351
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352
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Pulla Reddy A, Lokesh BR. Alterations in lipid peroxides in rat liver by dietary n-3 fatty acids: modulation of antioxidant enzymes by curcumin, eugenol, and vitamin E. J Nutr Biochem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(94)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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353
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KELLEHER STEPHEND, HULTIN HERBERTO, WILHELM KURTA. Stability of Mackerel Surimi Prepared under Lipid-Stabilizing Processing Conditions. J Food Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb06945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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354
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355
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Giulivi C, Cadenas E. Ferrylmyoglobin: formation and chemical reactivity toward electron-donating compounds. Methods Enzymol 1994; 233:189-202. [PMID: 8015456 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(94)33022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033
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356
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JAFAR SAJIDAS, HULTIN HERBERTO, BIMBO ANTHONYP, CROWTHER JANEB, BARLOW STUARTM. STABILIZATION BY ANTIOXIDANTS OF MAYONNAISE MADE FROM FISH OIL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1994.tb00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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357
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MEI LONGYUAN, CRUM ANDREAD, DECKER ERICA. DEVELOPMENT OF LIPID OXIDATION AND INACTIVATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN COOKED PORK AND BEEF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1994.tb00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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358
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Bucala R, Makita Z, Koschinsky T, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Lipid advanced glycosylation: pathway for lipid oxidation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:6434-8. [PMID: 8341651 PMCID: PMC46946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To address potential mechanisms for oxidative modification of lipids in vivo, we investigated the possibility that phospholipids react directly with glucose to form advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) that then initiate lipid oxidation. Phospholipid-linked AGEs formed readily in vitro, mimicking the absorbance, fluorescence, and immunochemical properties of AGEs that result from advanced glycosylation of proteins. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid residues, as assessed by reactive aldehyde formation, occurred at a rate that paralleled the rate of lipid advanced glycosylation. Aminoguanidine, an agent that prevents protein advanced glycosylation, inhibited both lipid advanced glycosylation and oxidative modification. Incubation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) with glucose produced AGE moieties that were attached to both the lipid and the apoprotein components. Oxidized LDL formed concomitantly with AGE-modified LDL. Of significance, AGE ELISA analysis of LDL specimens isolated from diabetic individuals revealed increased levels of both apoprotein- and lipid-linked AGEs when compared to specimens obtained from normal, nondiabetic controls. Circulating levels of oxidized LDL were elevated in diabetic patients and correlated significantly with lipid AGE levels. These data support the concept that AGE oxidation plays an important and perhaps primary role in initiating lipid oxidation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bucala
- Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
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359
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Kinsella JE, Black JM. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the efficacy of antineoplastic agents toward L5178Y lymphoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:1881-7. [PMID: 8494547 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modification of cultured lymphoma cells (L5178Y) with individual unsaturated fatty acids [oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] influenced cell growth and the responses of the cells to the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin (DRN), dexamethasone (DEX) and mitomycin-C (MTC). Cell proliferation generally decreased following modification with highly unsaturated fatty acids (> 10 microM). The effects of drugs on growth varied with the type of fatty acid. Preincubation with alpha-LNA enhanced survival of L5178Y cells exposed to DRN. Modification with AA, EPA or DHA (> 10 microM) reduced cell proliferation, particularly when cells were subsequently exposed to 50 or 100 nM DRN. There was no consistent relationship between fatty acid chain length, degree of unsaturation, and survival of cells when exposed to DEX or MTC. The data showed that modification of cultured L5178Y cells with highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly DHA, enhances the toxic action of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Kinsella
- Lipids Research Group, University of California, Davis 95616
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360
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INGEMANSSON T, PElTERSSON A, KAUFMANN P. Lipid Hydrolysis and Oxidation Related to Astaxanthin Content in Light and Dark Muscle of Frozen Stored Rainbow Trout (Oncorbynchus mykiss). J Food Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb04313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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361
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Chang J, Watson WP, Randerath E, Randerath K. Bulky DNA-adduct formation induced by Ni(II) in vitro and in vivo as assayed by 32P-postlabeling. Mutat Res 1993; 291:147-59. [PMID: 7680419 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(93)90154-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Various small oxidation products (e.g. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) can be induced in DNA by nickel compounds. In this study, the 32P-postlabeling assay was applied to determine whether Ni(II) compounds are able to induce bulky DNA-adduct formation in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies detected two major and several minor adducts in DNA incubated with NiCl2 and H2O2 at 37 degrees C for 1 h. Formation of the two major adducts increased with incubation time (0-24 h) and NiCl2 concentration (0-800 microM). Adduct levels were greatly reduced by hydroxyl free-radical scavengers, i.e. 0.4 M sodium formate or 0.05 M p-nitrosodimethylaniline, and by a singlet oxygen scavenger, 0.05 M sodium azide. The in vitro effects of NiCl2 on DNA were significantly enhanced by (1) addition of 3 mM ascorbic acid, (2) replacement of H2O with D2O in the reaction, and (3) prior denaturation of DNA. Adduct formation presumably involved a Fenton-type reaction, in which DNA crosslinks may arise by reaction with hydroxyl free radicals and singlet oxygen. For in vivo studies, male 6-8 wk old B6C3F1 mice were used. In untreated mice, several I-compounds (putative indigenous DNA modifications that increase with age) were detected in liver, kidney, and lung. Two of these (spots 1 and 2) were chromatographically identical to the two major spots induced by Ni(II) in vitro. The intensities of spots 1 and 2 in kidney and of some other spots in liver and lung were increased 1 and 2 h after i.p. injection with a single dose of 170 mumols/kg NiAc2. The effects of NiAc2 were reduced or undetectable in the three tissues 24 h after treatment. These observations indicate the capacity of Ni(II) to induce and modulate bulky DNA modifications both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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362
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WANASUNDARA UDAYAN, SHAHIDI FEREIDOON. APPLICATION OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY TO ASSESS OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF CANOLA AND SOYBEAN OILS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1993.tb00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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363
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Abstract
Lipid oxidation products are present in unknown amounts in the food supply of industrialized societies. Evidence for a putative role of some of these compounds in accelerating events in the atherogenic process--the initiation of endothelial injury, the accumulation of plaque, and the termination phase of thrombosis--comes from both animal and human studies. Although metabolic and epidemiological studies in humans and animals generally support the concept that a higher intake of polyunsaturates is beneficial to lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular health, some findings suggest that a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids that are insufficiently protected by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may carry a higher risk of atherosclerosis. Although gross pathological effects of ingestion of lipid oxidation products are unlikely in the human feeding situation, more subtle metabolic actions of these compounds on vitamin E status, platelet activity, and lipoprotein metabolism cannot yet be discounted. The presence of reactive lipid oxidation components in foods needs more systematic research in terms of the metabolic effects of these compounds and their occurrence in the usual diet, as well as the associated antioxidant requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubow
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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364
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Abstract
Peroxidation of unsaturated lipids, initially studied in the chemistry of oil and fat rancidity, has become a problem of increasing interest in the biological field, because of its proposed role in a variety of pathological conditions. The general mechanism of the process, the formation of toxic aldehydes capable to react with protein and non protein thiols, and the overall effects in cellular membranes are reviewed. The possible implications of lipid peroxidation as one of the main mechanisms of cellular damage in both toxic injury and other pathological conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comporti
- Instituto di Pathologia Generale, Università di Siena, Italy
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365
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EUN JONGBANG, HEARNSBERGER JAMESO, KIM JINM. Antioxidants, Activators, and Inhibitors Affect the Enzymic Lipid Peroxidation System of Catfish Muscle Microsomes. J Food Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb03214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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366
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finley
- Nabisco Foods Group, East Hanover, New Jersey
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367
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Abstract
Radicals are species containing one or more unpaired electrons, such as nitric oxide (NO.). The oxygen radical superoxide (O2.-) and the nonradical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced during normal metabolism and perform several useful functions. Excessive production of O2.- and H2O2 can result in tissue damage, which often involves generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radical (.OH) and other oxidants in the presence of "catalytic" iron or copper ions. An important form of antioxidant defense is the storage and transport of iron and copper ions in forms that will not catalyze formation of reactive radicals. Tissue injury, e.g., by ischemia or trauma, can cause increased metal ion availability and accelerate free radical reactions. This may be especially important in the brain because areas of this organ are rich in iron and CSF cannot bind released iron ions. Oxidative stress on nervous tissue can produce damage by several interacting mechanisms, including increases in intracellular free Ca2+ and, possibly, release of excitatory amino acids. Recent suggestions that free radical reactions are involved in the neurotoxicity of aluminum and in damage to the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease are reviewed. Finally, the nature of antioxidants is discussed, it being suggested that antioxidant enzymes and chelators of transition metal ions may be more generally useful protective agents than chain-breaking antioxidants. Careful precautions must be used in the design of antioxidants for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, UC-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817
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368
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KELLEHER STEPHEND, SILVA LAURIEA, HULTIN HERBERTO, WILHELM KURTA. Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation during Processing of Washed, Minced Atlantic Mackerel. J Food Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb11273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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369
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Evans PJ, Cecchini R, Halliwell B. Oxidative damage to lipids and alpha 1-antiproteinase by phenylbutazone in the presence of haem proteins: protection by ascorbic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:981-4. [PMID: 1530664 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenylbutazone is an anti-inflammatory drug with numerous side-effects that restrict its clinical use. In the presence of myoglobin, or of haemoglobin plus H2O2, phenylbutazone accelerates the peroxidation of lipids (arachidonic acid and rat liver microsomes) and causes the inactivation of alpha-antiproteinase, so that this protein can no longer inhibit elastase. We propose that haem proteins oxidize phenylbutazone into a damaging free radical. Ascorbic acid inhibits these pro-oxidant actions of phenylbutazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of London Kings College, U.K
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370
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Mikkelsen A, Sosniecki L, Skibsted LH. Myoglobin catalysis in lipid oxidation Assay for activity with linoleic acid as substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01202800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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371
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Shantha NC, Decker EA, Ustunol Z. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in processed cheese. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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372
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Erickson MC, Hultin HO. Influence of histidine on lipid peroxidation in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 292:427-32. [PMID: 1731609 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90012-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The free amino acid, histidine, which exists at high concentrations in some muscle systems, has previously been demonstrated to both inhibit and activate lipid peroxidation in membrane model systems. This study sought to characterize the specificity of histidine's effect on iron-catalyzed enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation. Under conditions of activation (histidine added to the reaction mixture after ADP and ferric ion), alpha-amino, carboxylate, and pyrrole nitrogen were demonstrated to be involved by kinetic techniques in the activation of the enzymatic system. It is hypothesized that a mixed ligand complex (iron, ADP, and histidine) formed may allow rapid redox cycling of iron. While increasing concentrations of histidine led to increasing levels of stimulation in the enzymatic system, the maximum stimulation of a nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation system of ascorbate and ferric ion occurred at histidine concentrations near 2.5 mM. Inhibition of a nonenzymatic system (ferrous ion), on the other hand, occurred at all concentrations of histidine when the ferrous ion was exposed to ADP prior to histidine. In enzymatic systems, under conditions when the ferric ion was exposed to histidine prior to ADP, inhibition of lipid peroxidation by histidine also occurred. The inhibitory effect of histidine was ascribed to the imidazole group and may arise from the formation of a different iron complex or the acceleration of polymerization, dehydration, and insolubilization of the ferric ion by the imidazole nitrogen. The demonstrated ability of histidine to affect in vitro lipid peroxidation systems raises the possibility that this free amino acid may modulate lipid peroxidation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Erickson
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts/Amherst
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373
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Abstract
Lipid oxidation in foods is initiated by free radical and/or singlet oxygen mechanisms which generate a series of autocatalytic free radical reactions. These autoxidation reactions lead to the breakdown of lipid and to the formation of a wide array of oxidation products. The nature and proportion of these products can vary widely between foods and depend on the composition of the food as well as numerous environmental factors. The toxicological significance of lipid oxidation in foods is complicated by interactions of secondary lipid oxidation products with other food components. These interactions could either form complexes that limit the bioavailability of lipid breakdown products or can lead to the formation of toxic products derived from non-lipid sources. A lack of gross pathological consequences has generally been observed in animals fed oxidized fats. On the other hand, secondary products of lipid autoxidation can be absorbed and may cause an increase in oxidative stress and deleterious changes in lipoprotein and platelet metabolism. The presence of reactive lipid oxidation products in foods needs more systematic research in terms of complexities of food component interactions and the metabolic processing of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubow
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec
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374
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Osinchak JE, Hultin HO, Zajicek OT, Kelleher SD, Huang CH. Effect of NaCl on catalysis of lipid oxidation by the soluble fraction of fish muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 1992; 12:35-41. [PMID: 1537569 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(92)90056-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sodium chloride stimulated catalysis of oxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes by the soluble fraction of mackerel muscle. Chloride was determined to be the active component of the salt in this system. Sulfate also stimulated lipid oxidation. No difference was observed with either anion among sodium, potassium, or lithium cations. Redox iron was involved in the chloride stimulation of lipid oxidation by the press juice. Part of the chloride stimulation of the press juice was mediated through the high molecular weight (greater than 5 kdalton) fraction. Chloride improved the pro-oxidative effect of ascorbate on rat liver ferritin in vitro. It did not appear that production of chlorine radical by peroxidase was involved in the stimulatory effect of chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Osinchak
- Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Food Science, Gloucester 01930
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375
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Kanner J, Harel S, Granit R. Nitric oxide, an inhibitor of lipid oxidation by lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase and hemoglobin. Lipids 1992; 27:46-9. [PMID: 1608303 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that nitric oxide, which is an important mammalian metabolite, can inhibit oxidation by lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase and hemoglobin. The inhibition is manifested as a lag-phase that is reversible. The inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase seems to derive from i) the capability of .NO to reduce the ferric enzyme to the ferrous form, which is inactive; ii) competition for the iron site available for exogenous ligands; and iii) the radical scavenging ability of the nitroxide radical. Nitric oxide may act as a modulator of the arachidonic acid cascade and in the generation of oxygen-active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kanner
- Department of Food Science, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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376
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377
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Abstract
A free radical is any species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons. Free radicals and other reactive oxygen species are frequently proposed to be involved in the pathology of several neurological disorders. Criteria for establishing such involvement are presented. Development of new methods for measuring oxidative damage should enable elucidation of the precise role of reactive oxygen species in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817
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378
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379
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ANDERSEN HENRIKJ, SKIBSTED LEIFH. Oxidative Stability of Frozen Pork Patties. Effect of Light and Added Salt. J Food Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb04729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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380
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Abstract
Benzoate monohydroxy compounds, and in particular salicylate, were produced during interaction of ferrous complexes with hydrogen peroxide (Fenton reaction) in a N2 environment. These reactions were inhibited when Fe complexes were flushed, prior to the addition in the model system, by nitric oxide. Methionine oxidation to ethylene by Fenton reagents was also inhibited by nitric oxide. Myoglobin in several forms such as metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and nitric oxide-myoglobin were interacted with an equimolar concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Spectra changes in the visible region and the changes in membrane (microsomes) lipid peroxidation by the accumulation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) were determined. The results showed that metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin were activated by H2O2 to ferryl myoglobin, which initiates membrane lipid peroxidation; but not nitric oxide-myoglobin, which, during interaction with H2O2, did not form ferryl but metmyoglobin which only poorly affected lipid peroxidation. It is assumed that nitric oxide, liganded to ferrous complexes, acts to prevent the prooxidative reaction of these complexes with H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kanner
- Department of Food Science, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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381
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FARAJI HABIBOLLAH, DECKER ERICA. Inhibition of Phosphatidylcholine Liposome Oxidation by Porcine Plasma. J Food Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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382
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383
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Role of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of membrane-associated disorders in edible plant tissue. Trends Food Sci Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0924-2244(91)90661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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384
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385
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Kinsella JE. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of fish oils, autoxidation ex vivo and peroxidation in vivo: implications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 289:255-68. [PMID: 1897394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2626-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Kinsella
- Institute of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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386
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Stanley DW. Biological membrane deterioration and associated quality losses in food tissues. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991; 30:487-553. [PMID: 1958293 DOI: 10.1080/10408399109527554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are rarely considered by food scientists when the deteriorative reactions that take place during the processing or storage of food tissues are studied. Yet, membranes and their deterioration play a major but underestimated role in food losses, and recent biochemical information indicates that at least some of these reactions can be controlled by procedures suited to food materials. Much of the present information available on membrane degradation in food systems is incomplete and speculative. It is known, however, that in order to accomplish their many indispensable functions in cells, membranes are constituted mainly of phospholipids, protein, and some carbohydrates arranged in thin, bimolecular sheet-like structures that serve to compartmentalize cells and their organelles. Membranes have embedded in their asymmetric surfaces complements of catalytic and cytoskeletal proteins that serve permeability and structural functions. Membrane surfaces exhibit fluidity, due partially to the continuous lateral diffusion of lipids and some proteins. Two important consequences of fluidity are the ability of membrane phospholipids to exist in different interconvertible conformational phase structures and the formation of heterogenous lipid domains on the membrane surface. Cellular death leads unavoidably to the initiation of membrane deterioration. While the time course of this series of reactions differs in animal and plant tissue, they are damaged by generally similar mechanisms. These include an initial peroxidative attack on polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the concomitant production of free radicals. Many biological agents can act as accelerating agents in these reactions, including transition metal ions, heme compounds, radiation, illuminated chlorophyll, calcium, and ethylene. Once formed, free radicals catalyze further reactions that can affect all aspects of membrane function and cellular metabolism, and lead ultimately to significant losses in food quality through defects such as chilling injury and cold shortening. These are aggravated by many food-processing steps, especially those that involve tissue disruption. Control of membrane breakdown by exogenous chemical intervention has been practiced, but, at best, this only slows the rate of these reactions. Newer approaches to this problem include dietary treatment of meat animals, modified storage and packaging conditions, and genetic interventions. This review advances the proposition that membrane deterioration can be considered a "universal mechanism" that leads to significant quality losses in food. Perhaps because the study of biological membranes and the biochemical and physiological properties has only begun recently, not much progress has been made in finding practical control mechanisms for these reactions in food systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Stanley
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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387
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El pulmón como órgano diana del estrés oxidativo. radicales libres y especies activas del oxígeno. Arch Bronconeumol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(15)31560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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388
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Decker
- ; Food Science Section, Department of Animal Sciences; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40546
| | - Habibollah Faraji
- ; Food Science Section, Department of Animal Sciences; University of Kentucky; Lexington KY 40546
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389
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DECKER ERICA, HULTIN HERBERTO. Factors Influencing Catalysis of Lipid Oxidation by the Soluble Fraction of Mackerel Muscle. J Food Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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390
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391
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Abstract
The antioxidants in the aqueous phase of human plasma include ceruloplasmin, albumin (the protein itself and possibly also albumin-bound bilirubin), ascorbic acid, transferrin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin. Assays that attempt to answer the question "what is the most important antioxidant?" are compared, it being concluded that the answer is different depending on the nature of the prooxidant stress imposed in the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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392
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Gutteridge JM, Maidt L, Poyer L. Superoxide dismutase and Fenton chemistry. Reaction of ferric-EDTA complex and ferric-bipyridyl complex with hydrogen peroxide without the apparent formation of iron(II). Biochem J 1990; 269:169-74. [PMID: 2165392 PMCID: PMC1131547 DOI: 10.1042/bj2690169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A ferric-EDTA complex, prepared directly from FeCl3 or from an oxidized ferrous salt, reacts with H2O2 to form hydroxyl radicals (.OH), which degrade deoxyribose and benzoate with the release of thiobarbituric acid-reactive material, hydroxylate benzoate to form fluorescent dihydroxy products and react with 5,5-dimethylpyrrolidine N-oxide (DMPO) to form a DMPO-OH adduct. Degradation of deoxyribose and benzoate and the hydroxylation of benzoate are substantially inhibited by superoxide dismutase and .OH-radical scavengers such as formate, thiourea and mannitol. Inhibition by the enzyme superoxide dismutase implies that the reduction of the ferric-EDTA complex for participation in the Fenton reaction is superoxide-(O2.-)-dependent, and not H2O2-dependent as frequently implied. When ferric-bipyridyl complex at a molar ratio of 1:4 is substituted for ferric-EDTA complex (molar ratio 1:1) and the same experiments are conducted, oxidant damage is low and deoxyribose and benzoate degradation were poorly if at all inhibited by superoxide dismutase and .OH-radical scavengers. Benzoate hydroxylation, although weak, was, however, more effectively inhibited by superoxide dismutase and .OH-radical scavengers, implicating some role for .OH. The iron-bipyridyl complex had available iron-binding capacity and therefore would not allow iron to remain bound to buffer or detector molecules. Most .OH radicals produced by the iron-bipyridyl complex and H2O2 are likely to damage the bipyridyl molecules first, with few reacting in free solution with the detector molecules. Deoxyribose and benzoate degradation appeared to be mediated by an oxidant species not typical of .OH, and species such as the ferryl ion-bipyridyl complex may have contributed to the damage observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gutteridge
- Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
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393
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Abstract
Iron has been shown to initiate a variety of free radical reactions in biological systems. The present study examined the in vitro susceptibility of homogenates prepared from different regions of rat brain to iron-induced peroxidation. Among the regions studied, basal thiobarbituric acid-reactive product (TBAR) formation is highest in the cerebellum and amygdala, intermediate in the cortex, hippocampus, and neostratium, and lowest in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and brainstem. In the presence of 200 microM FeCl3, there is a 20-25-fold increase in the net TBAR formation in all regions, with TBAR formation in the cerebellum and amygdala being significantly higher than in the midbrain and brainstem. Time-course and dose-response studies of iron-induced peroxidation showed that the cerebellum and amygdala are the most susceptible regions with respect to concentration of iron and duration of the incubation time, whereas the midbrain and brainstem are the least affected areas. Following low-speed (1,000 g) centrifugation of brain part homogenates, TBAR formation in the supernatant fractions is quite uniform across regions, while the pellet fractions give the same regional variations as the whole homogenates. TBAR formation in both fractions is increased 20-30-fold in the presence of 200 microM iron. Brain tissue TBAR formation induced by 200 microM iron is inhibited by the iron chelator desferrioxamine (IC50 = 600 microM), by Tris buffer pH = 8.0 (2.5 mM Tris gives 50% inhibition by trapping hydroxyl radicals), and by high concentrations of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IC50 = 1.2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Subbarao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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394
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Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Trends Biochem Sci 1990; 15:129-35. [PMID: 2187293 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(90)90206-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The basic chemistry of the propagation of lipid peroxidation reactions has been known for years, but the mechanism of initiation of this process in biological membrane systems is still uncertain. Currently available assays for measuring peroxidation are reviewed--the more specific the assay used, the less peroxide is found in healthy human tissues and body fluids. Lipid peroxidation can arise as a consequence of tissue injury in many disease states and may sometimes contribute significantly to worsening the tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gutteridge
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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395
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Fraga CG, Tappel AL, Leibovitz BE, Kuypers F, Chiu D, Iacono JM, Kelley DS. Lability of red blood cell membranes to lipid peroxidation: application to humans fed polyunsaturated lipids. Lipids 1990; 25:111-4. [PMID: 2329922 DOI: 10.1007/bf02562214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell membranes (RBCM) were used to estimate human red blood cell lability to lipid peroxidation in vitro. RBCM were prepared from blood collected from humans fed diets with either 3 or 15% polyunsaturated fatty acids for 80 days. RBCM were isolated by centrifugation, and oxidative stress was induced by in vitro incubation with 0.1 or 0.5 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) in the presence of 0.5 mg added hemoglobin. Lipid Peroxidation was evaluated by measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Lipid peroxidation correlated with the protein content of RBCM in both noninduced and t-BOOH-induced lipid peroxidation systems. TBARS production was dependent on the amount of t-BOOH added to the RBCM. The production of TBARS by RBCM incubated with 0.5 mM t-BOOH was correlated with arachidonic acid content in the red blood cells (RBC) from which RBCM were prepared. The methodology developed was useful for comparative estimations of the lability of RBCM to lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Fraga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616
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396
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Abstract
An antioxidant is a substance that, when present at low concentrations compared to those of an oxidizable substrate, significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate. Many substances have been suggested to act as antioxidants in vivo, but few have been proved to do so. The present review addresses the criteria necessary to evaluate a proposed antioxidant activity. Simple methods for assessing the possibility of physiologically-feasible scavenging of important biological oxidants (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, hypochlorous acid, haem-associated ferryl species, radicals derived from activated phagocytes, and peroxyl radicals, both lipid-soluble and water-soluble) are presented, and the appropriate control experiments are described. Methods that may be used to gain evidence that a compound actually does function as an antioxidant in vivo are discussed. A review of the pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid that have been reported in the literature leads to the conclusion that this compound acts as an antioxidant in vivo under most circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of London King's College, UK
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397
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Colour and colour stability of hot processed frozen minced beef. Results from chemical model experiments tested under storage conditions. Meat Sci 1990; 28:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(90)90033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/1989] [Revised: 09/08/1989] [Accepted: 10/10/1989] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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398
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ASGHAR A, LIN C, GRAY J, BUCKLEY D, BOOREN A, FLEGAL C. Effects of Dietary Oils and ?-Tocopherol Supplementation on Membranal Lipid Oxidation in Broiler Meat. J Food Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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399
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Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186:1-85. [PMID: 2172697 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)86093-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2933] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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400
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Halliwell B. Oxidants and the central nervous system: some fundamental questions. Is oxidant damage relevant to Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic injury or stroke? ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 126:23-33. [PMID: 2694733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radicals are species containing one or more unpaired electrons. The oxygen radical superoxide (O2-) and the non-radical oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced during normal metabolism and perform several useful functions. Excessive production of O2- and H2O2 can result in tissue damage, which often involves generation of highly-reactive hydroxyl radical (.OH) and other oxidants in the presence of "catalytic" iron ions. A major form of antioxidant defence is the storage and transport of iron ions in forms that will not catalyze formation of reactive radicals. Tissue injury, eg. by ischaemia or trauma, can cause increased iron availability and accelerate free radical reactions. This may be especially important in the brain, since areas of this organ are rich in iron and cerebrospinal fluid cannot bind released iron ions. Oxidant stress upon nervous tissue can produce damage by several interacting mechanisms, including rises in intracellular free Ca2+ and, possibly, release of excitatory amino acids. Recent suggestions that iron-dependent free radical reactions are involved in the neurotoxicity of aluminium and in damage to the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease are reviewed. Finally, the nature of antioxidants is discussed, it being suggested that antioxidant enzymes and chelators of iron ions may be more generally-useful protective agents than chain-breaking antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, King's College, University of London, U.K
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