351
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Huang F, Wachi S, Thai P, Loukoianov A, Tan KH, Forteza RM, Wu R. Potentiation of IL-19 expression in airway epithelia by IL-17A and IL-4/IL-13: important implications in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1415-21, 1421.e1-3. [PMID: 18539194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-17A and IL-19 are highly expressed in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and asthma. IL-19 plays a significant role in the enhancement of T(H)2 cytokine secretion in allergic diseases, but its cellular source in asthmatic patients remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to determine whether the epithelium is a major source of airway mucosal IL-19 and to elucidate the mechanism of gene expression regulation. METHODS Immunofluorescent staining was used to determine IL-19 protein expression in tracheal tissue sections of various airway diseases. Well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cultures and a corresponding cell line were used as in vitro models to study gene regulation. RESULTS We found significantly higher IL-19 expression in airway epithelia of asthmatic patients than in epithelia of patients with other diseases. Using a cytokine panel, we demonstrated the upregulation of IL-19 expression in cultures by two T(H)2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, in addition to the previously found T(H)17 cytokine IL-17A. Moreover, cotreatment of IL-17A and IL-4/IL-13 synergistically upregulated IL-19 expression. Using siRNA and chemical inhibitor approaches, we demonstrated a transcriptional regulation of IL-19 by nuclear factor kappaB and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6. The addition of IL-13 to IL-17A stimulation triggers a shift from nuclear factor kappaB-dependent transcriptional regulation to one that is STAT6 based. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated the presence of STAT6-binding elements in the IL-19 promoter region. CONCLUSION We propose that an IL-17A- and IL-13-induced synergism in IL-19 stimulation in airway epithelia occurs through a STAT6-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, Calif 95616, USA.
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352
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Decoy oligodeoxynucleotide targeting activator protein-1 (AP-1) attenuates intestinal inflammation in murine experimental colitis. J Transl Med 2008; 88:652-63. [PMID: 18458670 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Various therapies are used for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), though none seem to be extremely effective. AP-1 is a major transcription factor that upregulates genes involved in immune and proinflammatory responses. We investigated decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) targeting AP-1 to prevent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Functional efficacies of synthetic decoy and scrambled ODNs were evaluated in vitro by a reporter gene luciferase assay and measuring flagellin-induced IL-8 expression by HCT-15 cells transfected with ODNs. Experimental colitis was induced in mice with a 2.5% DSS solution in drinking water for 7 days, and decoy or scrambled ODNs were intraperitoneally injected from days 2 to 5. Colitis was assessed by weight loss, colon length, histopathology, and detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha in colon tissue. Therapeutic effects of AP-1 and NF-kappaB decoy ODNs were compared. Transfection of AP-1 decoy ODN inhibited AP-1 transcriptional activity in reporter assays and flagellin-induced IL-8 production in vitro. In mice, AP-1 decoy ODN, but not scrambled ODN, significantly inhibited weight loss, colon shortening, and histological inflammation induced by DSS. Further, AP-1 decoy ODN decreased MPO, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha in colonic tissue of mice with DSS-induced colitis. The AP-1 decoy therapeutic effect was comparable to that of NF-kappaB decoy ODN, which also significantly decreased intestinal inflammation. Double-strand decoy ODN targeting AP-1 effectively attenuated intestinal inflammation associated with experimental colitis in mice, indicating the potential of targeting proinflammatory transcription factors in new therapies for IBD.
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353
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Arseneau KO, Tamagawa H, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. Innate and adaptive immune responses related to IBD pathogenesis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 9:508-12. [PMID: 18377804 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-007-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the adaptive immune system traditionally has been the primary focus of investigations into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is now clear that innate immune responses play an equally important, or perhaps even primary, role in disease initiation. Intestinal barrier function defects and genetic associations with the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and Toll-like receptor pathways suggest that the innate immune system has failed to protect the host against the vast array of commensal bacteria in the gut. This hypothesis is supported further by the observation that probiotic agents exert anti-inflammatory effects in the intestine through stimulation, rather than suppression, of the mucosal innate immune system. Moreover, it is now clear that adaptive immune responses involved in IBD pathogenesis are more complex than the traditionally dichotomous Th1/Th2 paradigm. Finally, mounting evidence suggests that the Th17 effector pathway may contribute to Crohn's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen O Arseneau
- Digestive Health Research Center, Box 800708, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0708, USA
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354
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Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. Inflammatory bowel disease, past, present and future: lessons from animal models. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:1-17. [PMID: 18297430 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data from animal models indicate that Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mediated by a much more complicated mechanism than previously predicted. For example, the role of an individual molecule in the pathogenesis of IBD distinctly differs depending on several factors, including the fundamental mechanism of induction of the disease, the target cell type, the phase of disease, and the environment. Therefore, it has been difficult in the past to fully explain the complicated mechanism. Novel concepts have recently been proposed to further explain the complicated mechanism of IBD. In this review, we introduce past, current, and possible future concepts for IBD models regarding T helper (Th) 1, Th2, and Th17, antigen sampling and presentation, regulatory cell networks, NOD2, Toll-like receptors, bacteria/epithelia interaction, stem cells, autophagy, microRNAs, and glycoimmunology, and we also discuss the relevance of these new concepts, developed at the bench (in animal models), to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, Simches 8234, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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355
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Free fatty acids sensitize hepatocytes to bile acid-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:441-5. [PMID: 18452708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of free fatty acids to the liver in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may render hepatocytes more vulnerable to glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)-induced apoptosis. Fat overloading was induced in HepG2-Ntcp cells and primary rat hepatocytes by incubation with palmitic or oleic acid. Apoptosis was quantified by measuring caspase 3/7 activity and transcription of interleukin (IL) 8 and IL-22 by quantitative real-time PCR. Oleic acid (500 microM) alone did not induce apoptosis, while palmitic acid (500 microM) increased apoptosis 5-fold. GCDCA did not induce significant apoptosis at low micromolar concentrations (5-30 microM) in non-steatotic cells. However, at the same concentrations, GCDCA increased apoptosis 3-fold in oleic acid-pretreated HepG2-Ntcp cells and 3.5-fold in primary rat hepatocytes. Pretreatment with oleic acid increased GCDCA-induced gene transcription of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-22 5-fold and 19-fold, respectively. Thus, low levels of cholestasis normally not considered harmful could advance liver injury in patients with NAFLD.
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356
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Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells belong to a recently identified T helper subset, in addition to the traditional Th1 and Th2 subsets. These cells are characterized as preferential producers of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. Th17 cells and their effector cytokines mediate host defensive mechanisms to various infections, especially extracellular bacteria infections, and are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. The receptors for IL-17 and IL-22 are broadly expressed on various epithelial tissues. The effector cytokines of Th17 cells, therefore, mediate the crucial crosstalk between immune system and tissues, and play indispensable roles in tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yan Zheng
- Inflammation Pathways Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
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357
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Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut. Nat Med 2008; 14:421-8. [PMID: 18376406 DOI: 10.1038/nm1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium causes a localized enteric infection in immunocompetent individuals, whereas HIV-infected individuals develop a life-threatening bacteremia. Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination. In SIV-negative macaques, the gene expression profile induced by S. typhimurium in ligated ileal loops was dominated by TH17 responses, including the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22. TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination. IL-17 receptor-deficient mice showed increased systemic dissemination of S. typhimurium from the gut, suggesting that IL-17 deficiency causes defects in mucosal barrier function. We conclude that SIV infection impairs the IL-17 axis, an arm of the mucosal immune response preventing systemic microbial dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract.
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358
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Kang SS, Bloom SM, Norian LA, Geske MJ, Flavell RA, Stappenbeck TS, Allen PM. An antibiotic-responsive mouse model of fulminant ulcerative colitis. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e41. [PMID: 18318596 PMCID: PMC2270287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constellation of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, which both display a wide spectrum in the severity of pathology. One theory is that multiple genetic hits to the host immune system may contribute to the susceptibility and severity of IBD. However, experimental proof of this concept is still lacking. Several genetic mouse models that each recapitulate some aspects of human IBD have utilized a single gene defect to induce colitis. However, none have produced pathology clearly distinguishable as either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, in part because none of them reproduce the most severe forms of disease that are observed in human patients. This lack of severe IBD models has posed a challenge for research into pathogenic mechanisms and development of new treatments. We hypothesized that multiple genetic hits to the regulatory machinery that normally inhibits immune activation in the intestine would generate more severe, reproducible pathology that would mimic either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS We generated a novel mouse line (dnKO) that possessed defects in both TGFbetaRII and IL-10R2 signaling. These mice rapidly and reproducibly developed a disease resembling fulminant human ulcerative colitis that was quite distinct from the much longer and more variable course of pathology observed previously in mice possessing only single defects. Pathogenesis was driven by uncontrolled production of proinflammatory cytokines resulting in large part from T cell activation. The disease process could be significantly ameliorated by administration of antibodies against IFNgamma and TNFalpha and was completely inhibited by a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Here, we develop to our knowledge the first mouse model of fulminant ulcerative colitis by combining multiple genetic hits in immune regulation and demonstrate that the resulting disease is sensitive to both anticytokine therapy and broad-spectrum antibiotics. These findings indicated the IL-10 and TGFbeta pathways synergize to inhibit microbially induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFNgamma and TNFalpha, which are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of human ulcerative colitis. Our findings also provide evidence that broad-spectrum antibiotics may have an application in the treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. This model system will be useful in the future to explore the microbial factors that induce immune activation and characterize how these interactions produce disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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359
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Zheng Y, Valdez PA, Danilenko DM, Hu Y, Sa SM, Gong Q, Abbas AR, Modrusan Z, Ghilardi N, de Sauvage FJ, Ouyang W. Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. Nat Med 2008; 14:282-9. [PMID: 18264109 DOI: 10.1038/nm1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1486] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infections by attaching and effacing (A/E) bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, pose a serious threat to public health. Using a mouse A/E pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, we show that interleukin-22 (IL-22) has a crucial role in the early phase of host defense against C. rodentium. Infection of IL-22 knockout mice results in increased intestinal epithelial damage, systemic bacterial burden and mortality. We also find that IL-23 is required for the early induction of IL-22 during C. rodentium infection, and adaptive immunity is not essential for the protective role of IL-22 in this model. Instead, IL-22 is required for the direct induction of the Reg family of antimicrobial proteins, including RegIIIbeta and RegIIIgamma, in colonic epithelial cells. Exogenous mouse or human RegIIIgamma substantially improves survival of IL-22 knockout mice after C. rodentium infection. Together, our data identify a new innate immune function for IL-22 in regulating early defense mechanisms against A/E bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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360
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Naugler KM, Baer KA, Ropeleski MJ. Interleukin-11 antagonizes Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in IEC-18 intestinal epithelial crypt cells: role of MEK and Akt-dependent signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G728-37. [PMID: 18202115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) displays epithelial cytoprotective effects during intestinal injury. Antiapoptotic effects of IL-11 have been described, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Fas/CD95 death receptor signaling is upregulated in ulcerative colitis, leading to mucosal breakdown. We hypothesized that IL-11 inhibits Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis in intestinal epithelia. Cell death was monitored in IEC-18 cells by microscopy, caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and abundance of cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA. RT-PCR was used to monitor Fas, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, cFLIP, survivin, and Bcl-2 family members. Fas membrane expression was detected by immunoblot. Inhibitors of JAK2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), Akt 1, MEK1 and MEK2, and p38 MAPK were used to delineate IL-11's antiapoptotic mechanisms. IL-11 did not alter Fas expression. Pretreatment with IL-11 for 24 h before FasL reduced cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA by 63.2%. IL-11 also attenuated caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage without affecting expression of activated caspase-8 p20 or cytochrome c release. IL-11 did not affect mRNA expression of the candidate antiapoptotic genes. The MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors U-0126 and PD-98059 significantly attenuated the protection of IL-11 against caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavage and cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA accumulation. Although Akt inhibition reversed IL-11-mediated effects on caspase cleavage, it did not reverse the protective effects of IL-11 by DNA ELISA. We conclude that IL-11-dependent MEK1 and MEK2 signaling inhibits FasL-induced apoptosis. The lack of reversal of the IL-11 effect on DNA cleavage by Akt inhibition, despite antagonism of caspase cleavage, suggests that IL-11 inhibits caspase-independent cell death signaling by FasL in a MEK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Naugler
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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361
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin (IL) 22 is a recently identified T-cell-derived cytokine. IL-22 binds at the cell surface to a heterodimer receptor complex composed of IL-22 receptor (R) 1 and IL-10R2. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical analyses for IL-22R1 expression in human pancreatic tissue. METHODS Normal human pancreatic tissue (n = 8) was immunostained with antihuman IL-22R1 antibodies following standard immunohistochemical procedures. RESULTS In the normal human pancreas, IL-22R1 was expressed in the islets of Langerhans. IL-22R1 was not expressed by the acinar cells and ductal epithelium. Double-immunostaining experiments showed that the majority of insulin-expressing beta cells and glucagon-expressing alpha cells were immunopositive for IL-22R1. CONCLUSIONS The islets of Langerhans are the local site for IL-22R1 expression in the human pancreas. It may be that the T-cell-mediated immune response modulates cell islet function through IL-22 signaling.
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362
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Shi HX, Ren JL, Dong WG. Advances in studies on relation between inflammatory bowel disease and immunity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:399-405. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Its main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain and diarrhea. Its etiology is complicated. Immune system is very important. Following factors, such as intestinal environment, immune cells, human leukocyte antigens, antibodies, anti- laminaribioside antibody, anti-chitobioside antibody IgA, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, NO and NF-κB, play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease is related to all these factors. This paper reviews the possible role of these immune factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
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363
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Liang SC, Long AJ, Bennett F, Whitters MJ, Karim R, Collins M, Goldman SJ, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Williams CMM, Wright JF, Fouser LA. An IL-17F/A heterodimer protein is produced by mouse Th17 cells and induces airway neutrophil recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7791-9. [PMID: 18025225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-17A and IL-17F are related homodimeric proteins of the IL-17 family produced by Th17 cells. In this study, we show that mouse Th17 cells also produce an IL-17F/A heterodimeric protein. Whereas naive CD4(+) T cells differentiating toward the Th17 cell lineage expressed IL-17F/A in higher amounts than IL-17A/A homodimer and in lower amounts than IL-17F/F homodimer, differentiated Th17 cells expressed IL-17F/A in higher amounts than either homodimer. In vitro, IL-17F/A was more potent than IL-17F/F and less potent than IL-17A/A in regulating CXCL1 expression. Neutralization of IL-17F/A with an IL-17A-specific Ab, and not with an IL-17F-specific Ab, reduced the majority of IL-17F/A-induced CXCL1 expression. To study these cytokines in vivo, we established a Th17 cell adoptive transfer model characterized by increased neutrophilia in the airways. An IL-17A-specific Ab completely prevented Th17 cell-induced neutrophilia and CXCL5 expression, whereas Abs specific for IL-17F or IL-22, a cytokine also produced by Th17 cells, had no effects. Direct administration of mouse IL-17A/A or IL-17F/A, and not IL-17F/F or IL-22, into the airways significantly increased neutrophil and chemokine expression. Taken together, our data elucidate the regulation of IL-17F/A heterodimer expression by Th17 cells and demonstrate an in vivo function for this cytokine in airway neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Liang
- Inflammation Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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364
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Scriba TJ, Kalsdorf B, Abrahams DA, Isaacs F, Hofmeister J, Black G, Hassan HY, Wilkinson RJ, Walzl G, Gelderbloem SJ, Mahomed H, Hussey GD, Hanekom WA. Distinct, specific IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4+ T cell subsets contribute to the human anti-mycobacterial immune response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 180:1962-70. [PMID: 18209095 PMCID: PMC2219462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the proinflammatory T cell cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 are induced by human mycobacterial infection. Remarkably, >20% of specific cytokine-producing CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood of healthy, mycobacteria-exposed adults expressed IL-17 or IL-22. Specific IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells were distinct from each other and from Th1 cytokine-producing cells. These cells had phenotypic characteristics of long-lived central memory cells. In patients with tuberculosis disease, peripheral blood frequencies of these cells were reduced, whereas bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contained higher levels of IL-22 protein compared with healthy controls. IL-17 was not detected in this fluid, which may be due to suppression by Th1 cytokines, as PBMC IL-17 production was inhibited by IFN-gamma in vitro. However, Th1 cytokines had no effect on IL-22 production in vitro. Our results imply that the magnitude and complexity of the anti-mycobacterial immune response have historically been underestimated. IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells may play important roles in the human immune response to mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Observatory, South Africa.
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365
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Schmechel S, Konrad A, Diegelmann J, Glas J, Wetzke M, Paschos E, Lohse P, Göke B, Brand S. Linking genetic susceptibility to Crohn's disease with Th17 cell function: IL-22 serum levels are increased in Crohn's disease and correlate with disease activity and IL23R genotype status. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:204-12. [PMID: 18022867 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyzed the influence of Crohn's disease (CD)-associated IL23R gene variants on IL-22 that is expressed in IL-23R+ Th17 cells. METHODS IL-22 serum levels were measured in 242 CD patients and in 31 healthy controls. Subanalyses included serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-17A, IL-17F, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocyte count. In all patients, genotyping for 10 CD-associated IL23R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the 3 main CD-associated CARD15 variants was performed. RESULTS There was a highly significant increase in IL-22 serum expression in CD patients compared to healthy controls (P = 2.53 x 10(-9)). IL-22 serum levels correlated with disease activity: IL-22 levels in patients with a Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) >150 were significantly higher than in patients with a CDAI <150 (P = 0.001), while TNF-alpha and IL-6 were not significantly different between these 2 groups. Analyzing the effect of 10 IL23R variants on IL-22 serum levels, we demonstrated that the quotients of mean IL-22 serum levels of carriers of the minor allele to the mean serum IL-22 in wildtype carriers correlated highly with the corresponding CD susceptibility risk for each gene variant (r = 0.807). The IL-22 levels in carriers of CD risk-increasing IL23R variants were significantly higher than in carriers of CD risk-decreasing IL23R variants (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The Th17 cytokine IL-22 is expressed at high levels in CD and correlates with disease activity, offering a better separation between active and inactive CD than IL-6 and TNF-alpha. IL23R genotypes influence IL-22 serum expression, linking genetic CD susceptibility to Th17 cell function for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schmechel
- Department of Medicine II, Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
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366
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Sugimoto K, Ogawa A, Mizoguchi E, Shimomura Y, Andoh A, Bhan AK, Blumberg RS, Xavier RJ, Mizoguchi A. IL-22 ameliorates intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:534-44. [PMID: 18172556 PMCID: PMC2157567 DOI: 10.1172/jci33194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of IL-22 is induced in several human inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of the IL-22 receptor is restricted to innate immune cells; however, the role of IL-22 in colitis has not yet been defined. We developed what we believe to be a novel microinjection-based local gene-delivery system that is capable of targeting the inflamed intestine. Using this approach, we demonstrated a therapeutic potency for IL-22-mediated activation of the innate immune pathway in a mouse model of Th2-mediated colitis that induces disease with characteristics similar to that of IBD ulcerative colitis (UC). IL-22 gene delivery enhanced STAT3 activation specifically within colonic epithelial cells and induced both STAT3-dependent expression of mucus-associated molecules and restitution of mucus-producing goblet cells. Importantly, IL-22 gene delivery led to rapid amelioration of local intestinal inflammation. The amelioration of disease by IL-22 was mediated by enhanced mucus production. In addition, local gene delivery was used to inhibit IL-22 activity through overexpression of IL-22-binding protein. Treatment with IL-22-binding protein suppressed goblet cell restitution during the recovery phase of a dextran sulfate sodium-induced model of acute colitis. These data demonstrate what we believe to be a novel function for IL-22 in the intestine and suggest the potency of a local IL-22 gene-delivery system for treating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sugimoto
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Atsuhiro Ogawa
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yasuyo Shimomura
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akira Andoh
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Atul K. Bhan
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan.
Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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367
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Sengupta N, MacDonald TT. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in stromal/epithelial interactions in the gut. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 22:401-9. [PMID: 18073413 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is an extremely soft, highly vascularised tissue, with a single layer of epithelium separating the gut lumen from the host. Epithelial cells adhere to a thin basement membrane that is produced by both epithelial cells and the underlying stromal cells. Signals passing between epithelial cells and stromal cells are needed for normal gut structure. In gut diseases, however, epithelial cells and stromal cells produce large amounts of matrix degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases), the function of which is only beginning to be elucidated. Here, we review the role of matrix metalloproteonases (MMPs) in the gut in health, in gut inflammation, and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sengupta
- Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London
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368
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Ghilardi N, Ouyang W. Targeting the development and effector functions of TH17 cells. Semin Immunol 2008; 19:383-93. [PMID: 18083530 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
T helper (TH) cells can assume different phenotypes characterized by the secretion of distinct effector molecules. Interferon-gamma producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells have long been recognized as important mediators of host defense, whereas regulatory T cells are known to suppress T cell responses. Recently, TH17 cells were characterized as a novel CD4(+) subset that preferentially produces IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22 as the signature cytokines. TH17 cells appear to play a critical role in sustaining the inflammatory response and their presence is closely associated with autoimmune disease, which makes them an attractive therapeutic target. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of naive T cells into TH17 cells and on TH17 effector cytokines, as they represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1-DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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369
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Stockinger B, Veldhoen M, Martin B. Th17 T cells: linking innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:353-61. [PMID: 18023589 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the cytokine IL-17 has been cloned and described more than 10 years ago [Yao Z, Fanslow WC, Seldin MF, Rousseau AM, Painter SL, Comeau MR, et al. Herpesvirus Saimiri encodes a new cytokine, IL-17, which binds to a novel cytokine receptor. Immunity 1995;3(6):811-21; Kennedy J, Rossi DL, Zurawski SM, Vega Jr F, Kastelein RA, Wagner JL, et al. Mouse IL-17: a cytokine preferentially expressed by alpha beta TCR+CD4-CD8-T cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996;16(8):611-7], it was only 2 years ago that IL-17 producing T cells have been classified as a new distinct CD4 T cell subset [Harrington LE, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Turner H, Murphy TL, Murphy KM, et al. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol 2005;6(11):1123-32] and only in 2006 the molecular mechanisms underlying their differentiation were identified [Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ, Locksley RM, Stockinger B. TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity 2006;24(2):179-89; Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 2006;441(7090):235-8; Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O'Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature 2006;441(7090):231-4]. Since then the literature on IL-17 producing cells has grown steadily and many reviews of the field are already outdated by the time they are published, a fate that no doubt will affect this review as well. In order to avoid too many repetitions we focus this review mainly on publications in 2006 and 2007 and refer to a number of reviews, which cover earlier aspects of Th17/IL-17 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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370
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Zenewicz LA, Yancopoulos GD, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Karow M, Flavell RA. Interleukin-22 but not interleukin-17 provides protection to hepatocytes during acute liver inflammation. Immunity 2007; 27:647-59. [PMID: 17919941 PMCID: PMC2149911 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) is primarily expressed by T helper 17 (Th17) CD4(+) T cells and is highly upregulated during chronic inflammatory diseases. IL-22 receptor expression is absent on immune cells, but is instead restricted to the tissues, providing signaling directionality from the immune system to the tissues. However, the role of IL-22 in inflammatory responses has been confounded by data suggesting both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Herein, we provide evidence that during inflammation, IL-22 played a protective role in preventing tissue injury. Hepatocytes from mice deficient in IL-22 were highly sensitive to the detrimental immune response associated with hepatitis. Additionally, IL-22-expressing Th17 cells provided protection during hepatitis in IL-22-deficient mice. On the other hand, interleukin-17 (IL-17), which is coexpressed with IL-22 and can induce similar cellular responses, had no observable role in liver inflammation. Our data suggest that IL-22 serves as a protective molecule to counteract the destructive nature of the immune response to limit tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Zenewicz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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371
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Yagi Y, Andoh A, Inatomi O, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y. Inflammatory responses induced by interleukin-17 family members in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:746-53. [PMID: 17876544 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the potential role of interleukin (IL)-17 family members (IL-17A to IL-17F) in the induction of inflammatory responses in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs). METHODS The expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Northern blotting. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was assessed by immunoblotting. RESULTS IL-17A and IL-17F significantly enhanced IL-6, IL-8, LIF, MMP-1, and MMP-3 secretion. The effects of IL-17A were relatively stronger than those induced by IL-17F. The effects of IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, and IL-17E were modest as compared with those induced by IL-17A and IL-17F. Both IL-17A and IL-17F augmented IL-1beta-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, LIF, MMP-1, and MMP-3. A similar augmentation was also observed in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced cytokine and MMP secretion. IL-17A and IL-17F rapidly induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, p38 MAPKs, and c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) as early as 15 min after stimulation. Inhibitors for ERK (PD98059 and U0216) and p38 MAPK (SB203580) significantly reduced the IL-17F-induced IL-6, IL-8, LIF, MMP-1, and MMP-3 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Among IL-17 family members, IL-17A and IL-17F strongly stimulate human colonic SEMFs, inducing inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Yagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
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372
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Ziesché E, Bachmann M, Kleinert H, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. The interleukin-22/STAT3 pathway potentiates expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase in human colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16006-15. [PMID: 17438334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) has been identified as a marker and mediator of disease in human colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Accordingly, identification of mediators that trigger iNOS in colon carcinoma/epithelial cells is an important topic of current research. Here we demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-22, a newly described member of the IL-10 cytokine family, potently synergizes with interferon (IFN)-gamma for iNOS expression in human DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells. Detection of both IL-22 receptor chains and STAT3 phosphorylation proved robust IL-22 responsiveness of these cells. Short interfering RNA technology identified STAT3 as being crucial for up-regulation of iNOS. Compared with IFNgamma, STAT1 phosphorylation by IL-22 was insufficient. IL-22 did not stabilize IL-1beta/tumor necrosis factor-alpha/IFNgamma-induced iNOS mRNA. IL-22 also failed to amplify expression of the prototypic IFNgamma-inducible parameters IL-18-binding protein and CXCL-10, indicating that IL-22 is not a general amplifier of IFNgamma functions. This assumption is furthermore supported by the observation that IL-22 was unable to enhance cellular activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. In contrast, IL-22 increased iNOS promoter activation as detected by using DLD-1 cells stably transfected with a corresponding 16-kb promoter construct (pNOS2(16)-Luc). IL-22 likewise enhanced iNOS in Caco-2 colon carcinoma cells. With IL-22 we introduce a novel potent determinant of iNOS expression in human colon carcinoma/epithelial cells. Considering the eminent functions of STAT3 and iNOS in inflammation and carcinogenesis, IL-22 may represent a novel target for immunotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ziesché
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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373
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Wolk K, Witte E, Hoffmann U, Doecke WD, Endesfelder S, Asadullah K, Sterry W, Volk HD, Wittig BM, Sabat R. IL-22 induces lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in hepatocytes: a potential systemic role of IL-22 in Crohn's disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:5973-81. [PMID: 17442982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a common, chronic, inflammatory bowel disease characterized by intestinal infiltration of activated immune cells and distortion of the intestinal architecture. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-22, a cytokine that is mainly produced by activated Th1 and Th17 cells, was present in high quantities in the blood of CD patients in contrast to IFN-gamma and IL-17. In a mouse colitis model, IL-22 mRNA expression was elevated predominantly in the inflamed intestine but also in the mesenteric lymph nodes. IL-22BP, the soluble receptor for IL-22, demonstrated an affinity to IL-22 that was at least 4-fold higher than its membrane-bound receptor, and its strong constitutive expression in the intestine and lymph nodes was decreased in the inflamed intestine. To investigate the possible role of systemic IL-22 in CD, we then administered IL-22 to healthy mice and found an up-regulation of LPS-binding protein (LBP) blood levels reaching concentrations known to neutralize LPS. This systemic up-regulation was associated with increased hepatic but not renal or pulmonary LBP mRNA levels. IL-22 also enhanced the secretion of LBP in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 hepatoma cells in vitro. This increase was mainly transcriptionally regulated and synergistic with that of other LBP inducers. Finally, elevated LBP levels were detected in CD patients and the mouse colitis model. These data suggest that systemic IL-22 may contribute to the prevention of systemic inflammation provoked by LPS present in the blood of CD patients through its induction of hepatic LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wolk
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Charité Mitte, University Hospital Charité, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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374
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Sa SM, Valdez PA, Wu J, Jung K, Zhong F, Hall L, Kasman I, Winer J, Modrusan Z, Danilenko DM, Ouyang W. The effects of IL-20 subfamily cytokines on reconstituted human epidermis suggest potential roles in cutaneous innate defense and pathogenic adaptive immunity in psoriasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2229-40. [PMID: 17277128 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26 are members of the IL-10 family of cytokines that have been shown to be up-regulated in psoriatic skin. Contrary to IL-10, these cytokines signal using receptor complex R1 subunits that are preferentially expressed on cells of epithelial origin; thus, we henceforth refer to them as the IL-20 subfamily cytokines. In this study, we show that primary human keratinocytes (KCs) express receptors for these cytokines and that IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 induce acanthosis in reconstituted human epidermis (RHE) in a dose-dependent manner. These cytokines also induce expression of the psoriasis-associated protein S100A7 and keratin 16 in RHE and cause persistent activation of Stat3 with nuclear localization. IL-22 had the most pronounced effects on KC proliferation and on the differentiation of KCs in RHE, inducing a decrease in the granular cell layer (hypogranulosis). Furthermore, gene expression analysis performed on cultured RHE treated with these cytokines showed that IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24 regulate many of these same genes to variable degrees, inducing a gene expression profile consistent with inflammatory responses, wound healing re-epithelialization, and altered differentiation. Many of these genes have also been found to be up-regulated in psoriatic skin, including several chemokines, beta-defensins, S100 family proteins, and kallikreins. These results confirm that IL-20 subfamily cytokines are important regulators of epidermal KC biology with potentially pivotal roles in the immunopathology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Sa
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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375
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te Velde AA, de Kort F, Sterrenburg E, Pronk I, ten Kate FJW, Hommes DW, van Deventer SJH. Comparative analysis of colonic gene expression of three experimental colitis models mimicking inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:325-30. [PMID: 17206675 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are used to unravel the pathophysiology of IBD and to study new treatment modalities, but their relationship to Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) is speculative. METHODS Using Agilent mouse TOX oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyzed colonic gene expression profiles in three widely used models of experimental colitis. In 2 of the models (TNBS and DSS-induced colitis), exogenous agents induce the colitis. In the third model the colitis is induced after transfer of a T-cell population (CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells) that lacks regulatory cells into an immunodeficient host. RESULTS Compared with control mice, in DSS, TNBS, and the CD45RB transfer colitis mice, 387, 21, and 582 genes were more than 2-fold upregulated in the intestinal mucosa. Analyses of exclusively shared gene expression profiles between the different models revealed that DSS/transfer colitis share 69 concordantly upregulated genes, DSS/TNBS 6, and TNBS/transfer colitis 1. Seven genes were upregulated in all three models. The CD45RB transfer model expression profile included the most genes that are known to be upregulated in IBD. Of 32 genes that are known to change transcriptional activity in IBD (TNF, IFN-gamma, Ltbeta, IL-6, IL-16, IL-18R1, IL-22, CCR2, 7, CCL2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 17, 20, CXCR3, CXCL1, 5, 10, Mmp3, 7,9, 14, Timp1, Reg3gamma, and Pap, S-100a8, S-100a9, Abcb1, and Ptgs2), 2/32 are upregulated in TNBS, 15/32 are upregulated or downregulated in DSS and 30/32 are upregulated or downregulated in the CD45RB transfer colitis. CONCLUSION The pattern of gene expression in the CD45RB transfer model most closely reflects altered gene expression in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anje A te Velde
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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376
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Andoh A, Bamba S, Brittan M, Fujiyama Y, Wright NA. Role of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts in inflammation and regenerative response in the gut. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114:94-106. [PMID: 17328956 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an ongoing mucosal inflammation caused by a dysfunctional host immune response to commensal microbiota and dietary factors. In the pathophysiology of IBD, mesenchymal cells such as intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMF) affect the recruitment, retention and activation of immune cells. Mesenchymal cells also promote resolution of inflammatory activity accompanied with balanced repair processes. The transient appearance of mesenchymal cells is a feature of normal wound healing, but the persistence of these cells is associated with tissue fibrosis. Recent studies suggest that mesenchymal cells derived from bone marrow (BM) stem cells play a crucial role in intestinal repair and fibrosis. This article focuses on recent knowledge about ISEMF in the field of immune response inflammation and repair. Two major topics were documented: interaction between interleukin (IL)-17-secreting CD4+ cells (Th-17 cells) and about role of BM-derived stem cells in mucosal regenerative response via differentiation to ISEMF. Recent therapeutic strategies targeting BM stem cells for IBD patients were also documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu 520-2192, Japan.
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377
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Furuya S, Furuya K. Subepithelial fibroblasts in intestinal villi: roles in intercellular communication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 264:165-223. [PMID: 17964923 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)64004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of food and water induces chemical and mechanical signals that trigger peristaltic reflexes in the gut. Intestinal villi are motile, equipped with chemosensors and mechanosensors, and transduce signaling to sensory neurons, but the exact mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Subepithelial fibroblasts located under the villous epithelium form contractile cellular networks via gap junctions. The networks ensheathe lamina propria and are in close contact with epithelium, neural and capillary networks, smooth muscles, and immune cells. Unique characteristics of subepithelial fibroblasts have been revealed by primary cultures isolated from rat duodenal villi. They include rapid reversal changes in cell shape by cAMP reagents and endothelins, cell shape-dependent mechanosensitivity that induces ATP release as a paracrine mediator, contractile ability, and expression of various receptors for vasoactive and neuroactive substances. Herein, we review these characteristics that play a key role in the villi. They serve as a barrier/sieve, flexible mechanical frame, mechanosensor, and signal transduction machinery in the intestinal villi, which are regulated locally and dynamically by rapid cell shape conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Furuya
- Section of Brain Structure, Center for Brain Experiment, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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378
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Andoh A, Ogawa A, Bamba S, Fujiyama Y. Interaction between interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T cells and colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts: what are they doing in mucosal inflammation? J Gastroenterol 2007; 42 Suppl 17:29-33. [PMID: 17238023 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown alterations and activations in the mucosal immune system in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as well as in those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As one of effectors of mucosal inflammation, a new lineage of effector CD4+ T cells characterized by production of interleukin (IL)-17, the T-helper (Th)-17 lineage, was recently described. Th-17 cells are developmentally and functionally distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells. Here, we discuss the recent concept of low-grade inflammation as a factor associated with the pathophysiology of IBS. Furthermore, based on the data from our laboratory, interaction between Th-17 cells and colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts may play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tukinowa, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
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379
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The concentrations of IL-22, sFas and sFasL in HCV, HIV and HCV/HIV infections. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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380
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Liang SC, Tan XY, Luxenberg DP, Karim R, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Collins M, Fouser LA. Interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 are coexpressed by Th17 cells and cooperatively enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides. J Exp Med 2006; 203:2271-9. [PMID: 16982811 PMCID: PMC2118116 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1759] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells are a distinct lineage of effector CD4(+) T cells characterized by their production of interleukin (IL)-17. We demonstrate that Th17 cells also expressed IL-22, an IL-10 family member, at substantially higher amounts than T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cells. Similar to IL-17A, IL-22 expression was initiated by transforming growth factor beta signaling in the context of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines. The subsequent expansion of IL-22-producing cells was dependent on IL-23. We further demonstrate that IL-22 was coexpressed in vitro and in vivo with both IL-17A and IL-17F. To study a functional relationship among these cytokines, we examined the expression of antimicrobial peptides by primary keratinocytes treated with combinations of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F. IL-22 in conjunction with IL-17A or IL-17F synergistically induced the expression of beta-defensin 2 and S100A9 and additively enhanced the expression of S100A7 and S100A8. Collectively, we have identified IL-22 as a new cytokine expressed by Th17 cells that synergizes with IL-17A or IL-17F to regulate genes associated with skin innate immunity.
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381
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Wolk K, Sabat R. Interleukin-22: a novel T- and NK-cell derived cytokine that regulates the biology of tissue cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006; 17:367-80. [PMID: 17030002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, discovered in 2000, is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. The major sources of IL-22 are activated T1- and NK-cells. IL-22 acts via a heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2. Neither resting nor activated immune cells express IL-22R1 or respond to IL-22. In contrast, tissue cells at outer body barriers, i.e. of the skin, kidney, and the digestive and respiratory systems are targets of this cytokine. IL-22 functions by promoting the anti-microbial defense, protecting against damage, and re-organizing non-immune tissues. Furthermore, IL-22 induces acute phase reactants. These findings indicate that IL-22 represents a novel type of immune mediator that, although produced by immune cells, regulates tissue protection and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wolk
- Interdisciplinary group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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382
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Chang H, Hanawa H, Liu H, Yoshida T, Hayashi M, Watanabe R, Abe S, Toba K, Yoshida K, Elnaggar R, Minagawa S, Okura Y, Kato K, Kodama M, Maruyama H, Miyazaki J, Aizawa Y. Hydrodynamic-based delivery of an interleukin-22-Ig fusion gene ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2006; 177:3635-43. [PMID: 16951323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-22 is one of several cytokines with limited homology to IL-10. However, the biological activities of IL-22 are mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of IL-22 on rat experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) and elucidate an aspect of the biological activities of IL-22. Rats were immunized on day 0; IL-22-Ig-treated rats were injected with pCAGGS-IL-22-Ig and control rats with pCAGGS-Ig using hydrodynamics-based gene delivery on day 1 or day 6. IL-22-Ig gene therapy administered on day 1 or day 6 after immunization was effective in controlling EAM as monitored by the heart weight to body weight ratio, and the myocarditis area in rats was sacrificed on day 17. Examination of the expression of IL-22-related genes in purified cells from EAM hearts suggested that IL-22-Ig acting target cells were noncardiomyocytic (NC) noninflammatory cells such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Therefore, we examined the effect of rIL-22 or serum containing IL-22-Ig on the expression of immune-relevant genes in IL-1-stimulated NC cells cultured from EAM hearts. Results showed that the expression of immunologic molecules (PGE synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, MIP-2, MCP-1, IL-6, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2) in IL-1-stimulated NC cells was significantly decreased by rIL-22 or serum containing IL-22-Ig. EAM was suppressed by hydrodynamics-based delivery of plasmid DNA encoding IL-22-Ig, and the reason for this effectiveness may be that IL-22 suppressed gene expression of PG synthases, IL-6, and chemokines in activated NC noninflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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383
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Schmidt-Weber CB, Blaser K. The role of TGF-beta in allergic inflammation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006; 26:233-44, vi-vii. [PMID: 16701142 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays a dual role in allergic disease. It is important in suppressing T cells and also mediates repair responses that lead to unwanted remodeling of tissues. Advances in the immunology of allergy indicate that allergens cause overreactions in the lymphocyte compartment because of the lack or decreased number of suppressive, regulatory T cells. TGF-beta was shown to induce regulatory T cells and participate directly in suppression of effector T cells. Therefore, TGF-beta may help return reactivity to allergens to normal subsymptomatic activity. Whether chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma profit from TGF-beta-mediated suppression of specific immune responses or whether the TGF-beta-mediated tissue remodeling aggravates diseases more than it helps control immune reactions is unclear. This article addresses these issues and future strategies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.
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384
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Abstract
Lightman discusses a new study that found that in a mouse model of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), IL-10-deficient mice had decreased amounts of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Lightman
- Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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385
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Monteleone G, Fina D, Caruso R, Pallone F. New mediators of immunity and inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22:361-4. [PMID: 16760750 DOI: 10.1097/01.mog.0000231808.10773.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the tissue damage results from an inappropriate or exaggerated immune response to antigens of the gut microflora. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the role of immune-inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. RECENT FINDINGS Despite having a common basis in overresponsiveness to luminal antigens, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are immunologically distinct entities. Crohn's disease is associated with a Th1 T cell-mediated response, characterized by enhanced production of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Interleukin (IL)-12 and, possibly, IL-23 govern the Th1 cell differentiation, but optimal induction and stabilization of polarized Th1 cells would require additional cytokines, such as IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21. In ulcerative colitis, the local immune response is less polarized, but it is characterized by CD1-reactive natural killer T cell production of IL-13. Beyond these differences, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis share important end-stage effector pathways of intestinal injury, which are mediated by an active cross-talk between immune and non-immune mucosal cells. SUMMARY The clarification of the complex network of immune-inflammatory mediators operating in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease has led to the identification of new targets that could, in turn, drive the development of effective biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for the Study of Genomic Risk in Complex and Multifactorial Pathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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386
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Medina C, Radomski MW. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in intestinal inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:933-8. [PMID: 16644899 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), are produced in the gastrointestinal tract by several structural cells. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is essential for many physiological processes in the gut. However, imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diverse intestinal inflammatory conditions. We reviewed the role of the MMP/TIMP system in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases and pharmacologic perspectives for the use of compounds that restore the MMP/TIMP balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Medina
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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387
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Brand S, Beigel F, Olszak T, Zitzmann K, Eichhorst ST, Otte JM, Diepolder H, Marquardt A, Jagla W, Popp A, Leclair S, Herrmann K, Seiderer J, Ochsenkühn T, Göke B, Auernhammer CJ, Dambacher J. IL-22 is increased in active Crohn's disease and promotes proinflammatory gene expression and intestinal epithelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G827-38. [PMID: 16537974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00513.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-22 is produced by activated T cells and signals through a receptor complex consisting of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2. The aim of this study was to analyze IL-22 receptor expression, signal transduction, and specific biological functions of this cytokine system in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Expression studies were performed by RT-PCR. Signal transduction was analyzed by Western blot experiments, cell proliferation by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay and Fas-induced apoptosis by flow cytometry. IEC migration was studied in wounding assays. The IEC lines Caco-2, DLD-1, SW480, HCT116, and HT-29 express both IL-22 receptor subunits IL-22R1 and IL-10R2. Stimulation with TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and LPS significantly upregulated IL-22R1 without affecting IL-10R2 mRNA expression. IL-22 binding to its receptor complex activates STAT1/3, Akt, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK MAP kinases. IL-22 significantly increased cell proliferation (P = 0.002) and phosphatidylinsitol 3-kinase-dependent IEC cell migration (P < 0.00001) as well as mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and human beta-defensin-2. IL-22 had no effect on Fas-induced apoptosis. IL-22 mRNA expression was increased in inflamed colonic lesions of patients with Crohn's disease and correlated highly with the IL-8 expression in these lesions (r = 0.840). Moreover, IL-22 expression was increased in murine dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. IEC express functional receptors for IL-22, which increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and promotes the innate immune response by increased defensin expression. Moreover, our data indicate intestinal barrier functions for this cytokine-promoting IEC migration, which suggests an important function in intestinal inflammation and wound healing. IL-22 is increased in active Crohn's disease and promotes proinflammatory gene expression and IEC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, University-Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany.
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388
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Andoh A, Bamba S, Fujiyama Y, Brittan M, Wright NA. Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts in mucosal inflammation and repair: contribution of bone marrow-derived stem cells to the gut regenerative response. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:1089-99. [PMID: 16378172 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-005-1727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
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