351
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Gotcha N, Terblanche JS, Nyamukondiwa C. Plasticity and cross-tolerance to heterogeneous environments: divergent stress responses co-evolved in an African fruit fly. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:98-110. [PMID: 29080375 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic adjustments of physiological tolerance to a particular stressor can result in fitness benefits for resistance that might manifest not only in that same environment but also be advantageous when faced with alternative environmental stressors, a phenomenon termed 'cross-tolerance'. The nature and magnitude of cross-tolerance responses can provide important insights into the underlying genetic architecture, potential constraints on or versatility of an organism's stress responses. In this study, we tested for cross-tolerance to a suite of abiotic factors that likely contribute to setting insect population dynamics and geographic range limits: heat, cold, desiccation and starvation resistance in adult Ceratitis rosa following acclimation to all these isolated individual conditions prior to stress assays. Traits of stress resistance scored included critical thermal (activity) limits, chill coma recovery time (CCRT), heat knockdown time (HKDT), desiccation and starvation resistance. In agreement with other studies, we found that acclimation to one stress typically increased resistance for that same stress experienced later in life. A more novel outcome, however, is that here we also found substantial evidence for cross-tolerance. For example, we found an improvement in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTmax ) following starvation or desiccation hardening and improved desiccation resistance following cold acclimation, indicating pronounced cross-tolerance to these environmental stressors for the traits examined. We also found that two different traits of the same stress resistance differed in their responsiveness to the same stress conditions (e.g. HKDT was less cross-resistant than CTmax ). The results of this study have two major implications that are of broader importance: (i) that these traits likely co-evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species. This species may prove to be a valuable model for future work on the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of cross-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gotcha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - J S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
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352
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Chuine I, Régnière J. Process-Based Models of Phenology for Plants and Animals. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phenology is a key aspect of plant and animal life strategies that determines the ability to capture seasonally variable resources. It defines the season and duration of growth and reproduction and paces ecological interactions and ecosystem functions. Phenology models have become a key component of models in agronomy, forestry, ecology, and biogeosciences. Plant and animal process-based phenology models have taken different paths that have so far not crossed. Yet, they share many features because plant and animal annual cycles also share many characteristics, from their stepwise progression, including a resting period, to their dependence on similar environmental factors. We review the strengths and shortcomings of these models and the divergences in modeling approaches for plants and animals, which are mostly due to specificities of the questions they tackle. Finally, we discuss the most promising avenues and the challenges phenology modeling needs to address in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Chuine
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique—Université de Montpellier—Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier—EPHE, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Régnière
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Québec, Québec, G1V 4C7 Canada
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353
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Sentis A, Hemptinne JL, Brodeur J. Non-additive effects of simulated heat waves and predators on prey phenotype and transgenerational phenotypic plasticity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4598-4608. [PMID: 28241403 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of extreme climatic events on species and their interactions is of paramount importance for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change on communities and ecosystems. However, the joint effects of extreme climatic events and species interactions on the behaviour and phenotype of organisms remain poorly understood, leaving a substantial gap in our knowledge on the impacts of climatic change on ecological communities. Using an aphid-ladybeetle system, we experimentally investigated the effects of predators and heat shocks on prey body size, microhabitat use, and transgenerational phenotypic plasticity (i.e., the asexual production of winged offspring by unwinged mothers). We found that (i) aphids were smaller in the presence of predators but larger when exposed to frequent heat shocks; (ii) frequent heat shocks shifted aphid distribution towards the plant's apex, but the presence of predators had the opposite effect and dampened the heat-shock effects; and (iii) aphids responded to predators by producing winged offspring, but heat shocks strongly inhibited this transgenerational response to predation. Overall, our experimental results show that heat shocks inhibit phenotypic and behavioural responses to predation (and vice versa) and that such changes may alter trophic interactions, and have important consequences on the dynamics and stability of ecological communities. We conclude that the effects of extreme climatic events on the phenotype and behaviour of interacting species should be considered to understand the effects of climate change on species interactions and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 "Evolution et Diversité Biologique", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Toulouse III - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hemptinne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5174 "Evolution et Diversité Biologique", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Toulouse III - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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354
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Stoks R, Verheyen J, Van Dievel M, Tüzün N. Daily temperature variation and extreme high temperatures drive performance and biotic interactions in a warming world. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:35-42. [PMID: 29129280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We review the major patterns on the effects of daily temperature variation (DTV) and extreme high temperatures (EXT) on performance traits and the resulting outcome of biotic interactions in insects. EXT profoundly affects the outcome of all types of biotic interactions: competitive, predator-prey, herbivore-plant, host-pathogen/parasitoid and symbiotic interactions. Studies investigating effects of DTV on biotic interactions are few but also show strong effects on competitive and host-pathogen/parasitoid interactions. EXT typically reduces predation, and is expected to reduce parasitoid success. The effects of EXT and DTV on the outcome of the other interaction types are highly variable, yet can be predicted based on comparisons of the TPCs of the interacting species, and challenges the formulation of general predictions about the change in biotic interactions in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Van Dievel
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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355
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Speights CJ, Harmon JP, Barton BT. Contrasting the potential effects of daytime versus nighttime warming on insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:1-6. [PMID: 29129273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mean increases in temperatures associated with climate change are largely driven by increases in minimum (nighttime) temperatures; however, most climate change studies disproportionately increase maximum (daytime) temperatures. We review current literature to compare the potential effects of increasing daytime and nighttime temperatures on insects and their interactions within ecological communities. Although few studies have explicitly addressed the effects of nighttime warming, we draw from broader literature on how insects are affected by temperature to identify possible mechanisms that the timing (day or night) of warming may affect insects. Specifically, we discuss daily temperature variation, thermal performance curves, behaviour and activity patterns, nighttime recovery from hot days, and bottom-up effects mediated by plants. Although limited, the existing evidence suggests nighttime and daytime warming can have different effects, and thus we encourage scientists to use the most realistic warming treatments possible to truly understand how insects and their communities will be affected by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cori J Speights
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Jason P Harmon
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Brandon T Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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356
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Dow JA. The essential roles of metal ions in insect homeostasis and physiology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:43-50. [PMID: 29129281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions play distinct roles in living organisms, including insects. Some, like sodium and potassium, are central players in osmoregulation and 'blood and guts' transport physiology, and have been implicated in cold adaptation. Calcium is a key player as a second messenger, and as a structural element. Other metals, particularly those with multiple redox states, can be cofactors in many metalloenzymes, but can contribute to toxic oxidative stress on the organism in excess. This short review selects some examples where classical knowledge has been supplemented with recent advances, in order to emphasize the importance of metals as essential nutrients for insect survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian At Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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357
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Denny M. The fallacy of the average: on the ubiquity, utility and continuing novelty of Jensen's inequality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:139-146. [PMID: 28100801 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biologists often cope with variation in physiological, environmental and ecological processes by measuring how living systems perform under average conditions. However, performance at average conditions is seldom equal to average performance across a range of conditions. This basic property of nonlinear averaging - known as 'Jensen's inequality' or 'the fallacy of the average' - has important implications for all of biology. For instance, a burgeoning awareness of Jensen's inequality has improved our ability to predict how plants and animals will respond to a warmer and more variable future climate. But for many biologists, the fallacy of the average is still a novel concept. Here, I highlight the importance of Jensen's inequality, provide a simple graphical approach to understanding its effects, and explore its consequences at atomic, molecular, organismal and ecological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Denny
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
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358
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Zhang LJ, Chen JL, Yang BL, Kong XG, Bourguet D, Wu G. Thermotolerance, oxidative stress, apoptosis, heat-shock proteins and damages to reproductive cells of insecticide-susceptible and -resistant strains of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:513-526. [PMID: 28137318 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated thermotolerance, several physiological responses and damage to reproductive cells in chlorpyrifos-resistant (Rc) and -susceptible (Sm) strains of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella subjected to heat stress. The chlorpyrifos resistance of these strains was mediated by a modified acetylcholinesterase encoded by an allele, ace1R, of the ace1 gene. Adults of the Rc strain were less heat resistant than those of the Sm strain; they also had lower levels of enzymatic activity against oxidative damage, higher reactive oxygen species contents, weaker upregulation of two heat shock protein (hsp) genes (hsp69s and hsp20), and stronger upregulation of two apoptotic genes (caspase-7 and -9). The damage to sperm and ovary cells was greater in Rc adults than in Sm adults and was temperature sensitive. The lower fitness of the resistant strain, compared with the susceptible strain, is probably due to higher levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis, which also have deleterious effects on several life history traits. The greater injury observed in conditions of heat stress may be due to both the stronger upregulation of caspase genes and weaker upregulation of hsp genes in resistant than in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - J L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - B L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - X G Kong
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - D Bourguet
- Inra, UMR CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations),Montferrier-sur-Lez,France
| | - G Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education),Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
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359
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Torson AS, Yocum GD, Rinehart JP, Nash SA, Kvidera KM, Bowsher JH. Physiological responses to fluctuating temperatures are characterized by distinct transcriptional profiles in a solitary bee. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3372-3380. [PMID: 28724647 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stressful low temperatures during development can result in the accumulation of deleterious physiological effects called chill injury. Metabolic imbalances, disruptions in ion homeostasis and oxidative stress contribute to the increased mortality of chill-injured insects. Interestingly, survival can be significantly increased when chill-susceptible insects are exposed to a daily warm-temperature pulse during chilling. We hypothesize that warm pulses allow for the repair of damage associated with chill injury. Here, we describe transcriptional responses during exposure to a fluctuating thermal regime, relative to constant chilled temperatures, during pupal development in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, using a combination of RNA-seq and qPCR. Pupae were exposed to either a constant, chilled temperature of 6°C, or 6°C with a daily pulse of 20°C for 7 days. RNA-seq after experimental treatment revealed differential expression of transcripts involved in construction of cell membranes, oxidation-reduction and various metabolic processes. These mechanisms provide support for shared physiological responses to chill injury across taxa. The large number of differentially expressed transcripts observed after 7 days of treatment suggests that the initial divergence in expression profiles between the two treatments occurred upstream of the time point sampled. Additionally, the differential expression profiles observed in this study show little overlap with those differentially expressed during temperature stress in the diapause state of M. rotundata While the mechanisms governing the physiological response to low-temperature stress are shared, the specific transcripts associated with the response differ between life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Torson
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - George D Yocum
- USDA-ARS Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA
| | - Joseph P Rinehart
- USDA-ARS Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, USA
| | - Sean A Nash
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Kally M Kvidera
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Julia H Bowsher
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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360
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Keith SA, Maynard JA, Edwards AJ, Guest JR, Bauman AG, van Hooidonk R, Heron SF, Berumen ML, Bouwmeester J, Piromvaragorn S, Rahbek C, Baird AH. Coral mass spawning predicted by rapid seasonal rise in ocean temperature. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0011. [PMID: 27170709 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral spawning times have been linked to multiple environmental factors; however, to what extent these factors act as generalized cues across multiple species and large spatial scales is unknown. We used a unique dataset of coral spawning from 34 reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans to test if month of spawning and peak spawning month in assemblages of Acropora spp. can be predicted by sea surface temperature (SST), photosynthetically available radiation, wind speed, current speed, rainfall or sunset time. Contrary to the classic view that high mean SST initiates coral spawning, we found rapid increases in SST to be the best predictor in both cases (month of spawning: R(2) = 0.73, peak: R(2) = 0.62). Our findings suggest that a rapid increase in SST provides the dominant proximate cue for coral mass spawning over large geographical scales. We hypothesize that coral spawning is ultimately timed to ensure optimal fertilization success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Keith
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Maynard
- SymbioSeas and the Marine Applied Research Center, Wilmington, NC 28411, USA Laboratoire d'Excellence «CORAIL» USR 3278 CNRS - EPHE, CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Alasdair J Edwards
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - James R Guest
- SECORE International, 40 Jalan Anjung 5, Horizon Hills, Nusajaya 79100, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Andrew G Bauman
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ruben van Hooidonk
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Scott F Heron
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch, 675 Ross River Road, Townsville, Queensland 4817, Australia Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23599-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jessica Bouwmeester
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23599-6900, Saudi Arabia Department of Geology and Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Srisakul Piromvaragorn
- Center of Excellence for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Andrew H Baird
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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361
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Barkae ED, Scharf I, Ovadia O. Differential effects of variance in prey arrival on foraging success and growth rate of two pit‐building antlion species. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. D. Barkae
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - I. Scharf
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - O. Ovadia
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
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362
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Slatyer RA, Nash MA, Hoffmann AA. Measuring the effects of reduced snow cover on Australia's alpine arthropods. AUSTRAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Slatyer
- School of Biosciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Department of Entomology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Michael A. Nash
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine; University of Adelaide; Urrbrae South Australia Australia 5064
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of Biosciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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363
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Frances D, Moon J, McCauley S. Effects of environmental warming during early life history on libellulid odonates. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming affects ectotherms globally, yet we know little regarding the variability in species’ responses to warming, particularly in early life stages. Additionally, intraspecific variation in response to warming is understudied but may determine species’ resilience to warming. To assess how temperature affects egg development rate in co-occurring dragonfly species, we manipulated temperature (range: 22–31 °C) and measured time to hatching. Warming decreased egg development time across all species, indicating that while climate warming will advance hatching phenology, maintained synchrony in hatching order will likely not affect species interactions. Our second experiment examined early life-history responses to warming in the dot-tailed whiteface (Leucorrhinia intacta (Hagen, 1861)) dragonfly. We measured time to hatching, hatchling size, growth rate, and survival at four temperatures (23–30 °C), including a treatment with increased thermal variation. Warming resulted in smaller hatchlings with increased growth and mortality rates, whereas higher thermal variation did not have effects different from those of warming alone. We observed significant intraspecific variation in the responses to warming in both egg development time and hatchling size and this variation was correlated with date of oviposition. High levels of intraspecific variation may be important in buffering populations from the effects of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.N. Frances
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - J.Y. Moon
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - S.J. McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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364
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Gunderson AR, Dillon ME, Stillman JH. Estimating the benefits of plasticity in ectotherm heat tolerance under natural thermal variability. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Gunderson
- Romberg Tiburon Center and Department of BiologySan Francisco State University3150 Paradise DriveTiburonCA94920USA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, Berkeley1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140BerkeleyCA94720‐3140USA
| | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in EcologyUniversity of Wyoming1000 East University Ave.LaramieWY82071USA
| | - Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center and Department of BiologySan Francisco State University3150 Paradise DriveTiburonCA94920USA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California, Berkeley1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140BerkeleyCA94720‐3140USA
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365
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da Silva RS, Kumar L, Shabani F, da Silva EM, da Silva Galdino TV, Picanço MC. Spatio-temporal dynamic climate model for Neoleucinodes elegantalis using CLIMEX. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:785-795. [PMID: 27738767 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations are important components in understanding the ecology of insect population of crops. Ecological studies through modeling may be a useful tool for enhancing knowledge of seasonal patterns of insects on field crops as well as seasonal patterns of favorable climatic conditions for species. Recently CLIMEX, a semi-mechanistic niche model, was upgraded and enhanced to consider spatio-temporal dynamics of climate suitability through time. In this study, attempts were made to determine monthly variations of climate suitability for Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in five commercial tomato crop localities through the latest version of CLIMEX. We observed that N. elegantalis displays seasonality with increased abundance in tomato crops during summer and autumn, corresponding to the first 6 months of the year in monitored areas in this study. Our model demonstrated a strong accord between the CLIMEX weekly growth index (GIw) and the density of N. elegantalis for this period, thus indicating a greater confidence in our model results. Our model shows a seasonal variability of climatic suitability for N. elegantalis and provides useful information for initiating methods for timely management, such as sampling strategies and control, during periods of high degree of suitability for N. elegantalis. In this study, we ensure that the simulation results are valid through our verification using field data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Siqueira da Silva
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil.
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Farzin Shabani
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Ezio Marques da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, MG, 38810-000, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Coutinho Picanço
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil
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366
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Schreven SJJ, Frago E, Stens A, de Jong PW, van Loon JJA. Contrasting effects of heat pulses on different trophic levels, an experiment with a herbivore-parasitoid model system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176704. [PMID: 28453570 PMCID: PMC5409155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under predicted global climate change, species will be gradually exposed to warmer temperatures, and to a more variable climate including more intense and more frequent heatwaves. Increased climatic variability is expected to have different effects on species and ecosystems than gradual warming. A key challenge to predict the impact of climate change is to understand how temperature changes will affect species interactions. Herbivorous insects and their natural enemies belong to some of the largest groups of terrestrial animals, and thus they have a great impact on the functioning of ecosystems and on the services these ecosystems provide. Here we studied the life history traits of the plant-feeding insect Plutella xylostella and its specialist endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum, when exposed to a daily heat pulse of 5 or 10°C temperature increase during their entire immature phase. Growth and developmental responses differed with the amplitude of the heat pulse and they were different between host and parasitoid, indicating different thermal sensitivity of the two trophic levels. With a +5°C heat pulse, the adult parasitoids were larger which may result in a higher fitness, whereas a +10°C heat pulse retarded parasitoid development. These results show that the parasitoid is more sensitive than its host to brief intervals of temperature change, and this results in either positive or negative effects on life history traits, depending on the amplitude of the heat pulse. These findings suggest that more extreme fluctuations may disrupt host-parasitoid synchrony, whereas moderate fluctuations may improve parasitoid fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J. J. Schreven
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Annemiek Stens
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. de Jong
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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367
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Tan QQ, Liu W, Zhu F, Lei CL, Hahn DA, Wang XP. Describing the Diapause-Preparatory Proteome of the Beetle Colaphellus bowringi and Identifying Candidates Affecting Lipid Accumulation Using Isobaric Tags for Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteome Quantification (iTRAQ). Front Physiol 2017; 8:251. [PMID: 28491041 PMCID: PMC5405119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to entering diapause, insects must prepare themselves physiologically to withstand the stresses of arresting their development for a lengthy period. While studies describing the biochemical and cellular milieu of the maintenance phase of diapause are accumulating, few studies have taken an “omics” approach to describing molecular events during the diapause preparatory phase. We used isobaric tags and mass spectrometry (iTRAQ) to quantitatively compare the expression profiles of proteins identified during the onset of diapause preparation phase in the heads of adult female cabbage beetles, Colaphellus bowringi. A total of 3,175 proteins were identified, 297 of which were differentially expressed between diapause-destined and non-diapause-destined female adults and could therefore be involved in diapause preparation in this species. Comparison of identified proteins with protein function databases shows that many of these differentially expressed proteins enhanced in diapause destined beetles are involved in energy production and conversion, carbohydrate metabolism and transport, and lipid metabolism. Further hand annotation of differentially abundant peptides nominates several associated with stress hardiness, including HSPs and antioxidants, as well as neural development. In contrast, non-diapause destined beetles show substantial increases in cuticle proteins, suggesting additional post-emergence growth. Using RNA interference to silence a fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) that was highly abundant in the head of diapause-destined females prevented the accumulation of lipids in the fat body, a common product of diapause preparation in this species and others. Surprisingly, RNAi against the FABP also affected the transcript abundance of several heat shock proteins. These results suggest that the identified differentially expressed proteins that play vital roles in lipid metabolism may also contribute somehow to enhanced hardiness to environmental stress that is characteristic of diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Tan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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368
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Daily thermal fluctuations to a range of subzero temperatures enhance cold hardiness of winter-acclimated turtles. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:1163-1172. [PMID: 28409226 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although seasonal increases in cold hardiness are well documented for temperate and polar ectotherms, relatively little is known about supplemental increases in cold hardiness during winter. Because many animals are exposed to considerable thermal variation in winter, they may benefit from a quick enhancement of cold tolerance prior to extreme low temperature. Hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) overwintering in their natal nests experience substantial thermal variation in winter, and recently, it was found that brief subzero chilling of winter-acclimated hatchlings decreases subsequent chilling-induced mortality, increases blood concentrations of glucose and lactate, and protects the brain from cryoinjury. Here, we further characterize that phenomenon, termed 'cold conditioning', by exposing winter-acclimated hatchling turtles to -3.5, -7.0, or -10.5 °C gradually or repeatedly via daily thermal fluctuations over the course of 5 days and assessing their survival of a subsequent cold shock to a discriminating temperature of -12.7 °C. To better understand the physiological response to cold conditioning, we measured changes in glucose and lactate concentrations in the liver, blood, and brain. Cold conditioning significantly increased cold-shock survival, from 9% in reference turtles up to 74% in cold-conditioned turtles, and ecologically relevant daily thermal fluctuations were at least as effective at conferring cryoprotection as was gradual cold conditioning. Cold conditioning increased glucose concentrations, up to 25 μmol g-1, and lactate concentrations, up to 30 μmol g-1, in the liver, blood, and brain. Turtles that were cold conditioned with daily thermal fluctuations accumulated more glucose in the liver, blood, and brain, and had lower brain lactate, than those gradually cold conditioned. Given the thermal variation to which hatchling painted turtles are exposed in winter, we suggest that the supplemental protection conferred by cold conditioning, especially that induced by daily thermal fluctuations, may be important for their overwinter survival. Investigation into the duration of the cold-conditioning induced protection and its occurrence in natural field conditions is needed to better understand its ecological significance. We suggest that future work exploring the underlying mechanisms of cold conditioning should focus on non-colligative effects of glucose, expression of small Hsps, changes in membrane structure, and ion homeostasis.
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369
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Furlong MJ, Zalucki MP. Climate change and biological control: the consequences of increasing temperatures on host-parasitoid interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 20:39-44. [PMID: 28602234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The relative thermal requirements and tolerances of hymenopteran parasitoids and their hosts were investigated based on published data. The optimal temperature (Topt) for development of parasitoids was significantly lower than that for their hosts. Given the limited plasticity of insect responses to high temperatures and the proximity of Topt to critical thermal maxima, this suggests that host-parasitoid interactions could be negatively affected by increasing global temperatures. A modelling study of the interactions between the diamondback moth and its parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum in Australia indicated that predicted temperature increases will have a greater negative impact on the distribution of the parasitoid than on its host and that they could lead to its exclusion from some agricultural regions where it is currently important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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370
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Haupt TM, Sinclair BJ, Chown SL. Thermal preference and performance in a sub-Antarctic caterpillar: A test of the coadaptation hypothesis and its alternatives. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:108-116. [PMID: 28034677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological ecologists have long assumed that thermoregulatory behaviour will evolve to optimise physiological performance. The coadaptation hypothesis predicts that an animal's preferred body temperature will correspond to the temperature at which its performance is optimal. Here we use a strong inference approach to examine the relationship between thermal preference and locomotor performance in the caterpillars of a wingless sub-Antarctic moth, Pringleophaga marioni Viette (Tineidae). The coadaptation hypothesis and its alternatives (suboptimal is optimal, thermodynamic effect, trait variation) are tested. Compared to the optimal movement temperature (22.5°C for field-fresh caterpillars and 25, 20, 22.5, 25 and 20°C following seven day acclimations to 0, 5, 10, 15 and 5-15°C respectively), caterpillar thermal preference was significantly lower (9.2°C for field-fresh individuals and 9.4, 8.8, 8.1, 5.2 and 4.6°C following acclimation to 0, 5, 10, 15 and 5-15°C, respectively). Together with the low degree of asymmetry observed in the performance curves, and the finding that acclimation to high temperatures did not result in maximal performance, all, but one of the above hypotheses (i.e. 'trait variation') was rejected. The thermal preference of P. marioni caterpillars more closely resembles temperatures at which survival is high (5-10°C), or where feeding is optimal (10°C), than where locomotion speed is maximal, suggesting that thermal preference may be optimised for overall fitness rather than for a given trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Haupt
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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371
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Enriquez T, Colinet H. Basal tolerance to heat and cold exposure of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3112. [PMID: 28348931 PMCID: PMC5366067 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is a new pest in Europe and America which causes severe damages, mostly to stone fruit crops. Temperature and humidity are among the most important abiotic factors governing insect development and fitness. In many situations, temperature can become stressful thus compromising survival. The ability to cope with thermal stress depends on basal level of thermal tolerance. Basic knowledge on temperature-dependent mortality of D. suzukii is essential to facilitate management of this pest. The objective of the present study was to investigate D. suzukii basal cold and heat tolerance. Adults and pupae were subjected to six low temperatures (-5-7.5 °C) and seven high temperatures (30-37 °C) for various durations, and survival-time-temperature relationships were investigated. Data showed that males were globally more cold tolerant than females. At temperature above 5 °C, adult cold mortality became minor even after prolonged exposures (e.g., only 20% mortality after one month at 7.5 °C). Heat tolerance of males was lower than that of females at the highest tested temperatures (34, 35 and 37 °C). Pupae appeared much less cold tolerant than adults at all temperatures (e.g., Lt50 at 5° C: 4-5 d for adults vs. 21 h for pupae). Pupae were more heat tolerant than adults at the most extreme high temperatures (e.g., Lt50 at 37 °C: 30 min for adults vs. 4 h for pupae). The pupal thermal tolerance was further investigated under low vs. high humidity. Low relative humidity did not affect pupal cold survival, but it reduced survival under heat stress. Overall, this study shows that survival of D. suzukii under heat and cold conditions can vary with stress intensity, duration, humidity, sex and stage, and the methodological approach used here, which was based on thermal tolerance landscapes, provides a comprehensive description of D. suzukiithermal tolerance and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Enriquez
- Université de Rennes I, UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Colinet
- Université de Rennes I, UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes, France
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372
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Tan QQ, Liu W, Zhu F, Lei CL, Wang XP. Fatty acid synthase 2 contributes to diapause preparation in a beetle by regulating lipid accumulation and stress tolerance genes expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40509. [PMID: 28071706 PMCID: PMC5223116 DOI: 10.1038/srep40509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diapause, also known as dormancy, is a state of arrested development that allows insects to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Diapause-destined insects store large amounts of fat when preparing for diapause. However, the extent to which these accumulated fat reserves influence diapause remains unclear. To address this question, we investigated the function of fatty acid synthase (FAS), which plays a central role in lipid synthesis, in stress tolerance, the duration of diapause preparation, and whether insects enter diapause or not. In diapause-destined adult female cabbage beetles, Colaphellus bowringi, FAS2 was more highly expressed than FAS1 at the peak stage of diapause preparation. FAS2 knockdown suppressed lipid accumulation and subsequently affected stress tolerance genes expression and water content. However, silencing FAS2 had no significant effects on the duration of diapause preparation or the incidence of diapause. FAS2 transcription was suppressed by juvenile hormone (JH) and the JH receptor methoprene-tolerant (Met). These results suggest that the absence of JH-Met induces FAS2 expression, thereby promoting lipid storage in diapause-destined female beetles. These results demonstrate that fat reserves regulate stress tolerance genes expression and water content, but have no significant effect on the duration of diapause preparation or the incidence of diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Tan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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373
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Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C, Strathie L, Fischer K. Effects of Thermal Regimes, Starvation and Age on Heat Tolerance of the Parthenium Beetle Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following Dynamic and Static Protocols. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169371. [PMID: 28052099 PMCID: PMC5215736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and resource availability are key elements known to limit the occurrence and survival of arthropods in the wild. In the current era of climate change, critical thermal limits and the factors affecting these may be of particular importance. We therefore investigated the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) of adult Zygogramma bicolorata beetles, a biological control agent for the invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus, in relation to thermal acclimation, hardening, age, and food availability using static (constant) and dynamic (ramping) protocols. Increasing temperatures and exposure times reduced heat survival. In general, older age and lack of food reduced heat tolerance, suggesting an important impact of resource availability. Acclimation at constant temperatures did not affect CTmax, while fluctuating thermal conditions resulted in a substantial increase. Hardening at 33°C and 35°C improved heat survival in fed young and mid-aged but only partly in old beetles, while CTmax remained unaffected by hardening throughout. These findings stress the importance of methodology when assessing heat tolerance. Temperature data recorded in the field revealed that upper thermal limits are at least occasionally reached in nature. Our results therefore suggest that the occurrence of heat waves may influence the performance and survival of Z. bicolorata, potentially impacting on its field establishment and effectiveness as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, College of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lorraine Strathie
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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374
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Colinet H, Renault D, Roussel D. Cold acclimation allows Drosophila flies to maintain mitochondrial functioning under cold stress. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 80:52-60. [PMID: 27903433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress generally disturbs cellular homeostasis. Researchers have hypothesized that chilling injury is linked to a shortage of ATP. However, previous studies conducted on insects exposed to nonfreezing low temperatures presented conflicting results. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial bioenergetics of Drosophila melanogaster flies exposed to chronic cold stress (4 °C). We assessed mitochondrial oxygen consumption while monitoring the rate of ATP synthesis at various times (0, 1, 2, and 3 days) during prolonged cold stress and at two assay temperatures (25 and 4 °C). We compared organelle responses between cold-susceptible and cold-acclimated phenotypes. Continuous exposure to low temperature provoked temporal declines in the rates of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis. Respiratory control ratios (RCRs) suggested that mitochondria were not critically uncoupled. Nevertheless, after 3 days of continuous cold stress, a sharp decline in the mitochondrial ATP synthesis rate was observed in control flies when they were assayed at low temperature. This change was associated with reduced survival capacity in control flies. In contrast, cold-acclimated flies exhibited high survival and maintained higher rates of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and coupling (i.e., higher RCRs). Adaptive changes due to cold acclimation observed in the whole organism were thus manifested in isolated mitochondria. Our observations suggest that cold tolerance is linked to the ability to maintain bioenergetics capacity under cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 avenue du Général-Leclerc, 35042, Rennes, France.
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes 1, 263 avenue du Général-Leclerc, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Damien Roussel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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375
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Jakobs R, Ahmadi B, Houben S, Gariepy TD, Sinclair BJ. Cold tolerance of third-instar Drosophila suzukii larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:45-52. [PMID: 27765625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii is an emerging global pest of soft fruit; although it likely overwinters as an adult, larval cold tolerance is important both for determining performance during spring and autumn, and for the development of temperature-based control methods aimed at larvae. We examined the low temperature biology of third instar feeding and wandering larvae in and out of food. We induced phenotypic plasticity of thermal biology by rearing under short days and fluctuating temperatures (5.5-19°C). Rearing under fluctuating temperatures led to much slower development (42.1days egg-adult) compared to control conditions (constant 21.5°C; 15.7days), and yielded larger adults of both sexes. D. suzukii larvae were chill-susceptible, being killed by low temperatures not associated with freezing, and freezing survival was not improved when ice formation was inoculated externally via food or silver iodide. Feeding larvae were more cold tolerant than wandering larvae, especially after rearing under fluctuating temperatures, and rearing under fluctuating temperatures improved survival of prolonged cold (0°C) to beyond 72h in both larval stages. There was no evidence that acute cold tolerance could be improved by rapid cold-hardening. We conclude that D. suzukii has the capacity to develop at low temperatures under fluctuating temperatures, but that they have limited cold tolerance. However, phenotypic plasticity of prolonged cold tolerance must be taken into account when developing low temperature treatments for sanitation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Banafsheh Ahmadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Houben
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Tara D Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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376
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Salachan PV, Sørensen JG. Critical thermal limits affected differently by developmental and adult thermal fluctuations. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4471-4478. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.165308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Means and variances of the environmental thermal regime play an important role in determining the fitness of terrestrial ectotherms. Adaptive phenotypic responses induced by heterogeneous temperatures have been shown to be mediated by molecular pathways independent of the classic heat shock responses, however, an in-depth understanding of plasticity induced by fluctuating temperatures is still lacking. We investigated high and low temperature acclimation induced by fluctuating thermal regimes at two different mean temperatures, at two different amplitudes of fluctuation and across the developmental and adult life stages. For developmental acclimation, we found mildly detrimental effects of high amplitude fluctuations for critical thermal minima, while the critical thermal maxima showed a beneficial response to higher amplitude fluctuations. For adult acclimation involving shifts between fluctuating and constant regimes, cold tolerance was shown to be dictated by developmental temperature conditions irrespective of the adult treatments, while the acquired heat tolerance was readily lost when flies developed at fluctuating temperature were shifted to a constant regime as adults. Interestingly, we also found that effect of fluctuations at any life stage was gradually lost with prolonged adult maintenance suggesting a more prominent effect of fluctuations during developmental compared to adult acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vinu Salachan
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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377
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Moretti M, Dias ATC, Bello F, Altermatt F, Chown SL, Azcárate FM, Bell JR, Fournier B, Hedde M, Hortal J, Ibanez S, Öckinger E, Sousa JP, Ellers J, Berg MP. Handbook of protocols for standardized measurement of terrestrial invertebrate functional traits. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretti
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - André T. C. Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Maracanã Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Francesco Bello
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelska 135 379 82 Třeboň Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia Na Zlate Stoce 1 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Steven L. Chown
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria3800 Australia
| | - Francisco M. Azcárate
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG) Department of Ecology Universidad Autónoma de Madrid C/Darwin 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - James R. Bell
- Rothamsted Research West Common Harpenden HertfordshireAL5 2JQ UK
| | - Bertrand Fournier
- Laboratoire Chrono‐Environnement UMR 6249 CNRS Université de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté 16 route de Gray 25030 Besançon Cedex France
| | - Mickaël Hedde
- INRA AgroParisTech Université Paris‐Saclay UMR 1402 Ecosys Route de Saint‐Cyr RD 10 78026 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) C/Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2 28006 Madrid Spain
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C) Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL) Ed. C2, Campo Grande 1749‐06 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Sébastien Ibanez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine CNRS UMR 5553 Université Savoie Mont Blanc 73376 Le Bourget‐du‐Lac France
| | - Erik Öckinger
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 7044 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra 3000‐456 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Matty P. Berg
- Department of Ecological Science Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Postbox 11103 9700 CC Groningen The Netherlands
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378
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Abram PK, Boivin G, Moiroux J, Brodeur J. Behavioural effects of temperature on ectothermic animals: unifying thermal physiology and behavioural plasticity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1859-1876. [PMID: 28980433 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature imposes significant constraints on ectothermic animals, and these organisms have evolved numerous adaptations to respond to these constraints. While the impacts of temperature on the physiology of ectotherms have been extensively studied, there are currently no frameworks available that outline the multiple and often simultaneous pathways by which temperature can affect behaviour. Drawing from the literature on insects, we propose a unified framework that should apply to all ectothermic animals, generalizing temperature's behavioural effects into: (1) kinetic effects, resulting from temperature's bottom-up constraining influence on metabolism and neurophysiology over a range of timescales (from short to long term), and (2) integrated effects, where the top-down integration of thermal information intentionally initiates or modifies a behaviour (behavioural thermoregulation, thermal orientation, thermosensory behavioural adjustments). We discuss the difficulty in distinguishing adaptive behavioural changes from constraints when observing animals' behavioural responses to temperature. We then propose two complementary approaches to distinguish adaptations from constraints, and categorize behaviours according to our framework: (i) 'kinetic null modelling' of temperature's effects on behaviour; and (ii) behavioural ecology experiments using temperature-insensitive mutants. Our framework should help to guide future research on the complex relationship between temperature and behaviour in ectothermic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Abram
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de Recherche et de Développement de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Canada
| | - Joffrey Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de Recherche et de Développement de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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379
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Colinet H, Renault D, Javal M, Berková P, Šimek P, Koštál V. Uncovering the benefits of fluctuating thermal regimes on cold tolerance of drosophila flies by combined metabolomic and lipidomic approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1736-1745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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380
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Renault D, Dorrah MA, Mohamed AA, Abdelfattah EA, Bassal TTM. Assessment of oxidative stress and activities of antioxidant enzymes depicts the negative systemic effect of iron-containing fertilizers and plant phenolic compounds in the desert locust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21989-22000. [PMID: 27539469 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For herbivore insects, digesting can be somewhat challenging, as the defense mechanisms evolved by plants, including the release of phenolics like the non-protein amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), can cause fitness costs. In addition, industrial and agricultural activities have elevated the amounts of iron that can be found in nature and more particularly FeSO4 that is used as fertilizer. Traces of iron can enhance the auto-oxidation of L-DOPA, in turn, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently oxidative stress in insects. We examined the effects of the ion Fe2+ (as FeSO4) and L-DOPA on fifth instars of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. We measured the level of oxidative damage occurring to macromolecules (proteins and lipids) from midgut and thoracic tissues and assessed the activities of responsive antioxidant enzymes. Injected L-DOPA and redox-active metal iron generated ROS which caused oxidative damages to proteins and lipids to S. gregaria. The protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides present in tissue homogenates were elevated in treated insects. No synergism was observed when L-DOPA was co-injected with Fe2+. K m values of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were 4.3, 2.6, and 4.0 mM in thoracic muscles and 5.00, 2.43, and 1.66 mM in whole midgut for SOD, GR, and GPx, respectively, and 8.3 and 3.43 M for catalase (CAT) in the two tissues, respectively. These results suggest higher affinities of GPx and CAT to H2O2 in midgut than in muscles. The time-course changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes and amounts of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides showed fluctuating patterns, suggesting complex interactions among macromolecules, L-DOPA and FeSO4, and their degradation products. Our results demonstrated the stressful effects of L-DOPA and FeSO4, proving that iron-containing fertilizers are pollutants that can strongly affect S. gregaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553, Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Gal Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Moataza A Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abdelfattah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Taha T M Bassal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P O Box, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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381
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Boggs CL. The fingerprints of global climate change on insect populations. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 17:69-73. [PMID: 27720076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing papers from the last two years, I examined generalizations about the fingerprints of climate change on insects' population dynamics and phenology. Recent work shows that populations can differ in response to changes in climate means and variances. The part of the thermal niche occupied by an insect population, voltinism, plasticity and adaptation to weather perturbations, and interactions with other species can all exacerbate or mitigate responses to climate change. Likewise, land use change or agricultural practices can affect responses to climate change. Nonetheless, our knowledge of effects of climate change is still biased by organism and geographic region, and to some extent by scale of climate parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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382
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Ouisse T, Bonte D, Lebouvier M, Hendrickx F, Renault D. The importance of relative humidity and trophic resources in governing ecological niche of the invasive carabid beetle Merizodus soledadinus in the Kerguelen archipelago. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:42-49. [PMID: 27530305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive studies to identify species-specific drivers of survival to environmental stress, reproduction, growth, and recruitment are vital to gaining a better understanding of the main ecological factors shaping species habitat distribution and dispersal routes. The present study performed a field-based assessment of habitat distribution in the invasive carabid beetle Merizodus soledadinus for the Kerguelen archipelago. The results emphasised humid habitats as a key element of the insect's realised niche. In addition, insects faced food and water stress during dispersal events. We evaluated quantitatively how water availability and trophic resources governed the spatial distribution of this invasive predatory insect at Îles Kerguelen. Food and water stress survival durations [in 100%, 70%, and 30% relative humidity (RH) conditions] and changes in a set of primary metabolic compounds (metabolomics) were determined. Adult M. soledadinus supplied with water ad libitum were highly tolerant to prolonged starvation (LT50=51.7±6.2d). However, food-deprived insect survival decreased rapidly in moderate (70% RH, LT50=30.37±1.39h) and low (30% RH, LT50=13.03±0.48h) RH conditions. Consistently, body water content decreased rapidly in insects exposed to 70% and 30% RH. Metabolic variation evidenced the effects of food deprivation in control insects (exposed to 100% RH), which exhibited a progressive decline of most glycolytic sugars and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Most metabolite levels were elevated levels during the first few hours of exposure to 30% and 70% RH. Augmented alanine and lactate levels suggested a shift to anaerobic metabolism. Simultaneously, peaks in threonine and glycolytic sugars pointed to metabolic disruption and a progressive physiological breakdown in dehydrating individuals. Overall, the results of our study indicate that the geographic distribution of M. soledadinus populations is highly dependent on habitat RH and water accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Ouisse
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 EcoBio CNRS, 263 Avenue du G(al) Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Dries Bonte
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Lebouvier
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 EcoBio CNRS, 263 Avenue du G(al) Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Frederik Hendrickx
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6553 EcoBio CNRS, 263 Avenue du G(al) Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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383
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Sinclair BJ, Marshall KE, Sewell MA, Levesque DL, Willett CS, Slotsbo S, Dong Y, Harley CDG, Marshall DJ, Helmuth BS, Huey RB. Can we predict ectotherm responses to climate change using thermal performance curves and body temperatures? Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1372-1385. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Katie E. Marshall
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Mary A. Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Danielle L. Levesque
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia
| | | | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Yunwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | | | - David J. Marshall
- Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Brian S. Helmuth
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs Northeastern University Marine Science Center Nahant MA USA
| | - Raymond B. Huey
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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384
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Koštál V, Korbelová J, Štětina T, Poupardin R, Colinet H, Zahradníčková H, Opekarová I, Moos M, Šimek P. Physiological basis for low-temperature survival and storage of quiescent larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32346. [PMID: 27573891 PMCID: PMC5004108 DOI: 10.1038/srep32346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation techniques proposed for embryos of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are not yet ready for practical use. Alternative methods for long-term storage of D. melanogaster strains, although urgently needed, do not exist. Herein, we describe a narrow interval of low temperatures under which the larvae of D. melanogaster can be stored in quiescence for up to two months. The development of larvae was arrested at the pre-wandering stage under fluctuating thermal regime (FTR), which simultaneously resulted in diminishing the accumulation of indirect chill injuries. Our physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses revealed that compared to larvae stored at constant low temperatures, the larvae stored under FTR conditions were able to decrease the rates of depletion of energy substrates, exploited brief warm episodes of FTR for homeostatic control of metabolite levels, and more efficiently exerted protection against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Korbelová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Štětina
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hervé Colinet
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, 263 Avenue du Général-Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Helena Zahradníčková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Opekarová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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385
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Response of Development and Body Mass to Daily Temperature Fluctuations: a Study on Tribolium castaneum. Evol Biol 2016; 43:356-367. [PMID: 27512238 PMCID: PMC4960287 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differences in thermal regimes are of paramount importance in insect development. However, experiments that examine trait development under constant temperature conditions may yield less evolutionarily relevant results than those that take naturally occurring temperature fluctuations into account. We investigated the effect of different temperature regimes (constant 30 °C, constant 35 °C, fluctuating with a daily mean of 30 °C, or fluctuating with a daily mean of 35 °C) on sex-specific development time and body mass in Tribolium castaneum. Using a half-sib breeding design, we also examined whether there is any evidence for genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI) for the studied traits. In response to fluctuating temperature regimes, beetles demonstrated reaction norm patterns in which thermal fluctuations influenced traits negatively above the species’ thermal optimum but had little to no effect close to the thermal optimum. Estimated heritabilities of development time were in general low and non-significant. In case of body mass of pupae and adults, despite significant genetic variance, we did not find any GEI due to crossing of reaction norms, both between temperatures and between variability treatments. We have observed a weak tendency towards higher heritabilities of adult and pupa body mass in optimal fluctuating thermal conditions. Thus, we have not found any biasing effect of stable thermal conditions as compared to fluctuating temperatures on the breeding values of heritable body-size traits. Contrary to this we have observed a strong population-wide effect of thermal fluctuations, indicated by the significant temperature-fluctuations interaction in both adult and pupa mass.
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386
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Ghaedi B, Andrew NR. The physiological consequences of varied heat exposure events in adult Myzus persicae: a single prolonged exposure compared to repeated shorter exposures. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2290. [PMID: 27547583 PMCID: PMC4975027 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of environmental stress tolerance in aphids has primarily been at low temperatures. In these cases, and in the rare cases of high temperature tolerance assessments, all exposures had been during a single stress event. In the present study, we examined the physiological consequences of repeated high temperature exposure with recovery periods between these stress events in Myzus persicae. We subjected individuals to either a single prolonged three hour heating event, or three one hour heating events with a recovery time of 24 h between bouts. Aphids exposed to repeated bouts of high temperatures had more glucose and higher expression of proteins and osmolyte compounds, such as glycerol, compared to the prolonged exposure group. However, aphids exposed to the repeated high temperature treatment had reduced sources of energy such as trehalose and triglyceride compounds than the prolonged exposure group. Recovery time had more physiological costs (based on production of more protein and consumption of more trehalose and triglyceride) and benefits (based on production of more osmolytes) in repeated high temperature treatments. As aphids are known to respond differently to constant versus ‘natural’ fluctuating temperature regimes, conclusions drawn from constant temperature data sets may be problematic. We suggest future experiments assessing insect responses to thermal stress incorporate a repeated stress and recovery pattern into their methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Ghaedi
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England , Armidale , NSW , Australia
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England , Armidale , NSW , Australia
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387
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Mollaei M, Izadi H, Šimek P, Koštál V. Overwintering biology and limits of cold tolerance in larvae of pistachio twig borer, Kermania pistaciella. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:538-545. [PMID: 27063868 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pistachio twig borer, Kermania pistaciella is an important pest of pistachio trees. It has an univoltine life-cycle and its larvae tunnel and feed inside pistachio twigs for almost 10 months each year. The last larval instars overwinter inside the twigs. Survival/mortality associated with low temperatures during overwintering stage is currently unknown. We found that overwintering larvae of the Rafsanjan (Iran) population of K. pistaciella rely on maintaining a stably high supercooling capacity throughout the cold season. Their supercooling points (SCPs) ranged between -19.4 and -22.7°C from October to February. Larvae were able to survive 24 h exposures to -15°C anytime during the cold season. During December and January, larvae were undergoing quiescence type of dormancy caused probably by low ambient temperatures and/or changes in host tree physiology (tree dormancy). Larvae attain highest cold tolerance (high survival at -20°C) during dormancy, which offers them sufficient protection against geographically and ecologically relevant cold spells. High cold tolerance during dormancy was not associated with accumulation of any low-molecular mass cryoprotective substances. The SCP sets the limit of cold tolerance in pistachio twig borer, meaning that high mortality of overwintering populations can be expected only in the regions or years where or when the temperatures fall below the average larval SCP (i.e., below -20°C). Partial mortality can be expected also when temperatures repeatedly drop close to the SCP on a diurnal basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mollaei
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture,Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,Rafsanjan,Iran
| | - H Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture,Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan,Rafsanjan,Iran
| | - P Šimek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,37005 České Budějovice,Czech Republic
| | - V Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,37005 České Budějovice,Czech Republic
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388
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Zhou XR, Gao JC, Pang BP. Effects of Temperature on the Termination of Egg Diapause and Post-Diapause Embryonic Development of Galeruca daurica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1076-1080. [PMID: 27330147 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Galeruca daurica (Joannis) is a new pest on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China. It is univoltine and overwinters in the egg stage. Larvae and adults feed on the foliage of Allium plants. To assess the requirements to terminate egg diapause and subsequent effects on post-diapause development rate, eggs were held at different temperature regimes. Exposure to low temperatures was required to terminate egg diapause. Prolonged exposure (2 mo vs 1 mo) to 5°C and outside ambient conditions (mean temperature: 10.5°C; range: -7.1-21.6°C) enhanced the termination of egg diapause. Prolonged exposure also reduced the time to egg hatch; e.g., eggs held for 2 mo versus 1 mo at 5°C developed more quickly when subsequently placed at warmer temperatures. Egg hatch was observed at 17, 21, 25, and 29°C, but not at 15°C. Regression analysis identified 16.2°C as the minimum temperature for post-diapause development. The temperature requirement to complete embryonic development (from diapause termination to egg hatch) was calculated to be 103.1 to 140.9 degree-days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Zhou
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China (; ; )
| | - Jing-Chun Gao
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China (; ; )
| | - Bao-Ping Pang
- Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China (; ; )
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389
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Wallingford AK, Loeb GM. Developmental Acclimation of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Its Effect on Diapause and Winter Stress Tolerance. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1081-1089. [PMID: 27412194 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of developmental conditions on adult morphology, reproductive arrest, and winter stress tolerance of the invasive pest of small fruit, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Cooler rearing temperatures (15 °C) resulted in larger, darker "winter morph" (WM) adults than "summer morph" flies reared at optimal temperatures (25 °C). Abdominal pigmentation scores and body size measurements of laboratory-reared WMs were similar to those of D. suzukii females captured in late autumn in Geneva, NY. We evaluated reproductive diapause and cold hardiness in live-captured D. suzukii WMs as well as WMs reared in the laboratory from egg to adult under four developmental conditions: static cool temperatures (SWM; 15 °C, 12:12 h L:D), fluctuating temperatures (FWM; 20 °C L: 10 °C D, 12:12 h L:D), and static cool temperatures (15 °C, 12:12 h L:D) followed by posteclosion chilling (CWM; 10 °C) under short-day (SD; 12:12 h L:D) or long-day photoperiods (LD; 16:8 h L:D). Live-captured D. suzukii WMs and CWMs had longer preoviposition times than newly eclosed summer morph adults, indicating a reproductive diapause that was not observed in SWMs or FWMs. Additionally, recovery after acute freeze stress was not different between CWM-SD females and live captured WM females. More 7-d-old CWMs survived 0, -1, or - 3 °C freeze stress than summer morph adults, and more CWM-SD adults survived -3 °C freeze stress than CWM-LD adults. Survival after -3 °C freeze stress was significantly higher in diapausing, CWMs than nondiapausing SWMs and FWMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Wallingford
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; ),
| | - Gregory M Loeb
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 (; )
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390
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Boher F, Trefault N, Estay SA, Bozinovic F. Ectotherms in Variable Thermal Landscapes: A Physiological Evaluation of the Invasive Potential of Fruit Flies Species. Front Physiol 2016; 7:302. [PMID: 27486407 PMCID: PMC4949259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change and biological invasions pose one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Most analyses of the potential biological impacts have focused on changes in mean temperature, but changes in thermal variance may also impact native and invasive organisms, although differentially. We assessed the combined effects of the mean and the variance of temperature on the expression of heat shock protein (hsp90) in adults of the invasive fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the native Drosophila gaucha in Mediterranean habitats of central Chile. We observed that, under these experimental conditions, hsp90 mRNA expression was higher in the invasive species but absent in the native one. Apparently, the biogeographic origin and niche conservatisms are playing a role in the heat shock response of these species under different putative scenarios of climate change. We suggest that in order to develop more realistic predictions about the biological impact of climate change and biological invasions, one must consider the interactions between the mean and variance of climatic variables, as well as the evolutionary original conditions of the native and invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Boher
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Trefault
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio A Estay
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
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391
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Teets NM, Denlinger DL. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Signaling Mechanisms Associated with Rapid Cold Hardening in a Chill-Tolerant Fly. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2855-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Teets
- Department of Entomology and ‡Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal
Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David L. Denlinger
- Department of Entomology and ‡Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal
Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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392
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Effects of fluctuating temperature and food availability on reproduction and lifespan. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:62-72. [PMID: 27364192 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies on energetics and aging often remove two major factors that in part regulate the energy budget in a normal healthy individual: reproduction and fluctuating environmental conditions that challenge homeostasis. Here we use the cyclical parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex to evaluate the role of a fluctuating thermal environment on both reproduction and lifespan across six food concentrations. We test the hypotheses that (1) caloric restriction extends lifespan; (2) maximal reproduction will come with a cost of shortened lifespan; and (3) at a given food concentration, relative to a metabolically equivalent constant temperature environment a diel fluctuating thermal environment will alter the allocation of energy to reproduction and lifespan to maintain homeostasis. We did not identify a level of food concentration that extended lifespan in response to caloric restriction, and we found no cost of reproduction in terms of lifespan. Rather, the individuals at the highest food levels generally had the highest reproductive output and the longest lifespans, the individuals at the intermediate food level decreased reproduction and maintained lifespan, and the individuals at the three lower food concentrations had a decrease in reproduction and lifespan as would be predicted with increasing levels of starvation. Fluctuating temperature had no effect on lifespan at any food concentration, but delayed time to reproductive maturity and decreased early reproductive output at all food concentrations. This suggests that a fluctuating temperature regimen activates molecular pathways that alter energy allocation. The costs of fluctuating temperature on reproduction were not consistent across the lifespan. Statistical interactions for age of peak reproduction and lifetime fecundity suggest that senescence of the reproductive system may vary between temperature regimens at the different food concentrations.
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393
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Kong JD, Axford JK, Hoffmann AA, Kearney MR. Novel applications of thermocyclers for phenotyping invertebrate thermal responses. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta D. Kong
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Jason K. Axford
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Michael R. Kearney
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
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394
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Heerwaarden B, Kellermann V, Sgrò CM. Limited scope for plasticity to increase upper thermal limits. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Heerwaarden
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Vanessa Kellermann
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. 3800 Australia
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395
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Kelch NS, Neves FS, Fernandes GW, Wirth R. Mechanisms Driving Galling Success in a Fragmented Landscape: Synergy of Habitat and Top-Down Factors along Temperate Forest Edges. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157448. [PMID: 27310599 PMCID: PMC4910982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Edge effects play key roles in the anthropogenic transformation of forested ecosystems and their biota, and are therefore a prime field of contemporary fragmentation research. We present the first empirical study to address edge effects on the population level of a widespread galling herbivore in a temperate deciduous forest. By analyzing edge effects on abundance and trophic interactions of beech gall midge (Mikiola fagi Htg.), we found 30% higher gall abundance in the edge habitat as well as lower mortality rates due to decreased top-down control, especially by parasitoids. Two GLM models with similar explanatory power (58%) identified habitat specific traits (such as canopy closure and altitude) and parasitism as the best predictors of gall abundance. Further analyses revealed a crucial influence of light exposure (46%) on top-down control by the parasitoid complex. Guided by a conceptual framework synthesizing the key factors driving gall density, we conclude that forest edge proliferation of M. fagi is due to a complex interplay of abiotic changes and trophic control mechanisms. Most prominently, it is caused by the microclimatic regime in forest edges, acting alone or in synergistic concert with top-down pressure by parasitoids. Contrary to the prevailing notion that specialists are edge-sensitive, this turns M. fagi into a winner species in fragmented temperate beech forests. In view of the increasing proportion of edge habitats and the documented benefits from edge microclimate, we call for investigations exploring the pest status of this galling insect and the modulators of its biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-S. Kelch
- Plant Ecology & Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederico S. Neves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciéncias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciéncias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais—UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Plant Ecology & Systematics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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396
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Delava E, Fleury F, Gibert P. Effects of daily fluctuating temperatures on the Drosophila-Leptopilina boulardi parasitoid association. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:95-102. [PMID: 27503721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Koinobiont parasitoid insects, which maintain intimate and long-term relationships with their arthropod hosts, constitute an association of ectothermic organisms that is particularly sensitive to temperature variations. Because temperature shows pronounced natural daily fluctuations, we examined if experiments based on a constant temperature range can mask the real effects of the thermal regime on host-parasitoid interactions. The effects of two fluctuating thermal regimes on several developmental parameters of the Drosophila larval parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi were analyzed in this study. Regime 1 included a range of 16-23-16°C and regime 2 included a range of 16-21-26-21-16°C (mean temperature 20.1°C) compared to a 20.1°C constant temperature. Under an average temperature of 20.1°C, which corresponds to a cold condition of L. boulardi development, we showed that the success of parasitism is significantly higher under a fluctuating temperature regime than at constant temperature. A fluctuating regime also correlated with a reduced development time of the parasitoids. In contrast, the thermal regime did not affect the ability of Drosophila to resist parasitoid infestation. Finally, we demonstrated that daily temperature fluctuation prevented the entry into diapause for this species, which is normally observed at a constant temperature of 21°C. Overall, the results reveal that constant temperature experiments can produce misleading results, highlighting the need to study the thermal biology of organisms under fluctuating regimes that reflect natural conditions as closely as possible. This is particularly a major issue in host-parasitoid associations, which constitute a good model to understand the effect of climate warming on interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Delava
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Fleury
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Patricia Gibert
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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397
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Toxopeus J, Jakobs R, Ferguson LV, Gariepy TD, Sinclair BJ. Reproductive arrest and stress resistance in winter-acclimated Drosophila suzukii. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 89:37-51. [PMID: 27039032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering insects must survive the multiple-stress environment of winter, which includes low temperatures, reduced food and water availability, and cold-active pathogens. Many insects overwinter in diapause, a developmental arrest associated with high stress tolerance. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), spotted wing drosophila, is an invasive agricultural pest worldwide. Its ability to overwinter and therefore establish in temperate regions could have severe implications for fruit crop industries. We demonstrate here that laboratory populations of Canadian D. suzukii larvae reared under short-day, low temperature, conditions develop into dark 'winter morph' adults similar to those reported globally from field captures, and observed by us in southern Ontario, Canada. These winter-acclimated adults have delayed reproductive maturity, enhanced cold tolerance, and can remain active at low temperatures, although they do not have the increased desiccation tolerance or survival of fungal pathogen challenges that might be expected from a more heavily melanised cuticle. Winter-acclimated female D. suzukii have underdeveloped ovaries and altered transcript levels of several genes associated with reproduction and stress. While superficially indicative of reproductive diapause, the delayed reproductive maturity of winter-acclimated D. suzukii appears to be temperature-dependent, not regulated by photoperiod, and is thus unlikely to be 'true' diapause. The traits of this 'winter morph', however, likely facilitate overwintering in southern Canada, and have probably contributed to the global success of this fly as an invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tara D Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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398
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Introduction to the Symposium: Beyond the Mean: Biological Impacts of Changing Patterns of Temperature Variation. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:11-3. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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399
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Dillon ME, Woods HA, Wang G, Fey SB, Vasseur DA, Telemeco RS, Marshall K, Pincebourde S. Life in the Frequency Domain: the Biological Impacts of Changes in Climate Variability at Multiple Time Scales. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:14-30. [PMID: 27252201 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, biologists have made substantial progress in understanding relationships between changing climates and organism performance. Much of this work has focused on temperature because it is the best kept of climatic records, in many locations it is predicted to keep rising into the future, and it has profound effects on the physiology, performance, and ecology of organisms, especially ectothermic organisms which make up the vast majority of life on Earth. Nevertheless, much of the existing literature on temperature-organism interactions relies on mean temperatures. In reality, most organisms do not directly experience mean temperatures; rather, they experience variation in temperature over many time scales, from seconds to years. We propose to shift the focus more directly on patterns of temperature variation, rather than on means per se, and present a framework both for analyzing temporal patterns of temperature variation and for incorporating those patterns into predictions about organismal biology. In particular, we advocate using the Fourier transform to decompose temperature time series into their component sinusoids, thus allowing transformations between the time and frequency domains. This approach provides (1) standardized ways of visualizing the contributions that different frequencies make to total temporal variation; (2) the ability to assess how patterns of temperature variation have changed over the past half century and may change into the future; and (3) clear approaches to manipulating temporal time series to ask "what if" questions about the potential effects of future climates. We first summarize global patterns of change in temperature variation over the past 40 years; we find meaningful changes in variation at the half day to yearly times scales. We then demonstrate the utility of the Fourier framework by exploring how power added to different frequencies alters the overall incidence of long-term waves of high and low temperatures, and find that power added to the lowest frequencies greatly increases the probability of long-term heat and cold waves. Finally, we review what is known about the time scales over which organismal thermal performance curves change in response to variation in the thermal environment. We conclude that integrating information characterizing both the frequency spectra of temperature time series and the time scales of resulting physiological change offers a powerful new avenue for relating climate, and climate change, to the future performance of ectothermic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Dillon
- *Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - George Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Samuel B Fey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - David A Vasseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rory S Telemeco
- Department of Biology, V6T 1Z4 University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katie Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI, CNRS UMR 7261), Université François Rabelais, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Tours 37200, France
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400
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Cavieres G, Bogdanovich JM, Bozinovic F. Ontogenetic thermal tolerance and performance of ectotherms at variable temperatures. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1462-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cavieres
- Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - J. M. Bogdanovich
- Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - F. Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES); Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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