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Qiu Y, Kajihara M, Harima H, Hang'ombe BM, Nakao R, Hayashida K, Mori-Kajihara A, Changula K, Eto Y, Ndebe J, Yoshida R, Takadate Y, Mwizabi D, Kawabata H, Simuunza M, Mweene A, Sawa H, Takada A, Sugimoto C. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma spp. detected from striped leaf-nosed bats ( Hipposideros vittatus) in Zambia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 9:234-238. [PMID: 31198682 PMCID: PMC6555876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bat trypanosomes consist of more than 30 trypanosome species from over 70 species of bats. Recent studies suggest that bats play a role in disseminating trypanosomes from African continent to the terrestrial mammals both in the Afrotropic-Palearctic Ecozones and Nearctic Ecozone. However, the diversity, distribution, and evolution of bat trypanosomes are still unclear. To better understand their evolution, more genetic data of bat trypanosomes from a variety of locations are required. During a survey of Borrelia spp. of bats inhabiting a cave in Zambia, we observed flagellate parasites from 5 of 43 hemocultures. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gGAPDH; 572 bp) and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA gene; 1,079-1,091 bp) revealed that all were Trypanosoma spp. belonged to the Trypanosoma cruzi clade. Three and two of them exhibited the similarity with T. conorhini and T. dionisii, respectively. The present study provides the first genetic data on Trypanosoma spp. of bats inhabiting Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hayato Harima
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- Global Virus Network Affilate Center of Excellence, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- African Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Yoshiki Eto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takadate
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Daniel Mwizabi
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Tourism and Arts, Chilanga, 101010, Zambia
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- Department of Bacteriology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Aaron Mweene
- Global Virus Network Affilate Center of Excellence, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- African Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Global Virus Network Affilate Center of Excellence, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- African Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Corresponding author. Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
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Kryshchyshyn A, Kaminskyy D, Karpenko O, Gzella A, Grellier P, Lesyk R. Thiazolidinone/thiazole based hybrids - New class of antitrypanosomal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:292-308. [PMID: 31051403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different compounds have been investigated as potent drugs for trypanosomiasis treatment, but no new drug has been marketed in the past 3 decades. 4-Thiazolidinone/thiazole as privileged structures and thiosemicarbazides cyclic analogs are well known scaffolds in novel antitrypanosomal agent design. We present here the design and synthesis of new hybrid molecules bearing thiazolidinone/thiazole cores linked by the hydrazone group with various molecular fragments. Structure optimization led to compounds with phenyl-indole or phenyl-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole moieties showing excellent antitrypanosomal activity towards Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Biological study allowed identifying compounds with the submicromolar levels of IC50, good selectivity indexes and relatively low cytotoxicity upon human primary fibroblasts as well as low acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kryshchyshyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | - Danylo Kaminskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
| | | | - Andrzej Gzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznan, 60-780, Poland
| | - Philippe Grellier
- National Museum of Natural History, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Team BAMEE, CP 52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine; Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
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353
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Cespuglio R, Amrouni D, Raymond EF, Bouteille B, Buguet A. Cerebral inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in microglia, astrocytes and neurons in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215070. [PMID: 30995270 PMCID: PMC6469759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the anatomo-biochemical substrates of brain inflammatory processes, Wistar male rats were infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. With this reproducible animal model of human African trypanosomiasis, brain cells (astrocytes, microglial cells, neurons) expressing the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme were revealed. Immunohistochemistry was achieved for each control and infected animal through eight coronal brain sections taken along the caudorostral axis of the brain (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and telencephalon). Specific markers of astrocytes (anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglial cells (anti-integrin alpha M) or neurons (anti-Neuronal Nuclei) were employed. The iNOS staining was present in neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells, but not in oligodendrocytes. Stained astrocytes and microglial cells resided mainly near the third cavity in the rostral part of brainstem (periaqueductal gray), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and basal telencephalon. Stained neurons were scarce in basal telencephalon, contrasting with numerous iNOS-positive neuroglial cells. Contrarily, in dorsal telencephalon (neocortex and hippocampus), iNOS-positive neurons were plentiful, contrasting with the marked paucity of labelled neuroglial (astrocytes and microglial) cells. The dual distribution between iNOS-labelled neuroglial cells and iNOS-labelled neurons is a feature that has never been described before. Functionalities attached to such a divergent distribution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Cespuglio
- Neuroscience Research Centre of Lyon (CRNL), Neurochem, Faculty of Medicine, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, Lyon, France
- Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University, Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Donia Amrouni
- Neuroscience Research Centre of Lyon (CRNL), Neurochem, Faculty of Medicine, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth F. Raymond
- Faculty of Medicine, team EA 4171, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Bouteille
- Department of Parasitology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Alain Buguet
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS, Claude-Bernard Lyon-1 University, Villeurbanne, France
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354
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Balancing the genetic risk of APOL1 kidney disease variants. Nephrol Ther 2019; 15 Suppl 1:S79-S84. [PMID: 30981400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
African-Americans exhibit an excess risk for chronic and end-stage kidney disease compared to the non-African populations. Two APOL1 genetic variants were shown to account for the majority of this racial disparity in glomerulopathies and other non-diabetic kidney disease. The high-risk genotype has only been reported in populations with recent African ancestry (14 % in African-Americans and up to more than 30 % in West Africa). In less than 10 years, the community has accumulated extensive knowledge on APOL1 and its genetic variants, from their positive selection for resistance against African trypanosomes to potential molecular mechanisms of podocyte injury. Finally, APOL1 associations with kidney transplantation outcomes and with postdonation end-stage kidney disease in living donors have paved the way for a personalized medicine implementation of APOL1 genotyping.
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355
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Kaboré JW, Camara O, Ilboudo H, Capewell P, Clucas C, Cooper A, Kaboré J, Camara M, Jamonneau V, Hertz-Fowler C, Bélem AMG, Matovu E, Macleod A, Sidibé I, Noyes H, Bucheton B. Macrophage migrating inhibitory factor expression is associated with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection and is controlled by trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci in the Guinean population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:108-115. [PMID: 30914286 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is characterized by a wide array of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic to acute disease and even spontaneous cure. In this study, we investigated the association between macrophage migrating inhibitory factor (MIF), an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in both innate and acquired immunity, and disease outcome during T. b. gambiense infection. A comparative expression analysis of patients, individuals with latent infection and controls found that MIF had significantly higher expression in patients (n = 141; 1.25 ± 0.07; p < .0001) and latent infections (n = 25; 1.23 ± 0.13; p = .0005) relative to controls (n = 46; 0.94 ± 0.11). Furthermore, expression decreased significantly after treatment (patients before treatment n = 33; 1.40 ± 0.18 versus patients after treatment n = 33; 0.99 ± 0.10, p = .0001). We conducted a genome wide eQTL analysis on 29 controls, 128 cases and 15 latently infected individuals for whom expression and genotype data were both available. Four loci, including one containing the chemokine CXCL13, were found to associate with MIF expression. Genes at these loci are candidate regulators of increased expression of MIF after infection. Our study is the first data demonstrating that MIF expression is elevated in T. b. gambiense-infected human hosts but does not appear to contribute to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Windingoudi Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité des Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversités (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Paul Capewell
- University of Glasgow, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Clucas
- University of Glasgow, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Cooper
- University of Glasgow, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité des Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversités (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Enock Matovu
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Annette Macleod
- University of Glasgow, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Unité des Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversités (UMaVeB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Harry Noyes
- University of Liverpool, Centre for Genomic Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Conakry, Guinea; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France.
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356
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Nakanishi M, Hino M, Yoshimura M, Amakura Y, Nomoto H. Identification of sinensetin and nobiletin as major antitrypanosomal factors in a citrus cultivar. Exp Parasitol 2019; 200:24-29. [PMID: 30898543 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cases of human African trypanosomiasis caused by infection with a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, are decreasing due to enhanced surveillance and control. However, effective and safe treatments for this disease are still needed. In this study, we investigated the antitrypanosomal activity of citrus fruit peel. When 19 citrus cultivars were examined for activity against T. brucei in vitro, significant activities were observed in four closely related cultivars and a distantly related one. Among these five cultivars, "Setoka" was selected for identification of its active components due to exhibiting the highest activity. Solvent extraction and gel filtration followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography succeeded in isolating two compounds exhibiting IC50s of 4.8 and 2.4 μg/mL, respectively. The spectral data of these two compounds were well consistent with those of sinensetin and nobiletin belonging to the class of polymethoxyflavones. Authentic compounds also showed similar IC50s. These results indicate that the two polymethoxyflavones are the major active components involved in the inhibition of T. brucei proliferation and are abundant in Setoka cultivar peel compared with the levels in the other cultivars. Setoka peel and the naturally occurring polymethoxyflavones might serve as dietary components imparting resistance to T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Mami Hino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan
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357
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Mungun-Ochir B, Horiuchi N, Altanchimeg A, Koyama K, Suganuma K, Nyamdolgor U, Watanabe KI, Baatarjargal P, Mizushima D, Battur B, Yokoyama N, Battsetseg B, Inoue N, Kobayashi Y. Polyradiculoneuropathy in dourine-affected horses. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:437-443. [PMID: 31101461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dourine is an equine protozoan disease caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. Dourine-afflicted animals die after developing neurological clinical signs, such as unilateral paresis. The disease has been a problem for many years; however, the pathogenesis regarding the neurological clinical signs of dourine has been unclear. In the present study, we conducted a histopathological examination in order to investigate the mechanisms by which dourine-afflicted horses develop the accompanying neurological clinical signs. Four dourine-afflicted horses in Mongolia were evaluated. An apparently healthy horse exhibited multifocal neuritis without axonal or myelin degeneration. The other horses, which had obvious neurological clinical signs, also exhibited multifocal neuritis. In particular, the nerves that innervated areas associated with neurological clinical signs exhibited neuritis with demyelination in the latter horses. Inflamed, non-demyelinating nerves were infiltrated with B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; while inflamed, demyelinating nerves were infiltrated with mononuclear phagocytes. Our observations revealed lesion progression in the nerves, such that polyradiculoneuropathy could explain the accompanying neurological clinical signs of dourine. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe a pathogenic mechanism for the development of the neurological clinical signs found in dourine-afflicted horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayasgalan Mungun-Ochir
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Adilbish Altanchimeg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Kenji Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Uranbileg Nyamdolgor
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Purevdorj Baatarjargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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359
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Lejon V, Büscher P, Nzoumbou-Boko R, Bossard G, Jamonneau V, Bucheton B, Truc P, Lemesre JL, Solano P, Vincendeau P. The separation of trypanosomes from blood by anion exchange chromatography: From Sheila Lanham's discovery 50 years ago to a gold standard for sleeping sickness diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007051. [PMID: 30817751 PMCID: PMC6394898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease that is fatal if untreated, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense. In its 2012 roadmap, WHO targeted HAT for elimination as a public health problem in 2020 and for zero transmission in 2030. Diagnosis of HAT is a multistep procedure comprising of clinical suspicion, confirmation, and stage determination. Suspects are identified on clinical signs and/or on screening for specific antibodies. Parasitological confirmation of suspects remains mandatory to avoid unnecessary toxic drug administration. The positive predictive value of the antibody detection tests is low. Simple parasite detection techniques, microscopic examination of lymph node aspirate, or stained thick blood films lack sensitivity, whereas in T. brucei gambiense patients, the number of blood trypanosomes may be very low. Parasite concentration techniques are therefore indispensable. Half a century ago, Sheila Lanham discovered a technique to separate trypanosomes from the blood of infected rodents, based on anion exchange chromatography with diethyl amino ethyl (DEAE) cellulose, a weak anion exchanger. Between pH 6−9, trypanosome surface is less negatively charged than that of blood cells. When blood is poured on top of a DEAE cellulose column, blood cells are retained, whereas parasites pass the column together with the elution buffer. The result is a pure suspension of trypanosomes that retain their morphology and infectivity. Because cell surface charges vary among trypanosome and mammal species, the optimal buffer pH and ionic strength conditions for different combinations of host and trypanosome species were established. Lanham's technique revolutionized the diagnosis of HAT. It is indispensable in the production of the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT), the most used field test for screening in T. brucei gambiense HAT foci and essential to confirm the diagnosis in suspected people. Lumsden and colleagues developed the mini anion exchange centrifugation technique (mAECT). After adaptation for field conditions, its superior diagnostic and analytical sensitivity compared to another concentration technique was demonstrated. It was recommended as the most sensitive test for demonstrating trypanosomes in human blood. At the beginning of the 21st century, the mAECT was redesigned, allowing examination of a larger volume of blood, up to 0.35 ml with whole blood and up to 10 ml with buffy coat. The plastic collector tube in the new kit is also used for detection of trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Unfortunately, mAECT also has some disadvantages, including its price, the need to centrifuge the collector tube, and the fact that it is manufactured on a noncommercial basis at only two research institutes. In conclusion, 50 years after Sheila Lanham's discovery, CATT and mAECT have become essential elements in the elimination of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- University of Bordeaux, CHU Bordeaux, IRD UMR INTERTRYP, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Géraldine Bossard
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Truc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP, Université de Montpellier-IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- University of Bordeaux, CHU Bordeaux, IRD UMR INTERTRYP, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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360
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Chiweshe SM, Steketee PC, Jayaraman S, Paxton E, Neophytou K, Erasmus H, Labuschagne M, Cooper A, MacLeod A, Grey FE, Morrison LJ. Parasite specific 7SL-derived small RNA is an effective target for diagnosis of active trypanosomiasis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007189. [PMID: 30779758 PMCID: PMC6413958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal African trypanosomiasis (HAT & AAT, respectively) remain a significant health and economic issue across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control of AAT and potential eradication of HAT requires affordable, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests that can be used in the field. Small RNAs in the blood or serum are attractive disease biomarkers due to their stability, accessibility and available technologies for detection. Using RNAseq, we have identified a trypanosome specific small RNA to be present at high levels in the serum of infected cattle. The small RNA is derived from the non-coding 7SL RNA of the peptide signal recognition particle and is detected in the serum of infected cattle at significantly higher levels than in the parasite, suggesting active processing and secretion. We show effective detection of the small RNA in the serum of infected cattle using a custom RT-qPCR assay. Strikingly, the RNA can be detected before microscopy detection of parasitaemia in the blood, and it can also be detected during remission periods of infection when no parasitaemia is detectable by microscopy. However, RNA levels drop following treatment with trypanocides, demonstrating accurate prediction of active infection. While the small RNA sequence is conserved between different species of trypanosome, nucleotide differences within the sequence allow generation of highly specific assays that can distinguish between infections with Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. Finally, we demonstrate effective detection of the small RNA directly from serum, without the need for pre-processing, with a single step RT-qPCR assay. Our findings identify a species-specific trypanosome small RNA that can be detected at high levels in the serum of cattle with active parasite infections. This provides the basis for the development of a cheap, non-invasive and highly effective diagnostic test for trypanosomiasis. African trypanosomes cause significant disease in humans and animals across sub-Saharan Africa. For both human and animal infections diagnostics that can accurately identify an active infection are lacking–this is particularly the case in animal disease where most diagnosis is based upon clinical signs, which is not a specific or sensitive means of detecting infection. There is therefore a significant unmet need for a pathogen marker of active infection that accurately indicates whether an animal or human is currently infected. Through analysing the blood of cattle infected with trypanosomes, we identified a short sequence of RNA that was present at very high levels. This small RNA derives from the trypanosome genome, and we could identify its presence in the genome of all three species that are responsible for human and animal disease. We were able to design species-specific tests, and showed that in samples from infected animals the assays were more sensitive than the traditional microscope-based detection, importantly the signal disappeared relatively quickly after successful treatment, and when treatment failed, the assay was able to accurately identify when infection persisted. We also demonstrated that the causative agent of human trypanosomiasis secretes the marker at similar levels to that seen in the animal-infective trypanosomes. Therefore, we have discovered a marker of trypanosome infection that is present at high levels in the blood of infected animals, disappears quickly upon successful treatment, but is effective at detecting instances of unsuccessful treatment and persistent infection. This represents a potentially powerful diagnostic tool for human and animal trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Chiweshe
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Neophytou
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Erasmus
- Clinvet Research Innovation, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinvet Research Innovation, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Finn E Grey
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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361
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Volpedo G, Costa L, Ryan N, Halsey G, Satoskar A, Oghumu S. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of neglected tropical protozoan diseases. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e144118. [PMID: 31130996 PMCID: PMC6483407 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1441-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) comprise of a group of seventeen infectious
conditions endemic in many developing countries. Among these diseases are three
of protozoan origin, namely leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African
trypanosomiasis, caused by the parasites Leishmania spp.,
Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei
respectively. These diseases have their own unique challenges which are
associated with the development of effective prevention and treatment methods.
Collectively, these parasitic diseases cause more deaths worldwide than all
other NTDs combined. Moreover, many current therapies for these diseases are
limited in their efficacy, possessing harmful or potentially fatal side effects
at therapeutic doses. It is therefore imperative that new treatment strategies
for these parasitic diseases are developed. Nanoparticulate drug delivery
systems have emerged as a promising area of research in the therapy and
prevention of NTDs. These delivery systems provide novel mechanisms for targeted
drug delivery within the host, maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing
systemic side effects. Currently approved drugs may also be repackaged using
these delivery systems, allowing for their potential use in NTDs of protozoan
origin. Current research on these novel delivery systems has provided insight
into possible indications, with evidence demonstrating their improved ability to
specifically target pathogens, penetrate barriers within the host, and reduce
toxicity with lower dose regimens. In this review, we will examine current
research on these delivery systems, focusing on applications in the treatment of
leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African trypanosomiasis. Nanoparticulate
systems present a unique therapeutic alternative through the repositioning of
existing medications and directed drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lourena Costa
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Nathan Ryan
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abhay Satoskar
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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362
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Bañuelos CP, Levy GV, Níttolo AG, Roser LG, Tekiel V, Sánchez DO. The Trypanosoma brucei RNA-Binding Protein TbRRM1 is Involved in the Transcription of a Subset of RNA Pol II-Dependent Genes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:719-729. [PMID: 30730083 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been long thought that RNA Polymerase (Pol) II transcriptional regulation does not operate in trypanosomes. However, recent reports have suggested that these organisms could regulate RNA Pol II transcription by epigenetic mechanisms. In this paper, we investigated the role of TbRRM1 in transcriptional regulation of RNA Pol II-dependent genes by focusing both in genes located in a particular polycistronic transcription unit (PTU) and in the monocistronic units of the SL-RNA genes. We showed that TbRRM1 is recruited throughout the PTU, with a higher presence on genes than intergenic regions. However, its depletion leads both to the decrease of nascent RNA and to chromatin compaction only of regions located distal to the main transcription start site. These findings suggest that TbRRM1 facilitates the RNA Pol II transcriptional elongation step by collaborating to maintain an open chromatin state in particular regions of the genome. Interestingly, the SL-RNA genes do not recruit TbRRM1 and, after TbRRM1 knockdown, nascent SL-RNAs accumulate while the chromatin state of these regions remains unchanged. Although it was previously suggested that TbRRM1 could regulate RNA Pol II-driven genes, we provide here the first experimental evidence which involves TbRRM1 to transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina P Bañuelos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Levy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía G Níttolo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro G Roser
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Tekiel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel O Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (IIB-UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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363
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Mulenga P, Boelaert M, Lutumba P, Vander Kelen C, Coppieters Y, Chenge F, Lumbala C, Luboya O, Mpanya A. Integration of Human African Trypanosomiasis Control Activities into Primary Health Services in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Perceptions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:899-906. [PMID: 30719963 PMCID: PMC6447127 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is close to elimination in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The diagnosis and treatment is currently rapidly being integrated into first-line health services. We aimed to document the perspective of stakeholders on this integration process. We conducted 12 focus groups with communities in three health zones of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and held 32 interviews with health-care providers, managers, policy makers, and public health experts. The topic guide focused on enabling and blocking factors related to the integrated diagnosis and treatment approach. The data were analyzed with NVivo (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia) using a thematic analysis process. The results showed that the community mostly welcomed integrated care for diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness, as they value the proximity of first-line health services, but feared possible financial barriers. Health-care professionals thought integration contributed to the elimination goal but identified several implementation challenges, such as the lack of skills, equipment, motivation and financial resources in these basic health services. Patients often use multiple therapeutic itineraries that do not necessarily lead them to health centers where screening is available. Financial barriers are important, as health care is not free in first-line health centers, in contrast to the population screening campaigns. Communities and providers signal several challenges regarding the integration process. To succeed, the required training of health professionals, as well as staff deployment and remuneration policy and the financial barriers in the primary care system need to be addressed, to ensure coverage for those most in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mulenga
- Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DRC.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Lutumba
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DRC
| | | | - Yves Coppieters
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Faustin Chenge
- Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DRC
| | - Crispin Lumbala
- National Program for the Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Kinshasa, DRC
| | - Oscar Luboya
- Faculty of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DRC
| | - Alain Mpanya
- National Program for the Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis, Kinshasa, DRC
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364
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Kennedy PGE, Rodgers J. Clinical and Neuropathogenetic Aspects of Human African Trypanosomiasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30740102 PMCID: PMC6355679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis has been recognized as a scourge in sub-Saharan Africa for centuries. The disease, caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus, is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in animals and man. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, results from infections with T. brucei (b.) gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense with T. b. gambiense accounting for over 95% of infections. Historically there have been major epidemics of the infection, followed by periods of relative disease control. As a result of concerted disease surveillance and treatment programmes, implemented over the last two decades, there has been a significant reduction in the number of cases of human disease reported. However, the recent identification of asymptomatic disease carriers gives cause for some concern. The parasites evade the host immune system by switching their surface coat, comprised of variable surface glycoprotein (VSG). In addition, they have evolved a variety of strategies, including the production of serum resistance associated protein (SRA) and T. b. gambiense-specific glycoprotein (TgsGP) to counter host defense molecules. Infection with either disease variant results in an early haemolymphatic-stage followed by a late encephalitic-stage when the parasites migrate into the CNS. The clinical features of HAT are diverse and non-specific with early-stage symptoms common to several infections endemic within sub-Saharan Africa which may result in a delayed or mistaken diagnosis. Migration of the parasites into the CNS marks the onset of late-stage disease. Diverse neurological manifestations can develop accompanied by a neuroinflammatory response, comprised of astrocyte activation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. However, the transition between the early and late-stage is insidious and accurate disease staging, although crucial to optimize chemotherapy, remains problematic with neurological symptoms and neuroinflammatory changes recorded in early-stage infections. Further research is required to develop better diagnostic and staging techniques as well as safer more efficacious drug regimens. Clearer information is also required concerning disease pathogenesis, specifically regarding asymptomatic carriers and the mechanisms employed by the trypanosomes to facilitate progression to the CNS and precipitate late-stage disease. Without progress in these areas it may prove difficult to maintain current control over this historically episodic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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365
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Bachovchin KA, Sharma A, Bag S, Klug DM, Schneider KM, Singh B, Jalani HB, Buskes MJ, Mehta N, Tanghe S, Momper JD, Sciotti RJ, Rodriguez A, Mensa-Wilmot K, Pollastri MP, Ferrins L. Improvement of Aqueous Solubility of Lapatinib-Derived Analogues: Identification of a Quinolinimine Lead for Human African Trypanosomiasis Drug Development. J Med Chem 2019; 62:665-687. [PMID: 30565932 PMCID: PMC6556231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib, an approved epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, was explored as a starting point for the synthesis of new hits against Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Previous work culminated in 1 (NEU-1953), which was part of a series typically associated with poor aqueous solubility. In this report, we present various medicinal chemistry strategies that were used to increase the aqueous solubility and improve the physicochemical profile without sacrificing antitrypanosomal potency. To rank trypanocidal hits, a new assay (summarized in a cytocidal effective concentration (CEC50)) was established, as part of the lead selection process. Increasing the sp3 carbon content of 1 resulted in 10e (0.19 μM EC50 against T. brucei and 990 μM aqueous solubility). Further chemical exploration of 10e yielded 22a, a trypanocidal quinolinimine (EC50: 0.013 μM; aqueous solubility: 880 μM; and CEC50: 0.18 μM). Compound 22a reduced parasitemia 109 fold in trypanosome-infected mice; it is an advanced lead for HAT drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Bachovchin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Amrita Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Seema Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dana M. Klug
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hitesh B. Jalani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Melissa J. Buskes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Naimee Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott Tanghe
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 430 E. 29 St. New York, NY 10016
- Anti-Infectives Screening Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jeremiah D. Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Richard J. Sciotti
- Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, 2460 Linden Lane, Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 430 E. 29 St. New York, NY 10016
- Anti-Infectives Screening Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kojo Mensa-Wilmot
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Michael P. Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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366
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Fersing C, Basmaciyan L, Boudot C, Pedron J, Hutter S, Cohen A, Castera-Ducros C, Primas N, Laget M, Casanova M, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Piednoel M, Sournia-Saquet A, Belle Mbou V, Courtioux B, Boutet-Robinet É, Since M, Milne R, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P, Azas N. Nongenotoxic 3-Nitroimidazo[1,2- a]pyridines Are NTR1 Substrates That Display Potent in Vitro Antileishmanial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:34-39. [PMID: 30655943 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty nine original 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, bearing a phenylthio (or benzylthio) moiety at position 8 of the scaffold, were synthesized. In vitro evaluation highlighted compound 5 as an antiparasitic hit molecule displaying low cytotoxicity for the human HepG2 cell line (CC50 > 100 μM) alongside good antileishmanial activities (IC50 = 1-2.1 μM) against L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. major; and good antitrypanosomal activities (IC50 = 1.3-2.2 μM) against T. brucei brucei and T. cruzi, in comparison to several reference drugs such as miltefosine, fexinidazole, eflornithine, and benznidazole (IC50 = 0.6 to 13.3 μM). Molecule 5, presenting a low reduction potential (E° = -0.63 V), was shown to be selectively bioactivated by the L. donovani type 1 nitroreductase (NTR1). Importantly, molecule 5 was neither mutagenic (negative Ames test), nor genotoxic (negative comet assay), in contrast to many other nitroaromatics. Molecule 5 showed poor microsomal stability; however, its main metabolite (sulfoxide) remained both active and nonmutagenic, making 5 a good candidate for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC−CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anita Cohen
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Michèle Laget
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, UMR MD1, U1261,
SSA, MCT, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Casanova
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | | | - Mélanie Piednoel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Valère Belle Mbou
- CHU de Limoges, Service d’anatomopathologie, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Élisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT,
INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Since
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, CERMN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Rachel Milne
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
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367
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Wang X, Ruan Q, Xu B, Gu J, Qian Y, Chen M, Liu Q, Lu Q, Zhang W. Human African Trypanosomiasis in Emigrant Returning to China from Gabon, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:400-404. [PMID: 29350158 PMCID: PMC5782869 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is endemic to parts of sub-Saharan Africa and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who have visited or lived in Africa. We report a 2017 case of stage 2 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense disease in an emigrant who returned to China from Gabon.
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368
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Gluconeogenesis is essential for trypanosome development in the tsetse fly vector. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007502. [PMID: 30557412 PMCID: PMC6312356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the glucose-free environment that is the midgut of the tsetse fly vector, the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei primarily uses proline to feed its central carbon and energy metabolism. In these conditions, the parasite needs to produce glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) through gluconeogenesis from metabolism of non-glycolytic carbon source(s). We showed here that two phosphoenolpyruvate-producing enzymes, PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) have a redundant function for the essential gluconeogenesis from proline. Indeed, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P was abolished in the PEPCK/PPDK null double mutant (Δppdk/Δpepck), but not in the single Δppdk and Δpepck mutant cell lines. The procyclic trypanosome also uses the glycerol conversion pathway to feed gluconeogenesis, since the death of the Δppdk/Δpepck double null mutant in glucose-free conditions is only observed after RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the expression of the glycerol kinase, the first enzyme of the glycerol conversion pathways. Deletion of the gene encoding fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Δfbpase), a key gluconeogenic enzyme irreversibly producing fructose 6-phosphate from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, considerably reduced, but not abolished, incorporation of 13C-enriched proline into G6P. In addition, the Δfbpase cell line is viable in glucose-free conditions, suggesting that an alternative pathway can be used for G6P production in vitro. However, FBPase is essential in vivo, as shown by the incapacity of the Δfbpase null mutant to colonise the fly vector salivary glands, while the parental phenotype is restored in the Δfbpase rescued cell line re-expressing FBPase. The essential role of FBPase for the development of T. brucei in the tsetse was confirmed by taking advantage of an in vitro differentiation assay based on the RNA-binding protein 6 over-expression, in which the procyclic forms differentiate into epimastigote forms but not into mammalian-infective metacyclic parasites. In total, morphology, immunofluorescence and cytometry analyses showed that the differentiation of the epimastigote stages into the metacyclic forms is abolished in the Δfbpase mutant.
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369
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Discovery of 2-(1H-imidazo-2-yl)piperazines as a new class of potent and non-cytotoxic inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei growth in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3689-3692. [PMID: 30482621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a new series of growth inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is described. A selection of compounds from our in-house compound collection was screened in vitro against the parasite leading to the identification of compounds with nanomolar inhibition of T. brucei growth. Preliminary SAR on the hit compound led to the identification of compound 34 that shows low nanomolar parasite growth inhibition (T. brucei EC50 5 nM), is not cytotoxic (HeLa CC50 > 25,000 nM) and is selective over other parasites, such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium falciparum (T. cruzi EC50 8120 nM, P. falciparum EC50 3624 nM).
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370
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Kanté ST, Melachio T, Ofon E, Njiokou F, Simo G. Detection of Wolbachia and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from three sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:630. [PMID: 30541614 PMCID: PMC6292098 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African trypanosomiases are caused by trypanosomes that are cyclically transmitted by tsetse. Investigations aiming to generate knowledge on the bacterial fauna of tsetse have revealed distinct symbiotic microorganisms. Furthermore, studies addressing the tripartite association between trypanosomes-tsetse-symbionts relationship have so far been contradictory. Most studies included Sodalis glossinudius and, consequently, the association involving Wolbachia is poorly understood. Understanding the vectorial competence of tsetse requires decrypting these tripartite associations. In this study, we identified Wolbachia and trypanosomes in Glossina palpalis palpalis from three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in southern Cameroon. METHODS Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps in the Bipindi, Campo and Fontem HAT foci. After morphological identification, DNA was extracted from whole tsetse flies and Wolbachia and trypanosomes were identified by PCR using different trypanosome-specific primers and two Wolbachia-specific primers (Wolbachia surface protein and 16S rRNA genes). Statistical analyses were performed to compare the trypanosome and Wolbachia infection rates between villages and different foci and to look for an association between these microorganisms. RESULTS From a total of 2122 tsetse flies, 790 G. p. palpalis were analyzed. About 25.32% of flies hosted Wolbachia and 31.84% of non-teneral flies were infected by at least one trypanosome species. There was no significant difference between the global Wolbachia prevalence revealed by the two markers while some differences were observed between HAT foci. From 248 G. p. palpalis with trypanosome infections, 62.90% were with T. vivax, 34.68% with T. congolense forest, 16.13% with T. brucei (s.l.) and 2.42% with T. congolense savannah. Of all trypanosome-infected flies, 29.84% hosted Wolbachia and no association was observed between Wolbachia and trypanosome co-infections. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed differences in the prevalence of Wolbachia and trypanosomes in G. p. palpalis according to HAT foci. The use of only one marker has underestimated the prevalence of Wolbachia, thus more markers in subsequent studies may improve its detection. The presence of Wolbachia seems to have no impact on the establishment of trypanosomes in G. p. palpalis. The tripartite association between tsetse, Wolbachia and trypanosomes varies according to studied areas. Studies aiming to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of Wolbachia and its density in tsetse flies could help to better understand this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sartrien Tagueu Kanté
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Trésor Melachio
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elvis Ofon
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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371
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Zhang Y, Ceylan Koydemir H, Shimogawa MM, Yalcin S, Guziak A, Liu T, Oguz I, Huang Y, Bai B, Luo Y, Luo Y, Wei Z, Wang H, Bianco V, Zhang B, Nadkarni R, Hill K, Ozcan A. Motility-based label-free detection of parasites in bodily fluids using holographic speckle analysis and deep learning. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:108. [PMID: 30564314 PMCID: PMC6290798 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections constitute a major global public health issue. Existing screening methods that are based on manual microscopic examination often struggle to provide sufficient volumetric throughput and sensitivity to facilitate early diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate a motility-based label-free computational imaging platform to rapidly detect motile parasites in optically dense bodily fluids by utilizing the locomotion of the parasites as a specific biomarker and endogenous contrast mechanism. Based on this principle, a cost-effective and mobile instrument, which rapidly screens ~3.2 mL of fluid sample in three dimensions, was built to automatically detect and count motile microorganisms using their holographic time-lapse speckle patterns. We demonstrate the capabilities of our platform by detecting trypanosomes, which are motile protozoan parasites, with various species that cause deadly diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. Using a holographic speckle analysis algorithm combined with deep learning-based classification, we demonstrate sensitive and label-free detection of trypanosomes within spiked whole blood and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, achieving a limit of detection of ten trypanosomes per mL of whole blood (~five-fold better than the current state-of-the-art parasitological method) and three trypanosomes per mL of CSF. We further demonstrate that this platform can be applied to detect other motile parasites by imaging Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis, which affects 275 million people worldwide. With its cost-effective, portable design and rapid screening time, this unique platform has the potential to be applied for sensitive and timely diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases caused by motile parasites and other parasitic infections in resource-limited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Michelle M. Shimogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sener Yalcin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander Guziak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ilker Oguz
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yujia Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yilin Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhensong Wei
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hongda Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Vittorio Bianco
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rohan Nadkarni
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kent Hill
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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372
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Barrett MP. The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis is in sight: Report from the third WHO stakeholders meeting on elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006925. [PMID: 30521522 PMCID: PMC6283460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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373
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Veale CGL, Hoppe HC. Screening of the Pathogen Box reveals new starting points for anti-trypanosomal drug discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2037-2044. [PMID: 30647879 PMCID: PMC6301270 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to uncover new starting points for anti-trypansomal drug discovery through the screening of the Pathogen Box against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Our study identified compounds 35, 39, 46, 53 and 56 whose activity and selectivity highlighted them as promising candidates with potential for further study and optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa . ; Tel: +27 33 260 6365
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa . ; Tel: +27 46 603 8262
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374
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Mudogo CN, Werner SF, Mogk S, Betzel C, Duszenko M. The conserved hypothetical protein Tb427.10.13790 is required for cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. Acta Trop 2018; 188:34-40. [PMID: 30153427 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, a flagellated protozoan causing the deadly tropical disease Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), affects people in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT therapy relies upon drugs which use is limited by toxicity and rigorous treatment regimes, while development of vaccines remains elusive, due to the effectiveness of the parasite´s antigenic variation. Here, we evaluate a hypothetical protein Tb427.10.13790, as a potential drug target. This protein is conserved among all kinetoplastids, but lacks homologs in all other pro- and eukaryotes. Knockdown of Tb427.10.13790 resulted in appearance of monster cells containing multiple nuclei and multiple flagella, a considerable enlargement of the flagellar pocket and eventually a lethal phenotype. Furthermore, analysis of kinetoplast and nucleus division in the knockdown cell line revealed a partial cell cycle arrest and failure to initiate cytokinesis. Likewise, overexpression of the respective protein fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein was also lethal for T. brucei. In these cells, the labelled protein appeared as a single dot near kinetoplast and flagellar pocket. Our results reveal that Tb427.10.13790 is essential for the parasite´s viability and may be a suitable new anti-trypanosomatid drug target candidate. Furthermore, we suggest that it might be worthwhile to investigate also other of the many so far just annotated trypanosome genes as a considerable number of them to lack human homologs but may be of critical importance for the kinetoplastid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestin Nzanzu Mudogo
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | | | - Stefan Mogk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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375
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Varikuti S, Jha BK, Volpedo G, Ryan NM, Halsey G, Hamza OM, McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Neglected Tropical Diseases Caused by Protozoan Parasites. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2655. [PMID: 30555425 PMCID: PMC6284052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments using anti-parasitic drugs are toxic and prolonged with poor patient compliance. In addition, emergence of drug-resistant parasites is increasing worldwide. Hence, there is a need for safer and better therapeutics for these infections. Host-directed therapy using drugs that target host pathways required for pathogen survival or its clearance is a promising approach for treating infections. This review will give a summary of the current status and advances of host-targeted therapies for treating NTDs caused by protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Omar M Hamza
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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376
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Kimani NM, Matasyoh JC, Kaiser M, Nogueira MS, Trossini GHG, Schmidt TJ. Complementary Quantitative Structure⁻Activity Relationship Models for the Antitrypanosomal Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123721. [PMID: 30467296 PMCID: PMC6321053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three complementary quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methodologies, namely, regression modeling based on (i) “classical” molecular descriptors, (ii) 3D pharmacophore features, and (iii) 2D molecular holograms (HQSAR) were employed on the antitrypanosomal activity of sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) toward Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr), the causative agent of the East African form of human African trypanosomiasis. In this study, an extension of a previous QSAR study on 69 STLs, models for a much larger and more diverse set of such natural products, now comprising 130 STLs of various structural subclasses, were established. The extended data set comprises a variety of STLs isolated and tested for antitrypanosomal activity within our group and is furthermore enhanced by 12 compounds obtained from literature, which have been tested in the same laboratory under identical conditions. Detailed QSAR analyses yielded models with comparable and good internal and external predictive ability. For a set of compounds as chemically diverse as the one under study, the models exhibited good coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.71 to 0.85, as well as internal (leave-one-out Q2 values ranging from 0.62 to 0.72) and external validation coefficients (P2 values ranging from 0.54 to 0.73). The contributions of the various tested descriptors to the generated models are in good agreement with the results of previous QSAR studies and corroborate the fact that the antitrypanosomal activity of STLs is very much dependent on the presence and relative position of reactive enone groups within the molecular structure but is influenced by their hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties and molecular shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njogu M Kimani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Josphat C Matasyoh
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya.
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mauro S Nogueira
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Gustavo H G Trossini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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377
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Bonnet J, Garcia C, Leger T, Couquet MP, Vignoles P, Vatunga G, Ndung'u J, Boudot C, Bisser S, Courtioux B. Proteome characterization in various biological fluids of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected subjects. J Proteomics 2018; 196:150-161. [PMID: 30414516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Control of the disease has been recently improved by better screening and treatment strategies, and the disease is on the WHO list of possible elimination. However, some physiopathological aspects of the disease transmission and progression remain unclear. We propose a new proteomic approach to identify new targets and thus possible new biomarkers of the disease. We also focused our attention on fluids classically associated with HAT (serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) and on the more easily accessible biological fluids urine and saliva. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) established the proteomic profile of patients with early and late stage disease. The serum, CSF, urine and saliva of 3 uninfected controls, 3 early stage patients and 4 late stage patients were analyzed. Among proteins identified, in CSF, urine and saliva, respectively, 37, 8 and 24 proteins were differentially expressed and showed particular interest with regards to their function. The most promising proteins (Neogenin, Neuroserpin, secretogranin 2 in CSF; moesin in urine and intelectin 2 in saliva) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a confirmatory cohort of 14 uninfected controls, 23 patients with early stage disease and 43 patients with late stage disease. The potential of two proteins, neuroserpin and moesin, with the latter present in urine, were further characterized. Our results showed the potential of proteomic analysis to discover new biomarkers and provide the basis of the establishment of a new proteomic catalogue applied to HAT-infected subjects and controls. SIGNIFICANCE: Sleeping sickness, also called Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic infection caused by a parasitic protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense which are transmitted via an infected tsetse fly: Glossina. For both, the haemolymphatic stage (or first stage) signs and symptoms are intermittent fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, headaches, pruritus, and for T. b. rhodesiense infection a chancre is often formed at the bite site. Meningoencephalitic stage (or second stage) occurs when parasites invade the CNS, it is characterised by neurological signs and symptoms such as altered gait, tremors, neuropathy, somnolence which can lead to coma and death if untreated. first stage of the disease is characterizing by fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains and progressive lethargy corresponding to the second stage with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Actually, diagnosing HAT requires specialized expertise and significant resources such as well-equipped health centers and qualified staff. Such resources are lacking in many endemic areas that are often in rural locales, so many individuals with HAT die before the diagnosis is established. In this study, we analysed by mass spectrometry the entire proteome of serum, CSF, urine and saliva samples from infected and non-infected Angolan individuals to define new biomarkers of the disease. This work of proteomics analysis is a preliminary stage to the characterization of the whole proteome, of these 4 biological fluids, of HAT patients. We have identified 69 new biomarkers. Five of them have been thoroughly investigated by ELISA quantification. Neuroserpine and Moesin are respectively promising new biomarkers in CSF and urine's patient for a better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Camille Garcia
- Jacques Monod Institute, Proteomics Facility, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France..
| | - Thibaut Leger
- Jacques Monod Institute, Proteomics Facility, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France..
| | - Marie-Pauline Couquet
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Gedeao Vatunga
- Instituto de Combate e controlo das Tripanossomiases (ICCT), Luanda, Angola.
| | - Joseph Ndung'u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Sylvie Bisser
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France; Pasteur Institute in French Guiana, 23 Boulevard Pasteur, 973006, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana.
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
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378
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Targeting the Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Characterization of a New 6PGL Inhibitor. Biophys J 2018; 115:2114-2126. [PMID: 30467026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a lethal disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. However, although many efforts have been made to understand the biochemistry of this parasite, drug development has led to treatments that are of limited efficiency and of great toxicity. To develop new drugs, new targets must be identified, and among the several metabolic processes of trypanosomes that have been proposed as drug targets, carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)) appears as a promising one. As far as the PPP is concerned, a limited number of studies are related to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In this work, we have focused on the activity of the second PPP enzyme (6-phospho-gluconolactonase (6PGL)) that transforms 6-phosphogluconolactone into 6-phosphogluconic acid. A lactam analog of the natural substrate has been synthesized, and binding of the ligand to 6PGL has been investigated by NMR titration. The ability of this ligand to inhibit 6PGL has also been demonstrated using ultraviolet experiments, and protein-inhibitor interactions have been investigated through docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, a marginal inhibition of the third enzyme of the PPP (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) was also demonstrated. Our results thus open new prospects for targeting T. brucei.
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379
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Pineda E, Thonnus M, Mazet M, Mourier A, Cahoreau E, Kulyk H, Dupuy JW, Biran M, Masante C, Allmann S, Rivière L, Rotureau B, Portais JC, Bringaud F. Glycerol supports growth of the Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms in the absence of glucose: Analysis of metabolic adaptations on glycerol-rich conditions. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007412. [PMID: 30383867 PMCID: PMC6245841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei (BSF), the parasite protist causing sleeping sickness, primarily proliferate in the blood of their mammalian hosts. The skin and adipose tissues were recently identified as additional major sites for parasite development. Glucose was the only carbon source known to be used by bloodstream trypanosomes to feed their central carbon metabolism, however, the metabolic behaviour of extravascular tissue-adapted parasites has not been addressed yet. Since the production of glycerol is an important primary function of adipocytes, we have adapted BSF trypanosomes to a glucose-depleted but glycerol-rich culture medium (CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc) and compared their metabolism and proteome to those of parasites grown in standard glucose-rich conditions (CMM_Glc). BSF were shown to consume 2-folds more oxygen per consumed carbon unit in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc and were 11.5-times more sensitive to SHAM, a specific inhibitor of the plant-like alternative oxidase (TAO), which is the only mitochondrial terminal oxidase expressed in BSF. This is consistent with (i) the absolute requirement of the mitochondrial respiratory activity to convert glycerol into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, as deduced from the updated metabolic scheme and (ii) with the 1.8-fold increase of the TAO expression level compared to the presence of glucose. Proton NMR analysis of excreted end products from glycerol and glucose metabolism showed that these two carbon sources are metabolised through the same pathways, although the contributions of the acetate and succinate branches are more important in the presence of glycerol than glucose (10.2% versus 3.4% of the excreted end products, respectively). In addition, metabolomic analyses by mass spectrometry showed that, in the absence of glucose, 13C-labelled glycerol was incorporated into hexose phosphates through gluconeogenesis. As expected, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of glycerol kinase expression abolished glycerol metabolism and was lethal for BSF grown in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc. Interestingly, BSF have adapted their metabolism to grow in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc by concomitantly increasing their rate of glycerol consumption and decreasing that of glucose. However, the glycerol kinase activity was 7.8-fold lower in CMM_Glyc/GlcNAc, as confirmed by both western blotting and proteomic analyses. This suggests that the huge excess in glycerol kinase that is not absolutely required for glycerol metabolism, might be used for another yet undetermined non-essential function in glucose rich-conditions. Altogether, these data demonstrate that BSF trypanosomes are well-adapted to glycerol-rich conditions that could be encountered by the parasite in extravascular niches, such as the skin and adipose tissues. Until very recently, the bloodstream forms (BSF) of the Trypanosoma brucei group species have been considered to propagate exclusively in the mammalian fluids, including the blood, the lymphatic network and the cerebrospinal fluid. All these fluids are rich in glucose, which is widely considered by the scientific community as the only carbon source used by the parasite to feed its central carbon metabolism and its ATP production. Here, we show for the first time that the BSF trypanosomes efficiently grow in glucose-free conditions as long as glycerol is supplied. The raison d'être of this capacity developed by BSF trypanosomes to grow in glycerol-rich conditions regardless of the glucose concentration, including in glucose-free conditions, is not yet understood. However, the recent discovery that trypanosomes colonize and proliferate in the skin and the adipose tissues of their mammalian hosts may provide a rational explanation for the development of a glycerol-based metabolism in BSF. Indeed, the adipocytes composing adipose tissues and also abundantly present in subcutaneous layers excrete large amounts of glycerol produced from the catabolism of glucose and triglycerides. We also show that BSF trypanosomes adapted to glucose-depleted conditions activate gluconeogenesis to produce the essential hexose phosphates from glycerol metabolism. Interestingly, the constitutive expression of the key gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which is not used for glycolysis, suggests that BSF trypanosomes maintained in the standard glucose-rich medium are pre-adapted to glucose-depleted conditions. This further strengthens the new paradigm that BSF trypanosomes can use glycerol in tissues producing this carbon source, such as the skin the adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pineda
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Cell (IBGC) du CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Plateforme Protéome, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Masante
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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380
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Patel MM, Volkov OA, Leija C, Lemoff A, Phillips MA. A dual regulatory circuit consisting of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase protein and its reaction product controls expression of the paralogous activator prozyme in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007404. [PMID: 30365568 PMCID: PMC6221367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for cell growth of eukaryotes including the etiologic agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Trypanosoma brucei. In trypanosomatids, a key enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (TbAdoMetDC) heterodimerizes with a unique catalytically-dead paralog called prozyme to form the active enzyme complex. In higher eukaryotes, polyamine metabolism is subject to tight feedback regulation by spermidine-dependent mechanisms that are absent in trypanosomatids. Instead, in T. brucei an alternative regulatory strategy based on TbAdoMetDC prozyme has evolved. We previously demonstrated that prozyme protein levels increase in response to loss of TbAdoMetDC activity. Herein, we show that prozyme levels are under translational control by monitoring incorporation of deuterated leucine into nascent prozyme protein. We furthermore identify pathway factors that regulate prozyme mRNA translation. We find evidence for a regulatory feedback mechanism in which TbAdoMetDC protein and decarboxylated AdoMet (dcAdoMet) act as suppressors of prozyme translation. In TbAdoMetDC null cells expressing the human AdoMetDC enzyme, prozyme levels are constitutively upregulated. Wild-type prozyme levels are restored by complementation with either TbAdoMetDC or an active site mutant, suggesting that TbAdoMetDC possesses an enzyme activity-independent function that inhibits prozyme translation. Depletion of dcAdoMet pools by three independent strategies: inhibition/knockdown of TbAdoMetDC, knockdown of AdoMet synthase, or methionine starvation, each cause prozyme upregulation, providing independent evidence that dcAdoMet functions as a metabolic signal for regulation of the polyamine pathway in T. brucei. These findings highlight a potential regulatory paradigm employing enzymes and pseudoenzymes that may have broad implications in biology. Trypanosoma brucei is a single-celled eukaryotic pathogen and the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Polyamines are organic polycations that are essential for growth in T. brucei to facilitate protein translation and to maintain redox homeostasis. The pathway is the target of eflornithine, a current frontline therapy for treatment of HAT. Polyamine biosynthetic enzymes are regulated at multiple levels in mammals (e.g. transcription, translation and protein turnover), but in contrast, T. brucei lacks these mechanisms. Instead in T. brucei a central enzyme in polyamine metabolism called AdoMetDC must form a complex with a sister protein (termed a pseudoenzyme) to be active. Herein, we show that cellular levels of this sister protein we call prozyme are in turn feedback regulated by both AdoMetDC and by its reaction product in response to cell treatments that reduce pathway output. This regulatory paradigm highlights how pseudoenzymes can evolve to play an important role in metabolic pathway regulation and in organismal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish M. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Oleg A. Volkov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher Leija
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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381
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Pedron J, Boudot C, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Paloque L, Rastegari M, Abdoulaye M, El-Kashef H, Bonduelle C, Pratviel G, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Courtioux B, Verhaeghe P, Valentin A. Antitrypanosomatid Pharmacomodulation at Position 3 of the 8-Nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one Scaffold Using Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Reactions. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2217-2228. [PMID: 30221468 PMCID: PMC7089779 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An antikinetoplastid pharmacomodulation study at position 3 of the recently described hit molecule 3-bromo-8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one was conducted. Twenty-four derivatives were synthesised using the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and evaluated in vitro on both Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes and Trypanosoma brucei brucei trypomastigotes. Introduction of a para-carboxyphenyl group at position 3 of the scaffold led to the selective antitrypanosomal hit molecule 3-(4-carboxyphenyl)-8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one (21) with a lower reduction potential (-0.56 V) than the initial hit (-0.45 V). Compound 21 displays micromolar antitrypanosomal activity (IC50 =1.5 μm) and low cytotoxicity on the human HepG2 cell line (CC50 =120 μm), having a higher selectivity index (SI=80) than the reference drug eflornithine. Contrary to results previously obtained in this series, hit compound 21 is inactive toward L. infantum and is not efficiently bioactivated by T. brucei brucei type I nitroreductase, which suggests the existence of an alternative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Sandra Bourgeade-Delmas
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Maryam Rastegari
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mansour Abdoulaye
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hussein El-Kashef
- Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Colin Bonduelle
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Pratviel
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France
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382
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Silvester E, Ivens A, Matthews KR. A gene expression comparison of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the bloodstream of the mammalian host reveals species-specific adaptations to density-dependent development. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006863. [PMID: 30307943 PMCID: PMC6199001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bloodstream of mammalian hosts Trypanosoma brucei undergoes well-characterised density-dependent growth control and developmental adaptation for transmission. This involves the differentiation from proliferative, morphologically ‘slender’ forms to quiescent ‘stumpy’ forms that preferentially infect the tsetse fly vector. Another important livestock trypanosome, Trypanosoma congolense, also undergoes density-dependent cell-cycle arrest although this is not linked to obvious morphological transformation. Here we have compared the gene expression profile of T. brucei and T. congolense during the ascending phase of the parasitaemia and at peak parasitaemia in mice, analysing species and developmental differences between proliferating and cell-cycle arrested forms. Despite underlying conservation of their quorum sensing signalling pathway, each species exhibits distinct profiles of gene regulation when analysed by orthogroup and cell surface phylome profiling. This analysis of peak parasitaemia T. congolense provides the first molecular signatures of potential developmental competence, assisting life cycle developmental studies in these important livestock parasites. Furthermore, comparison with T. brucei identifies candidate molecules from each species that may be important for their survival in the mammalian host, transmission or distinct tropism in the tsetse vector. Animal African trypanosomiases are important diseases of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Two of the responsible parasite species are Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense, both being blood-borne parasites transmitted by tsetse flies. In T. brucei there is a well-characterised developmental event in the bloodstream that prepares the parasite for tsetse transmission—the generation of morphologically stumpy forms. In contrast, Trypanosoma congolense does not undergo the same obvious morphological event, but does respond to parasite density in the mammalian bloodstream by accumulating as a cell cycle arrested form. This prompted us to explore the adaptations of T. congolense in response to cell density in blood and to compare this with T. brucei. The datasets generated, and their analysis, represent a first detailed transcriptional profile for T. congolense and also a new high-resolution analysis of the developmental forms of T. brucei in a mammalian host. Critically, the analysis also carefully characterised the biological material used for RNA-seq analysis with respect to cell cycle status, morphology and the expression (in the case of T. brucei) of PAD1 –a molecular marker for stumpy forms. The manuscript highlights clear differences in the developmental adaptation of each parasite species, with T. congolense showing less extreme adaptation at peak parasitaemia than T. brucei. Nonetheless, several predicted surface protein families in T. congolense are strongly upregulated at high parasite density in the bloodstream, which may represent adaptations for their transmission or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Silvester
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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383
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Radwanska M, Vereecke N, Deleeuw V, Pinto J, Magez S. Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2253. [PMID: 30333827 PMCID: PMC6175991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Deleeuw
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joar Pinto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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384
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Standardising visual control devices for Tsetse: East and Central African Savannah species Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans centralis and Glossina pallidipes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006831. [PMID: 30252848 PMCID: PMC6173441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study focused on the savannah tsetse species Glossina swynnertoni and G. morsitans centralis, both efficient vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis in, respectively, East and Central Africa. The aim was to develop long-lasting, practical and cost-effective visually attractive devices that induce the strongest landing responses in these two species for use as insecticide-impregnated tools in population suppression. Methods and findings Trials were conducted in different seasons and years in Tanzania (G. swynnertoni) and in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, G. m. centralis) to measure the performance of traps (pyramidal and epsilon) and targets of different sizes, shapes and colours, with and without chemical baits, at different population densities and under different environmental conditions. Adhesive film was used to catch flies landing on devices at the remote locations to compare tsetse-landing efficiencies. Landing rates by G. m. centralis in both Angola and the DRC were highest on blue-black 1 m2 oblong and 0.5 m2 square and oblong targets but were not significantly different from landings on the pyramidal trap. Landings by G. swynnertoni on 0.5 m2 blue-black oblong targets were likewise not significantly lower than on equivalent 1 m2 square targets. The length of target horizontal edge was closely correlated with landing rate. Blue-black 0.5 m2 targets performed better than equivalents in all-blue for both G. swynnertoni and G. m. centralis, although not consistently. Baiting with chemicals increased the proportion of G. m. centralis entering pyramidal traps. Conclusions This study confirms earlier findings on G. swynnertoni that smaller visual targets, down to 0.5 m2, would be as efficient as using 1 m2 targets for population management of this species. This is also the case for G. m. centralis. An insecticide-impregnated pyramidal trap would also constitute an effective control device for G. m. centralis. Glossina swynnertoni is restricted to open savannah in northwestern Tanzania and southwestern Kenya whereas G. morsitans centralis has a much wider distribution from western Tanzania/southern Uganda westwards through Zambia and southeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to Angola. Both are savannah tsetse and are efficient vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis. In comparison to other tsetse species, relatively little work has been done to test the efficacy of traps and targets for controlling G. swynnertoni and G. m. centralis. To determine the most visually-attractive and practical objects we conducted field tests with devices of various shapes, sizes and colours in Tanzania, DRC and Angola in different years, seasons, environmental conditions and at different population densities. The strongest landing responses were on 0.5 m2 horizontal rectangular targets with respect to ground that had both black and phthalogen blue elements with fly landing rates not significantly lower than on equivalent 1 m2 targets used till now for both species. The pyramidal trap proved efficient as a landing stimulus as targets of either size for G. m. centralis. Insecticide-impregnated blue-black 0.5 m2 cloth targets show promise as cost-effective devices for management of G. swynnertoni and G. m. centralis populations.
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385
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Cullia G, Tamborini L, Conti P, De Micheli C, Pinto A. Folates in Trypanosoma brucei
: Achievements and Opportunities. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2150-2158. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Cullia
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247; CNRS; University of Montpellier; ENSCM; Place Eugène Battaillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; University of Milan; via Giovanni Celoria 2 20133 Milano Italy
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386
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Afanador GA, Tomchick DR, Phillips MA. Trypanosomatid Deoxyhypusine Synthase Activity Is Dependent on Shared Active-Site Complementation between Pseudoenzyme Paralogs. Structure 2018; 26:1499-1512.e5. [PMID: 30197036 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a neglected tropical disease endemic to Africa. The polyamine spermidine is essential for post-translational hypusine modification of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which is catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase (TbDHS). In trypanosomatids, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) activity is dependent on heterotetramer formation between two paralogs, DHSc and DHSp, both with minimal activity on their own due to missing catalytic residues. We determined the X-ray structure of TbDHS showing a single functional shared active site is formed at the DHSc/DHSp heterodimer interface, with deficiencies in one subunit complemented by the other. Each heterodimer contains two NAD+ binding sites, one housed in the functional catalytic site and the second bound in a remnant dead site that lacks key catalytic residues. Functional analysis of these sites by site-directed mutagenesis identified long-range contributions to the catalytic site from the dead site. Differences between trypanosomatid and human DHS that could be exploited for drug discovery were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Afanador
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Diana R Tomchick
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Margaret A Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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387
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Fersing C, Boudot C, Pedron J, Hutter S, Primas N, Castera-Ducros C, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Moreau A, Cohen A, Stigliani JL, Pratviel G, Crozet MD, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Azas N, Courtioux B, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P. 8-Aryl-6-chloro-3-nitro-2-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as potent antitrypanosomatid molecules bioactivated by type 1 nitroreductases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:115-126. [PMID: 30092366 PMCID: PMC7089781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on a previously identified antileishmanial 6,8-dibromo-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative, a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction at position 8 of the scaffold was studied and optimized from a 8-bromo-6-chloro-3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine substrate. Twenty-one original derivatives were prepared, screened in vitro for activity against L. infantum axenic amastigotes and T. brucei brucei trypomastigotes and evaluated for their cytotoxicity on the HepG2 human cell line. Thus, 7 antileishmanial hit compounds were identified, displaying IC50 values in the 1.1-3 μM range. Compounds 13 and 23, the 2 most selective molecules (SI = >18 or >17) were additionally tested on both the promastigote and intramacrophage amastigote stages of L. donovani. The two molecules presented a good activity (IC50 = 1.2-1.3 μM) on the promastigote stage but only molecule 23, bearing a 4-pyridinyl substituent at position 8, was active on the intracellular amastigote stage, with a good IC50 value (2.3 μM), slightly lower than the one of miltefosine (IC50 = 4.3 μM). The antiparasitic screening also revealed 8 antitrypanosomal hit compounds, including 14 and 20, 2 very active (IC50 = 0.04-0.16 μM) and selective (SI = >313 to 550) molecules toward T. brucei brucei, in comparison with drug-candidate fexinidazole (IC50 = 0.6 & SI > 333) or reference drugs suramin and eflornithine (respective IC50 = 0.03 and 13.3 μM). Introducing an aryl moiety at position 8 of the scaffold quite significantly increased the antitrypanosomal activity of the pharmacophore. Antikinetoplastid molecules 13, 14, 20 and 23 were assessed for bioactivation by parasitic nitroreductases (either in L. donovani or in T. brucei brucei), using genetically modified parasite strains that over-express NTRs: all these molecules are substrates of type 1 nitroreductases (NTR1), such as those that are responsible for the bioactivation of fexinidazole. Reduction potentials measured for these 4 hit compounds were higher than that of fexinidazole (-0.83 V), ranging from -0.70 to -0.64 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | - Alain Moreau
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anita Cohen
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Maxime D Crozet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, FAC PHARM, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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388
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Adjogatse E, Erskine P, Wells SA, Kelly JM, Wilden JD, Chan AWE, Selwood D, Coker A, Wood S, Cooper JB. Structure and function of L-threonine-3-dehydrogenase from the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei revealed by X-ray crystallography and geometric simulations. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:861-876. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318009208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two of the world's most neglected tropical diseases, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Chagas disease, are caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. These organisms possess specialized metabolic pathways, frequently distinct from those in humans, which have potential to be exploited as novel drug targets. This study elucidates the structure and function of L-threonine-3-dehydrogenase (TDH) from T. brucei, the causative pathogen of HAT. TDH is a key enzyme in the metabolism of L-threonine, and an inhibitor of TDH has been shown to have trypanocidal activity in the procyclic form of T. brucei. TDH is a nonfunctional pseudogene in humans, suggesting that it may be possible to rationally design safe and specific therapies for trypanosomiasis by targeting this parasite enzyme. As an initial step, the TDH gene from T. brucei was expressed and the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme was solved by X-ray crystallography. In multiple crystallographic structures, T. brucei TDH is revealed to be a dimeric short-chain dehydrogenase that displays a considerable degree of conformational variation in its ligand-binding regions. Geometric simulations of the structure have provided insight into the dynamic behaviour of this enzyme. Furthermore, structures of TDH bound to its natural substrates and known inhibitors have been determined, giving an indication of the mechanism of catalysis of the enzyme. Collectively, these results provide vital details for future drug design to target TDH or related enzymes.
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389
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Níttolo AG, Bañuelos CP, Saborit JI, Tekiel V, Sánchez DO, Levy GV. TbRRM1 knockdown produces abnormal cell morphology and apoptotic-like death in the bloodstream form of T. brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 224:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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390
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Calvo-Alvarez E, Cren-Travaillé C, Crouzols A, Rotureau B. A new chimeric triple reporter fusion protein as a tool for in vitro and in vivo multimodal imaging to monitor the development of African trypanosomes and Leishmania parasites. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 63:391-403. [PMID: 29339220 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiases and leishmaniases, caused by a group of related protist parasites, are Neglected Tropical Diseases currently threatening >500 million people worldwide. Reporter proteins have revolutionised the research on infectious diseases and have opened up new advances in the understanding of trypanosomatid-borne diseases in terms of both biology, pathogenesis and drug development. Here, we describe the generation and some applications of a new chimeric triple reporter fusion protein combining the red-shifted firefly luciferase PpyREH9 and the tdTomato red fluorescent protein, fused by the TY1 tag. Expressed in both Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania major transgenic parasites, this construct was successfully assessed on different state-of-the-art imaging technologies, at different scales ranging from whole organism to cellular level, both in vitro and in vivo in murine models. For T. b. brucei, the usefulness of this triple marker to monitor the entire parasite cycle in both tsetse flies and mice was further demonstrated. This stable reporter allows to qualitatively and quantitatively scrutinize in real-time several crucial aspects of the parasite's development, including the development of African trypanosomes in the dermis of the mammalian host. We briefly discuss developments in bio-imaging technologies and highlight how we could improve our understanding of parasitism by combining the genetic engineering of parasites to the one of the hosting organisms in which they complete their developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Calvo-Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France.
| | - Christelle Cren-Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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391
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Frean J, Sieling W, Pahad H, Shoul E, Blumberg L. Clinical management of East African trypanosomiasis in South Africa: Lessons learned. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 75:101-108. [PMID: 30153486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND East African trypanosomiasis is an uncommon, potentially lethal disease if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. South Africa, as a centre for emergency medical evacuations from much of sub-Saharan Africa, receives a high proportion of these patients, mostly tourists and expatriate residents. METHODS The cases of East African trypanosomiasis patients evacuated to South Africa, for whom diagnostic and clinical management advice was provided over the years 2004-2018, were reviewed, using the authors' own records and those of collaborating clinicians. RESULTS Twenty-one cases were identified. These originated in Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Uganda. Nineteen cases (90%) had stage 1 (haemolymphatic) disease; one of these patients had fatal myocarditis. Of the two patients with stage 2 (meningoencephalitic) disease, one died of melarsoprol encephalopathy. Common problems were delayed diagnosis, erroneous assessment of severity, and limited access to treatment. CONCLUSIONS The key to early diagnosis is recognition of the triad of geographic exposure, tsetse fly bites, and trypanosomal chancre, plus good microscopy. Elements for successful management are rapid access to specific drug treatment, skilled intensive care, and good laboratory facilities. Clinical experience and the local stock of antitrypanosomal drugs from the World Health Organization have improved the chance of a successful outcome in the management of East African trypanosomiasis in South Africa; the survival rate over the period was 90.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Frean
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Willi Sieling
- Netcare Pretoria East Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hussein Pahad
- Netcare Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evan Shoul
- Netcare Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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392
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López-Muñoz RA, Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Abarca-Sanhueza P, Urrutia-Llancaqueo L, Peña-Espinoza M, Maya JD. Inflammatory and Pro-resolving Lipids in Trypanosomatid Infections: A Key to Understanding Parasite Control. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1961. [PMID: 30186271 PMCID: PMC6113562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp.) are protozoan parasites that cause neglected diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the process of infection, trypanosomatids evade and survive the immune system attack, which can lead to a chronic inflammatory state that induces cumulative damage, often killing the host in the long term. The immune mediators involved in this process are not entirely understood. Most of the research on the immunologic control of protozoan infections has been focused on acute inflammation. Nevertheless, when this process is not terminated adequately, permanent damage to the inflamed tissue may ensue. Recently, a second process, called resolution of inflammation, has been proposed to be a pivotal process in the control of parasite burden and establishment of chronic infection. Resolution of inflammation is an active process that promotes the normal function of injured or infected tissues. Several mediators are involved in this process, including eicosanoid-derived lipids, cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, and other proteins such as Annexin-V. For example, during T. cruzi infection, pro-resolving lipids such as 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 and Resolvin D1 have been associated with a decrease in the inflammatory changes observed in experimental chronic heart disease, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and increasing host survival. Furthermore, Resolvin D1 modulates the immune response in cells of patients with Chagas disease. In Leishmania spp. infections, pro-resolving mediators such as Annexin-V, lipoxins, and Resolvin D1 are related to the modulation of cutaneous manifestation of the disease. However, these mediators seem to have different roles in visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, although T. brucei infections are less well studied in terms of their relationship with inflammation, it has been found that arachidonic acid-derived lipids act as key regulators of the host immune response and parasite burden. Also, cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β may be related to increased infection. Knowledge about the inflammation resolution process is necessary to understand the host–parasite interplay, but it also offers an interesting opportunity to improve the current therapies, aiming to reduce the detrimental state induced by chronic protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Abarca-Sanhueza
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Urrutia-Llancaqueo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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393
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Lee SJ, Palmer JJ. Integrating innovations: a qualitative analysis of referral non-completion among rapid diagnostic test-positive patients in Uganda's human African trypanosomiasis elimination programme. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:84. [PMID: 30119700 PMCID: PMC6098655 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent development of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) enables elimination programmes to decentralise serological screening services to frontline health facilities. However, patients must still undertake multiple onwards referral steps to either be confirmed or discounted as cases. Accurate surveillance thus relies not only on the performance of diagnostic technologies but also on referral support structures and patient decisions. This study explored why some RDT-positive suspects failed to complete the diagnostic referral process in West Nile, Uganda. METHODS Between August 2013 and June 2015, 85% (295/346) people who screened RDT-positive were examined by microscopy at least once; 10 cases were detected. We interviewed 20 RDT-positive suspects who had not completed referral (16 who had not presented for their first microscopy examination, and 4 who had not returned for a second to dismiss them as cases after receiving discordant [RDT-positive, but microscopy-negative results]). Interviews were analysed thematically to examine experiences of each step of the referral process. RESULTS Poor provider communication about HAT RDT results helped explain non-completion of referrals in our sample. Most patients were unaware they were tested for HAT until receiving results, and some did not know they had screened positive. While HAT testing and treatment is free, anticipated costs for transportation and ancillary health services fees deterred many. Most expected a positive RDT result would lead to HAT treatment. RDT results that failed to provide a definitive diagnosis without further testing led some to question the expertise of health workers. For the four individuals who missed their second examination, complying with repeat referral requests was less attractive when no alternative diagnostic advice or treatment was given. CONCLUSIONS An RDT-based surveillance strategy that relies on referral through all levels of the health system is inevitably subject to its limitations. In Uganda, a key structural weakness was poor provider communication about the possibility of discordant HAT test results, which is the most common outcome for serological RDT suspects in a HAT elimination programme. Patient misunderstanding of referral rationale risks harming trust in the whole system and should be addressed in elimination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona J Lee
- Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK.
| | - Jennifer J Palmer
- Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK.,Health in Humanitarian Crises Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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394
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Tesoriero C, Del Gallo F, Bentivoglio M. Sleep and brain infections. Brain Res Bull 2018; 145:59-74. [PMID: 30016726 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is frequently altered in systemic infections as a component of sickness behavior in response to inflammation. Sleepiness in sickness behavior has been extensively investigated. Much less attention has instead been devoted to sleep and wake alterations in brain infections. Most of these, as other neuroinfections, are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The present overview highlights the importance of this topic from both the clinical and pathogenetic points of view. Vigilance states and their regulation are first summarized, emphasizing that key nodes in this distributed brain system can be targeted by neuroinflammatory signaling. Sleep-wake changes in the parasitic disease human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and its animal models are then reviewed and discussed. Experimental data have revealed that the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master circadian pacemaker, and peptidergic cell populations of the lateral hypothalamus (the wake-promoting orexin neurons and the sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone neurons) are targeted by African trypanosome infection. It is then discussed how prominent and disturbing are sleep changes in HIV/AIDS, also when the infection is cured with antiretroviral therapy. This recalls attention on the bidirectional interactions between sleep and immune system, including the specialized brain immune response of which microglial cells are protagonists. Sleep changes in an ancient viral disease, rabies, and in the emerging infection due to Zika virus which causes a congenital syndrome, are also dealt with. Altogether the findings indicate that sleep-wake regulation is targeted by brain infections caused by different pathogens and, although the relevant pathogenetic mechanisms largely remain to be clarified, these alterations differ from hypersomnia occurring in sickness behavior. Thus, brain infections point to the vulnerability of the neural network of sleep-wake regulation as a highly relevant clinical and basic science challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tesoriero
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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395
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De Rycker M, Baragaña B, Duce SL, Gilbert IH. Challenges and recent progress in drug discovery for tropical diseases. Nature 2018; 559:498-506. [PMID: 30046073 PMCID: PMC6129172 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious tropical diseases have a huge effect in terms of mortality and morbidity, and impose a heavy economic burden on affected countries. These diseases predominantly affect the world's poorest people. Currently available drugs are inadequate for the majority of these diseases, and there is an urgent need for new treatments. This Review discusses some of the challenges involved in developing new drugs to treat these diseases and highlights recent progress. While there have been notable successes, there is still a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Suzanne L Duce
- Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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396
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Pedron J, Boudot C, Hutter S, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Stigliani JL, Sournia-Saquet A, Moreau A, Boutet-Robinet E, Paloque L, Mothes E, Laget M, Vendier L, Pratviel G, Wyllie S, Fairlamb A, Azas N, Courtioux B, Valentin A, Verhaeghe P. Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:135-152. [PMID: 29885575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
To study the antiparasitic 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one pharmacophore, a series of 31 derivatives was synthesized in 1-5 steps and evaluated in vitro against both Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. In parallel, the reduction potential of all molecules was measured by cyclic voltammetry. Structure-activity relationships first indicated that antileishmanial activity depends on an intramolecular hydrogen bond (described by X-ray diffraction) between the lactam function and the nitro group, which is responsible for an important shift of the redox potential (+0.3 V in comparison with 8-nitroquinoline). With the assistance of computational chemistry, a set of derivatives presenting a large range of redox potentials (from -1.1 to -0.45 V) was designed and provided a list of suitable molecules to be synthesized and tested. This approach highlighted that, in this series, only substrates with a redox potential above -0.6 V display activity toward L. infantum. Nevertheless, such relation between redox potentials and in vitro antiparasitic activities was not observed in T. b. brucei. Compound 22 is a new hit compound in the series, displaying both antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity along with a low cytotoxicity on the human HepG2 cell line. Compound 22 is selectively bioactivated by the type 1 nitroreductases (NTR1) of L. donovani and T. brucei brucei. Moreover, despite being mutagenic in the Ames test, as most of nitroaromatic derivatives, compound 22 was not genotoxic in the comet assay. Preliminary in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters were finally determined and pointed out a good in vitro microsomal stability (half-life > 40 min) and a 92% binding to human albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, équipe VITROME « Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | - Alain Moreau
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Michèle Laget
- UMR MD1, U1261, AMU, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Azas
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, équipe VITROME « Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
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397
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Masocha W, Kristensson K. Human African trypanosomiasis: How do the parasites enter and cause dysfunctions of the nervous system in murine models? Brain Res Bull 2018; 145:18-29. [PMID: 29870779 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe how Trypanosoma brucei brucei, a rodent pathogenic strain of African trypanosomes, can invade the nervous system, first by localization to the choroid plexus, the circumventricular organs (CVOs) and peripheral ganglia, which have fenestrated vessels, followed by crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the white matter, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal ganglia. White blood cells (WBCs) pave the way for the trypanosome neuroinvasion. Experiments with immune deficient mice show that the invasion of WBCs is initiated by the toll-like receptor 9, followed by an augmentation phase that depends on the cytokine IFN-γ and the chemokine CXCL10. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from iNOS then prevents a break-down of the BBB and non-regulated passage of cells. This chain of events is relevant for design of better diagnostic tools to distinguish the different stages of the disease as well as for better understanding of the pathogenesis of the nervous system dysfunctions, which include circadian rhythm changes with sleep pattern disruption, pain syndromes, movement disorders and mental disturbances including dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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398
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Kazumba LM, Kaka JCT, Ngoyi DM, Tshala-Katumbay D. Mortality trends and risk factors in advanced stage-2 Human African Trypanosomiasis: A critical appraisal of 23 years of experience in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006504. [PMID: 29897919 PMCID: PMC5999091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective study on mortality trends and risk factors in 781 naïve cases of advanced stage-2 sleeping sickness admitted between 1989 and 2012 at the National Reference Center for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), Department of Neurology, Kinshasa University, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Death was the outcome variable whereas age, gender, duration of disease, location of trypanosomes in body fluids, cytorachy, protidorachy, clinical status (assessed on a syndromic and functional basis) on admission, and treatment regimen were predictors in logistic regression models run at the 0.05 significance level. Death proportions were 17.2% in the standard melarsoprol schedule (3-series of intravenous melarsoprol on 3 successive days at 3.6 mg/kg/d, with a one-week interval between the series, ARS 9); 12.1% in the short schedule melarsoprol (10 consecutive days of intravenous melarsoprol at 2.2 mg/kg/d, ARS 10), 5.4% in the first-line eflornithine (14 days of eflornithine at 400 mg/kg/d in 4 infusions a day DFMO B), 9.1% in the NECT treatment regimen (eflornithine for 7 days at 400, mg/kg/d in 2 infusions a day combined with oral nifurtimox for 10 days at 15 mg/kg/d in 3 doses a day); and high (36%) in the group with select severely affected patients given eflornithine because of their clinical status on admission, at the time when this expensive drug was kept for treatment of relapses (14 days at 400 mg/kg/d in 4 infusions a day, DFMO A). After adjusting for treatment, death odds ratios were as follows: 10.40 [(95% CI: 6.55-16.51); p = .000] for clinical dysfunction (severely impaired clinical status) on admission, 2.14 [(95% CI: 1.35-3.39); p = .001] for high protidorachy, 1.99 [(95% CI: 1.18-3.37); p = .010] for the presence of parasites in the CSF and 1.70 [(95% CI: 1.03-2.81); p = .038] for high cytorachy. A multivariable analysis within treatment groups retained clinical status on admission (in ARS 9, ARS 10 and DFMO B groups) and high protidorachy (in ARS 10 and DFMO B groups) as significant predictors of death. The algorithm for initial clinical status assessment used in the present study may serve as the basis for further development of standardized assessment tools relevant to the clinical management of HAT and information exchange in epidemiological reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Mbiyangandu Kazumba
- Départment de Neurologie, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)
| | | | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Départment de Médecine Tropicale, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Démocratique du Congo (RDC)
- Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales (INRB), Kinshasa, Démocratique du Congo (RDC)
| | - Désiré Tshala-Katumbay
- Départment de Neurologie, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)
- Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales (INRB), Kinshasa, Démocratique du Congo (RDC)
- Départment of Neurology and School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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399
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Hollingsworth TD. Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling? Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:S237-S244. [PMID: 29860293 PMCID: PMC5982793 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has received huge investment in recent years, leading to large reductions in morbidity. In 2012, the World Health Organization set ambitious targets for eliminating many of these diseases as a public health problem by 2020, an aspiration that was supported by donations of treatments, intervention materials, and funding committed by a broad partnership of stakeholders in the London Declaration on NTDs. Alongside these efforts, there has been an increasing role for quantitative analysis and modeling to support the achievement of these goals through evaluation of the likely impact of interventions, the factors that could undermine these achievements, and the role of new diagnostics and treatments in reducing transmission. In this special issue, we aim to summarize those insights in an accessible way. This article acts as an introduction to the special issue, outlining key concepts in NTDs and insights from modeling as we approach 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffideld Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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400
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Melarsoprol Resistance in African Trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:481-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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