pigs that received Tacrolimus immunosuppression. No difference in graft survival was observed between the groups. Infiltration of numerous immune mediators including granulocytes, T lymphocytes, and activated microglia, and complement deposition were detected. In summary, a systemic immunologic response to stem cell grafts was detected for two weeks after transplantation using peripheral blood. This could be used as a non-invasive biomarker by investigators for detection of immunologic rejection. However, the absence of a detectable response in peripheral blood does not rule out a parenchymal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lamanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Juanmarco Gutierrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jaclyn R Espinosa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Jacob Wagner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Lindsey N Urquia
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Cheryl Moreton
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - C Victor Hurtig
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Muhibullah Tora
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Thais Federici
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Room 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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380
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Joshi N, Singh S. Updates on immunity and inflammation in Parkinson disease pathology. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:379-390. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center; San Francisco California
| | - Sarika Singh
- Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
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381
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Delayed Cerebral Ischemia after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Beyond Vasospasm and Towards a Multifactorial Pathophysiology. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:50. [PMID: 29063300 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is common after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and represents a significant cause of poor functional outcome. DCI was mainly thought to be caused by cerebral vasospasm; however, recent clinical trials have been unable to confirm this hypothesis. Studies in humans and animal models have since supported the notion of a multifactorial pathophysiology of DCI. This review summarizes some of the main mechanisms under investigation including cerebral vascular dysregulation, microthrombosis, cortical spreading depolarizations, and neuroinflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Recent guidelines have differentiated between DCI and angiographic vasospasm and have highlighted roles of the microvasculature, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, cortical spreading depressions, and the contribution of the immune system to DCI. Many therapeutic interventions are underway in both preclinical and clinical studies to target these novel mechanisms as well as studies connecting these mechanisms to one another. Clinical trials to date have been largely unsuccessful at preventing or treating DCI after SAH. The only successful pharmacologic intervention is the calcium channel antagonist, nimodipine. Recent studies have provided evidence that cerebral vasospasm is not the sole contributor to DCI and that additional mechanisms may play equal if not more important roles.
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382
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Wianny F, Vezoli J. Transplantation in the nonhuman primate MPTP model of Parkinson's disease: update and perspectives. Primate Biol 2017; 4:185-213. [PMID: 32110706 PMCID: PMC7041537 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-185-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to calibrate stem cell exploitation for cellular therapy in neurodegenerative diseases, fundamental and preclinical research in NHP (nonhuman primate) models is crucial. Indeed, it is consensually recognized that it is not possible to directly extrapolate results obtained in rodent models to human patients. A large diversity of neurological pathologies should benefit from cellular therapy based on neural differentiation of stem cells. In the context of this special issue of Primate Biology on NHP stem cells, we describe past and recent advances on cell replacement in the NHP model of Parkinson's disease (PD). From the different grafting procedures to the various cell types transplanted, we review here diverse approaches for cell-replacement therapy and their related therapeutic potential on behavior and function in the NHP model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wianny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Julien Vezoli
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
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383
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Absinta M, Ha SK, Nair G, Sati P, Luciano NJ, Palisoc M, Louveau A, Zaghloul KA, Pittaluga S, Kipnis J, Reich DS. Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. eLife 2017; 6:e29738. [PMID: 28971799 PMCID: PMC5626482 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the existence of meningeal lymphatic vessels in human and nonhuman primates (common marmoset monkeys) and the feasibility of noninvasively imaging and mapping them in vivo with high-resolution, clinical MRI. On T2-FLAIR and T1-weighted black-blood imaging, lymphatic vessels enhance with gadobutrol, a gadolinium-based contrast agent with high propensity to extravasate across a permeable capillary endothelial barrier, but not with gadofosveset, a blood-pool contrast agent. The topography of these vessels, running alongside dural venous sinuses, recapitulates the meningeal lymphatic system of rodents. In primates, meningeal lymphatics display a typical panel of lymphatic endothelial markers by immunohistochemistry. This discovery holds promise for better understanding the normal physiology of lymphatic drainage from the central nervous system and potential aberrations in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- Translational Neuroradiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Govind Nair
- Translational Neuroradiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Nicholas J Luciano
- Translational Neuroradiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Maryknoll Palisoc
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Kareem A Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology SectionNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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384
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Absinta M, Ha SK, Nair G, Sati P, Luciano NJ, Palisoc M, Louveau A, Zaghloul KA, Pittaluga S, Kipnis J, Reich DS. Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28971799 DOI: 10.75554/elife.29738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the existence of meningeal lymphatic vessels in human and nonhuman primates (common marmoset monkeys) and the feasibility of noninvasively imaging and mapping them in vivo with high-resolution, clinical MRI. On T2-FLAIR and T1-weighted black-blood imaging, lymphatic vessels enhance with gadobutrol, a gadolinium-based contrast agent with high propensity to extravasate across a permeable capillary endothelial barrier, but not with gadofosveset, a blood-pool contrast agent. The topography of these vessels, running alongside dural venous sinuses, recapitulates the meningeal lymphatic system of rodents. In primates, meningeal lymphatics display a typical panel of lymphatic endothelial markers by immunohistochemistry. This discovery holds promise for better understanding the normal physiology of lymphatic drainage from the central nervous system and potential aberrations in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Seung-Kwon Ha
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Govind Nair
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Pascal Sati
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nicholas J Luciano
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Maryknoll Palisoc
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Kareem A Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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385
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Negi N, Das BK. CNS: Not an immunoprivilaged site anymore but a virtual secondary lymphoid organ. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:57-68. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1357719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Bimal K. Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar (West), New Delhi, India
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386
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Fidyk W, Mitrus I, Ciomber A, Smagur A, Chwieduk A, Głowala-Kosińska M, Giebel S. Evaluation of proinflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines in blood and bone marrow of healthy hematopoietic stem cell donors. Cytokine 2017; 102:181-186. [PMID: 28927758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokine composition of bone marrow microenvironment in comparison to blood is poorly explored. The goal of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines present in peripheral blood and bone marrow of healthy hematopoietic stem cells donors. The data obtained on this subject with addition to cytometric analysis can provide new insight into the hematopoietic stem cells microenvironment. METHODOLOGY Study consisted of cytokine concentration analysis performed by ELISA tests of peripheral blood of healthy peripheral blood stem cells donors and bone marrow of healthy bone marrow donors. Additionally we have tested the expression of CD47 and CD274 proteins on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells by the flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS The results has shown different composition of analyzed cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TGF-β1, IFN-γ and TNF-α) present in bone marrow and blood of stem cells donors. The hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood are subjected to higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines whilst the lower level of those cytokines in bone marrow with a very high level of TGF-β1 which possibly creates a more immunosuppressive environment. The IL-10 level was significantly higher in peripheral blood of PBSC donors after the administration of mobilizing factor (G-CSF). The percentage of CD47+HSCs was significantly higher in bone marrow compared to peripheral blood of mobilized donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Fidyk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland.
| | - Iwona Mitrus
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ciomber
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland
| | - Andrzej Smagur
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland
| | - Agata Chwieduk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland
| | - Magdalena Głowala-Kosińska
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland
| | - Sebastian Giebel
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Street, Poland
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387
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Sun BL, Wang LH, Yang T, Sun JY, Mao LL, Yang MF, Yuan H, Colvin RA, Yang XY. Lymphatic drainage system of the brain: A novel target for intervention of neurological diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:118-143. [PMID: 28903061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The belief that the vertebrate brain functions normally without classical lymphatic drainage vessels has been held for many decades. On the contrary, new findings show that functional lymphatic drainage does exist in the brain. The brain lymphatic drainage system is composed of basement membrane-based perivascular pathway, a brain-wide glymphatic pathway, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage routes including sinus-associated meningeal lymphatic vessels and olfactory/cervical lymphatic routes. The brain lymphatic systems function physiological as a route of drainage for interstitial fluid (ISF) from brain parenchyma to nearby lymph nodes. Brain lymphatic drainage helps maintain water and ion balance of the ISF, waste clearance, and reabsorption of macromolecular solutes. A second physiological function includes communication with the immune system modulating immune surveillance and responses of the brain. These physiological functions are influenced by aging, genetic phenotypes, sleep-wake cycle, and body posture. The impairment and dysfunction of the brain lymphatic system has crucial roles in age-related changes of brain function and the pathogenesis of neurovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as brain injury and tumors. In this review, we summarize the key component elements (regions, cells, and water transporters) of the brain lymphatic system and their regulators as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neurologic diseases and their resulting complications. Finally, we highlight the clinical importance of ependymal route-based targeted gene therapy and intranasal drug administration in the brain by taking advantage of the unique role played by brain lymphatic pathways in the regulation of CSF flow and ISF/CSF exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jing-Yi Sun
- Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lei-Lei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Robert A Colvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
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388
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Spadoni I, Fornasa G, Rescigno M. Organ-specific protection mediated by cooperation between vascular and epithelial barriers. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:761-773. [PMID: 28869253 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege is a complex process that protects organs from immune-mediated attack and damage. It is accomplished by a series of cellular barriers that both control immune cell entry and promote the development of tolerogenic immune cells. In this Review, we describe the vascular endothelial and epithelial barriers in organs that are commonly considered to be immune privileged, such as the brain and the eye. We compare these classical barriers with barriers in the intestine, which share features with barriers of immune-privileged organs, such as the capacity to induce tolerance and to protect from external insults. We suggest that when intestinal barriers break down, disruption of other barriers at distant sites can ensue, and this may underlie the development of various neurological, metabolic and intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Spadoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fornasa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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389
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Recognition of viral and self-antigens by T H 1 and T H 1/T H 17 central memory cells in patients with multiple sclerosis reveals distinct roles in immune surveillance and relapses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:797-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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390
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Louveau A, Plog BA, Antila S, Alitalo K, Nedergaard M, Kipnis J. Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3210-3219. [PMID: 28862640 PMCID: PMC5669566 DOI: 10.1172/jci90603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of the glymphatic system and of meningeal lymphatic vessels have generated a lot of excitement, along with some degree of skepticism. Here, we summarize the state of the field and point out the gaps of knowledge that should be filled through further research. We discuss the glymphatic system as a system that allows CNS perfusion by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). We also describe the recently characterized meningeal lymphatic vessels and their role in drainage of the brain ISF, CSF, CNS-derived molecules, and immune cells from the CNS and meninges to the peripheral (CNS-draining) lymph nodes. We speculate on the relationship between the two systems and their malfunction that may underlie some neurological diseases. Although much remains to be investigated, these new discoveries have changed our understanding of mechanisms underlying CNS immune privilege and CNS drainage. Future studies should explore the communications between the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in CNS disorders and develop new therapeutic modalities targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Plog
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Salli Antila
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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391
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Brain interference: Revisiting the role of IFNγ in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:149-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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392
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tissue reservoirs of HIV may promote the persistent immunopathology responsible for non-AIDS morbidity and data support multifocal reactivation from tissues as the source of viral rebound during antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption. The heterogeneity of tissue reservoirs and incomplete knowledge about their composition are obstacles to an HIV cure. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the higher concentration of infected CD4 T cells found in both central lymphoid tissues and gut, specific subsets of CD4 T cells appear to play a disproportionate role in HIV persistence. Recently, a subset of central memory T cells enriched in lymph node germinal centers called T-follicular helper cells has been identified that expresses more viral RNA and occupies an anatomic niche inaccessible to cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing. Additional observations suggest that antiretroviral drug (ARV) concentrations may be lower in some tissues, raising the possibility for localized, low-level viral replication. Finally, some recent data implicate the persistence of infected, non-CD4 T-cell types in tissues during ART. SUMMARY The retention of infected cells in a wide variety of tissues, often with distinct viral and cellular characteristics, underscores the importance of studying tissue reservoirs in the development and assessment of cure strategies. Both inhibitory ARVs and latency-reversing drugs must reach these sites, and novel strategies may be needed to attack virus in cells as variable as T-follicular helper cells and macrophages.
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393
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Abstract
Despite longstanding perceptions, robust innate and adaptive immune responses occur within the central nervous system (CNS) in response to infection and tissue damage. Although necessary to control infection, immune responses can lead to severe CNS pathology in the context of both viral infection and autoimmunity. Research into how the central nervous and immune systems communicate has accelerated over the past 20 years leading to a better understanding of pathways controlling immune activation and neuroinflammation that have guided the approval of new disease-modifying therapies to treat CNS immunopathology, particularly the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. This article provides an introduction into the basic principles underlying immune responses within the CNS that developed from experimental animal models of both neurotropic virus infection and autoimmune T cell-mediated CNS demyelination.
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394
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Herskind C, Wenz F, Giordano FA. Immunotherapy Combined with Large Fractions of Radiotherapy: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases-Implications for Intraoperative Radiotherapy after Resection. Front Oncol 2017; 7:147. [PMID: 28791250 PMCID: PMC5522878 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) affect approximately a third of all cancer patients with systemic disease. Treatment options include surgery, whole-brain radiotherapy, or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) while chemotherapy has only limited activity. In cases where patients undergo resection before irradiation, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) to the tumor bed may be an alternative modality, which would eliminate the repopulation of residual tumor cells between surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Accumulating evidence has shown that high single doses of ionizing radiation can be highly efficient in eliciting a broad spectrum of local, regional, and systemic tumor-directed immune reactions. Furthermore, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has proven effective in treating antigenic BM and, thus, combining IORT with ICB might be a promising approach. However, it is not known if a low number of residual tumor cells in the tumor bed after resection is sufficient to act as an immunizing event opening the gate for ICB therapies in the brain. Because immunological data on tumor bed irradiation after resection are lacking, a rationale for combining IORT with ICB must be based on mechanistic insight from experimental models and clinical studies on unresected tumors. The purpose of the present review is to examine the mechanisms by which large radiation doses as applied in SRS and IORT enhance antitumor immune activity. Clinical studies on IORT for brain tumors, and on combined treatment of SRS and ICB for unresected BM, are used to assess the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of IORT plus ICB and to suggest an optimal treatment sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Herskind
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Laboratory, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Wenz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank A Giordano
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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395
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Maternal Antiviral Immunoglobulin Accumulates in Neural Tissue of Neonates To Prevent HSV Neurological Disease. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00678-17. [PMID: 28679745 PMCID: PMC5573671 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While antibody responses to neurovirulent pathogens are critical for clearance, the extent to which antibodies access the nervous system to ameliorate infection is poorly understood. In this study on herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), we demonstrate that HSV-specific antibodies are present during HSV-1 latency in the nervous systems of both mice and humans. We show that antibody-secreting cells entered the trigeminal ganglion (TG), a key site of HSV infection, and persisted long after the establishment of latent infection. We also demonstrate the ability of passively administered IgG to enter the TG independently of infection, showing that the naive TG is accessible to antibodies. The translational implication of this finding is that human fetal neural tissue could contain HSV-specific maternally derived antibodies. Exploring this possibility, we observed HSV-specific IgG in HSV DNA-negative human fetal TG, suggesting passive transfer of maternal immunity into the prenatal nervous system. To further investigate the role of maternal antibodies in the neonatal nervous system, we established a murine model to demonstrate that maternal IgG can access and persist in neonatal TG. This maternal antibody not only prevented disseminated infection but also completely protected the neonate from neurological disease and death following HSV challenge. Maternal antibodies therefore have a potent protective role in the neonatal nervous system against HSV infection. These findings strongly support the concept that prevention of prenatal and neonatal neurotropic infections can be achieved through maternal immunization. Herpes simplex virus 1 is a common infection of the nervous system that causes devastating neonatal disease. Using mouse and human tissue, we discovered that antiviral antibodies accumulate in neural tissue after HSV-1 infection in adults. Similarly, these antibodies pass to the offspring during pregnancy. We found that antiviral maternal antibodies can readily access neural tissue of the fetus and neonate. These maternal antibodies then protect neonatal mice against HSV-1 neurological infection and death. These results underscore the previously unappreciated role of maternal antibodies in protecting fetal and newborn nervous systems against infection. These data suggest that maternal immunization would be efficacious at preventing fetal/neonatal neurological infections.
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396
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Nisticò R, Salter E, Nicolas C, Feligioni M, Mango D, Bortolotto ZA, Gressens P, Collingridge GL, Peineau S. Synaptoimmunology - roles in health and disease. Mol Brain 2017. [PMID: 28637489 PMCID: PMC5480158 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the nervous and immune systems are intricately linked. Many proteins first identified in the immune system have since been detected at synapses, playing different roles in normal and pathological situations. In addition, novel immunological functions are emerging for proteins typically expressed at synapses. Under normal conditions, release of inflammatory mediators generally represents an adaptive and regulated response of the brain to immune signals. On the other hand, when immune challenge becomes prolonged and/or uncontrolled, the consequent inflammatory response leads to maladaptive synaptic plasticity and brain disorders. In this review, we will first provide a summary of the cell signaling pathways in neurons and immune cells. We will then examine how immunological mechanisms might influence synaptic function, and in particular synaptic plasticity, in the healthy and pathological CNS. A better understanding of neuro-immune system interactions in brain circuitries relevant to neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders should provide specific biomarkers to measure the status of the neuroimmunological response and help design novel neuroimmune-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eric Salter
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celine Nicolas
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Dalila Mango
- Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephane Peineau
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,INSERM-ERi 24 (GRAP), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
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397
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Herz J, Filiano AJ, Wiltbank AT, Yogev N, Kipnis J. Myeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System. Immunity 2017; 46:943-956. [PMID: 28636961 PMCID: PMC5657250 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and its meningeal coverings accommodate a diverse myeloid compartment that includes parenchymal microglia and perivascular macrophages, as well as choroid plexus and meningeal macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These myeloid populations enjoy an intimate relationship with the CNS, where they play an essential role in both health and disease. Although the importance of these cells is clearly recognized, their exact function in the CNS continues to be explored. Here, we review the subsets of myeloid cells that inhabit the parenchyma, meninges, and choroid plexus and discuss their roles in CNS homeostasis. We also discuss the role of these cells in various neurological pathologies, such as autoimmunity, mechanical injury, neurodegeneration, and infection. We highlight the neuroprotective nature of certain myeloid cells by emphasizing their therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anthony J Filiano
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Ashtyn T Wiltbank
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Nir Yogev
- Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Immunotherapy, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Gutenberg Research Fellowship Group of Neuroimmunology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Immunotherapy, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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398
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Schwartzbaum J, Wang M, Root E, Pietrzak M, Rempala GA, Huang RP, Johannesen TB, Grimsrud TK. A nested case-control study of 277 prediagnostic serum cytokines and glioma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178705. [PMID: 28594935 PMCID: PMC5464586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research shows bidirectional communication between the normal brain and the peripheral immune system. Glioma is a primary brain tumor characterized by systemic immunosuppression. To better understand gliomagenesis, we evaluated associations between 277 prediagnostic serum cytokines and glioma. We used glioma (n = 487) and matched control (n = 487) specimens from the Janus Serum Bank Cohort in Oslo, Norway. Conditional logistic regression allowed us to identify those cytokines that were individually associated with glioma. Next, we used heat maps to compare case to control Pearson correlation matrices of 12 cytokines modeled in an in silico study of the interaction between the microenvironment and the tumor. We did the same for case-control correlation matrices of lasso-selected cytokines and all 277 cytokines in the data set. Cytokines related to glioma risk (P ≤ .05) more than 10 years before diagnosis are sIL10RB, VEGF, beta-Catenin and CCL22. LIF was associated with decreased glioma risk within five years before glioma diagnosis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23, 0.94). After adjustment for cytokines above, the previously observed interaction between IL4 and sIL4RA persisted (> 20 years before diagnosis, OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.20, 2.47). In addition, during this period, case correlations among 12 cytokines were weaker than were those among controls. This pattern was also observed among 30 lasso- selected cytokines and all 277 cytokines. We identified four cytokines and one interaction term that were independently related to glioma risk. We have documented prediagnostic changes in serum cytokine levels that may reflect the presence of a preclinical tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schwartzbaum
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Wang
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Root
- Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz A. Rempala
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruo-Pan Huang
- RayBiotech, Inc., Norcross, Georgia, United States of America
- RayBiotech, Inc. Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Tom K. Grimsrud
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
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399
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Keren-Shaul H, Spinrad A, Weiner A, Matcovitch-Natan O, Dvir-Szternfeld R, Ulland TK, David E, Baruch K, Lara-Astaiso D, Toth B, Itzkovitz S, Colonna M, Schwartz M, Amit I. A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell 2017; 169:1276-1290.e17. [PMID: 28602351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2738] [Impact Index Per Article: 391.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a detrimental neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatments. Due to cellular heterogeneity, defining the roles of immune cell subsets in AD onset and progression has been challenging. Using transcriptional single-cell sorting, we comprehensively map all immune populations in wild-type and AD-transgenic (Tg-AD) mouse brains. We describe a novel microglia type associated with neurodegenerative diseases (DAM) and identify markers, spatial localization, and pathways associated with these cells. Immunohistochemical staining of mice and human brain slices shows DAM with intracellular/phagocytic Aβ particles. Single-cell analysis of DAM in Tg-AD and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2)-/- Tg-AD reveals that the DAM program is activated in a two-step process. Activation is initiated in a Trem2-independent manner that involves downregulation of microglia checkpoints, followed by activation of a Trem2-dependent program. This unique microglia-type has the potential to restrict neurodegeneration, which may have important implications for future treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Amit Spinrad
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), and University Medical Center, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Orit Matcovitch-Natan
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Raz Dvir-Szternfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kuti Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Lara-Astaiso
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Beata Toth
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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400
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Immunotherapy and radiation in glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 134:531-539. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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